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Relación Aire Combustible para Mezclas Etanol-Gasolina
Relación Aire Combustible para Mezclas Etanol-Gasolina
of the Otto-cycle
a
Academia de Térmicas/SEPI ESIME Azcapotzalco, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. de las Granjas
682, Col. Santa Catarina, 02550, Distrito Federal, México
b
Departamento de Ingeniería Térmica y de Fluidos, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. Universidad
30, 28911,Leganés, Madrid, Spain
c
Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Thermal Hydraulics Applied Engineering Laboratory, SEPI-ESIMEZ-
IPN, Edif. 5-3rd floor, UPALM 07738, México
Abstract
In the present work a simple equation is presented to determine the stoichiometric
air/fuel ratio of the blend ethanol/gasoline and the compression ratio of the Otto cycle
that maximize the cycle net work, in the range between 0% to 100% of ethanol molar
percentage in the blend. Results show that the stoichiometric air/fuel ratio of the blend
ethanol/gasoline is not linear. Se muestra además que la ecuación puede predecir la
relación aire/combustible con errores máximos de 8% en el intervalo completo de etanol
en la gasolina. The analysis of the Otto cycle, using the equation here derived, shows Comentado [m1]: No aparece en los resultados del trabajo.
that the power and torque have minimum values for the blend E75 (75% molar percent
of ethanol). The equations obtained in this paper can be used to predict the performance
of internal combustion engines using the ethanol-gasoline blend in the continuous range
of ethanol molar percentage between 0% and 100%.
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +34 916248776; fax: +34 916249430.
E-mail addresses: mvenegas@ing.uc3m.es (M. Venegas).
1
Nomenclature
AF Air/fuel ratio
Cp Specific heat at constant pressure, kJ/kg K
Cv Specific heat at constant volume, kJ/kg K
LHV Lower heating value, kJ/kg
m Mass, kg
M molecular weight, g/mole
n Rotational speed of the engine, rpm
Nt Theoretical power, W
Q Heat supplied, J
r Compression ratio
R Ideal gas constant, kJ/kg K
T Temperature, K
w Specific work, J/kg
W Work, J
𝑥 Mole fraction of ethanol in the flexible fuel
Greek symbols
γ Ratio between Cp and Cv
η Efficiency
τ Torque, N m
Mass fraction of ethanol in the flexible fuel
Subscripts:
1, 2, 3, 4 thermodynamic states of the cycle
a air
c combustion
e ethanol
f fuel
g gasoline
n net
opt optimum
2
1. Introduction
Deployment of fossil fuels has increased the interest in using new alternatives
energy sources. The use of bio-fuels, like bio-ethanol mixed with gasoline, is getting
growing interest in the automotive industry, to reduce the fossil fuels dependence [1, 2,
3, 4]. This is demonstrated also by [5, 6, 7, 8], who give results of the ethanol use to Comentado [m2]: Se dan 4 referencias y luego aparecen 3
descripciones de trabajos.
reduce the gasoline consumption, the emissions during the cold start up of a flex fuel
motor, or the experimental determination of ethanol physical properties, respectively.
Also, in the research developed by [9, 10, 11, 12] results are presented about the
efficiency and emissions of ethanol used as a ternary mixture in spark ignition engines.
A similar case is presented in the works of [13, 14, 15, 16], where the efficiency and
emissions of spark ignition engines is shown using the blend ethanol-gasoline. The
economy and emissions of light vehicles, and the dynamic analysis of the supply chain
feasibility for the ethanol-gasoline mixture in Mexico, are shown in [17, 18]. The use of
this fuels blend in motorcycles was reported by [19, 20], where the authors show the
good results obtained.
However, to study the performance of internal combustion engines using this
mixture, the air/fuel ratio is required. This ratio has been determined in different ways
for the ethanol-gasoline blend; one of them is taking into account the volume percentage
considering that for gasoline is 14.48 and for ethanol 8.96, according to [21]. On the Comentado [m3]: No son los valores de las relaciones
estequiométricas?
other hand, as it can be observed in [22], the vaporization enthalpy respect to the
fraction of ethanol in gasoline is linear when it is based on the volume. On the contrary,
its tendency is quadratic if it is based on the molar mass. Further, the air/fuel ratio for
the ethanol-gasoline blend has been compiled in [23], based on different bibliographic
data. There, the ratio is presented for the mixtures E0, E10, E20, E50, E85 and E100
(the number represents the percentage of ethanol in gasoline).
