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Analysis and Design of A Network of Inte PDF
Analysis and Design of A Network of Inte PDF
Analysis and Design of A Network of Inte PDF
(2016)
Keywords: Primary beams, Secondary beams, Eurocode 2, Large Span, Reinforced Concrete
1.0 Introduction
In some construction cases, it is desirable to have large uninterrupted floor areas, and in such cases,
the presence of columns has to be minimal. This feature is desirable in buildings such as conference
halls, stadiums, churches, dance halls, and all buildings where there is need for performing stage, and
spectators. The structural implication of such features is usually the presence of long spans elements,
and a lot of solutions already exist for such constructions.
It is already a well known fact that the use of beams becomes more uneconomical as the construction
span increases. This is primarily because the predominant internal forces in beams are bending
moment and shearing forces, which are all functions of the length of the beam. To accommodate these
internal forces during design calls for increase in the member sections to satisfy ultimate and
serviceability limit state requirements. This further adds to the total dead load of the structure, which
is conventionally undesirable for economical reasons. A better solution for handling the problem of
long span construction is the use of trusses. Trusses are arrangements of straight members connected
at their ends. The members are arranged to form a triangulated system so as to make them
geometrically unchangeable, and hence will not form a mechanism. They resist loads by developing
primarily axial forces in their members especially if the ends of the members are pinned together. In
typical trusses, loads are applied only at the joints. Trusses provide practical and economical solutions
to engineering problems. Trusses can efficiently span greater lengths than beams, and hence can be
found in roof of buildings, bridges etc.
Figure 1.0: Different truss configuration systems, and their possible loading conditions
Arches are also widely used in modern engineering due to their ability to cover large spans and their
attractiveness from aesthetic point of view. The greater the span, the more an arch becomes more
economical than a truss. Materials of the modern arches are concrete, steel, and timber. Arches are
mainly classified as three-hinged, two-hinged, and arch with fixed supports. Arches carry most of
their loads by developing compressive stresses within the arch itself and therefore in the past were
frequently constructed using materials of high compressive strength and low tensile strength such as
stones and masonry. Arches may be constructed in a variety of geometries; they may be semi-circular,
parabolic or even linear where the members comprising the arch are straight.
When it is desirable to have a relatively large hall devoid of internal columns, a network of interacting
primary and secondary beams can be economically employed as alternatives to other solutions. A
little consideration will show that in such cases, the cost of adopting such method of construction can
be cheaper than that of trusses or arches. Furthermore, no serious expertise is required on the part of
the contractor, since standard construction processes are adopted. Therefore in a country like Nigeria,
knowledge of how this can be employed is very much needed among engineers.
In the example below, we are going to analyse only the internal beams, and we are going to consider
all the spans to be fully loaded at ultimate limit state. From figure 2.1, the secondary beams are shown
in red (dotted lines) while the primary beams are shown in green. Every beam under consideration is
supported by columns at the first and last supports. No internal column exists anywhere in the hall,
and it is also assumed that the internal beams are not carrying wall loads.
Total load on slab (ULS) = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk = 1.35(6.55) + 1.5(5) = 16.3425 KN/m2
A little consideration will show that the floor slabs are spanning in two directions, since the ratio (k)
of the longer side (Ly) to the shorter side (Lx) is less than 2.
Hence, k = = = 1.33
We can observe from the general arrangement of the structure that the secondary beams are parallel to
the long span direction of the slab. Therefore, the equivalent load that is transferred from the slab to
the beam can be represented by;
. ×
p=
1 − =
1 − (
.) = 19.894 KN/m
Since the beams are receiving loads from both sides, we can multiply by two (to account for the slab
loads at the adjacent sides of the beam).
Self weight of the beam (ULS) = 1.35 × 0.45m × 0.23m × 25 KN/m3 = 3.49 KN/m
Therefore total load on the secondary beams = 39.788 + 3.49 = 43.278 KN/m
9:;< ."!!
