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01 - Working With Whole Number PDF
01 - Working With Whole Number PDF
CHAPTER 1
44
1
44
44
2
44
4
444
3
4 4
4 4 4 (4 4) 4
444
5
4
4
44
6 4
4
EXAMPLE
Work out the value of 19 6 21 4.
When adding a string of numbers, look for combinations
that add together to give a simple answer. Here, 19 21
SOLUTION and 6 4 both give exact multiples of 10.
19 6 21 4 19 … 21
6…4
40 10
50
EXAMPLE
Work out the value of 199 399. Both these numbers are close to exact multiples of 100,
so you can work out 200 400 and then make a small
SOLUTION adjustment.
EXAMPLE
Work out 257 98.
98 is close to 100, so it is convenient to
take away 100, then add 2 back on.
SOLUTION
257 98 257 100 2
157 2
159
Harder questions may require the use of pencil and paper methods, and you should
already be familiar with these. Remember to make sure that the columns are lined
up properly so that each figure takes its correct place value in the calculation.
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EXAMPLE
Work out 356 173.
3 5 6
1 7 3
5 2 9
1
Finally, the 100s column: 3 1 1 5
So 356 173 529
Here are two slightly different ways of setting out a subtraction problem.
You should use whichever of these methods you prefer.
EXAMPLE
Work out 827 653.
SOLUTION
Method 1
8 2 7
For the units: 7 3 4
6 5 3
4 For the 10s: 2 5 cannot be done directly.
7 1
8 2 7 Exchange 10 from the 82 to give 70 and 12.
6 5 3 Now 12 5 7 and 7 6 1
1 7 4
Method 2
8 2 7
The first part is the same as method 1.
6 5 3
4
EXERCISE 1.1
Work out the answers to these problems in your head.
4 345 187 55 5 23 24 25 26 27 6 39 48 61 52
10 376 199
Use any written method to work out the answers to these problems. Show your working clearly.
19 An aircraft can carry 223 passengers when all the seats are full, but today 57 of the seats are empty.
How many passengers are on the aircraft today?
20 The attendances at a theatre show were 475 (Thursday), 677 (Friday) and 723 (Saturday).
How many people attended in total?
EXAMPLE
Work out the value of 49 3. 49 is almost 50, so you can work out
50 3 then take off the extra 3.
SOLUTION
49 50 1
So 49 3 50 3 1 3
150 3
147
Harder questions will require pencil and paper methods. Here is a reminder of
how short multiplication works.
EXAMPLE
Work out the value of 273 6.
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SOLUTION
2 7 3
6 Begin with 3 6 18.
8 Enter as 8 with the 1 carried.
1
2 7 3
6
3 8 Next, 7 6 42, plus the 1 carried,
4 1 makes 43. Enter as 3 with the 4 carried.
2 7 3
6 Finally, 2 6 12, plus the 4 carried,
1 6 3 8 makes 16. Entered as 6 with the 1
1 4 1 carried; enter this 1 directly into the
1000s column.
So 273 6 1638
When working with bigger numbers, you will need to use long multiplication.
There are two good ways of setting this out – use whichever one you are most
confident with.
EXAMPLE
Work out the value of 492 34.
SOLUTION
Method 1
4 9 2
3 4 First, multiply 492 by 4 to give 1968.
1 9 6 8
1 3
4 9 2
3 4
1 9 6 8
1 4 7 6 0
1 6 7 2 8 Finally, add 1968 and 14 760 to give the answer 16 728.
1 1
So 492 34 16 728
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SOLUTION
Method 2
4 9 2
Next, add diagonal lines, as shown.
3
4 9 2
1 2 0
2 7 6 3
1 3 00
6 6 88 4 Finally, add up the totals along each
1 6 7 2 8 diagonal, starting at the right and working
1 1 leftwards.
EXERCISE 1.2
Use short multiplication to work out the answers to these calculations.
7 503 4 8 443 9
Use any written method to work out the answers to these problems. Show your working clearly.
15 196 88 16 623 65
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20 A small camera phone has a rectangular chip of pixels that collect and form the image.