Further, the air/fuel ratio, AF, can be obtained in different ways as discussed briefly
in the following:
1) By means of chemical analysis, taking into account: flame velocity, problem
geometry, mass flow rate, time, species concentration, etc. This analysis is
complex, due to some partial differential equations are linked between them,
3
requiring numerical solution. This process may increase the cost of the research,
mainly for the computing time that can be excessive. This makes difficult the
determination of the air/fuel ratio in the whole range of ethanol mole fractions.
2) Experimentally, by two different ways: a) using the Brettschneider’s equation [24,
25], that shows how the fuel is burned by means of the combustion exhaust gases
analysis. Results obtained from this equation, using experimental data of exhaust
gases, show if the combustion is clean or not. Experiments need to be performed as
many times as the blend composition of ethanol-gasoline is changed. b) using the
following equation [26]:
𝑚𝑎
𝐴𝐹 = (1)
𝑚𝑓
where:
𝑚𝑎 : mass of air, measured using a flowmeter.
𝑚𝑓 : mass of fuel, calculated from the heat supplied during combustion, 𝑄𝑠 .
The heat supplied, 𝑄𝑠 , is calculated as:
𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚𝑓 𝐿𝐻𝑉 (2)
where:
𝐿𝐻𝑉: lower heating value, which should be obtained for each ethanol-gasoline
blend.
In the same way, the experiments should be repeated for each one of the blend
compositions tested, as shown in [27, 28, 29].
3) Analytically, performing a chemical analysis of combustion for each ethanol-
gasoline composition. One way to obtain the air/fuel ratio of this mixture is
shown in [30], where the authors give and equation for this ratio proposed by
Heywood. However, in order to use this equation the ratios H/C and O/C should Comentado [m4]: No aparece en las referencias.
4
ethanol and gasoline, reacting with atmospheric air. This analysis can be performed for
the whole range of the ethanol-gasoline blend, from 0% to 100% of ethanol (E0 to
E100, respectively).
This method simplifies considerably the determination of the air/fuel ratio, because
using a single equation it is possible obtaining the ratio for the continuous range
between E0 and E100. Additionally, this equation can be modified for more specific
cases in a simple manner, for example if excess of air or a third fuel are present, etc.
This last method is used in the present work to derive a general equation for the
air/fuel ratio of the ethanol-gasoline blend for any composition between 0% and 100%
of ethanol. This equation is a function only of the mole fraction of ethanol in the blend.
2. Model development
The procedure described in this section is used to obtain the equation for the air/fuel
ratio as a function of the ethanol mole fraction.
As previously commented, combustion products only include 𝐶𝑂2 , 𝐻2 𝑂 and 𝑁2 .
Other products like 𝐶𝑂 and nitrogen oxides are neglected, because an ideal analysis is
performed. Also, nitrogen and other gases of atmospheric air are considered to be
chemically neutral, as in [31]. However, nitrogen affects the temperature and pressure
during the combustion process.
The ideal combustion equation for the blend ethanol-gasoline can be written as
follows, considering that x is the mole fraction of ethanol and 1-x the mole fraction of
gasoline:
Taking into account the law of mass conservation, algebraic equations can be
written for each chemical element, obtaining the following results for the coefficients of
Eq. (3):
47−35𝑥
𝑎= (4)
4
5
𝑏 = 8 − 6𝑥 (5)
15−9𝑥
𝑐= (6)
2
47−35𝑥
𝑑 = 3.76 ( ) (7)
4
The number of moles of each chemical element in the reactants and combustion
products can be seen in Table 1.
Taking into account the molecular weights of reactants and combustion products
(Table 2), the mass of each individual compound can be obtained using the number of
moles of each compound calculated from Eqs. (4) to (7).
Further, the total mass of fuel is:
𝑚𝑓 = 𝑚𝑒 + 𝑚𝑔 (8)
where:
𝑚𝑒 : mass of ethanol
𝑚𝑔 : mass of gasoline
In this way, the following equation is obtained for the air/fuel ratio of the ethanol-
gasoline blend, using the definition given in Eq. (1):
47−35𝑥
𝐴𝐹 = 34.32 ( ) (9)
111−65𝑥
Eq. (9) is a function of only the mole fraction of ethanol in the blend. It expresses
the ratio between the mass of atmospheric air and blend required to obtain an ideal
combustion process.