ASmin = 0.26 × × b × d = 0.26 × × 230 × 404 = 168.587 mm2
=>? "
Check if ASmin < 0.0013 × b × d (120.796 mm2)
Since, ASmin = 168.587 mm2, the provided reinforcement is adequate.
K = 1.3 for simply supported at one end and continuous at the other end
A0 "
@= =
× " = 0.0006797 < 10B √35
8
".""!
" ".""!
"
L/d = 1.3 D11 + 1.5√35 × "."""2!2 + 3.2√35 "."""2!2 − 1 G = 1.3(11 + 77.24 + 404.8) =
640.952
"
ModiLication factor S0 =
TU
"
S0 =
.!!
= 1.39
Since the beam is flanged, check the ratio of b/bw = 1464/230 = 6.3652
The allowable span/depth ratio = 0.8 × S0 × 640.952 = 0.8 × 1.39 × 640.952 = 712.738
Taking the distance between supports as the effective span, L = 4000mm
"""
Actual deflection L/d = = 9.9
"
Since 712.738 < 9.9, deflection is not a problem
Based on the design presented above, 2Y16mm will be satisfactory for all bottom reinforcements in
the beam;
Support 2
Support 3 and 4
Shear Design
Support 1
Ultimate shear force VEd = 68.33 KN
^
VRd,c = [CRd,c.k. (100@
67 )_ + k1. V7` ]bw.d ≥ (Vmin + k1. V7` ) bw.d
CRd,c = 0.18/b7 = 0.18/1.5 = 0.12
"" ""
k = 1+c = 1+c" = 1.704 > 2.0, therefore, k = 1.702
_ ^ _ ^
Vmin = 0.035d 67 = Vmin = 0.035 × (1.702) × (35) = 0.4598 N/mm2
A0 "
@
= = " × " = 0.004326 < 0.02; K1 = 0.15
V7` = NEd/Ac < 0.2fcd (Where NEd is the axial force at the section, Ac = cross sectional area of the
concrete), fcd = design compressive strength of the concrete.) Take NEd = 0
^
VRd,c = [0.12 × 1.703(100 × 0.004326 × 35 )_ ] 230 × 404 = 46977.505 N = 46.977505 KN
Since VRd,c (46.977505 KN) < VEd (68.33 KN), shear reinforcement is required.
The compression capacity of the compression strut (VRd,max) assuming θ = 21.8° (cot θ = 2.5)
g.4.h^ .
VRd,max =
:i; j k lmj
V1 = 0.6 1 − "
= 0.6 1 − " = 0.516
n
×
= 23.33 N/mm2
o
.
fcd = =
Let z = 0.9d
" × ".! × " × ".
×.
VRd,max = p q × 10B = 347.195 KN
. k ".
Support 2
Ultimate shear force VEd = 104.78 KN
^
VRd,c = [CRd,c.k. (100@
67 )_ + k1. V7` ]bw.d ≥ (Vmin + k1. V7` ) bw.d
"" ""
k = 1+c = 1+c = 1.704 > 2.0, therefore, k = 1.702
"
_ ^ _ ^
Vmin = 0.035d 67 = Vmin = 0.035 × (1.702) × (35) = 0.4598 N/mm2
A0 "
@
=
" × "
= = 0.006489 < 0.02; K1 = 0.15
V7` = NEd/Ac < 0.2fcd (Where NEd is the axial force at the section, Ac = cross sectional area of the
concrete), fcd = design compressive strength of the concrete.) Take NEd = 0
^
VRd,c = [0.12 × 1.703(100 × 0.006489 × 35 )_ ] 230 × 404 = 53777.07 N = 53.777 KN
Since VRd,c (53.777 KN) < VEd (104.78 KN), shear reinforcement is required.
The compression capacity of the compression strut (VRd,max) assuming θ = 21.8° (cot θ = 2.5)
g.4.h^ .