The chip size is 320 pixels long and 240 pixels across.
Calculate the total number of pixels on the chip.
EXAMPLE
Work out the value of 693 7.
In most division questions you will need to use a formal written method.
Here is an example of short division, with a remainder.
EXAMPLE
Work out the value of 673 4.
SOLUTION
4673 First, set the problem up using this division bracket notation.
1
4623
7 Divide 4 into 6: it goes 1 time, with a remainder of 2.
1 6
462
7 33 Next, divide 4 into 27: it goes 6 times, with a
remainder of 3.
1 68
462
7 33 remainder 1 Finally, divide 4 into 33: it goes 8 times, with
a remainder of 1.
1
So 673 4 168 r 1 (or 1684)
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When dividing by a number bigger than 10, it is usually easier to set the
working out as a long division instead. The next example reminds you how this
is done.
EXAMPLE
Work out the value of 3302 13.
SOLUTION
Begin by setting up the problem using division bracket notation.
133302
2
133302 13 will not divide into 3, so divide 13 into 33.
26 This goes 2 times, with remainder 7.
7
2
133302
26 Bring down the next digit, 0 in this case, to
70 make the 7 up to 70.
25
133302
26
70
65 13 divides into 70 five times, with remainder 5.
5
254
133302
26
70
65 Finally, bring down the digit 2 to make 52.
52 13 divides into 52 exactly 4 times, with no
52 remainder.
0
EXERCISE 1.3
Use short division to work out the answers to these calculations. (Four of them should leave remainders.)
7 1090 4 8 400 7
Use long division to work out the answers to these problems. Show your working clearly.
(Only the last two should leave remainders.)
15 7890 23 16 3250 24
17 750 grams of chocolate is shared out equally between 6 people. How much does each one receive?
18 In a lottery draw the prize of £3250 is shared equally between 13 winners. How much does each receive?
19 Seven children share 100 sweets in as fair a way as possible. How many sweets does each child receive?
20 On a school trip there are 16 teachers and 180 children. The teachers divide the children up into
equal-sized groups, as nearly as is possible, with one group per teacher. How many children are in each group?
11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
You need to be able to carry out basic arithmetic using positive and negative
numbers, with and without a calculator. Many calculators carry two types of
minus sign key: one for marking a number as negative, and another for the
process of subtraction. So, in a calculation such as 6 5, you have to start
with the quantity 6 and then subtract 5. Subtraction means moving to the left
on the number line, so the answer is 6 5 11.
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Take care when two minus signs are involved: the rule that ‘two minuses make
a plus’ is not always trustworthy. For example, 3 5 8 (two minuses
make even more minus!), whereas 3 5 3 5 2. So two adjacent
minus signs are equivalent to a single plus sign.
If two adjacent signs are the same: or then the overall sign is positive.
And if the signs are different: or then the overall sign is negative.
EXAMPLE
Without using a calculator, work out the values of:
a) 6 9 b) 4 5
c) 8 3 d) 5 6
SOLUTION
a) 6 9 3 b) 4 5 1
c) 8 3 11 d) 5 6 5 6 11
EXAMPLE
Without using a calculator, work out the values of:
a) (5) (4) b) (4) (3)
c) (8) (2) d) 5 (4) (2)
SOLUTION
a) (5) (4) 20
b) (4) (3) 12 5 4 2 40 and there are two minus
c) (8) (2) 4 signs, so the answer is positive.
d) 5 (4) (2) 40
EXERCISE 1.4
Without using a calculator, work out the answers to the following:
4 2 (1) 5 4 6 6 4 (5)
7 8 13 8 3 15 9 (5) 5
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10 5 5 11 6 2 12 3 4
13 4 8 14 10 1 15 3 6
16 4 5 17 2 8 18 12 6
19 18 3 20 36 3
A factor of a number is a whole number that divides exactly into it, with no
remainder.
A prime number is a whole number with exactly two factors, namely 1 and
itself. The number 1 is not normally considered to be prime, so the prime
numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11,…
If a large number is not prime, it can be written as the product of a set of prime
factors in a unique way. For example, 12 can be written as 2 2 3.