The analysis developed in this section applies to the ideal Otto cycle, represented in
Fig. 1. The procedure followed is similar to that described by [31]. The engine develops
an isentropic compression from state 1 to 2, heat is supplied at constant volume from
state 2 to 3, the useful stroke is developed during the isentropic expansion from state 3
to 4 and, finally, heat is released to the cold reservoir following a constant volume
6
process from state 4 to 1, closing the cycle. All the processes are developed in a closed
system by ideal gases with constant specific heats.
Heat supplied during process 2-3 can be calculated as:
𝐿𝐻𝑉𝑓 = 𝐿𝐻𝑉𝑒 + (1 − )𝐿𝐻𝑉𝑔 (11) Comentado [m5]: Creo que los coeficientes de esta ecuación
deben ser fracciones másicas (), no molares (x). Ya lo he corregi
Habría que revisar los cálculos. La conversión de fracción másica
molar aparece en la ecuación (12).
The mass fraction of ethanol in the blend, , is obtained from Eq. (12) taking
into account the molecular weight, M, of ethanol and gasoline:
Net work of the cycle is the difference between the work produced during expansion
and the one consumed during compression of the air-fuel mixture:
where:
𝑊𝑛
= (16)
𝑄𝑖𝑛
𝑊𝑛 𝑛 (0.98605)
𝑁𝑡 = (in HP) (17)
2×60×75
60𝑊𝑛
τ= (18)
2 𝜋𝑛
7
2.3. Optimum compression ratio for maximum net work
With the aim of searching for an optimal fraction of ethanol in the blend, in this
section an equation is obtained that allows calculating the compression ratio that
maximizes the net work of the cycle, for each fraction of ethanol in the blend. In this
way, the blends having optimum compression ratios achievable in practice can be
identified.
The specific net work of the Otto cycles is:
𝑊𝑛
𝑤𝑛 = (19)
(𝑚𝑎 +𝑚𝑓 )
𝑇2 𝑉 γ−1 𝑇
= ( 1) = ( 3) = 𝑟 γ−1 (20)
𝑇1 𝑉 2 𝑇 4
Combining Eqs. (13) to (15), (19) and (20), the following equation is obtained for
the specific net work of the cycle:
1
𝑤𝑛 = 𝐶𝑣 𝑇3 (1 −
𝑟 γ−1
) − 𝐶𝑣 𝑇1 (𝑟 γ−1 − 1) (21)
Deriving Eq. (21) respect to the compression ratio, r, and making the result equal to
zero:
𝜕𝑤𝑛
= −𝐶𝑣 𝑇3 (1 − γ)𝑟 −γ − 𝐶𝑣 𝑇1 (γ − 1)𝑟 γ−2 = 0 (22)
𝜕𝑟
then:
𝑇3
= 𝑟 2(γ−1) (23)
𝑇1
From Eq. (23), the optimum compression ratio that maximizes the net work of
the cycle is obtained:
1
𝑇 2(γ−1)
𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑡 = ( 3) (24)
𝑇1
8
Assuming that combustion efficiency is 100%, the maximum temperature of the
cycle can be obtained from Eqs. (10) and (20):
𝑚𝑓 𝐿𝐻𝑉𝑓
𝑇3 = + 𝑇1 𝑟 γ−1 (25)
(𝑚𝑎 +𝑚𝑓 )𝐶𝑣
Substituting Eq. (25) for 𝑇3 in Eq. (24), the optimum compression ratio is obtained:
1 1
𝑚𝑓 𝐿𝐻𝑉𝑓 𝛾−1 𝐿𝐻𝑉𝑓 𝛾−1
𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑡 = ( ) = ((𝐴𝐹+1)𝐶 ) (26)
(𝑚𝑎 +𝑚𝑓 )𝐶𝑣 𝑇1 𝑣 𝑇1
In Eq. (26), 𝐿𝐻𝑉𝑓 , 𝐴𝐹, 𝐶𝑣 and γ are a function of x. In this model, 𝐶𝑝 and 𝐶𝑣 are
calculated as follows:
𝐴𝐹 1
𝐶𝑝 = 𝐶 + 𝐶 (27)
𝐴𝐹+1 𝑝 𝑎 𝐴𝐹+1 𝑝 𝑓
Finally, the efficiency of the cycle corresponding to the optimized compression ratio
is:
1 (𝐴𝐹+1)𝐶𝑣 𝑇1
𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 1 − γ−1 =1− (29)
𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑡 𝐿𝐻𝑉𝑓
9
Los resultados obtenidos con la ecuación (15) encontrada en este trabajo fueron
comparados con resultados publicados por diversos autores en la literatura.
