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Ec0122 Electric Circuits Laboratory
Ec0122 Electric Circuits Laboratory
Ec0122 Electric Circuits Laboratory
LABORATORY
Laboratory Manual
DEPARTMENT OF
TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
SRM UNIVERSITY
S.R.M. NAGAR, KATTANKULATHUR – 603 203.
CONTENTS
To verify the Kirchoff’s laws for the given network with the theoretical
calculations.
Statement:
Other items
1. Resistors 220Ω, 330Ω, Each 1 no
10kΩ,22kΩ,33kΩ
2. Bread Board 1
3. Wires
2
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. The total current is calculated theoretically (Ith).
3. The current through each branch is measured practically (I1,I2) and added to
get the value Ipr.
4. Verify KCL for each & every node presents in the given network.
5. Repeat the same procedure for different values of voltages.
Observation:
Theoretical calculation
RT = R1⏐⏐R2 =220Ω⏐⏐330Ω = 132Ω
For V = 10V
Ith = VT/RT = 75.8mA
I1 = I * R2/(R1+R2) =45.5mA
I2 = I * R1/(R1+R2) =30.3mA
Ipr =I1+I2= 45.5+30.0 =75.8mA
3
Kirchoff’s voltage law:
Circuit diagram:
Procedure:
Observation:
Theoretical Calculation
V = V1+V2+V3
V1 = I* R1
V2 = I* R2
V3 = I* R3
where I is the current in the loop = V/( R1+R2+R3).
For V = 10V
I = 10/((10+22+33) * 103 ) = 0.154 mA
V 1= 0.154 * 10 = 1.54V
V2 = 0.154 * 22 = 3.39V
V3 = 0.154 * 33 = 5.08V
V1+V2+V3 =10.01V
Result:
Using Kirchoff’s Laws the node currents and branch voltages are
theoretically calculated & practically verified.
5
2. Verification of Superposition Theorem
Aim:
Statement:
In a linear bilateral network containing more than one source, the current
flowing through any branch is the algebraic sum of the current flowing through
that branch when sources are considered one at a time and replacing the other
source by their internal resistance.
Apparatus Required:
3 Resistors 10kΩ 3
4 Bread Board 1
5 Wires
6
Circuit Diagram:
10 KΩ 10 KΩ
I
+
(0-10)mA A
-
+ +
10V - 5V
10 KΩ
Fig 1
10 KΩ 10 KΩ
I1
+
(0-10)mA A
-
+
10V -
10 KΩ
Fig 2
10 KΩ 10 KΩ
I2
+
(0-10)mA A
-
+
5V
10 KΩ
Fig 3
Procedure:
Observation:
Result
8
3. Verification of Thevenin’s Theorem
Aim:
To practically verify the Thevenin’s theorem for the network with the
theoretical calculations.
Statement:
Other items
4 Bread Board 1
5 Wires
I . Voltage Measurement
10
II.Thevenin’s Equivalent Voltage:
1. Remove the load resistance and connect the circuit as per above Diagram.
2. Measure the voltage across the output terminal using proper voltmeter.
1. Replace the voltage source by its internal resistance and open circuit the
load.
2. Connect the circuit as per above diagram.
3. Using multimeter in resistance mode measure the resistance across the
output terminal .
11
IV.Thevenin’s Circuit
1. Connect the supply Vth and resistance Rth in series as shown in the Circuit.
2. Connect the load resistance.
3. Switch the supply and measure the voltage drop across the load using
voltmeter.
Observation:
Rth
Vth
Vload
Theoretical Calculation:
R1 =220 Ω R2=330Ω RL=1KΩ
IT = V/(R1+(R2||RL)) = 21.3 mA
IL = IT*R2/(R2+RL) = 5.3 mA
VL = IL*RL = 5.3 V
Vth = V/(R2/(R1+R2)) = 6V
Rth = R1*R2/( R1+R2) = 132Ω
IL = Vth /( Rth +RL) = 5.3mA
VL = IL*RL = 5.3 V 12
EXERCISE 1:
I . Voltage Measurement
1. Remove the load resistance and connect the circuit as per above
diagram.