A factor tree is a good way of breaking a large number into its prime factors.
The next example shows how this is done.
EXAMPLE
Write the number 180 as a product of its prime factors.
SOLUTION Begin by splitting the 180 into a product of two parts. You could
180 use 2 times 90, or 4 times 45, or 9 times 20, for example. The
result at the end will be the same in any case. Here we begin by
18 10 using 18 times 10.
180
180
18 10
Thus 180 2 2 3 3 5
2 2 32 5 22 means the factor 2 is used twice (two squared). If it had been
used three times, you would write 23 (two cubed).
EXERCISE 1.5
1 List all the prime numbers from 1 to 40 inclusive.
You should find that there are 12 such prime numbers altogether.
3 Use the factor tree method to obtain the prime factorisation of:
a) 80 b) 90 c) 450
4 Use the factor tree method to obtain the prime factorisation of:
a) 36 b) 81 c) 144
What do you notice about all three of your answers?
5 When 56 is written as a product of primes, the result is 2a b where a and b are positive integers.
Find the values of a and b.
It turns out that 12 and 20 have no common factor larger than this, so 4 is said
to be the highest common factor (HCF) of 12 and 20. You can check that
4 really is the highest common factor by writing 12 as 4 3 and 20 as 4 5;
the 3 and 5 share no further factors.
EXAMPLE
Find the highest common factor (HCF) of 30 and 80.
SOLUTION
By inspection, it looks as if the highest common factor may well be 10.
Check: 30 10 3, and 80 10 8 By inspection means that you can just spot the
answer by eye, without any formal working.
and clearly 3 and 8 have no further factors in common.
So HCF of 30 and 80 is 10
EXAMPLE
Use prime factorisation to find the highest common factor of 30 and 80.
SOLUTION
By the factor tree method: 30 2 3 5
Look at the 2’s: 30 has one of them, 80 has four.
Similarly, 80 24 5 Pick the lower number: one 2
So HCF of 30 and 80 2 5 Look at the 3’s: 30 has one of them, but 80 has none.
10 Pick the lower number: no 3s
Look at the 5’s: 30 has one of them, and 80 has one.
Pick the lower number: one 5
EXAMPLE
Use prime factorisation to find the highest common factor of 96 and 156.
SOLUTION
By the factor tree method: 96 25 3
and 156 22 3 13
HCF of 96 and 156 22 3
43
12
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EXAMPLE
Use Euclid’s method to find the HCF of 96 and 156.
SOLUTION
[96, 156] → [60, 96] → [36, 60] → [24, 36] → [12, 24] → [12, 12]
Begin by writing the two Each new bracket contains the smaller of Stop when both numbers
numbers in a square bracket. the two numbers, and their difference. are equal.
EXERCISE 1.6
1 Use the method of inspection to write down the highest common factor of each pair of numbers.
Check your result in each case.
a) 12 and 18 b) 45 and 60 c) 22 and 33
d) 27 and 45 e) 8 and 27 f) 26 and 130
2 Write each of the following numbers as the product of prime factors. Hence find the highest common
factor of each pair of numbers.
a) 20 and 32 b) 36 and 60 c) 80 and 180
d) 72 and 108 e) 120 and 195 f) 144 and 360
3 Use Euclid’s method to find the highest common factor of each pair of numbers.
a) 12 and 30 b) 24 and 36 c) 96 and 120
d) 90 and 140 e) 78 and 102 f) 48 and 70
The smallest of these is the lowest common multiple (LCM). In this example,
the LCM is 60.
There are several methods for finding lowest common multiples. As with
highest common factors, one of these methods is based on prime factorisation.
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EXAMPLE
Find the lowest common multiple of 48 and 180.
SOLUTION
First, find the prime factors of each number using a factor tree if necessary.
48 24 3
180 22 32 5
An alternative method is based on the fact that the product of the LCM and the
HCF is the same as the product of the two original numbers. This gives the
following result:
ab
LCM of a and b
HCF of a and b
This can be quite a quick method if the HCF is easy to spot.