Los trabajos encontrados se dividieron en trabajos analíticos y teóricos (éstos
principalmente fueron encontrados tabulados en la literatura) y experimentales. Estos se
muestran a continuación.
10
que se utilizó un procedimiento similar, además de utilizar los mismos datos de masas
molares por ejemplo.
11
tiempos, utilizando mezclas de etanol-gasolina a distintas concentraciones en el presente
trabajo, fueron utilizadas las características mostradas en la tabla 5, tomadas de [31].
Las condiciones de entrada al ciclo Otto 4T utilizadas en este trabajo son mostradas
en la tabla 6, en donde puede apreciarse que la temperatura y la presión están a las
condiciones atmosféricas al nivel del mar.
Con los datos de las tablas 5 y 6, utilizando la ecuación (15), además de utilizar el
procedimiento mostrado en (3), obtenido de [31], se realizó un programa en
computadora con el software de [37], para realizar el análisis siguiente.
12
5.4. Optimum compression ratio results for each blend in the Otto-cycle
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
The financial support of this study by the Science research grant SIP20121350,
20130558 and Project SIP20141017, by the National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico, is
13
greatly appreciated. A. Gómez also acknowledges the financial support given by
National Board of Science of Mexico.
14
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15
[21] D. Turner, H. Xu, R.F. Cracknell, V.Natarajan, X. Chen, Combustion performance
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methanol, and unleaded gasoline, Energy, Vol. 71, pp. 194-201.
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16
[33] J.M. Mantilla (2010), Modelado de la combustión de mezclas gasolina-etanol en
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[37] S.A. Klein, Engineering Equation Solver. Versión Académica-profesional, 1992-
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17
3
3
Pr
es T
su e
re 2 m
, pe
ra 4
P 2
tu
4
1 1
a) b)
Fig. 1. Otto Cycle on a a) pressure-specific volume diagram, b) temperature-specific entropy diagram.
18
16 Comentado [m9]: Esta figura la quitaría, porque de la siguien
se puede obtener la misma información. Las revistas piden no
Relación aire/combustible, AF
duplicar información.
14
12
10
2
Relación aire/combustible de la mezcla Etanol-Gasolina, AF
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Concentración de Etanol en gasolina, x, [%]
Fig. 2. Comportamiento de la relación aire/combustible respecto a la concentración de etanol.
19
16 Comentado [m10]: Traducir:
Eje y: Air/fuel ratio
Eje x: Mole fraction of ethanol in the blend
Relación aire/combustible, AF
10
4
Este trabajo Análisis estequiométrico Orbital (2002)
2
Mantilla (2010) Kasseris (2011) Interpolación
20
Relación aire/combustible, error, e, [%]
10
-5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Concentración de Etanol en gasolina, x , [%]
Fig. 4. Relative error between air/fuel ratios calculated in the present work and theoretical data found in
the open literature, as a function of the ethanol mole fraction in the blend.
21
16 Comentado [m12]: Traducir:
Eje y: Air/fuel ratio
Relación aire/combustible, AF
12
10
22
30 Comentado [m13]: Traducir:
Relación aire/combustible, error, e, [%]
15
10
-5
Szybist (2010) Camarillo (2011) Camarillo H
-10
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
23
350 Comentado [m14]: Traducir:
6000 RPM 4500 RPM 3000 RPM 1500 RPM Eje y: Indicated power
Eje x: Mole fraction of ethanol in the blend
300
Potencia indicada, Wi, [HP]
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Concentración de Etanol en gasolina, x , [%]
Fig. 7. Indicated engine power as a function of the ethanol mole fraction in the blend for different
regimes.
24
400 Comentado [m15]: Traducir:
Eje x: Mole fraction of ethanol in the blend
Torque, Quitaría la leyenda interior del gráfico (Torque, t)
350
Torque, , [N-m]
300
250
200
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Concentración de Etanol en gasolina, x , [%]
Fig. 8. Torque of the engine as a function of the ethanol mole fraction in the blend.
25
13000 5000 Comentado [m16]: Traducir:
Presión máxima en el ciclo, P3, [kPa]
10000
3000
9000 2500
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Concentración de Etanol en gasolina, x , [%]
Fig. 9. Maximum pressure and temperature of the cycle as a function of the ethanol mole fraction in the
blend.
26
Comentado [m17]: Traducir:
200 Eje y: Compression ratio
Relación de compresión, r
Eje x: Mole fraction of ethanol in the blend
Quitaría la leyenda interior del gráfico (Relación de compresión, r
Relación de compresión, r
160
120
80
40
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Concentración de etanol en gasolina, x
Fig. 10. Compression ratio that maximizes the net work of the Otto cycle as a function of the ethanol
mole fraction in the blend.
