MANISH CHANDRA KADIYALA 2019, JULY 3RD

CHAPTER 2. PLAN OF INTERNSHIP PROGRAM

2.1. Duration of Internship

The duration of the internship offer is of eight weeks, i.e 8th May, 2019 to 3rd July, 2019.

2.2. Software Packages used

2.2.1. Bentley STAAD.Pro Connect Edition v22
Worked on Bentley STAAD.Pro Connect Edition v22 for the understanding of algorithmic
analysis of the structures and better visualisation.

2.2.2. Ms Excel 2016

For computing the complex equations with reducing the work taken by hands on calculation
and increasing the productivity in modelling and analysis.

2.2.3. CSi ETABS v17

For an efficient output of the dynamic analysis required to be carried, a powerful package like
ETABS is required as its product design is very smart.

CHAPTER 3. LEARNING EXPERIENCES

3.1. Knowledge Acquired

3.1.1 Degree of Indeterminacy using Ring Analogy
The simplest approach is to insert constraints in a structure until it becomes a series of
completely stiff rings. The statical indeterminacy of a ring is known and hence that of the
completely stiff structure. Then by inserting the number of releases required to return the
completely stiff structure to its original state, the degree of indeterminacy of the actual
structure is found.

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3.1.2. Classification:-
Structure

Function/Usage Load Transfer Analysis Perspective

(Bridge, Cable ways, Dams) (Beams, Columns, Slabs) (2D,3D, determinate &
indeterminate)

Loads

Based on the Based on direction Time-Variation Analysis Point of View

source/origin of action
(Wind load, EQ, (Gravity, Lateral) (Static, dynamic, (concentrated, UDL,
SW, LL, Temp, impulse) Moment, Pressure)
Blast loads)

3.1.3 Relation of Moment Resisting Frame with Stiffness

Stiffness & Strength ∝ dimension of beam & column

1
Stiffness & Strength ∝ !
colu m n spa cing

3.1.4 Classification of Structural Systems for Earthquake Resistance

• Rigid Frame
• Shear-Walled Frame
• Outrigger & Belt Truss
• Framed-Tube
• Braced-Tube
• Bundled-Tube

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3.1.5. Mode Shape

Mode shape of oscillation associated with a natural period of a building is the deformed
shape of the building when shaken at the natural period. Hence, a building has as many mode
shapes as the number of natural periods. For a building, there are infinite numbers of natural

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period. But, in the mathematical modelling of building, usually the building is discretised into
a number of elements. The junctions of these elements are called nodes. Each node is free to
translate in all the three Cartesian directions and rotate about the three Cartesian axes. Hence,
if the number of nodes of discretisation is N, then there would be 6N modes of oscillation,
and associated with these are 6N natural periods and mode shapes of oscillation. The
deformed shape of the building associated with oscillation at fundamental natural period is
termed its first mode shape. Similarly, the deformed shapes associated with oscillations at
second, third, and other higher natural periods are called second mode shape, third mode
shape, and so on, respectively.

3.1.6. Diaphragm
A diaphragm is a structural element designed to transfer in-plane shear forces to other
elements. Diaphragms are usually horizontal elements, though a sloping roof also can be a
diaphragm. Vertical diaphragms are usually called shear-walls.

3.1.7. Load Combinations

Because various loads may act on a structure simultaneously, load combinations should be
evaluated to determine the most severe conditions for design. These load combinations vary

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from one document to another, depending upon the jurisdiction. There are a set of
combinations for the allowable stress design and another set that incorporates load factors for
strength design. Paragraphs below provide these load combinations.

Load combinations:

1) 1.5(DL+LL)
2) 1.5(DL+ [EL+X])
3) 1.5(DL+ [EL-X])
4) 1.5(DL+ [EL+Z])
5) 1.5(DL+ [EL-Z])
6) 1.5(DL+ [WL+X])
7) 1.5(DL+ [WL-X])
8) 1.5(DL+ [WL+Z])
9) 1.5(DL+ [WL-Z])
10) 1.2(DL+LL+ [EL+X])
11) 1.2(DL+LL+ [EL-X])
12) 1.2(DL+LL+ [EL+Z])
13) 1.2(DL+LL+ [EL-Z])
14) 1.2(DL+LL+ [WL+X])
15) 1.2(DL+LL+ [WL-X])
16) 1.2(DL+LL+ [WL+Z])
17) 1.2(DL+LL+ [WL-Z])
18) 0.9DL+1.5[EL+X]
19) 0.9DL+1.5[EL-X]
20) 0.9DL+1.5[EL+Z]
21) 0.9DL+1.5[EL-Z]
22) 0.9DL+1.5[WL+X]
23) 0.9DL+1.5[WL-X]
24) 0.9DL+1.5[WL+Z]
25) 0.9DL+1.5[WL-Z]
26) DL+LL
27) DL+LL+ [EL+X]
28) DL+LL+ [EL-X]
29) DL+LL+ [EL+Z]
30) DL+LL+ [EL-Z]
31) DL+LL+ [WL+X]
32) DL+LL+ [WL-X]
33) DL+LL+ [WL+Z]
34) DL+LL+ [WL-Z]
35) DL+ [EL+X]
36) DL+ [EL-X]
37) DL+ [EL+Z]
38) DL+ [EL-Z]
39) DL+ [WL+X]