2. Measure the voltage across the output terminal using proper voltmeter.
13
III.Thevenin’s Equivalent Resistance:
1. Replace the voltage source by its internal resistance and open circuit
the load.
2. Connect the circuit as per above diagram.
3. Using multimeter in resistance mode measure the resistance across the
Output terminal.
IV.Thevenin’s Circuit
1. Connect the supply Vth and resistance Rth in series as shown in the
circuit.
2. Connect the load resistance.
3. Switch the supply and measure the voltage drop across the load using
voltmeter.
14
4. Verification of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
Aim:
To verify the Maximum Power Transfer theorem for the network with the
theoretical calculations.
Statement:
Apparatus Required:
Other items
Wires
15
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure
1. Remove the portion of the network through which maximum power has to
be transferred.
2. Name those terminals as A&B.
3. Calculate Rth by substituting all sources with their internal resistances
looking back at the network.
4. Give the connection as per the circuit diagram.
5. By varying the DRB (RL), for various values of RL, measure the current
through RL.
6. Calculate the power delivered to RL.
7. Plot the graph between RL & PL.
8. Verify that the resistance (RL) at PL (max) is equal to Rth.
Model Graph
16
Theoretical Verification:
Result:
Using Maximum Power Transfer theorem, theoretically calculated values
of RL & PL are verified with the practically measured values.
17
5. Verification of Norton’s Theorem
Aim:
To verify the Norton’s theorem for the network with the theoretical
calculations.
Statement:
Any two terminal linear networks with current source, voltage source and
resistances can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source
in parallel with a resistance. The value of current source is the short circuit
between the two terminal of the network and resistance is equal to the equivalent
resistance measured between the terminals with all energy source replaced by their
internal resistance.
Apparatus Required:
18
Circuit diagram and Procedure:
I . Current Measurement
II.Norton’s Current:
1. Short circuit the load resistance and connect the circuit as per above
diagram.
2. Measure the short circuit current using proper ammeter.
19
1. Replace the source by its internal resistance and open circuit the load.
2. Connect the circuit as per above diagram.
3. Using multimeter in resistance mode measure the resistance across the
output terminal.
IV.Norton’s Circuit
1. Connect the source INOR and resistance Rth in parallel as shown in the circuit.
2. Connect the load resistance.
3. Switch on the supply and measure the current across the load using ammeter.
IL
VL
Observation:
Theoretical calculation:
IT=V / R1+(R2|| RL) = 20mA
IL = IT * R2/R2+RL = 4.9mA
VL=IL* RL = 4.9V
IN = V/R1 = 45.5mA
RN= Rth=R1||R2 = 132Ω
IL= IN* RN/(RN+RL) = 4.54mA
VL=IL*RL = 4.54V
Result:
Norton’s theorem was verified for the given network both theoretically &
practically. 20
EXERCISE:
I. Current Measurement:
1. Short circuit the load resistance and connect the circuit as per above
diagram.
2. Measure the short circuit current using proper ammeter.
1) Replace the source by its internal resistance and open circuit the load.
2) Connect the circuit as per above diagram.
3) Using multimeter in resistance mode measure the resistance across the output
terminal. 21
IV.Norton’s Circuit
1. Connect the source Inor and resistance Rth in parallel as shown in the circuit
2. Connect the load resistance
3. Switch on the supply and measure the current across the load using ammeter
Observation
IL
22
6. Time Domain Transient Response of RL circuit
Aim:
Theory:
Apparatus Required:
Apparatus
S.No Range Quantity
Required
Function
1. 1
generator
2. CRO 1
Other Items:
3. Resistance 100 Ohms 1
Decade
4 (0-1)H 1
Inductance Box
5 Breadboard 1
6 Wires
Circuit Diagram:
23
Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram and set the input voltage as 2V.
