The theory that emerges identifies that Reicherzer, S. L.

(2006) The Grounded Theory of a

transgenders often mistrust the profession because New Gender Episteme: Transgender Subjectivity
of concerns that professionals will use their own Deconstructs the Power, Privilege, and Pathos of
biases to pathologize gender nonconformity and Mental Health Diagnostics. St. Mary's University,
ultimately try to dissuade participants from seeking San Antonio, Texas.
surgical procedures. Participants identified that
they need mental health environments in which
they feel supported and accepted in their gender
diversity, and are not treated as mentally ill.
Perhaps the most important theoretical implication
is the invitation to explore epistemological
understandings of sex and gender as being
historically bound and subjected to the prejudices
of this contemporary culture, which ultimately will
be deconstructed when a new episteme emerges.
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a pervasive and Calton, J.M., Cattaneo, L.B., Gebhard, K.T. (2005)
devastating social problem that is estimated to Barriers to Help Seeking for Lesbian, Gay,
occur in one of every four opposite-sex Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Survivors of
relationships and at least one of every five same- Intimate Partner Violence. Trauma, Violence, &
sex romantic relationships. Abuse, Vol 17, Issue 5, pp. 585 – 600,
https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838015585318.

Rood, B.A. Reisner, S.L., Puckett, J.A. Surace, F.I.,

Results: Following data saturation and analysis, Berman A.K. & Pantalone, D.W. (2017). Internalized
six distinct themes emerged across participants: (1) transphobia: Exploring perceptions of social messages in
TGNC identities are regarded negatively by society; transgender and gender-nonconforming adults.
(2) social messages are perceived as originating International Journal of Transgenderism Vol. 18 , Iss. 4.
from the media and religious ideology; (3) TGNC
individuals report emotional distress; (4) negative
self-perceptions in response to social messages;
(5) TGNC individuals report resilience processes in
response to negative social messages; and (6)
social messages are perceived generally to
differentially impact TGNC people of color.

Conclusion: Findings highlight the common

experience of encountering social marginalization
for TGNC individuals. Structural interventions that
target pervasive sociocultural messages regarding
TGNC identities are warranted.

Sexual stigma refers to stereotyping, prejudice, and
discrimination directed toward individuals perceived to
be non-heterosexual.
Herek, Gillis, and Cogan (2009) assert that sexual
minorities may experience this stigma in three unique
ways. First, individuals may be subject to “enacted
stigma” which represents relatively overt discrimination
Herek, G. M. (2009). Hate crimes and stigma-related
experiences among sexual minority adults in the United
States: Prevalence estimates from a national probability
sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24(1), 54-74.
doi: 10.1177/0886260508316477
Herek, G. M., Gillis, J. R., & Cogan, J. C. (2009).
Internalized stigma among sexual minority
adults: Insights from a social psychological
perspective. Journal of Counselling
that may manifest in the form of hate crimes, social Psychology, 56(1), 32-43. doi:
ostracism, and the use of anti-gay epithets. Second, 10.1037/a0014672
individuals may experience “felt stigma” which denotes
awareness that persons and institutions are homo- and
binegative and consequent engagement in strategies
designed to hide one’s sexual minority status (e.g., being
closeted). Third, and finally, individuals may suffer from
“internalized stigma” which refers to “negative and
distressing thoughts and feelings” about one’s sexuality
“which are attributed to experiences of cultural
heterosexism and victimization”
A hate crime is defined by Black's Law Dictionary
(Garner, 1999) as "a crime motivated by the victim's
race, color, ethnicity, religion or national origin."
Although underreporting of such crimes certainly Stotzer, R. L. (2008). Gender identity and hate
remains an issue, the findings suggested 3 main crimes: Violence against transgender people in
conclusions: Hate crimes based on a victim’s Los Angeles county. Sexuality Research &
gender identity are often violent, perpetrators Social Policy: A Journal of the NSRC, 5(1), 43-
often manifest and verbalize high levels of a 52.
variety of prejudices, and transgender persons http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/srsp.2008.5.1.43
may be targets of violence for reasons far more
complex than simply their violation of gender
norms. This article discusses findings about the
intersections of race, sexuality, socioeconomic
status, and gender identity in the context of hate-
motivated violence.
In recent decades, states such as California,
Connecticut, Hawaii, Minnesota, Missouri, New Mexico,
Pennsylvania, Iowa, Oregon, Vermont, and New Jersey
have expanded hate crimes legislation to include
gender identity, gender expression, sex, disability,
and/or sexual orientation (Transgender Law and Policy
Institute, 2006; National Center for Transgender
Equality, 2007).
In July 2016, the TMM archive held reports of a total of TMM annual report 2016
2,190 murdered trans and genderdiverse people in 66
countries worldwide between 1 January 2008 and 30
June 2016. These murders have been reported from all
major world regions (Africa, Asia, Central and South
America, Europe, North America, and Oceania).
"Geraldine Roman: First transgender politician Heather Chen (10 May 2016). "Geraldine Roman:
elected in the Philippines" First transgender politician elected in the
Philippines". BBC News.
New Peoples Army recognizes same-sex marriage LeiLani Dowell (17 February 2005). "New Peoples
Army recognizes same-sex marriage". Workers
World Party. Retrieved 17 November 2008.
Despite its religiosity, the Philippines is one of the Tubeza, Philip C (8 June 2013). "PH ranks among
countries in the world where the level of public most gay-friendly in the world". Inquirer.net.
“acceptance” of homosexuals is high, according to the Retrieved 20 July 2017.
results of the survey.
The Philippines has been celebrated as one of the Laurel, R. (2016). Revealed: The Philippines most
most "tolerant" countries in Southeast Asia on the shocking LGBT hate crimes Read
issue of LGBT rights, but it has yet to achieve true more: https://kami.com.ph/18658-philippines-most-
equality and acceptance. While we certainly allow horrifying-lgbt-hate-crimes.html#18658. Retrieved
LGBT people to go and live their lives, the
community still lives in fear of being subject to hate
crimes, discrimination, and oppression.
from https://kami.com.ph/18658-philippines-most-
horrifying-lgbt-hate-crimes.html#18658
United Nations, New York, 10 December
2009: Panel discussion organized by the
Permanent Missions to the United Nations of
Argentina, Brazil, Croatia, France, the
Netherlands, Norway and Sweden on the occasion
of the International Day of Human Rights.
Dela Cruz, P.J. (May 1, 2015). 15 Reasons
Philippines is not gay friendly.
http://outragemag.com/15-reasons-philippines-
is-not-gay-friendly/