Colegiul National "Mihail Kogalniceanu", Galati

Lucrare de atestat la
Limba engleza

Prof. coordonator: Aurora Dragan Autor: Chirilov Sabina

2019
Tesla
Motors

2019
Plagiarism is a serious offence and severe penalties will be
imposed. I confirm that this work is my own and that I have
properly acknowledged all work referenced. First name and
surname: Chirilov Sabina.

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 Tabel of Contents

Chapter 1: General Information ................................................................................................... 1

Chapter 2: History ......................................................................................................................... 2

2.1: First car released: Electric Roadster....................................................................................... 2

2.2: Model S................................................................................................................................... 3

2.3: Model X and a big controversy............................................................................................... 4

Chapter 3: Technology................................................................................................................... 5

3.1: Batteries.................................................................................................................................. 5

3.2: Motors..................................................................................................................................... 6

3.3: Autopilot................................................................................................................................. 8

Chapter 4: Elon Musk.................................................................................................................... 9

4.1: Personal Information

4.2: Contributions to Electric Cars

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 Argument
In 21th century,saving the enviroment should be the main concern of our society.As far as I am
concerned,electric cars such as the ones provided by Tesla motors are one solution to the negative
enviromental impact of conventional cars.However,they have also proven to have more benefits to
society.The advent of electric cars has called for an improvment in overall energy usage and
generation.They have shown how important is to find an alternative way to replace fossil fuels and they
positively affect the enviroment and society as a hole.

So what are the main benefits of a Tesla car?First of all,better energy efficiency.Electic vehicles are 75
percent efficent at turning imput energy into moving energy.On the other hand,gas powered vehicles are
only 25 percent efficent.Second of all,the fact that an electic car means less greanhouse emissions should
be taken into considerantion.One of the primary reasons to introduce electric cars into market is the
concern over greenhouse gas emissions and their contribution to global warming.The purpose of creating
electric cars is to combat this issue.Our world,including each of us shoud be focusing on toward 100%
renewable energy in the future.We can not continue to only look at the present,or else there will not be
any evolution at all

.Electric cars are not only about saving the enviroment,but also about improving public
health.How?Millions of cars over the last centry have contributed to air pollution and decreased quality of
life of many people in the world.Pollutants found in the car exaust may cause health complications such
as asthma and bronchitis.Some chemicals such as carbon monoxide and benzene block oxygen from
entering in vital part of our body.Another significant benefit of electric cars is that they can creates
economic growth.The increased demand for a constant and reliable source of energy for electric cars
allows for the growth of renewable sources of energy like wind and solar.While oil prices fluctuate
greatly, the price of solar and other renewable sources of energy stay quite constant. In addition, there
won’t ever be a shortage of solar power, unlike the oil shortages that plaque the world. This means that
electric vehicle charging stations are more likely to buy electricity from renewable energy sources that are
consistent and reliable. This is already true with many EV charging networks, like the Tesla Supercharger
Network.

I am really interested to know more about electric cars as we are in the new era of transportation where
cleaner cars that are also affordable are not a thing of imagination.In the future is likely that all cars will
be electric.In conclusion,embrcing this electric vehicles revolution will not help only our enviromental
problem,but also benefits our public health and fossil usage technological evolution,witch is the backbone
of society.

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 General Information

Tesla, Inc. (formerly Tesla Motors, Inc.) is an American automotive and energy company based
in Palo Alto, California. The company specializes in electric car manufacturing and, through
its SolarCity subsidiary, solar panel manufacturing. It operates multiple production and assembly
plants, notably Gigafaftory 1 near Reno, Nevada, and its main vehicle manufacturing facility
at Tesla Factory in Fremont, California. As of March 2019, Tesla sells the Model S, Model
3, ModelX, ModelY, Roadster(2020) and Semi vehicles, Powerwall and Powerpack batteries, sol
ar panels, solar roof tiles, and some related products.

Tesla was founded in July 2003, by engineers Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning, under the
name Tesla Motors. The company's name was derived from Serb engineer Nikola Tesla. In
early Series A funding, Tesla Motors was joined by Elon Musk, J. B. Straubel and Ian Wright, all
of whom are retroactively allowed to call themselves co-founders of the company. Musk, who
formerly served as chairman and is the current chief executive officer, said that he envisioned
Tesla Motors as a technology company and independent automaker, aimed at eventually offering
electric cars at prices affordable to the average consumer. Tesla Motors shortened its name to
Tesla in February 2017.

