. ±» ?...-~ ?? -~ ?eeepeee?eee???~µ???e?--?-?? ?- ?~?~?-? ·~?

????G??? ?????????
?? ?????µa st?? ?aµp? t?? ???? a???a.
?p? t?? ??as??? a?t??t?ta st?? p??te? ?a???t?µe? ap????se??
St? d???µ?? p?? a??????e?, µe?a?? µ???? t?? ?p???? a??????e?ta? ed?, ap?t?p????ta? ta
ßas??a ?a?a?t???st??a p?? ?a??st??? t? d????µa ?d?a?te?? ????te????? e?d?? ?a? t? d?af?-
??p????? ap? a??a e?d? t?? pe??? ?????. ?eta ap? µ?a s??t?µ? a?ad??µ? st?? ?st???a t??
d????µat?? ?a? st?? e?e???t??? t?? p??e?a ap? t? ?e?a?µe?? t?? ????a???? ?? t?? ??? a???a,
? µe??t? est?a?eta? st? µ??f??? a?t??t?ta t?? ??as???? -?p?? ???µast??e-d????µat?? st??
?aµp? t?? ???? a???a, ep??? ?ata t?? ?p??a t? d????µa ?????se e?a??et??? a?apt???. ??sa
ap? a?af???? st? ???? s?µa?t???? d????µat???af??, ?p?? ? ?s???f, ? ??passa?, ?
????µ?, ? ?????, ? ?????a ?a? ? ?apad?aµa?t??, a?a????ta? ta ßas??a d?µ??a s?stat??a t??
??as???? d????µat??, p?? -e?t?? ap? µ?a? a?t?a d?µ?µ??? µ??f?-t?? p??s?d?sa? e?f?a-
st??? s????? ?a? s???ßa?a? st?? a?a???st??? ep?t???a t?? ?? ????te?????? e?d???. ?a s?µe?-
??e?, a??µ?, ?t? st? te?e?ta?? (e??e?p??) µ???? t?? µe??t??, s????????ta? s?µa?t??a e?d?????-
?a ??t?µata s?et??a µe t? µetast??f? t?? ??as???? d????µat?? se µ??t???? ?a? t? ?e?te??-
?? a?t????? t?? s???????? d????µat???af?a?.
?. ?.

[...]

«? ???? “d????µa/?p????e???” µa?t??e?ta? st? ?a????? ???ssa ap? t?? 12?

a???a, ?d?. S?µf??a µe t?? et?µ?????a t?? (ap? t? ?at????? ???t???e,
“?????ee???”), pa?ap?µpe? se µ?a ??a e?d?s? ?a?, p??a? a?t??, se ?at? p??t?-
????? ?a? p??ta???st? s????????. S??ep??, t? d????µa af??e?ta? ??a µ?
s????e? ?e????? p?? pa???s?a?eta?, ?µ??, ?? a??????. ?p? a?t? t?? p??????-
?? apa???, t? d????µa d?af??a?e ta ßas??a t?? ?a?a?t???st??a -?? ??a
af???µa s??t?µ? ?a? fa?tast???, p?? a?af??eta? se ??a a???µ??µ??e?t?
?e?????- ?a? d?aµ??f?se ??a e?p?ast? ?a? p??????µ??f? ????te?????
e?d??», ??afe? ? ???ett ???? st? s?et??? ??µµa t?? ?e??e???? ??e???pp???te ????
??????t???te .1

?? ?e?a?µe?? /?ea???et?p t?? ?ta??? s????af?a t?? ??a?????s?? ????e??e??

de? p??s?d?se µ??? ????? st? e? ???? ????te????? e?d??, ?a??e?????ta? t? ??
ep???at??sa tas? st? ????te???a t?? ??s??, a??a, ??????, s???dese ??a
p??t? f??a t? d????µa µe t?? ?????a t?? ?????? ?a? t?? p??f?????? ?a?a-
?t??a? ??? ?d? a???a, d?? Ga???? s????afe?? -??a? a????µ?? ap? t?
????????d?a ?a? ? ?????e?e e?e ?t??ee??- µ?µ????a? t? p??t?p? t?? ?e?a?-
µe???, e??, ??a? a???a µeta, ?a pa?e? t? s??ta?? t? ?pta?µe?? / ?e???????t?p
t?? ?et???et?t? e?e ?e??e?tte. ??? 17? a???a, ? s?µa?t??? ep?t???a t?? ?????
/?µµet??? µ???? ?a? d????se?? / d?p?ee e? ????t?e??ee ep se?e t?? [ae? ??t?te???pe (?p??
?? d?? ???e?? ???s?µ?p?????ta? s?????µ??a) ?a? ?psde??µat??a d????µata /

?
 ±±ee?;..<<±;›e ???e?eee??? ±#±?= ? ±±~; ±=:·e±?3·t(=?~.‹-~±a~e±?ee¬e >?e?eeee=;ee?~,±<--e-??,;?±··-- ?a « ·?=?-µ?±?a~e?ee?~ ,.~-~~<e?~ ›S?S?????e??

