Effect of Using Modifiers On Mix Design and Performnce of Pavements - MOID 2017-DR. HUSSAIN BAHIA PDF

Superpave and Modified Bitumen in the UAE
Dubai- UAE , January 24-25, 2017
Effects of using Bitumen Modifiers on Mix design

and Pavement Performance
Hussain Bahia
Professor and Director of MARC
11:00 – 11:30
Seminar organized by the Ministry of Infra-structure Development

MOID- UAE
January 24-25
H. Bahia www.uwmarc.org
Outline
• Mixture Design Methods: Marshall & Superpave
• Mixing and Compaction Temperatures
• Aggregate Blends and effect of modifiers on Packing
Structure
• Mixture Performance Testing & Role of Bitumen Grades
• Pavement Performance
Asphalt Mixture Design: Achieve better performance by selecting:
1. Aggregate size distribution

2. Air Voids
3. Bitumen Content and modifiers
Contact Length
Contact Zone
Stress Path
Basic Mix Design Objective:

Determine Bitumen Content that allows achieving 4% air
voids at a given temperature and compaction effort for each
aggregate blend to achieve balanced properties
Traffic Resistance
Durability
4.0 %
0 3 6 9 12
% Air Voids
Rutting in Asphalt Mix

Rutting in HMA represents Permanent vertical deformation
Wheel
Loads
Asphalt
Surface Mix
Asphalt
Base Mix
Poor Quality Bitumen

Bitumen Content is too high
Fatigue Cracking
Poor Quality Bitumen

Cracks in the Wheel Path
Bitumen Content is too low
How to Balance Mix ? Phase Diagram For Mixture Void Analysis

Volume Weight
Vv= ____cm3 Air Voids
Vbe= ____cm3 Effective Bitumen Wbe= ____g

Vb= ____cm3 Wb= ____g
Vba= ____cm3 Absorbed Wba= ____g
Bitumen
Vmb= ____cm3
Effective
Stone
Vmm= ____cm3 (Impermeable Ws= ____g
to binder)
Vsb= ____cm3
Marshall Mix Design Method
• Select and test aggregates

• Select and test bitumen
– Establish mixing and compaction temperatures
• Develop trial mixes
– Heat and mix bitumen and aggregates
– Compact specimen (100 mm diameter)
• Measure Stability and flow
Effects of Modifiers on
Mixing/Compaction Temps
10000
5000
We can use special additives;
WMA, special polymers
Modified Bitumen
Viscosity, cSt
1000
Unmodified Bitumen
500 Compaction Range
300
200
Mixing Range
100
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
Temperature, C
Modifiers vary in effect on the mixing and compaction temperatures
Minor Differences between
Manual and Automated Compaction
H. Bahia www.uwmarc.org 9-11

Workability: Measuring Required Compaction Effort
Superpave Gyratory Compactor
• Simulate field compaction with roller
• Also simulate traffic densification
% Gmm – Density Unmodified Bitumen
96 % Gmm
ram pressure
92 % Gmm 600 kPa
Modified Bitumen
150 mm mold
10 100 1000 30 gyrations 1.25 deg

N- Gyrations (Roller passes) per minute
Need Control of Density/Air Voids

To Balance Performance (Rutting and Cracking)
• Very Important for durability and performance:
• Required Levels:
– 3–5% at Optimum %AC in Design – WHY?
– 6-8% at Time of Construction – WHY?
• If Air Voids are too high:
– Poor Durability (Moisture and Aging), raveling
– Shorter Fatigue Life
– Less Resistance to Rutting
• If Air Voids are too low:

– Less Rutting Resistance
– Bleeding
– Less skid resistance – safety - issues
Marshall Mix with PMB - UAE
Design Bitumen Content
Total Voids
VMA
VFB
H. Bahia www.uwmarc.org Module !-14

Qatar Construction Specifications- 2014

For Pen Bitumen and Modified Bitumen
H. Bahia www.uwmarc.org Module !-15

Superpave HMA Performance Tests

Workability
Thermal Fatigue
Cracking Cracking Rutting (mix & compact)
ram pressure
1.25 deg
SGC
- 20 20 40 135
Pavement Temperature, °C
Effect of Polymers on
Compaction Effort of mixtures at 145 oC
Sample N92- 8 % air- N96 – 4% air- % Change in
voids voids compaction effort
Control 36 111 0
Elastomer 32 100 -10
Plastomer 26 86 -23
Hybrid 24 76 -41
• Titan and Hybrid can reduce compaction effort ( up t

• Or allow wider temperature range for compaction
Rutting: Repeated Load Permanent

Deformation Test
TIME
Flow Number
• Rutting
- Flow Number (FN) at High Temp
Measuring Rutting in the Lab

Flow Number (FN) Test
Courtesy of
pavementinteractive.org
Improvement in Rutting Resistance