After 10 years in the market, Tesla ranked as the world's best selling plug-in passenger car
manufacturer in 2018, both as a brand and by automotive group, with 245,240 units delivered
and a market share of 12% of the plug-in segment sales. Tesla vehicle sales in the U.S. increased
by 280% from 48,000 in 2017 to 182,400 in 2018, and globally were up by 138% from 2017.

Nikola Tesla

History
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 First car released: Electric Roadster

Tesla Motors was formed to develop an electric sports car. Eberhard was Tesla’s chief executive
officer (CEO) and Tarpenning its chief financial officer (CFO). Funding for the company was
obtained from a variety of sources, most notably PayPal cofounder Elon Musk, who contributed
more than $30 million to the new venture and served as chairman of the company, beginning in
2004.

In 2008 Tesla Motors released its first car, the completely electric Roadster. In company tests, it
achieved 245 miles (394 km) on a single charge, a range unprecedented for a production electric
car. Additional tests showed that its performance was comparable to that of many gasoline-
powered sports cars: the Roadster could accelerate from 0 to 60 miles (96 km) per hour in less
than 4 seconds and could reach a top speed of 125 miles (200 km) per hour. The lightweight car
body was made of carbon fibre. The Roadster produced no tailpipe emissions, as it did not use
an internal-combustion engine. Tesla Motors found that the car attained efficiency ratings that
were equivalent to a gasoline mileage of 135 miles per gallon (57 km per litre). The
vehicle’s electric motor was powered by lithium-ion cells—often used in laptop-computer
batteries—that could be recharged from a standard electric outlet. Despite a federal tax credit of
$7,500 for purchasing an electric vehicle, the Roadster’s cost of $109,000 made it a luxury item.

In late 2007 Eberhard resigned as CEO and president of technology and joined the advisory
board of the company. It was announced in 2008 that he had left the company, though he
remained a shareholder. Tarpenning, who was also vice president of electrical engineering,
supervising the development of electronic and software systems for the Roadster, also left the
company in 2008. Musk took over as CEO. In 2010 Tesla’s initial public offering raised some
$226 million.

Martin Eberhard Marc Tarpenning

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 Model S

In 2012 Tesla stopped production of the Roadster to concentrate on its new Model S sedan,
which was acclaimed by automotive critics for its performance and design. It came with three
different battery options, which gave estimated ranges of 235 or 300 miles (379 or 483 km). The
battery option with the highest performance gave an acceleration of 0 to 60 miles (96 km) per
hour in slightly over 4 seconds and a top speed of 130 miles (209 km) per hour. Unlike the
Roadster, which carried its batteries at the front of the car, the Model S had its underneath the
floor, which gave extra storage space in front and improved handling because of its low centre of
gravity. The Tesla Autopilot, a form of semiautonomous driving, was made available in 2014 on
the Model S (and later on other models).

Beginning in 2012, Tesla built stations called Superchargers in the United States and Europe
designed for charging batteries quickly and at no extra cost to Tesla owners. Later versions of
those stations were called Tesla Stations and also had the capability of complete replacement of
the Model S battery pack.

Elon Musk Elon Musk next to a Tesla

Model X and a big controversy

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Tesla released the Model X, a “crossover” vehicle (i.e., a vehicle with features of a sport-utility
vehicle but built on a car chassis), in 2015. The Model X had a maximum battery range of 295
miles (475 km) and seating for up to seven. Because of demand for a more inexpensive vehicle,
the Model 3, a four-door sedan with a range of 220 miles (354 km) and a price of $35,000, began
production in 2017.

The company also branched out into solar energy products. A line of batteries to store electric
powerfrom solar energy for use in homes and businesses was unveiled in 2015. Tesla bought the
solar panel company SolarCity in 2016. In 2017 the company changed its name to Tesla, Inc., to
reflect that it no longer sold just cars.

The following year Musk made a series of tweets about taking Tesla private, claiming that he
had secured funding. In September 2018 the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
charged him with securities fraud, alleging that his tweets were “false and misleading.” Later that
month Tesla’s board rejected a proposed settlement from the SEC, reportedly after Musk
threatened to resign. However, news of the rejected deal sent Tesla’s stock plummeting, and the
board quickly accepted a less generous settlement, the terms of which included Musk stepping
down as chairman for at least three years. However, he was allowed to remain as CEO. In
addition, both Tesla and Musk were fined $20 million.