VRd,max =
:i; j k lmj
V1 = 0.6 1 − "
= 0.6 1 − " = 0.516
n
×
= 23.33 N/mm2
o
.
fcd = =
Let z = 0.9d
" × ".! × " × ".
×.
VRd,max = p q × 10B = 347.195 KN
. k ".
. ×
= 16.3425 KN/m
p= =
Since the beams are receiving loads from both sides, we can multiply by two (to account for the slab
loads at the adjacent sides of the beam).
Self weight of the beam (ULS) = 1.35 × 0.9m × 0.4m × 25 KN/m3 = 12.15 KN/m
Therefore total uniformly distributed load on the primary beams = 32.685 + 12.15 = 44.835 KN/m
For beams on grid lines 2 and 5, the total load transferred from the secondary beams are the
summation of the shear forces on supports 2 and 5 of the secondary beam. This is given by;
9:;< ."!!
ASmin = 0.26 × × b × d = 0.26 × × 400 × 844 = 612.458 mm2
=>? "
Check if ASmin < 0.0013 × b × d (438.88 mm2)
Since, ASmin = 612.458 mm2, the provided reinforcement is adequate.
8
".""!
" ".""!
"
L/d = 1.0 D11 + 1.5√35 × ".""
+ 3.2√35 ".""
− 1 G = 1.0(11 + 24.366 + 43.667) =
79.033
"
ModiLication factor S0 =
TU
"
S0 =
.12"
= 1.206
Since the beam is flanged, check the ratio of b/bw = 3537/400 = 8.8425
Since the length of span is greater than 7m, multiply L/d also by 7/span
2
The allowable span/depth ratio = 1.206 × 0.8 ×
× 79.033 = 44.479
Provide 25% of the span reinforcement (1608 mm2) as top bars (hanger bars)
Shear Design
Support A
Ultimate shear force VEd = 562.84 KN
^
VRd,c = [CRd,c.k. (100@
67 )_ + k1. V7` ]bw.d ≥ (Vmin + k1. V7` ) bw.d
"" ""
k = 1+c = 1+c = 1.486 > 2.0, therefore, k = 1.486
1
_ ^ _ ^
Vmin = 0.035d 67 = Vmin = 0.035 × (1.486) × (35) = 0.375 N/mm2
A0
@
=
"" × 1
= = 0.009526 < 0.02; (Assuming only 4X32mm bars will be fully anchored at the
supports. This is on the safer side for shear design)
V7` = NEd/Ac < 0.2fcd (Where NEd is the axial force at the section, Ac = cross sectional area of the
concrete), fcd = design compressive strength of the concrete.) Take NEd = 0
^
VRd,c = [0.12 × 1.486(100 × 0.009526 × 35 )_ ] 400 × 844 = 193759.0667 N = 193.759 KN
Since VRd,c (193.759 KN) < VEd (562.84 KN), shear reinforcement is required.
The compression capacity of the compression strut (VRd,max) assuming θ = 21.8° (cot θ = 2.5)
g.4.h^ .
VRd,max =
:i; j k lmj
V1 = 0.6 1 − "
= 0.6 1 − " = 0.516
n ".1 ×
= 19.833 N/mm2
o
.
fcd = =
Let z = 0.9d
"" × ".! × 1 × ".
×
!.1
VRd,max = p . k ".
q × 10B = 1072.239 KN
Since VRd,c < VEd < VRd,max
r 1"
".12 s3 4 7tl j ".12 × " × ".! × 1 × .
Hence Asw/S = = = 0.7405
In this case, additional links of X10@100mm c/c should be distributed at a length of 900mm on the
primary beam, within the interaction zone (see detailing sketches below).
5.0 Conclusion
Interaction of primary and secondary beams can be employed as alternatives in large span
construction, provided that adequate analysis, design, and detailing of the members are carried out.
References
[1] EN 1992-1-1: 2004: Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules
for buildings