???e???e e/e?f???tee p??s?d?se µe???? a???? st? d????µa ?a? ?p?-

t?? ?et?e??ptee
????se t? ????te????? ???t??? ?a as?????e? ep?staµ???? µa?? t??. ? ?spa????
???t??? ?at??e?µe,???p??,ta d????µata t?? ?et?e?t?tee se t?e?? ?at?????e?: sta
?dea??st???, sta ?dea??st???-?ea??st??? (?p?? d?ap?st??eta? ??a? e?t?p?-
s?asµ?? ?af????? µet?pt?s?? ?a? ?ata???t???? ap????????) ?a? sta ?ate??-
??? ?ea??st??? (?p?? ?? ???e? d?a??t??? saf? ?e???af??? ?a? ?st?????-???-
?????? p??sd????sµ?). ?? ?ata??e?d?, p??a ap? ??a ?ea??sµ? ???????????
p??sd????sµ???, ta d????µata t?? ?et?e?tee p??sfe????? s???? st?? e??t?-
sµ? ?a? st?? e??t???? ??t????e?. ???????, e???ta ?????a µet?, ? ?e?e?e?e??p? se
????e??t? ?a ?a?a?t???se? t? ???? t?? ?t?peeeee s?e ???ee ?? «e??t??? d????µa»,
s??d???ta? t?? ??? d????µa µe t?? af???s? µ?a? a??????? a??? ?a? as?????-
st?? ?st???a?.
?ste?a ap? µ?a s?et??? pa?a?µ? ?at? t? d????e?a t?? 1??? a???a, t? d??-
??µa epa????e d??aµ??? st? ????te????? p??s????? ???? se ????fa???? s??-
??afe??? p?? t?? p??s?d?sa? µ??f??? a?t??t?ta ?a? t? e??ta?a?, µ?s? t??
?µe??s??? ?a? pe???d???? t?p??,5 se ??a ?????µa e??e?a? ?????f???a?.
St?? ??? a???a, t? ?a??e??µ??? µ??t??? µ?a? s?µp????µ???? af???s??
p?? e???e? ??a ap??sd???t? t???? µ????e? ?a pa?a???e? t? ??s? t?? st?? a??-
???s? µ?a? ap?fas?st???? ?s? ?a? pa??????? st??µ??, ?p?? s?µßa??e? s????
sta d????µata t?? ?et???????e?, ?µe?pe ?a? ]???e. ? p???? t?? af???s?? at??-
fe? ?a? a?ad?p???eta? st?? ?s? ??sµ?? t?? ?e?t????? p??s?p??. ?p??e?,
?st?s?, ap? t? d????µa t?? te?e?ta??? de?aet??? t?? a???a, ?p?? ?a d?a-
µ??f??e? st? pe??aµat??? e??ast??? t?? ??t?ee ?a? ?e?????? d?? s????a-
f??? ?ate????? e?µe??? ?a? ep???ep?? st?? eµpe???a t?? ap?spasµat???? ?a?
-
a?a???????? ??af??.

???e ap?pe??a ???sµ?? t?? d????µat??, µe ß?s? t?? a??t??? d?a???????

e?????? t?? a?? t??? a???e?, epe?t????e -a?????a µe t? ???a ?a? t??
ep???- se p???????? s?????a???? ????? (af???µa, µ????, pa?aµ???, ?st???a,
???ß??a, t?????ta ?e????ta7) ?a? ?at????e se ap??e?? e???te a?t?fat????,
a?????a µe t? s?µe?? est?as?? t?? e?d?af????t?? t?? e??st?te ?e???t????:
t?? p?a?t??? ?e?t?????a t?? e? ???? e?d??? se s??d?asµ? µe t?? t??p? d??-
d?s?? t?? st? a?a???st??? ?????, t? ?e???t??? t?? ?p?stas?8 ?a? t?? ?ate?-
???t???e? d?µ?? t?? ? t?? p???t??? t?? µ??f???? t?? e?d?????)
???????, ed? ?a? sa???ta pe??p?? ?????a, a??et?? G????? ?a? ?????-
s????e? ?e???t???? aµf?sß?t?sa? t?? ?pa??? t?? d????µat?? ?? ?d?a?te???
????te?????? e?d???, ?s??????µe??? -?µ????µa µe t?? ?~????e?t?p ?e??~se?t??- ?t?
«de? ?p???e? d????µa, a??? d????µata µ???». ?t?, d??ad?, t? d????µa de?

??e 7
 ,‹eeee?‹?±??¬e‹..·±?»,;±.~?e-=: ~~ ××±~»¬e ,??
?f?stata? ?? ?e????st? e?d??, a??a ?? p?????e? ??µe????? e?d????, ?? at?µ?-
??? ?d?a?te??t?te? t?? ?p???? ?a??st??? a??f??t? t? s????? ??ta?? t??? se
??a ?µ????e??? ????te????? e?d??. ??p??, ?µ??, µe t? ?a d??e? ?a?e?? t? p??-
ßad?sµa st?? ?d?a?te??t?ta t?? ep?µ?????, ?ata??e? ?a?e d??at?t?ta s????-
??? t?? ßas???? p?? d??p??? ??a ????, pe???????µe???, e?t??e?, se µ?a s??e?-
t??? pa?a?es? µ?????af??? ??a t?? a?fa ? ß?ta s????af?a ?a? se µ?a, ?ata
t? µa???? ? ?tt??, af???µ??? a?af??a st?? ?????e? t?? ?a???? (p?? d?af???-
p??e? t? d????µa ap? t?? µ???, ? ?p???? a?af??eta? se ??a ap?tat? pa?e?-
???), t?? ß?a??????a? (?a?, ?ata s???pe?a, t?? af???µat???? ??????µ?a?) ?a?
t?? p??f?????t?ta?, p?? ?a?a?t??????? e? ???e? t? d????µa; ??a??????e,
a???ste, p?t? ?a?e?? ?a aµf?sß?t?se? t?? ?pa??? t?? µ???st???µat?? ??
????te?????? e?d???, µe t? p??s??µa ?t? e?a??sta s??d???ta? fa???µe???a t?
???e???? ? ?ap????? µ???st???µa µe t? µ???st???µa st?? 17?,t?? ??? ? t?? ???
a???a; St?? ?s????sµ?, t????, t?? ?]°e1e1t??~:›?T,? ?t? t? d????µa e??a? «pa?t??
pa???» a??a pa?aµ??e? «as????pt?» ?? ????, µ?p?? ?a ?p?epe ?a a?t?ta?e?
? ?s????sµ?? ?t? t? d????µa e??a? «pa?t?? p????????» a??a ??? ?a? t?s??
as????pt? ?? ????; ????? µa???? p??, ??a µ?a ??????? pe???d?, t? e? ????
e?d?? a??pt??e µ?a? a?t?a d?µ?µ??? µ??f?, t?? ?p??a p????? ?e???t???? ap?-
?a?esa? «??as???», ?at” a?a????a? t?? t?a??d?a?.
a?t? t? «??as??? d????µa», p?? ?a?a?t???st??e ap? a?t??t?ta µ??f?-
S)
??, est?a?eta? t? pa??? ?e?µe?? ?a?, ?ata s???pe?a, se µ?a s???e???µ??? ???-
???? pe???d? t?? ?aµp? t?? ???? a???a, ?p?? t? d????µa d????se -?ata ?e??-
,

?? ?µ?????a- µ?a «???s? ep???» p????????? pa?a????? a??st?????µat??.

