Standard Urban Area

 It should have a core town of a minimum population size of 50,000.

 The contiguous areas made up of other urban as well as rural administrative units should
have close mutual socio- economic links with the core town.
 The probabilities are that this entire area will get fully urbanised in a period of two to three
decades.

Household was defined as 'a group of persons who commonly live together and would take their
meals from a common kitchen unless the exigencies of work prevented any of them from doing so'.

LITERACY:

The information on literacy was collected in all censuses. The definition of literacy had been 'both
ability to read and write in any language. In all the censuses besides data on literacy, additional
information was also collected. In 1872 the information about 'youths upto age 20 attending school,
college or under private tuition' was recorded. In 1881 Census, the information was collected whether
the individuals were under instruction or not, if not, whether they were able to read and write. In
1891 Census, besides the information regarding the language in which the person was literate the
foreign language known (if any) was also recorded. From 1901 to 1941 censuses, there was an
additional question whether the literate knew English or not. Information on the standard of
education was collected for the first time in 1941 census and after that it was asked in every
subsequent censuses. In 1971 the information on Literacy and Educational level was collected from
each individual.

OCCUPATION:

TOTAL
WORKERS

MARGINAL
MAIN WORKERS
WORKERS

HOUSEHOLD HOUSEHOLD
AGRICULTURAL OTHER AGRICULTURAL OTHER
CULTIVATORS INDUSTRY CULTIVATORS INDUSTRY NON WORKERS
LABOURERS WORKERS LABOURERS WORKERS
WORKERS WORKERS

All persons engaged in 'work' defined as participation in any economically productive activity with or
without compensation, wages or profit are workers.

Main Workers are those workers who had worked for the major part of the reference period i.e. 6
months or more. They provide the major share in the economically productive work.

Marginal Workers are those workers who had not worked for the major part of the reference period
i.e. less than 6 months.

Farmer or Cultivator: For purposes of the census a person is classified as cultivator if he or she is
engaged in cultivation of land owned or held from Government or held from private persons or
institutions for payment in money, kind or share. Cultivation includes effective supervision or
direction in cultivation. A person who has given out her/his land to another person or persons or
institution(s) for cultivation for money, kind or share of crop and who does not even supervise or
direct cultivation of land, is not treated as cultivator. Similarly, a person working on another person's
land for wages in cash or kind or a combination of both (agricultural labourer) is not treated as
cultivator.
Agriculture Labourer: A person who works on another person's land for wages in money or kind or
share is regarded as an agricultural labourer. She or he has no risk in the cultivation, but merely works
on another person's land for wages. An agricultural labourer has no right of lease or contract on land
on which she/he works.

Household Industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the household at
home or within the village in rural areas and only within the precincts of the house where the
household lives in urban areas. The larger proportion of workers in the household industry consists of
members of the household. The industry is not run on the scale of a registered factory which would
qualify or has to be registered under the Indian Factories Act. Household Industry relates to
production, processing, servicing, repairing or making and selling (but not merely selling) of goods.

Other workers include professions such as a Pleader, Doctor, Musician, Dancer, Astrologer, Dhobi,
Barber, etc., or merely trade or business, even if such professions trade or services are run at home
by members of the household.

WHY???

POPULATION DENSITY:
In planning these neighbourhoods, density is a critical factor. If it's too sparse, then we lose efficiency
like the suburbia in US and if it's too dense like Mumbai, then it becomes an impossible and
uncomfortable habitat to live in resulting in squatters and jams.

CULTURE:

 People centred, planet sensitive sustainable development bothers culture.

 To create a new, culturally sensitive urban development, the role of cultural practices and
their values in sustainable development must be explicitly recognized.
 It is the key for the success of sustainable development policies. It acts as a driver enabling
development of people centred societies.
 It is used as catalyst for economic development and urban regeneration.
 It implicates an urban development by education, economic growth, consumption, and
production pattern, sustainable cities.
 Human beings live in communities. They should create spaces where they can exercise their
rights, expand their abilities, lead the present, and decide the future.

LITERACY RATE:

It is the key for socio economic progress.

GENDER RATIO:

Why is it important to have gender inclusive city planning?

Currently, the number of women in the urban labour force in India is dropping, although we have the
highest number of women graduating from university ever. So in order to bring 68 million more
women into the non-farm labour force over the next decade, India’s policymakers, business leaders,
and social-sector leaders need to focus concerted action in several areas, including education, skilling,
job creation, addressing gender-friendly policies, improving infrastructure and support systems, and
most importantly, addressing deep-rooted attitudes and stereotypes about the role and status of
women.
A major factor limiting women and girls from living a quality life and pursuing work outside the home
is the pandemic of sexual violence in public spaces. Yet ironically, there is very little official data that
can inform us of the nature and scope of the problem. There is definitely a correlation between the
kind of sexual violence and the context in which it occurs. Given the Indian government’s Smart Cities
programme, it is important to highlight how sexual violence and related gender issues must be
considered during the urban planning processes. As is the norm, policy and decision-makers rarely
consider the needs of women and girls nor listen to their voices.

They are never part of the team, never invited to the table for discussion, and rarely thought of when
formulating policy. I’m trying to change this.

