QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS

and
ITS STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

by

RODERICK O. MISA, Ph. D.

Faculty, Mathematics and IT Department
Cebu Normal University
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 Analytic studies allow testing of
hypotheses. They use explicit
comparison group.
Experimental
Studies
Analytic
Study Designs

Observational
Studies

Descriptive
Studies

Descriptive studies cannot generate causality as a conclusion.

It can be used to generate hypotheses. It can be used as basis
to allocate resources and plan programs.
Comparative: comparing multiple groups at a single point in time
 Ecological Studies
Strengths and Limitations
Strengths:
• Fast and Cheap
• Use information that is already available

Limitations:
• Cannot control for effects of confounding factors
• No information on level of exposure
• Ecological fallacy (Aggregation Bias)
(Assumption that relationships which apply at a
group level also apply at an individual level )
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A. Test for Differences of Two Means from Small Independent Samples
(  1   2 but unknown) Separate -Variance t-test
The effect of alcohol consumption on the body appears to be much greater at
high altitudes than at sea level. To test this theory, a scientist randomly selects 12
subjects and randomly divides them into two groups of six each. One group is placed
into a chamber that simulates conditions at an altitude of 12,000 feet, and each subject
ingests a drink containing 100 cubic centimeters (cc) of alcohol. The second group
receives the same drink in a chamber that simulates conditions at sea level. After 2
hours, the amount of alcohol in the blood (grams per 100 cc) for each subject is
measured. The data are shown below.

Sea level 0.09 0.13 0.09 0.12 0.10 0.07

12,000 feet above sea level 0.14 0.17 0.15 0.16 0.08 0.20

Find out whether the data obtained provide sufficient evidence to conclude
that there exists a significant difference in the retention level of alcohol in the blood,
when subjected to different altitudes during alcohol consumption at 0.05 level of
significance.
Solution:
PROBLEM: Is there a significant mean difference in the retention level of
alcohol in the blood when subjected to different altitudes
during alcohol consumption?
HO: There is no significant mean difference in the retention level of
alcohol in the blood when subjected to different altitudes
during alcohol consumption.
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