? ep????? a?t? ap?te?e?, e? p????µ???, p?????s? ??a ?a?e s?????t??a s??-
??????? µe??t?, ???? t?? p??????? µ??f?? ep?µe??st???? epe?e??as?a? t??
ßas???? sta?e???? t?? d????µat??, ?a? ep?ßa??e? af” ea?t?? t?? e????? s??-
??af??? d?af??et???? e???t?ta? ?a? µ?a? s???e???µ???? µe??d?? a?a??s????·
O? s????afe?? epe????sa? ?? ad?af???????t?? das?a??? t?? e?d??? st?
????sµa t?? ???? st?? ??? a???a, ?? ?p???? e?a?t??sa? ?a?e d??at?t?ta ???-
s?? ?a? ?ata???s?? t?? ste??? ????? t?? d????µat??: ? ?pe????, ?
?e????eeee??pt, ? ]e??1pTe ?a? ? ?et?e?, st??? ?p????? ?a p??ste???? ? ?apad?a-
µa?t??µ? ?a? ? ]???e. ?a? ?? µ???d?? s?????t???? a?a??s?? ? epa??????, ?
?p??a -est?a???ta? t?? ??e??a ap? t? e?ast?te ?e?µe???? s?µa st?? a?t?-
d?as? (p?? p???p???te? t?? p??s????) t?? a?a???st?¬- pa?a?aµpte? t?
?????ß??? e?as????s? µe t?? p??????sse? ?p??at?????e? t?? e?d??? ?e??t?
et?tµ, p??e?e??e, ?????e??e, ????e?eee??s???e, ??t?e??e, ????e?tae, ???ee?) ?a? t?? eµµ??? sta
?e???t??a d?p??a t?? p??f?????? ? ??apt?? ?a?a?t??a t????, t?? ß?a????-
??a? (????e?fe) ? t?? µa???????a? (???eet 9) t??,??a ?a sta?e? st? a????sa??????
a?t??et??? ?e???? e??t? e???/ ?a? e??t? ßst??p (d??ad?, st? ?e?µe?? µe ? ?????

?
epe?s?d?? p??? d????s?), ?p??, ap? t? µe??t? t?? µetaßas?? t?? d????µat??
«µe» st? d????µa «?????» ?e????? p??? af???s?, d??a?ta? ?a ?atast???
safe?? ??e? ?? d??aµe? sta?e??? p?? t? d??p???, ?a??? ?a? ? ßa??a d?µ? t??,
? ?p??a de ßas??eta? st?? t?f?? µ?µ?s? e??? p???pa????t?? µ??t???? /
µ?t?a?, a??a st?? ep?µ????? µetaß??t?? ap????se?? ap? t?? ?p??e??? sta?e-
??? s?????se?? t?? e?d???.
G?a ?a ?ataste? ef??t? ? -e? d??at?? s???pt???- s?????t??? a?a??s? t??
e?d??e?µe????? ? e???e?µe????? st???e??? p?? d?aµ??f?sa? t? µ??f???
a?t??t?ta t?? «??as????» d????µat?? st?? ?aµp? t?? 1900 a???a, t??a e??a?
ta ßas??a e?e???t??a ped?a p?? ep?ßa????ta? e? p????µ???: (1) ??? d?µ?? t??
d????µat??, (?) t?? d?ad?s?? t?? µ?s? t?? ?µe??s??? ? pe???d???? t?p??, (3)
t?? d?p?????? s??s?? af???t?/a?a???st?, se a?t?d?ast??? µe t?? e???? ?
ap??e? af???µat??? ???a. Ost?s?, ded?µ???? t?? pepe?asµ???? ????? t??
ed? ?????, ? ?at??? a?apt??? ?a as?????e? ??s?ast??a µe t? p??t? ped??
??e??a? ?a? ?a pe?????ste? se pe????pt???? ? ?p?µ??µat???? a?af???? ?s??
af??a ta d?? a??a.

? d?µ? t?? ??as???? d????µat??

Sta t??? t?? ???? a???a, ?? pe??ss?te??? d????µat???af?? a?s?a???ta? t??
a?a??? ?a ape?d????? ?a?e ??t?????? te??asµat?? ?a? ?a pe?????st??? st?
e? t?? ?? ??? a?e? ??s??de?: ? ?pe???? d????e? ape??f?asta ?? ap?f?e?µa-
t??a ?t? «?a?e d????µa ?fe??e? ?a a??este? µ??? st?? af???s? t?? p??
pa?t?e?t??e ? ??t??? t? ?a??a», ? ???et?? st? «p?? a??p?se ? ??t??? t?
?a??a» ?a? ? ?et?e ep??e???µat????e? ap?st?ef?µe??? ?a?e ??t????? s??µa,
pa?a??t??ta? -d?a t?? ????? t? a?????- ??a d????µa / µ??t???, ?] “a????p?e ???