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40) DL+ [WL-X]

41) DL+ [WL+Z]
42) DL+ [WL-Z]

3.1.8. Yield Line Theory

Yield Line Design is a well-founded method of designing reinforced concrete slabs, and
similar types of elements. It uses Yield Line Theory to investigate failure mechanisms at the
ultimate limit state. The theory is based on the principle that:

work done in yield lines rotating = work done in loads moving

Two of the most popular methods of application are the ‘Work Method’ and the use of
standard formulae. This publication explains these two methods and illustrates how they may
be used in the practical and economic design of reinforced concrete slabs such as flat slabs,
raft foundations and refurbishments.

Yield Line Theory is an ultimate load analysis. It establishes either the moments in an
element (e.g. a loaded slab) at the point of failure or the load at which an element will fail. It
may be applied to many types of slab, both with and without beams.
Consider the case of a square slab simply supported on four sides as illustrated by Figure 1.5.
This slab is subjected to a uniformly distributed load, which gradually increases until collapse
occurs.
Initially, at service load, the response of the slab is elastic with the maximum steel stress and
deflection occurring at the centre of the slab. At this stage, it is possible that some hairline
cracking will occur on the soffit where the flexural tensile capacity of the concrete has been
exceeded at midspan.

Increasing the load hastens the formation of these hairline cracks, Increasing the load further
will increase the size of the cracks further and induce yielding of the reinforcement, initiating
the formation of large cracks emanating from the point of maximum deflection.
On increasing the load yet further, these cracks migrate to the free edges of the slab at which
time all the tensile reinforcement passing through a yield line yields.

Onset of yielding of bottom reinforcement at point of maximum deflection in a simply

supported two-way slab

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At this ultimate limit state,

the slab fails. As illustrated,
the slab is divided into rigid
plane regions A, B, C and D.
Yi e l d l i n e s f o r m t h e
boundaries between the rigid
regions, and these regions, in
effect, rotate about the yield
lines. The regions also pivot
about their axes of rotation,
which usually lie along lines
of support, causing supported
loads to move. It is at this
juncture that the work dissipated by the hinges in the yield lines rotating is equated to work
expended by loads on the regions moving. This is Yield Line Theory.

The formation of a mechanism in a simply supported two-way slab with the bottom steel
having yielded along the yield lines

Under this theory, elastic deformations are ignored; all the deformations are assumed to be
concentrated in the yield
lines and, for convenience,
the maximum deformation
is given the value of unity.
Yield Line Design has the
advantages of:
• Economy
• Simplicity and
• Versatility
Yield Line Design leads to
slabs that are quick and
easy to design, and are
quick and easy to construct.
There is no need to resort to
computer for analysis or
design. The resulting slabs

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are thin and have very low amounts of reinforcement in very regular arrangements. The
reinforcement is therefore easy to detail and easy to fix and the slabs are very quick to
construct. Above all, Yield Line Design generates very economic concrete slabs, because it
considers features at the ultimate limit state.

3.1.9. Live Load Reduction Factor

The probability of full live load on large areas, in certain cases, is unlikely. In fact it become
less likely as the size of the area supported increases.

Floor LLRF
1 1
2 0.9
3 0.8
4 0.7
5 0.6

3.1.10. Property Reduction Factors

The moment of inertia of beam and column is considered less than the total, so that they can
be designed for more strength by increasing the dimension and limiting the effect of lateral
loads.

• Property reduction factor for beams is 0.35

• Property reduction factor for columns is 0.70

3.1.11. Membrane
Membranes don't have any bending stiffness (in out of plane direction) so they only transmit
load but do not resist it like real material would do.

3.1.12. Shell Thin and Thick

Thin shells (like thin beams) do not consider the stress in the direction perpendicular to the
shell surface. Thick shells (like thick beams) can consider stresses through the thickness on
the shell, in the direction normal to the middle surface, and account for shear deformation.
Essentially what this means is that thick shell elements take into account the transverse shear
deformation while thin shell elements do not. To be more technical, thin-shell formulation
follows a Kirchhoff application, which neglects transverse shear deformation, whereas thick-
shell formulation follows Mindlin/Reissner, which does account for shear behaviour.

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3.2. Skills Learned

3.2.1. Model and Analysis in STAAD.Pro
• Guard Room

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• IBPS

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3.2.1. Model and Analysis in ETABS

• G + 12 High-Rise Building

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3.3. Observed attitudes and gained values

I think GORLE GROUP is one firm where they DESIGN ENGINEERS are very professional
in their work with all the smart and efficient efforts they put on their projects which makes
their firm one of the best work atmosphere. The Team work and their coordinations levels are
very high, which shows their dedication towards their passion to work.

References
1. IS 456: 2000
2. IS 875 : PART I 1987
3. IS 875 : PART II 1987
4. IS 875 : PART III 1987
5. IS 875 : PART IV 1987
6. IS 875 : PART V 1987
7. IS 1893 : 2016
8. IS 13920 : 2016

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