Technology
4

Batteries
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Unlike other automakers, Tesla does not use individual large battery cells, but thousands of
small, cylindrical, lithium-ion commodity cells like those used in consumer electronics. It uses a
version of these cells that is designed to be cheaper to manufacture and lighter than standard cells
by removing some safety features. According to Tesla, these features are redundant because of
the advanced thermal management system and an intumescent chemical in the battery to prevent
fires. Panasonic is the sole supplier of the cells for Model S, Model X, and Model 3 and
cooperates with Tesla in the Gigafactory 1's '21–70' cells.

The batteries are placed under the vehicle floor. This saves interior and trunk space but increases
risk of battery damage by debris or impact. The Model S has 0.25 in (6.4 mm) aluminum-
alloy armor plate. CTO Straubel expected batteries to last 10–15 years, and discounts using
electric cars to charge the grid (V2G) because the related battery wear outweighs economic
benefit. He also prefers recycling over re-use for grid once they reach the end of their useful life
for vehicles. Since 2008, Tesla has worked with ToxCo/Kinsbursky to recycle worn
out RoHS batteries, which will be an integral part of all Gigafactories.

Motors

Electric motors have influenced the growth of numerous industries since their onset in 1834.
Nowadays, electric motors are gradually replacing diesel and gas engines due to environment
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concerns. On top of that, they have demonstrated a longer operating life, consume less energy,
and are easier to maintain than their standard engine counterparts, in addition to being well-
equipped to tackle voltage problems. Electric motors are also replacing hydraulic cylinders.

According to James Kirtley, industry expert on electric motors and professor in the Department
of Electric Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, around 40% of the total electric power is
used to drive motors, and is set to continue at that level. Further, he adds that electric motors are
widely used in airplanes, trains, ships, and cars. And, as mentioned, robots are another growth
area for these motors.

The last decade has seen a shift from gas to electricity. Driving this transition is the need to
develop energy-efficient devices that use clean sources of energy. Modern-day electric motors
are versatile and adapt well to new applications in smaller devices.

Kirtley says that one size of motor is not suitable for all applications. The requirement and
specifications of motors are constantly changing based on the type of application. Current
electric motors are typically smaller in size and consume less power than their predecessors over
the past 50 years. For instance, today’s automobiles incorporate around a dozen small electric
motors for applications such as locks, air conditioning, wiper blades, and seat positioners.

Numerous innovative compact electric motors are designed and developed at the MIT, according
to Kirtley. He and his research team at MIT are also working on innovative techniques to
develop clean transportation. Recently, they partnered with a small firm in Cambridge that

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manufactures bicycle assist wheels. Energy stored in the wheels reacts to the pedaling forces that
assist the bicycle to climb, say, a hill.

Electric cars on the market has increased greatly since 2011 as more models like Tesla, Chevy
Volt, and BMW i3 enter the market.

The arrival of robots and robotics in the last decade has significantly improved various aspects of
different industries, particularly the manufacturing sector. Electric motors are playing an
increasingly important role in this industry.

It is essential to have a smart motor in robots that can efficiently deliver different levels of power
whenever required. Electric motors can also offer mobile robots a longer battery life compared to
conventional hydraulic systems.

Over the last decade, an increase in customized applications has led to greater demand for
customized electric motors. For example, Sangbae Kim recently designed a robotic cheetah that
has recently gained a bit of notoriety. The motor used in the cheetah is energy-efficient and
powerful at the same time.

Electric motors also enhance control and responsiveness. Kirtley mentions they can build a
motor at MIT that produces torque in short spikes, even though they cannot produce the force for
a prolonged period.

Application opportunities for electric motors have ramped up in the last 20 years across many
industrial sectors. In turn, it has pushed market leaders to focus on manufacturing electric motors
that are more energy-efficient and cleaner than other conventional motors.

Autopilot
7

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Autopilot advanced safety and convenience features are designed to assist you with the most
burdensome parts of driving. Autopilot introduces new features and improves existing
functionality to make your Tesla safer and more capable over time.

Your Tesla will match speed to traffic conditions, keep within a lane, automatically change lanes
without requiring driver input, transition from one freeway to another, exit the freeway when
your destination is near, self-park when near a parking spot and be summoned to and from your
garage.