????????p?? / ? e??µ??? t?? G??aµ???a, t? ?p??? ?a? pa???s?a?e? ?? µ??t??? /

t?p? t?? «µ??t????? ??sµ??». ? ap??p???s? t?? ?eµat???? a?apt????, t??
?p??a? ?pe?aµ????ta?, de s??epa?eta? µ??? t?? a??d? t?? ?a??µe????? ????
st? ????te????? s???? ?a? t?? ep????? t?? ????? µ?sa ap? t??? ap???? ?a?
s?????sµ????? a????p???, a??a ?a? t?? ?????t?s? µ?a? af???s?? ??t?? ?a?
??aµµ????, µ???? ??a??? ?a ap?d?se? f?ast??a µ?a «f?ta ????».
??t??t???, ?a?a??s? p??????? d????µat?? e?e???? t?? s???e???µ????
pe???d?? ??te? se aµf?sß?t?s? t?? efa?µ??? t?? a??t??? a???µat????
d???se?? se ?p? af??a, ??????, st?? a??? t?? ap??d?s?? ap? ?a?e ??t??e?a
?a? t?? ?pe?ap???ste?s?? t?? e?f?ast???? µ?s??. ?ts?, ea? t? d????µa
?fe??e? -?ata t?? ße??st?, ep? pa?ade??µat?, ?et?e?- ?a s?ss??e?e? «pa??-
??µµ?????» ?a?a?t??e? ?a? a?t?st???e? ?atastase??, ? pa????sµ?? a?t?? de?
 e±±±:„?e?»±?„„ -=-=-e? ×e?« ±,??:±±?:#?±±- ? ~.·:e?±7=×e?>„ .± ??±?±±?: ??se????? „„, ..?e?

apa?t?ta? µ??? sta d????µata t?? ße??sµ??, a??? ?a? st? ??as??? d????µa
p?? e??p?e?se, µe t? se??? t?? t? fa?tast??? ????te???a. ??? e????eta?, s??e-
p??, ?? a????? ?t? ? µe?e???t???? a?t?? µ??a??sµ?? s???st? apa?a?t?t? p??-
?p??es? ??a t?? ep?te??? t?? ß?a???????a? t?? d????µat?? ?a? t?? e? ???e?
af???µat???? t?? ??????µ?a? (? af???s? est???eta? se ??a «????fa?? ›› ?e??-
??? ?a? se ???a af???µat??? p??s?pa) e????eta? e??s?? a????? ?t? ???e ????-
,

?? ?at?stas? ?a? ???e ?a?a?t????????? ?d??t?ta pe?????f??ta?, st? ??as???

d????µa, ?a?” ?pe?ß?????? ?pe?ß??? ? ?p??a ?a?a?t????e?, ßeßa???, ?a? ??a ta
s?µa????ta st???e?a t?? p??? pe????af?? ??sµ??. ????? µ????? p??, st??
a?a???at????µ??? ap? p??s?pa ?a? p???µata ??sµ? t?? d????µat??, ???e
µe?e??sµ???? ?a?a?t??a? de? ?ata?aµß??e? µ??? t? p??t? p???? t?? af???-
µat???? s?????, a??? ep?s????e? ?a? ep??a??pte? ?t?d?p?te de? ß??s?eta? se
?µes? s???fe?a µa?? t??." ??a ap? ta ßas??? d?µ??? ?a?a?t???st??? t??
??as???? d????µat?? s???st?, s??ep??, ? «pe????af???? pa????sµ??», ?
?p???? ap???eta? sa? ????da ?ad??? ?a? s???a??pte? ??? t? af???µat???
?????: p??s?pa, p???µata ?a? ???e st???e?? ??a?? ?a d?ad?aµat?se? ??p???
???? st?? af???s?.18 ?? t???asµa a?t?? t?? ?a?, ?pe?ß???? pe????af?? p??-
s?p?? ? a?t??e?µ???? µet?????ta?, ???p??, ?? pe??ss?te??? d????µat????f??
t?? ?aµp?? t?? ???? a???a, e?te t? d??µ??????? ??a t?? pe????af? µ?a? s???-
??sµ???? ?a??µe????t?ta??? e?te t? e?t?ss??? se ??a? e???te?? µ??a??sµ?
s?????s?? t?? af???µat???? p??s?p?? µe ?pe??????pa µe???? .20
S?µpe?asµat???, ?a?e?? de ??µ?µ?p??e?ta? ?a ?s????ste? ?t? t? ??as??? d??-
??µa pe??????eta? ?a af????e? t? p?? «pa?t?e?t??e ? e??te?t??e ? t?de t??
de??a». ????a?t???, ? af???µat???? pa????sµ?? -p?? ?a?a?t????e? t? d????-
µa sta t??? t?? ???? a???a ?a? ? ?p????, st?? pe??pt?s? t?? «?ea??st????»
d????µat??, ep?te??e? t?? a?s??s? t?? pa??d???? ?a? t? a?s??µa t?? f?ß??-
s??d???eta? ep?tat??? µe t? ???µ???, ??a ???? t???asµa t?? af???µat????
d?µ??, p?? p???a?e? µ?a? a?f??d?a ?a? a?a?t?a a?at??p? t?? p?att?µ????.
? s??t??pt??? p?e????f?a t?? d????µ?t?? t?? s???e???µ???? ????????
pe???d?? p??st???e? s???? st? ???s? t?? «???µ????» ? a?t??et???? d?µ??, se
s??d?asµ? µe ta «pa????µµ??a» p??s?pa ? p???µata p?? a?af??aµe a??-
t???, ?? e?? ? ?a?” ?pe?ß???? pe????af? «f??t??e?» af) ea?t?? ta af???µa-
t??? st???e?a, ta ?p??a -e? e?de? µa???t???? p????- d?µ???????? µe t?
se??? t??? µ?a a?t????p? ??tas? t?s? ?s???? p?? µ??? ? ?ata???t??? a??µ?21
µ?a? a?at?ept???? st??µ?? µp??e? ?a ap?f??t?se?. ? a?a??a??t?ta t?? a?t?-
?es?? ???e?ta?, ???p??, st?? ??tas? p?? ?a p???a??se?, ? de s????f?as? d??
a?t????p?? ?a? a?????a?a????µe??? p???? (??t? sa? ?t. ]e?‹??1 ?a? ?t. ??e??
t?? ?te?e?pe??) apa???sse? t?? s????af?a ap? ???e ?????????? a????s? ?a?
pe?a?t??? ?????? a?t??????s? µ?a? a?at?ept???? af???µat???? e?d????.

??
 ?f¬|=©;;???=???§-?_- ,ee ee?ee ?_?, ..? .???aµ .,?¦-?