Analysing the data on the Safecity crowdmap, we realise that the space in which the violence takes
place in or is likely to take place in has a definite impact on individuals and communities which may be
psychological, social, and/or economic. In the case of incidents of sexual violence in public transport,
an added consequence of restricted mobility arises for women. It impacts their independence,
economic aspirations, educational opportunities, and transit patterns and restricts their ability to fully
enjoy and benefit from public spaces. Such incidents also shape the ability and desire of women to
use public transport further in their lives.

In my personal experience, I was groped on a train in Mumbai when I was 13 years old. This incident
made me fear travelling by trains and being in crowded spaces. I did everything to avoid them in
Mumbai whilst anywhere else, it didn’t really bother me. Luckily I was privileged enough to take a car
to work and didn’t mind being stuck in traffic for hours as an alternative to the train.

Speaking to many other women who have experienced sexual violence in public spaces, I have found
that many women change the way they dress, make their physical selves smaller, try to become
inconspicuous, and lose self-esteem. After giving an interview to a journalist in Argentina, she
recounted her own story of being stalked on the way to the local library as a teenager, resulting in her
giving up access to the space and thereby reading, which is what she loved.

Losing access to public spaces as a result of sexual violence is definitely a developmental challenge as
it restricts civic rights and opportunities to achieve one’s potential.

So can better urban planning make a difference to the lives of women and girls? We understand that
various steps have to be taken to make our communities safer for women, from cultural reform and
behavioural change to better policing and responsive governance. But re-imagining cities from a
woman (non-male)’s perspective can lead to transformative change. A city designed to make women,
children, vulnerable communities, or the elderly safe is a great city for all.

We undertook a study along with The Urban Vision to audit some of the recurring places that showed
up as hotspots on our crowd map. These were a mix of places at or around railway stations, street
markets, overhead bridges, and business districts. We spoke to people and asked them their views on
perceptions of safety as well as if they had experienced any kind of harassment in a public space.
Once we collected this data, the team of urban designers looked at the physical space to see if
improvements could be suggested to alleviate the risk perception of safety. Some of the areas we
looked at were:

Use of space 24x7

There are some spaces that are extremely crowded during the day, whilst later in the evening and
night they are deserted, making it vulnerable to crime. One such place is the business district of the
Bandra Kurla Complex in Mumbai, for example. There is absolutely no one around post 7 PM and it is
hard to find transportation. Another is the abandoned and derelict mill land in Lower Parel which is a
congested business district. The mill spaces are overgrown with wild shrubbery and are a great
hangout for drug addicts and rapists, as was seen in the Shakti Mills case a few years ago.

But if we had a mixed-use infrastructure – for example, adding restaurants and coffee shops in these
isolated areas – we can increase pedestrian activity and reduce the feeling of isolation.

Eyes on the street

With the increased number of high-rise buildings and gated communities, the sense of being part of a
community is slowly being eroded. Take the suburb of Bandra West, for example. We had small
houses where people, men and women, would sit in their verandahs and chat with each other across
the street. Children would be playing outside their houses on the streets. This gave a sense of security
because there was always someone around. However, with real-estate prices skyrocketing through
the roof, many of these houses have now given way to high-rise apartments where people rarely
venture outdoors and don’t generally “hang around” chatting with their neighbours. We definitely
need to figure out how to recreate this sense of community with more eyes on the street.

Safe urban commons

There are few community spaces in Mumbai – gymnasiums, gardens, playgrounds, etc. Even the
“nana nani” parks (for senior citizens) are restricted by timings and they do not encourage young
children to play there. We do not have enough space to socialise without having to go to a coffee
shop or barista. Apart from that, our cities lack clean and safe public toilets, benches, sturdy
footpaths, and other amenities that encourage people to come out of their homes and use public
spaces.

Walkability of a city

If we want a sustainable planet, we must reduce our carbon emissions. A great way to do that is by
encouraging walking and cycling. However, Mumbai has no cycle tracks nor footpaths. Therefore, it is
hard for people – especially women, women with children, and senior citizens – to navigate a public
space. One is constantly jostling with cars, animals, bikers, and hawkers for space. During peak traffic
hours, it can actually be dangerous to walk on the streets.

Public transportation

In keeping with the points above, it is important to have great public transportation that is frequent,
cheap, safe, clean, and provides for last-mile connectivity. Women, more than men, use public
transport often and for multiple trips as they have a lower potential access to a car and multi-task.
Whilst Mumbai has better public transport options than most cities in India, we still have to deal with
the crowds. Once again, crowded spaces inside transport and at bus stops, auto stands, or rail stations
are rife with perpetrators who wait for the opportunity to grab and grope you or masturbate in front
of you. This can be extremely intimidating and restrict women’s mobility.

Last-mile connectivity

This is crucial especially if we expect women to take up all kinds of jobs at all hours of the day. Can
they get home safely without fear? Is there enough lighting? Do they have options to choose from? In
Mumbai, many railway stations have a shared auto system where three people are packed like
sardines. If you are a woman, this can be another potential hotspot for you.

If our urban planners and government jointly take into account the needs of women in the planning
process, design cities from a gender perspective, and create space to flourish, I do believe it is
possible to achieve not only the GDP growth forecasted by McKinsey, but also have happier, healthier,
and safe citizens.