Tesla Autopilot provides semi-autonomous driver assist beginning in September 2014. Tesla
replaced its sensors and software in 2016 (Hardware version 2, or "HW2"). As of 2017,
Autopilot included adaptive cruise control, lane departure warning, emergency braking,
Autosteer (semi-automated steering), Autopark (parallel and perpendicular parking) and
Summon (recalling the vehicle from a parking place). HW2 includes eight cameras and twelve
ultrasonic sensors, in addition to forward-facing radar. HW2.5 was released in mid-2017 that
upgraded HW2 with a second GPU and, for the Model 3 only, a driver-facing camera.

At the end of 2016, Tesla expected to demonstrate full autonomy by the end of 2017, which is
now expected in 2019. In April 2017 Musk predicted that in around two years drivers would be
able to sleep in their vehicle while it drives itself.

Current Autopilot features require active driver supervision and do not make the vehicle
autonomous.

Navigate on Autopilot suggests lane changes to optimize

8
your route, and makes adjustments so
you don’t get stuck behind slow cars or trucks. When active, Navigate on Autopilot will also

2019
automatically steer your vehicle toward highway interchanges and exits based on your
destination.

With the new Tesla Vision cameras, sensors and computing power, your Tesla will navigate
tighter, more complex roads.

All new Tesla cars have the hardware needed in the future for full self-driving in almost all
circumstances. The system is designed to be able to conduct short and long distance trips with no
action required by the person in the driver’s seat.

All you will need to do is get in and tell your car where to go. If you don’t say anything, the car
will look at your calendar and take you there as the assumed destination or just home if nothing
is on the calendar. Your Tesla will figure out the optimal route, navigate urban streets (even
without lane markings), manage complex intersections with traffic lights, stop signs and
roundabouts, and handle densely packed freeways with cars moving at high speed. When you
arrive at your destination, simply step out at the entrance and your car will enter park seek mode,
automatically search for a spot and park itself. A tap on your phone summons it back to you.

The future use of these features without supervision is dependent on achieving reliability far in
excess of human drivers as demonstrated by billions of miles of experience, as well as regulatory
approval, which may take longer in some jurisdictions. As these self-driving capabilities are
introduced, your car will be continuously upgraded through over-the-air software updates.

Elon Musk
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Personal Information

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Elon Reeve Musk,was born in June 28, 1971 is a technology entrepreneur, investor,
and engineer. He holds South African, Canadian, and U.S. citizenship and is the founder, CEO,
and lead designer of SpaceX; co-founder, CEO, and product architect of Tesla, Inc.; co-founder
and CEO of Neuralink; founder of The Boring Company; co-founder and co-chairman
of OpenAI; and co-founder of PayPal. In December 2016, he was ranked 21st on the Forbes list
of The World's Most Powerful People. As of October 2018, he has a net worth of $22.8 billion
and is listed by Forbes as the 54th-richest person in the world.

Born and raised in Pretoria, South Africa, Musk moved to Canada when he was 17 to
attend Queen's University. He transferred to the University of Pennsylvania two years later,
where he received an economics degree from the Wharton School and a degree in physics from
the College of Arts and Sciences. He began a Ph.D. in applied physics and material sciences
at Stanford University in 1995 but dropped out after two days to pursue an entrepreneurial
career. He subsequently co-founded Zip2, a web software company, which was acquired
by Compaq for $340 million in 1999. Musk then founded X.com, an online bank. It merged
with Confinity in 2000 and later that year became PayPal, which was bought by eBay for $1.5
billion in October 2002.

In May 2002, Musk founded SpaceX, an aerospace manufacturer and space transport services
company, of which he is CEO and lead designer. He helped fund Tesla, Inc., an electric vehicle
and solar panel manufacturer, in 2003, and became its CEO and product architect. In 2006, he
inspired the creation of SolarCity, a solar energy services company that is now a subsidiary of
Tesla, and operates as its chairman. In 2015, Musk co-founded OpenAI, a nonprofit research
company that aims to promote friendly artificial intelligence

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Contributions to Electric Cars

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Elon Musk is the co-founder, CEO and product architect at Tesla Motors, a company dedicated
to producing affordable, mass-market electric cars as well as battery products and solar roofs.
Musk oversees all product development, engineering and design of the company's products.

Five years after its formation, in 2008, the company unveiled the Roadster, a sports car capable
of accelerating from 0 to 60 mph in 3.7 seconds, as well traveling nearly 250 miles between
charges of its lithium ion battery. With a stake in the company taken by Daimler and a strategic
partnership with Toyota, Tesla Motors launched its initial public offering in June 2010, raising
$226 million.