????ste, se µ?a ep?staµ??? a????s? t?? ßas???? a???? ??????s?? ?a? d?µ??
t?? ??as???? d????µat??, ???eta? ??????a a?t???pt? ?t? ? ß?a?????? af???-
µat??? t?? e?????? ?a??stata? ef??t? µ??? µ?s? a?t?d?ast???? ?a? a?t???se-
??, µ?s? µ?a? «???µ????» d?µ???? ?atas?e???, d??ad?, p?? t?? ep?t??pe? ?a
pe?????ste? s? ??a e????st? ?e?µe???? s?µa.
? a?t??es? de? ap?te?e?, s??ep??, a??a??et? ??t????? s??µa, a??? ?ate??-
??? d?µ??? a??? t?? af???µat???? t?? ??????µ?a?, e?te p???e?ta? ??a d????µa
?p?? ? stad?a?? a?t??et??? ???µ???s? a?t????p?? st???e??? ????f??eta? se
µ?a a?f??d?a µetast??f? t?? ded?µ???? (? ?p??a ??e??e? ??????? t?? af???-
s?, ep?st??f??ta? t? t???? st?? a???)22 e?te ??a d????µa ?p?? ? a?t????p?
??tas? ß???eta? ap? t? af???µat??? p??s?p? µ???a ?a? ???f?, ?a? ????f?-
?eta? se µ?a a??µ??? ep????s? ?a??asµ???? p??e?a? st? ???, p?? p???a?e?
d??stas? es?te???? .23
?? fa???µe?? t?? ?ata???t???? a??µ?? ap????e?, ???p??, ?? f?s??? s???-
pe?a t?? ???µ???? af???µat???? d?µ??. ? ??e, µ???sta, ap?d?d??ta? ?d?a?te-
?? s?µas?a st?? ?at????? e??? ?e?µ????, ?at????e st?? ?s????sµ? ?t? t? d??-
??µa p??pe? ?a ???feta? ap? t?? a??p?d?, d??ad?, ap? t?? ?ata???t??? p???
t?? e?a??t???a f??s? .24 ?a??????a, ?? ??s?? f??µa??st??25 p??sd????????
t?? e?d?p??? d?af??? µeta?? d????µat?? ?a? µ???st???µat?? st? ?e????? ?t?
t? p??t? ?ata???e? se µ?a af???µat??? a?µ? (d??ad? se «ap??e??» a?a???-
st???? ??tas??), e? a?t???se? µe t? de?te?? ?p?? µ?a af???µat??? ???? (s?s?a)
?peta? t?? e? ???? a?µ??. S??ep??, pa???? p?? a??et? d????µata t?? ep????
ste????ta? a?t?? t?? a?µ?? -s??a?t??ta? µ?a ep?µ????? ?at?????a-, ?
?ata???t??? a??µ? s???st? ??a p?????? ?e???t????? t?? e?d??? t? ?ate?????
?a?a?t???st??? t?? ??as???? d????µat??.
Ost?s?, s?µf??a µe ta p???e????ta, t? fa???µe?? t?? ?ata???t???? a??µ??
/ a?µ?? µp??e? ?a e?µ??e??e? ?a? ?? «ep?fa???µe?? ››2T t?? ???µ???? ? a?t??e-
t???? d?µ?? t?? d????µat??. ? e?µ??e?a a?t? de? p??sß??pe? t?s? st?? a?a?-
?es? t?? ?ata??t???? s?µas?a? t?? e? ???? ?ep?)fa???µ????, ?s? st? µ? pe??-
?????p???s? t?? d????µ?t?? p?? de? t? d?a??t???.
?? p????µe, ?µ??, ta p???µata ap? t?? a??? ?a? a? e?et?s??µe sfa?????
t?? af???µat??? d??s? t?? ?ata???t???? a??µ??, a???? ?e??µ???? ap? t??
(}?pe·?‹1p??,27 sta d????µata t?? ?p???? ? ?pa??? t?? s?µß???e? ?a????st??? st?
?e???? e?t?p?s? t?? a?a???st?, ?e?t??????ta? ?? µ?a «?aµts????» p?? a??-
???e? t?? a?t???pt??? ??a??t?t? t?? ?a? af?p???e? µ?sa t?? t? s??e?d?s? t??
as?µßat?? s?µß??s?? d?? a?t??et???? ?a? a?t????p?? st???e???, ta ?p??a
?d?????ta? µ???a?a st? sf?d?? s??????s? µ?a? ?ata???t???? f??s??.
?a??µ??? ???? a?a?aµß??e? ? e? ???? a??µ? ?a? sta d????µata t??

3
 ± <<<×~׬--±<<-¬-?‹±?-·#%e»:e:e=e».~. ?-?- .:..·-e??ep pp ~~±-:-¬- ±·-= ~-~~?<=-·=e?›?×?× ±;¬-~-¬¬-»----- -? ·· ···· ?-±--±-»----»›=?>±.?3ee.-.±.± ?? ?¬×-.?-S-.-???..-- --?.¬.

?p?? -?ata t?? ??p?t? ??e??29- ap?de????eta? ??a?? ?a «?s??-

?e????e?eee±?1p°?,28

??p?se?» ?s????a t? ?ata???t??? µ???? t?? d????s?? µe t? p?s?t??a e?te??-

ste?? ?p????p? af???µat??? s?µa. S??ep??, ?e?t????e? ?? epe????µat???
ap?t??? µ?a? p???pa????sa? a?t??et???? ??tas?? ??a ?a epa??????µe st??
p??a?afe??e?sa e?µ??e?t??? e?d??? t?? ?ata???t???? a??µ?? ?? ep?fa???µ?-
-
???.
?p?fa???µe?? ? µ?, t? ß?ßa?? e??a? ?t?, µ???? a?eße? ? a?a???st?? se a?t?
t? «?e??e??te»30 t?? d?aµat???? p??e????? t?? d????µat??, a?a?a??pte? ??a
?a??????? af???µat??? ped??, ? ??a t?? ?p???? t?? ??e? se µ?a epa?a??pt???
a?a???st??? p??e?a, ? ?p??a -??????ta?, µe t? se??a t??, t?? a????? e?t?-
p?s? ??tas?? ???? t?? af???µat???? d?ap????? a?t??et???? st???e???- ?d?-
?e? t? de?te?? a?a???s? st? s??e?d?s? t?? ?pa???? µ?a? t?a????? e????e?a???
?ata t? d?a??e?a a?t?? t?? p?s? a?a???s??, ? ?ata???t??? a??µ? de? ?e?- ??

t????e?, ???p??, µ??? ?? ap?? s?µp????s? t?? p???pa????sa? a?t??et????