2. Calculate the time constant theoretically (τ = L/R).
3. Choose the frequency such that 1/(2f) > 2τ i.e., f < 1 / (4 τ)
4. Select square wave mode in function generator and set frequency lesser than the
calculated frequency.
5. Connect the CRO probe across the resistor and observe the waveform.
6. Find the time taken to reach 63.2% of the final value τpr and compare it with the
time constant calculated in step 2.
Theoretical Calculation:
Let R=100Ω L=50mH
Time constant τ = L/R = 0.5msec.
Input frequency f < 103 / (4 *0.5) = f < 500 Hz.
Observation:
From the output waveform, for the 63% of maximum voltage find the time
period τpr.
Model Graph:
Transient response of RL circuit was studied and the time constant was calculated
both theoretically and practically.
24
Theory:
Apparatus Required:
Apparatus
S.No Range Quantity
Required
Function
1. 1
generator
2. CRO 1
Other Items:
3. Resistance 100 Ohms 1
4 Capacitor 0.1µf 1
5 Breadboard 1
6 Wires
Circuit Diagram:
100 Ω
Signal CRO
Generator 0.1µf
25
Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram and set the input voltage as 2V.
2. Calculate the time constant theoretically (τ = R*C).
3. Choose the frequency such that 1/(2f) > 2τ i.e., f < 1 / (4f).
4. Select square wave mode in function generator and set frequency lesser than the
calculate frequency.
5. Connect the CRO probe across the resistor and observe the waveform.
6. Find the time taken to reach 36.8% of the final value τpr and compare it with the
time constant calculated in step 2.
Theoretical Calculation:
Let R=100Ω C = 0.1 µf
Time constant τ = R*C = 10-5 s = 0.1 µs.
Input frequency f < 1 / (4 *10-5) = f < 25000 Hz.
Observation:
From the output waveform, for the 36.8% of maximum voltage find the time
period τpr.
Model Graph:
Aim:
To Study and plot the curve of Resonance for a parallel resonance circuits.
Theory:
An ac circuit is said to be in resonance when the applied voltage and the resulting
current are in phase. In an RLC circuits at resonance, Z = R & XL = Xc where XL is
inductive reactance and Xc is capacitive reactance.
The frequency at which the voltage in RLC circuit is maximum is known as
resonant frequency (fo). At fo, IC and IL are equal in magnitude and opposite in phase.
Apparatus required :
Other items
1. Resistors 1KΩ, 2
2. Capacitor 1μF 1
3. Bread Board 1
4. Decade Inductance Box 1
5. Wires
Procedure:
27
To Measure the Resonance Frequency
Circuit Diagram:
MODEL GRAPHS:
28
Observation:
Vin= 5 V
Theoretical Calculation:
Result
Thus the resonance curve for parallel resonance is plotted and verified the
resonant frequency.
29
9. Series RLC Resonance Circuits
Aim:
To Study and plot the curve of Resonance for a Series resonance circuits.
Theory:
An ac circuit is said to be in resonance when the applied voltage and the resulting
current are in phase. In an RLC circuits at resonance, Z = R & XL = Xc where XL is
inductive reactance and Xc is capacitive reactance.
The frequency at which the voltage in RLC circuit is maximum is known as
resonant frequency (fo). At fo IC and IL are equal in magnitude and opposite in phase.
Apparatus Required :
Other items
1. Resistors 1KΩ, 1
2. Capacitor 1μF 1
3. Bread Board 1
4. Decade Inductance Box 1
5. Wires
Procedure:
30
To Measure the Resonance Frequency:
Circuit Diagram:
MODEL GRAPHS :
31
Observation:
Theoretical Calculation:
Result :
Thus the resonance curve for series resonance is plotted and the resonant
frequency is calculated theoretically and practically.
32
10. POWER FACTOR MEARUREMENT
Aim
To measure the real power, reactive power, power factor and impedance of the given RL
and RC circuits.
Theory:
Apparatus Required :
33
34
PROCEDURE
FORMULAS:
RESULT:
Thus the real power, reactive power, power factor and impedance of the given
RLC circuit have been measured.
35