FPE
Improvements in Rutting Resistance (FN)

Single Polymers and Hybrid:
FN
Mix Air Voids FN = Cycles Average CV % Increase
(%) Replicate FN (%) in FN
7.2 133
Control
6.9 138 136 2.6 0
7.1 736
Elastomer
7.1 741 739 0.5 +443 %
7.1 849
Plastomer 6.7 980
6.9 860 896 8.1 +559 %
Hybrid 7.2 1588
(SBS+Titan) 7.3 1900 1744 12.7 +1182%
Reduction in Rutting Rate

80 70
rate (strain / cycle )
Rut Accumulation
60
40
20 12.1 6.3 4.3
0
Control SBS CBE Hybrid
Wheel Tracking Tests - Optimum Bitumen and

Less Rutting
Specialty Polymers
60 % reduction in rutting
+Anti Strip
Asphalt Properties for Pavement Design

Dynamic Modulus /E*/ Phase Angle, 
osint 
 

osin(t-
Time, t
0
| E* |
0   ti
Pavement Design Methods

• AASHTO 1993
– SN = a1 D1 + a2 D2 + a3 D3
• SN= Structural Number
• D: Thickness
• ai : Layer coefficient ~ Modulus
• Pavement ME – 2012--
– Mixture Dynamic Modulus : E*
• Higher E*= Less deformation, less damage
Dynamic Modulus (E*) Master Curve

1.E+07
CBE
SBS
Hybrid
1.E+06
Control
E* (psi)
1.E+05
Tref= 70 °F
1.E+04
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Log (Reduced Time))
Europe has used this concept for more than

25 Years – EME- For Sustainable Roads
• “.. to reduce the consumption of non-renewable resources (aggregates and also
bitumen) by using Enrobés à Module Elevé (EME - High Modulus Asphalt mixes),
since more than 25 years.
• The thickness reduction can reach to 30 – 35% less

compared to traditional flexible pavement.
• This technique presents an excellent solution to reduce the use of
materials while maintaining a very long service life..”
Source : ISAP 2012 – Yves Brosseaud, French Institute of Science and Technology
for Transport, Development and Networks (IFSTTAR), France
28
Current AASHTO 1993 Design- PMB Benefits
Type of Approximate Not 7.5% SBS 2.5 % FPE

Highway Speed MPH Modified HiMA HON- Titan
% Increase in Service Pavement Life
Expressway 60- 80 0% 64% 107%
Intersections ~5 0% 173% 218%
% Reduction in Asphalt Layer Thickness

Interstate 60- 80 0% 9% 14%
Intersections ~5 0% 20% 22%
These findings are not new :
Enhanced Performance of HMA by Use of Polymer Modification
(H. Von Quintus – AMAP Meeting 2/2004)
Thank you
Questions and Discussions

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Superpave and Modified Bitumen in the UAE

Dubai- UAE , January 24-25, 2017

Effects of using Bitumen Modifiers on Mix design

Seminar organized by the Ministry of Infra-structure Development

Asphalt Mixture Design: Achieve better performance by selecting:

1. Aggregate size distribution

Basic Mix Design Objective:

Rutting in Asphalt Mix

Poor Quality Bitumen

Poor Quality Bitumen

How to Balance Mix ? Phase Diagram For Mixture Void Analysis

Vbe= ____cm3 Effective Bitumen Wbe= ____g

Marshall Mix Design Method

• Select and test aggregates

H. Bahia www.uwmarc.org 9-11

10 100 1000 30 gyrations 1.25 deg

Need Control of Density/Air Voids

• If Air Voids are too low:

Marshall Mix with PMB - UAE

Design Bitumen Content

H. Bahia www.uwmarc.org Module !-14

Qatar Construction Specifications- 2014

H. Bahia www.uwmarc.org Module !-15

Superpave HMA Performance Tests

• Titan and Hybrid can reduce compaction effort ( up t

Rutting: Repeated Load Permanent

Measuring Rutting in the Lab

Improvement in Rutting Resistance

Improvements in Rutting Resistance (FN)

Reduction in Rutting Rate

Wheel Tracking Tests - Optimum Bitumen and

Asphalt Properties for Pavement Design

Pavement Design Methods

Dynamic Modulus (E*) Master Curve

Europe has used this concept for more than

• The thickness reduction can reach to 30 – 35% less

Current AASHTO 1993 Design- PMB Benefits

Type of Approximate Not 7.5% SBS 2.5 % FPE

Intersections ~5 0% 173% 218%

% Reduction in Asphalt Layer Thickness

Intersections ~5 0% 20% 22%

(H. Von Quintus – AMAP Meeting 2/2004)

Questions and Discussions

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Vbe= cm3 Effective Bitumen Wbe= g