??tas??, a??a, p??t?st??, ?? «de?t??a ?e??» p?? ap??a??pte? ?;?? de? af?se
? p??t? a?a???s? ?a fa?e? µe e?a??e?a: µ?a (t?a????) µ???a, ? ?p??a -??a-
t??ta? t? af???µat??? p??s?p? deµ??? p?s?a????a pa?? ap? t? ?a???? ?e??
e??? t?a????? t?????- de? t?? af??e? ?a???a pe??????? d?af???? ?a? s?t?-
??a?.32
?a?e ?ata???t??? a??µ? d?a?????e?, ?ata s???pe?a, t?? a?a???s? t?? d??-
??µat?? se d?? ???????: ??a? p?? p????e?ta? ?a? ??a? p?? ?peta? t?? ap??a-
??pt???? ep?d?as?? t??, ?a? t? te?e?ta?? e??t?µa p?? t??eta? ed? e??a? ea? t?
e?de??µe?? ?e?µe?? e??a? «ta?t???µ? » (?p?te ? de?te?? e?µ??e?a a?t??a??sta
? e?a?e?fe? t?? p??t?) ? «ete????µ? » (?p?te ?? d?? e?µ??e?e? ep??a??pt??ta?
µe?????, d???? ?a µp??e? ? µ?a ?a a?a???se? p????? t?? a???). ?? ??as??? d??-
??µa a???e?, ?ata ?a???a, st?? p??t? ?at?????a,33 e?? ? fa?tast??? d????-
µat???af?a ?atatasseta? st? de?te??, p??? e?a??st?? pe??pt?se????-
ed? ?t? de? ?pa??e? ??s??d?? d?af??a a?aµesa sta
????e? ?a d?e??????ste?
d????µata p?? ta «??e?d??e?» µ?a ?ata???t??? a??µ? ?a? s“ e?e??a p?? ?aµ?a
af???µat??? p??e???? de? ta «??e?d??e?», p???? µa???? p?? ? ap??s?a t??,
a?ast?????ta? t?? ap?f??t?s? t?? a?t??et???? ??tas??, ep?te??e? t?? ?s?? t??
a?t??et???? ???µa??s?? t?? ?e?µ????. ?p?µ????, st?? pe??pt?s? a?t?, ?
«a????t?» (d??ad? «µ? ??e?d?µ??? ») te???? f?as? t?? d????µat?? e?tasseta?
st?? ?d?a d??aµ??? a?t??es?? µe t?? ?ata???t??? a??µ?, ?a? d?ap??eta? ap? t??
?d?a ??tas? s??????s?? d?? ??sµ?? d?sµ????, e???? e?a????, ?? a?t???t?? .35

??a?efa?a?????ta?, µp????µe ?a p??µe ?t? ? pe????af???? pa????sµ??, ?

???µ??? ? a?t??et??? e?????? t?? af???s?? ?a? ? ?ata???t??? a??µ?, ap?te-
???? ßas??a d?µ??a s?stat??a t?? ??as???? d????µat??, p?? f???d??e? -µ?sa
±?±??;±e”> ·~··· -~---f=,e ±;e±=;-..ee e?a?eeeeeee..-e·-? .=.=e.±-»?;.±?›»±= ee ??

