Maps, mapping and survey

A map is a visual
representation of an area – a
symbolic depiction
highlighting relationships
between elements of that
space such as objects,
regions, and themes.

Many maps are static two-

dimensional, geometrically
accurate (or approximately
accurate) representations of
three-dimensional space,
while others are dynamic or
interactive, even three-
dimensional.
the third island is where "the winged
bird ends not his flight," i.e., cannot
reach.

on the fourth island "the light is brighter

than that of sunset or stars": it lay in the
northwest, and after sunset in summer
was practically in semi-obscurity.

The fifth island, due north, lay in

complete darkness, a land "where one
sees nothing," and "the sun is not
visible.“

the sixth island, "where a horned bull

dwells and attacks the newcomer“
the seventh island lay in the east and is
"where the morning dawns."
• The amount of information given in a map depends
on:
• Scale;
• Projection;
• Conventional signs and symbols;
• Skill of the cartographer;
• Method of map making; and
• Requirement of the user.
• A topographic map is a type of map characterized
by large-scale detail and quantitative
representation of relief, usually using contour lines
in modern mapping, but historically using a variety
of methods.
• Traditional definitions require a topographic map to
show both natural and man-made features .
• They are based on accurate surveys.
• Show a variety of landforms with carefully chosen
symbols & signs.
• Shows natural features like hills, valleys, waterfalls,
Also show man made features like roads, railways,
buildings, bridges and canals.
• Scale is the relationship between the distance on a
map and the real distance on the earth’s surface.
• It may be expressed as a representative fraction
(ratio), a line scale or a statement scale. It is an
important element of a map because it gives
relative picture of the ground reality.
• Statement
• Representative Fraction (R.F.)
• Linear Scale or Graphical Scale

SCALE: WIDTH OF THE MAP IS 25.5 km

16 cm= 4km
16 cm= 2.4 km
16 cm= 0.4km
Triangulation Survey- Area is divided into well
coordinated triangles

• Traverse Survey- Survey is carried out in a

simple line
Correction survey- adapted for transferring the
direction and levels from one level to another
level in an underground mine
• Trilateral Survey- In this length of triangle is
measured. More accurate than triangulation.
– Both axes of a theodolite are equipped with graduated circles that can
be read through magnifying lenses.
– The vertical circle which 'transits' about the horizontal axis should read
90° when the sight axis is horizontal, or 270° (300 grad) when the
instrument is in its second position, that is, "turned over" or
"plunged".
Survey instruments
• The total station is an electronic theodolite (transit)
integrated with a microprocessor and an electronic distance
meter (EDM) to read slope distances from the instrument to
a particular point.

• A theodolite is mounted on its tripod head by means of

three screws for rapid levelling. Before use, a theodolite
must be precisely placed vertical above the point to be
measured using a plumb bob, optical plummet or laser
plummet. The instrument is then set level using levelling
footscrews and circular and more precise tubular spirit
bubbles.
 Compass Surveying
In Compass survey chain or tape is used for linear
measurements and compass is used for fixing
direction.

In compass freely suspended magnetic needle

directs to north- south and the bearing of line is
obtained by line of sight.