CARAGA STATE UNIVERSITY

CABADBARAN–CAMPUS
T.Curato St.,Cabadbaran City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (085)343–1020 / 281-2032
www.csucc.carsu.edu.ph

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Submitted by : Edgardo Q. Digal Jr. Submitted to: Engr. Jason Loreto

NOISE IN A COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
Why we need to study a noise in a communication system?

 Noise is one of the two principle limiting factors in the performance of

communication systems

 Electrical noise is any undesired voltages or currents that end up

appearing at the receiver output. An example is static that is commonly
encountered on broadcast AM radio
There are several way to classify Noise, but conveniently Noise is classified as two
broad categories;

 External Noise

 Is noise introduced in the transmission channel.

 Is type of noise which is genera externally due to
communication system.

 Internal Noise

 Is noise introduced inside the receiver

itself.
 Which are generated internally or within
the communication system.

Figure1.1 visualizing noise in a communication system

 Noise categories

External Noise

Industrial noise is caused by human made

electrical sources (motors, generators, ignition)

Figure 1.2 showing the ignition

 Atmospheric noise is due to naturally
occurring disturbances in earth’s atmosphere
such as lightening (< 30 MHz)

Figure 1.3 (Lightening)

Extraterrestrial noise is electrical noise due

to solar and cosmic activity (10-1500 MHz)

Figure 1.4(Cosmic Activity)

 Internal Noise

Thermal noise - is caused by random motion

of free electrons and vibrating ions in a
conductor. And it is proportional to
temperature. Thermal noise is also termed
white noise or Gaussian noise.

Figure 1.5 (Random electron motion due to heat and the thermal
voltage as a function of time)

Just as white light contains all frequencies, white

noise contains an equal weighting of all frequencies
(Thermal Noise)

The noise voltage produced by a resistor R over

a bandwidth B can be calculated
Thermal noise design
considerations
 Since thermal noise is proportional to
resistance, temperature, and bandwidth, receiver
designs that reduce these values will have superior
performance

Semiconductor noise
  The other major category of internal noise
originates from semiconductor devices such as
diodes and transistors
 Semiconductor noise is comprised of
o Shot noise
o Transit-time noise
o Flicker noise

Shot noise
Shot noise, the largest contributor to transistor
noise, is due to the random paths of the current
carriers flowing in semiconductors.

Figure 1.6(representation for shot noise in transistor)

Transit-time noise
Flicker noise