se ???e? µ??? se??de?- ?a pa?as??e? t?? e?de??µe?? a?a???st? st? s?µpa?t?-

?? t?? µ??????sµ?, ?p?? e?e?p?ste? (? a?a???st??) ?t? ?a ß?e? ?ata???s?
(d??ad? d?????s? ?a? s?s?et?sµ? t?? ded?µ????) ?a? ap??a?s?.
? af???µat??? ??????µ?a p??ß???e?, ???p??, ?? ?????? epa??????? µ?a?
a?a??a?a? ep?t????s?? ???? t?? ???st?? µ??a??sµ?? a?t?????? ?a? d?aµ??-
f?s?? µ?a? saf??? e????a? ??a p??s?pa ?a? ?atast?se??. G?a t?? ep?te???
t??, ? d????µat????f?? µet???eta? d?af???? µ?s??, µe p??t? ?a? ßas???te-
?? t?? ???µ??? ? a?t?fat??? af???s?, p?? a?a??saµe ?d?. ?eta?? t??
?????, d?? e??a? ta ?????te?a sta ?p??a p??pe? ?a sta???µe: ? ???s? e???
«p??pa?as?e?asµ????» af???µat???? ??????, p?? ap?s??pe? st?? e?????
?a? ??????? a??-???s? / ?????s?3T t?? µ??????sµ?? t?? d????µat?? ap? t??
a?a???st?, ?a? ? est?as? t?? af???µat???? p????? s” ??a? pe?????sµ???
a???µ? p??s?p??,p?? ap?s??pe? st?? ap???e?sµ? ap? t? af???µat??? ped??
????d?p?te de? ß??s?eta? se ?µes? s??s? s????t?s?? µe t?? p??? pe????af?
d??s?.
?p?????? t?e?? t??p??,37 ??????, ??a ?a ep?te???e? ? ???s? e??? «p??pa?a-
s?e?asµ????» af???µat???? ??????: ? p??sf??? s, ??a? a?t?p??s?pe?t???
a????p??? t?p?, ? ???s? pas????st?? p??s?p??38 ?a? ? epa?af??? e??? ?a?
t?? ?d??? p??s?p?? ap? t? ??a d????µa st? ???? .?T ?? ep??e?t??s??µe t?
e?d?af???? µa? st?? p??t? -p?? de? e??a? µ??? ? p???? d?aded?µ????, a???
??e?, ??????, s?µß???e? ap?fas?st??? st? d?aµ??f?s? t?? ??as???? d????µa-
t??-- af?? d?e??????s??µe, e???? e?a????, ?t? ? ???? «a?t?p??s?pe?t????
a????p???? t?p??» de? pa?ap?µpe? d????? s” ??a? «pa?ad?s?a?? ????te?????
t?p?»4?, a??? se ??a? e?????? a?a?????s?µ? af???µat??? t?p?, ? ?p????
µeta?? p??????? ?????, e??s?? e?????? a?a?????s?µ??- pa???e? st?? a?a-
-
???st? t? d??at?t?ta ?a t?? t?p??et?se? st? s?st? (d??ad? s???e???µ???)
??s? t?? ?????????? s?a????a?, µe ß?s? t?? p??s?p???? t?? p??s?aµß????se?
pa?ast?se??. ????e?ta?, ???p??, ??a t?p??? a?t??e?µe??????, ?st? ?a? a? de?
e??a? «????te?????? t?p??». ?ta?, ep? pa?ade??µat?, ? ?e???e?eee?t pe?????fe?
µ?a p???? ? ??a µ????p???t? t?? d??µ??, ?a? ? ????e???? pe?????fe? ??a?
aµa?? ? µ?a das???a p?? µetaßa??e? st?? epa???a ?p?? d????st??e, ? a?a-
???st?? t??? -a??µa ?a? a? de? ??????e? p??s?p??? ?a???a? ap? a?t???
t??? t?p???- t??? a?a??????e? e????a, ??at? ??e? (t??????st??) a???se? ?a
µ????? ?? a?t??? ? ??e? d?aß?se? s?et??? sta «t?????ta ?e????ta» t?? ef?µe-
??d??. ??? ?ta? ? ?et?e? pa???s???e? st??? ???a?????? t?? a???a?????? ? t??
s??e?? ?µ??????, ?a? ? ?apad?aµ??t?? pa???s???e? st??? ????a???? t?
S??a??t?ssa «sta??µa???t?a» ? t?? ep?s?? s??a??t? ?apet?? G????? «t?? ep?-
?e?µ??? ?a? ??a?aß?????», ?? a?a???ste? t???, a??µa ?a? a? ad??at??? ?a
p??sd?s??? se a?t??? t??? af???µat????? t?p??? s???e???µ??? a?apa?a-

?? 3
 ·· ""` ??- -··-? -<¬-? f??-?-_.-»±ee±;~<-,±~ ta .??????

stat??? e????a, s?????a ????? a???se? ?a µ????? ??a pa??µ????? ?a?, s??ep??,
?????? pe?? t???? p???e?ta? pe??p??. ? d????µat???af?a t?? ?e???e?eee??pt,
ß?pe????, ?et?e? ?a? ?apad?aµ??t? de? p??sd?de?, ??a, s???a ?a? ?st? se µ?a
p???p?????sa -?st? ?a? s???e??µ???- s?et??? ?d?a t?? a?a???st?, a???,
p??t?st??, ßas??eta? se a?t??. ? s?µas?a t?? ???s?? e??? a?t?p??s?pe?t????
a????p???? t?p?? e??a?, ?at? s???pe?a, p??fa???: t? af???µat??? p??s?p?
t?? ??as???? d????µat?? a?ad?eta? p???p?? µp??? sta µ?t?a t?? a?a???st?,
? ?p???? d??ata?, µe t? se??? t??, ?a t? pa?a???????se? st?? p?????e? pe??p?-
te??? t??, d???? ?a ?????t??ß?se? p??spa???ta? ?a a?apa?ast?se? ?ept?µe-
??? t? e? ???? p??s?p? se ??a ta ep?µ????? ?a?a?t???st??? t??.
?d?, ?µ??, ???eta? ??a ??t?µa ?a???a? s?µas?a?, p?? st????e af??µ? ??a
µe???e? ?e???t???? d?aµ??e?: a? ??t?? a???e?e? ?t? t? ??as??? d????µa ep?-
???e? ta af???µat??? t?? p??s?pa ap? µ?a p???p?????sa ????????? ?p?d?-
µ?,t?te e??a? ß?ßa?? ?t? t? e?d?af???? t?? ???e?ta? sta te???sµata t?? d?µ?-
??? ?atas?e??? t?? ?a? ??? st? d?e??d??? a??pt??? t?? af???µat???? ?a?a-
?t???? t??. ???? a?t? t?? ?ate????s? p??sa?at??????ta? d?ad????? ?? ???t?-
??? ap?t?µ?se?? t?? ??t?e ?????e?ße??t?t???, ???ete?1p ????t??? ?a? ?. ????et1t??.?=3
?p? t?? ????, ?? pe??ss?te??? ?????s????e? ?a? G????? ?e???t???? ?s??????-
?ta? ?t? ? espe?sµ??? d?ad??as?a p??s????? ?a? ta?e?a? ??ta??? t?? a?a???-
st? st? µ??????sµ? t?? d????µat??, ?fe????ta? st?? «?pa????t??? ??a??t?ta»
t?? e? ???? e?d???, t? ?p??? ?p?ß???e? ?,t? de? p???aßa??e? ? de? p??t??eta?
?a pe?. ? ?p??? a?t?, se a?t??es? µe t?? p??????µe??, p??????e? ta af???µa-
t??? p??s?pa µe ??a ßa?? ?a? s???et? ?????? ??sµ?, ? ?p???? ?a? p??sd?de?
st? d????µa t?? a??a t?? a?t? ?a?ea?t?.
?p? t? d??? µa? p?e???, -ep?st??f??ta? e? ???? st?? a????? e??s?s? t??
af???µat???? ??????µ?a? µe t? ???s? e??? «p??pa?as?e?asµ????» d????µa-
t???? ?????? ?a? t?? est?as? t????? s” ??a? pe?????sµ??? a???µ? p??s?p??-,
t? ß???? p?fte? sta af???µat??? te???sµata t?? e??st?te d????µat????-
f??, ? ?p????, a?????a µe t?? e?µ??e?t??? e?d??? p?? ep????e? ?a f?t?se? ? ?a
ap??a???e?, p??µ?d?te? t? µ?a ? t?? ???? te????? ?? t?? ?pe?ß??? ?a? t??
e?s??e? se µ?a e?a??? d?µ??? ?atas?e??, ?p?? ??a ap??t??? af” ea?t???
???µa ?a? d??s?.
?s? ??a ta af???µat??? p??s?pa, t? e??t?µa p?? t??eta? de? af??? t?s?
st?? ?pa??? ? µ? t?? ??????? t??? ??sµ??, ?at, eµ??, ?s? st? a???p??se?t?
?e????? ?t? ? a?a???st?? ?a?, se ??p??? ßa?µ?,? d?µ??????? t??? de? ta a?a-
????????? e???? e?a???? ?? s??µat?p???µ??a (µe? st?? ?pe?ß??? t?? µe??-
???s?? t???) ap?t??a e??? «p???atas?e?asµ????» af???µat???? t?p??.
??e?? ????? p??t?ss??ta? ?? e?µ??e?a a?t?? t?? fa???µ????. ???ta-p??ta,