EXAMPLE
Find the lowest common multiple of 70 and 110.
SOLUTION
By inspection, HCF is 10
So:
70 110
LCM
10
7 110
770
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It is also possible to find the HCF and LCM of three (or more) numbers. The
prime factorisation method remains valid here, but other shortcut methods can
fail. This example shows you how to adapt the factorisation method when there
are three numbers.
EXAMPLE
Find the HCF and LCM of 16, 24 and 28.
SOLUTION
Write these as products of prime factors:
16 24 The lowest number of 2s from 24 or 23 or
24 23 3 22 is 22
28 22 7
HCF of 16, 24 and 28 is 22 4 The highest number of 2s from 24 or
23 or 22 is 24
LCM of 16, 24 and 28 is 24 3 7 16 21 336
EXERCISE 1.7
Find the lowest common multiple (LCM) of each of these pairs of numbers. You may use whichever method
you prefer.
16 33 and 55
Review exercise 1 17
21 Virginia has two friends who regularly go round to her house to play. Joan goes round once every
4 days and India goes round once every 5 days. How often are both friends at Virginia’s house together?
22 Eddie owns three motorcycles. He cleans the Harley once every 8 days, the Honda once every 10 days and
the Kawasaki once every 15 days. Today he cleaned all three motorcycles. When will he next clean all
three motorcycles on the same day?
REVIEW EXERCISE 1
Work out the answers to these arithmetic problems, using mental methods. Written working not allowed!
10 53 7 53 3
Use pencil and paper methods (not a calculator) to work out the answers to these arithmetic problems.
14 144 23 15 44 77 16 651 37
20 1000 16
Work out the answers to these problems using negative numbers. Do not use a calculator.
24 12 9 25 13 6 26 5 8
30 (3)3
Chuck Lilian
Key points
1 Mental methods can be used for simple arithmetic problems. When adding up
strings of whole numbers, look for combinations that add up to multiples of 10.
2 Harder addition and subtraction problems require formal pencil and paper methods.
Make sure that you know how to perform these accurately.
3 Simple multiplication problems may be done mentally or by short multiplication. For
harder problems, you need to be able to perform long multiplication reliably. If you
find the traditional columns method awkward, consider using the box method
instead – both methods are acceptable to the IGCSE examiner.
4 Long division is probably the hardest arithmetic process you will need to master.
The traditional columns method is probably the best method – there are alternatives,
but they can be clumsy to use. If you have a long division by 23, say, then it may be
helpful to write out the multiples 23, 46, 69, …, 230 before you start.
5 Exam questions may require you to manipulate and order negative numbers.
Remember to treat the ‘two minuses make a plus’ rule with care, for example,
2 3 6, but 2 3 5.
6 Non-prime whole numbers may be written as a product of primes, using the factor
tree method. This leads to a powerful method of working out the Highest Common
Factor or Lowest Common Multiple of two numbers.
7 Sometimes you may be able to spot HCFs or LCMs by inspection. This result might
help you to check them:
ab
LCM of a and b
HCF of a and b
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Internet Challenge 1 19
Internet Challenge 1
Prime time
Here are some questions about prime numbers. You may use the internet to help you research some of the
answers.
1 Find a list of all the prime numbers between 1 and 100, and print it out. How many prime numbers are
there between 1 and 100?
2 Find a list of all the prime numbers between 1 and 1000. How many prime numbers are there between
1 and 1000?
Compare your answers to questions 1 and 2. Does it appear that prime numbers occur less often as you go
up to larger numbers?
4 How many British Prime Ministers had held office, up to the resignation of Gordon Brown in 2010?
Is this a prime number?
9 Find out how the Sieve of Eratosthenes works, and use it to make your own list of all the primes up to
100. Check your list by comparing it with the list you found in question 1.
10 Some primes occur in adjacent pairs, which are consecutive odd integers, for example, 11 and 13,
or 29 and 31. Find some higher examples of adjacent prime pairs. How many such pairs are there?