27
0.8 Comentado [m18]: Traducir:
Eje y: Efficiency of Otto cycle
Eje x: Mole fraction of ethanol in the blend
Aquí también quitaría la leyenda.
o
0.6
Eficiencia de ciclo Otto,
0.4
0.2
0
Eficiencia de ciclo Otto
-0.2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
28
Table 1
Number of atoms in the reactants and combustion products.
Number of atoms Element
8 − 6𝑥 C
15 − 9𝑥 H
47 − 33𝑥 Comentado [m19]: Creo que puede haber algún error.
O
2 Comentado [aG20R19]: Cambie (15-9x)/2 ya que no represe
47 − 35𝑥 la cantidad de átomos en la reaccion
3.76 ( ) N
2 Comentado [m21]: Igual aquí.
Comentado [aG22R21]: Cambio Similar al anterior
29
Table 2
Molecular weights of reactants and combustion products.
Compound Molecular weight (g/mole)
𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻 (Ethanol) 46
𝐶8 𝐻15 (Gasoline) 111
𝑂2 32
𝑁2 28
𝐶𝑂2 46
𝐻2 𝑂 18
30
Table 3
Comparison between theoretical results for different ethanol-gasoline blends.
Mole fraction x This work Análisis estequiométrico Orbital (2002) Mantilla (2010) Kasseris (2011) Lineal interpolation
Comentado [m23]: Esta columna la quitaría porque el análisi
realizado en este trabajo es el estequiométrico, no es así?
0.00 14.53 14.53 14.60 14.7 14.7 14.70
0.05 14.41 14.42
0.10 14.29 14.29 14.00 14.13 14.1 14.13
0.15 14.15 13.85
0.20 14.01 14.01 13.50 13.56 13.5 13.56
0.22 13.95 13.45
0.25 13.85 13.28
0.30 13.69 12.99
0.35 13.51 12.71
0.40 13.32 12.42 12.42
0.45 13.12 12.14
0.50 12.9 11.8 11.85
0.55 12.66 11.57
0.60 12.39 11.28
0.65 12.11 11.00
0.70 11.79 10.71
0.75 11.44 10.43
0.80 11.05 10.14
0.85 10.62 10.62 10 9.8 9.86
0.90 10.13 9.57
0.95 9.582 9.29
1.00 8.953 8.95 9.00 9 9 9.00
31
Table 4 Comentado [m24]: En las instrucciones para preparar artículo
la mayor parte de las revistas comentan que no se debe duplicar
Comparison between results of this study and experimental ones, for different blends ethanol-gasoline. información en gráficos y tablas. Creo que las tablas 3 y 4 dan la
misma información que las figuras 3 y 5, es así? En caso de que sí
Mole fraction x This work Costa and Szybist (2010) Camarillo (2011) Camarillo (EH*) (2011) quitaría las tablas.
Sodré (2010) Comentado [m26]: Al estar hidratado el etanol la creo que la
0.00 14.53 14.53 14.60 14.7 14.7 comparación ya no sería posible. Lo incluyes por algún motivo en
especial?
0.05 14.41
Comentado [m25]: Los valores que aparecen en esta columna
0.10 14.29 14.29 14.00 13.0898 13.0791 creo que no aparecen en este artículo.
0.15 14.15
0.20 14.01 14.01 13.50 12.0512 12.0216
0.22 13.95
0.25 13.85
0.30 13.69 11.2956 11.2461
0.35 13.51
0.40 13.32 10.7211 10.6531
0.45 13.12
0.50 12.9
0.55 12.66
0.60 12.39
0.65 12.11
0.70 11.79
0.75 11.44
0.80 11.05
0.85 10.62 10.62
0.90 10.13
0.95 9.582
1.00 8.953 8.953 9.00
(EH*). Ethanol hydrated
32
Table 5
Characteristics of the 4T Otto cycle analyzed.
Parameter Value
Displacement volume 2400 cm3
Number of cylinders 4
Bore 72 mm
Stroke 74 mm
Compression ratio 8.6:1
33
Table 6
Intake conditions in the 4T Otto cycle analyzed.
Parameter Value
Intake temperature, T1 25 °C
Intake pressure, P1 101.325 kPa
Volume percentage of ethanol in the blend 0% a 100%
Engine regime 1500, 3000, 4500, 6000 rpm
34