4 t?
«???e .e-? ¬e-ep»»; - ¬< ±. e±e,.±±See¬?‹±e:?e: e ?~~~~·· ~~~~~ p?· ;~×±±.-----?e. ±·; --

t? ?e????? ?t? st?? ?aµp? t?? ???? a???a, e? a?t???se? µe t?? a??? t??, de?
a?eßa????? p???? s???a st? d????µat??? s???? ep?fa?e?? ???e?, p?? d??p?e-
?a? d???ta? ??a t? ?a?? ? t? ?a?? t?? a????p?t?ta?. ?? ???e? t?? ????t?e??p?p
?a? t?? ?e???t?et p???? ap????? ap? t??? ???e? t?? ???et??? ?a? t?? ??e. St?
????sµa t?? a???a, ? «a????pa???», p?? st???e???e? t? ??s??? ????te???a
ap? t?? ep??? t?? ?????, a?eßa?e? ?a? e???????e? t? «µ?t??? a?ast?µa» e???
s?????sµ???? ?a? as?µa?t?? a????p?? st? ????te????? s???? t?? ??sµ??. ??
µ?????pa?????? t?? ?e???e?eee?t?t ?a? t?? ß?pe?????, ?? e?dee?? ??????? t?? ?et?e?,
?? ?ataf???eµ???? p???te? t?? ?apad?aµa?t? ?a? ?? as?µa?t?? µ????ast??
t?? ]??ee, ??at??? ?a??a??? -p?s? ap? t? µ???? a?ast?µa t???- t? p??
s?µa?t???: t? ?e????? ?t? d???? ?a? ?e?t??????? ?? s??µat?p???µ??a p??t?-
pa t?? ?d?a? t?? µet???t?ta? t???. ?e?te???, t? d????µa sta t??? t?? ????
a???a, est?a???ta? t? e?d?af???? t?? s” ??a? «µ?t??? t?p?» -p?? p???pa?-
?e? st?? ???????a a??a ??? st? ????te???a-, «efe???s?e?», t??p?? t??a, µ?a
t?p??? p?a?µat???t?ta p??, a? ?a? ?pa??e? ?d?, de? ??e? ????e? ap? t? a?a-
???st??? ????? ?? t?p??a ded?µ???. ?????, ? t??t?? ????? p??pe? ?a a?a??t?-
?e? st?? ?d?a t? d?µ? t?? d????µat?? ?a? st? d??aµ? t?? a?????s?? p?? t? d??-
pe?: ? ?a?a??t?ta t?? a?t??et???? e?tase??, p?? d?µ??? t? ?e?µe???? t??
s?µa, ep?s??a?eta? ap? t? de???t?ta t?? ?????? pe????af??, µe ap?t??esµa
? a?a???st??? p??s??? ?a pa?as??eta? pe??ss?te?? ap? t? fa??es?a? pa?a
ap? t? e??a? t?? af???µat???? p??s?p??.

[...]

S????OS??S

1 ??. ???sett ???p??e???ppa?te ???? ?????????te, ?teeeee ?t???ete?te??tee e?e ?te?t??e, ?e?t?e ????, s.
401.
2 ????e?ta? ??a «e?at? d????µata p?? af?????ta? epta ???a??e? ?a? t?e?? ?ea??? a?d?e?

µ?sa se d??a ?µ??e?», s?µf??a µe t? ?ps???? ????et t?? s????af?a.

3 ???a?a? ta ???a (ep? ?????e??ee p???e??ee (a? p??se??e? ? d?s?µ?? t?t??? st? ?a?????) ?a?

Se dtap?? ???t?????? e?ee p????e??ee p????e??ee, a?t?st???a.

???af??? e?de??t??a t??? ?te?p???pe??, ??t????e ?a?, ??????, ?e????e?eee?pt ap? t? Ga???a, t??
???t?pe?p? ap? t? Ge?µa??a, t?? §??1??t??et ap? t?? ??st??a, t?? ß?pe???? ?a? t??
????t???e?p?e? ap? t? ??s?a, ?a??? ?a? t??? ?e?????e, ]e?tt?ee ?a? ??e ap? t?? e? ???e? a????-
sa?????? ????.
5 «?s?????µa? µe µ?a d???e?a s???ast???, ft?a??? s??tsa, s??d?a, ep?f????de?, ???ta-

µa?e?, a??a ?a? t?se? ßa?et?? ?st???e?, ?ata?a???? t????? µa???sµ???? ?a?t???», s?µe?-
??e? ? ß??e???? t?? ?e??µß??? t?? 1889, ?a???????ta? t? d????µa ??? µe ßas? t? pe??e??-
µe??, a??a t?? ??tas? (ß?a?e?a: «s??ts? », «ep?f????da») ?a? t?? t??p? ?ata?a??s?? t??
(t? «µa???sµ??? ?a?t?» ?pa???sseta? t?? ?µe??s?? ?a? pe???d??? t?p?.

? ?~??