Additional successes include the Model S, the company's first electric sedan. Capable of
covering 265 miles between charges, the Model S was honored as the 2013 Car of the Year
by Motor Trend magazine.

In April 2017, Tesla announced that it surpassed General Motors to become the most valuable
U.S. car maker. The news was an obvious boon to Tesla, which was looking to ramp up
production and release its Model 3 sedan later that year.

In November, Musk made another splash with the unveiling of the new Tesla Semi and Roadster
at the company's design studio. The semi truck, which enters into production in 2019, boasts 500
miles of range as well as a battery and motors built to last 1 million miles. The Roadster, set to
follow in 2020, will become the fastest production car ever made with its 0 to 60 time of 1.9
seconds.

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After initially aiming to produce 5,000 new Model 3 cars per week by December 2017, Musk
pushed that goal back to March 2018, and then to June with the start of the new year. The
announced delay didn't surprise industry experts, who were well aware of the company's
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production problems, though some questioned how long investors would remain patient with the
process. It also didn't prevent Musk from garnering a radical new compensation package as
CEO, in which he would be paid after reaching milestones of growing valuation based on $50
billion increments.

By April 2018, with Tesla expected to fall short of first-quarter production forecasts, news
surfaced that Musk had pushed aside the head of engineering to personally oversee efforts in that
division.

After signaling that the company would reorganize its management structure, Musk in June
announced that Tesla was laying off 9 percent of its workforce, though its production department
would remain intact. In an email to employees, Musk explained his decision to eliminate some
"duplication of roles" to cut costs, admitting it was time to take serious steps toward turning a
profit.

The restructuring appeared to pay dividends, as it was announced that Tesla had met its goal of
producing 5,000 Model 3 cars per week by the end of June, while churning out another 2,000
Model S sedans and Model X SUVs. "We did it!" Musk wrote in an celebratory email to the
company. "What an incredible job by an amazing team."

The following February, Musk announced that the company was finally rolling out its standard
Model 3 at a starting price of $35,000. Musk also said that Tesla was shifting to all-online sales,
and offering customers the chance to return their cars within seven days or 1,000 miles for a full
refund.

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Final Conclusion
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Why is Tesla Motors important for modern world?One of the most significant aspects that should
be taken into cosideration when it comes to Tesla is that their cars are fully electric and have a
central screen through witch you can control everything and basically you do not get any
physical buttons.This aspect leads us to fact that their technology is highly advanced.

Owning a Tesla it is not only about saving the enviroment and money.Driving a Tesla it is a
pleasure according to their owners.Some of them used to hate driving in the past,but driving a
Tesla is quiet,safe and also it is fun to learn all the features,just like your phone.Another benefit
is that you do not need to visit a dirty or smelly gas station.You can charge in your safety of your
own home and you can schedule it to charge at lowest rates.

“When you own a Tesla, you own a car that will only get better over time.”This statement is
true,indeed.Why?Because of software updates. For now on , Tesla owners across North America
are waking up to a car that is smarter, safer and more intuitive than ever before. Our most
substantial update yet, Software Version 9.0, introduces a refined and simplified user interface,
along with entirely new features for Model S, Model X, and Model 3, as well as on Tesla’s
mobile app.To resume,it is about new updates for Tesla app,new apps and new launcher,updated
climate controls,full 360 degrees view,obstacle aware acceleration,enhanced navigation
routing,navigate on autopilot,but also about fun and games.

This essay is about how the company started from the buttom and who is behind Tesla Motors.It
is about Tesla car models witch I described in detail with all their functions and
benefits,cronologically.The Chapter ''Technology'' is really significant as contains information
about autopilot and motors functions.The last chapter is by far the most interesting as it includes
specific information about Elon Musk,the co-funder of Tesla Motors,the 54th richest man in the
world and his contribution to electric cars.

Bibliography

2019
1. https://www.dw.com/cda/en/how-eco-friendly-are-electric-
cars/a-19441437
2. https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc.
3. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/business/tesla-
model-3
4. https://www.machinedesign.com/motion-control/demand-
soars-environment-friendly-electric-motors
5. https://www.tesla.com/en_GB/autopilot?redirect=no
6. https://www.biography.com/people/elon-musk-20837159
7. Nikola Tesla and his Pioneering Work in Electrical Science
by Slavko Boksan

2019