Subject: Research Proposal

Submitted by: Syed Arslan Ali

Supervisor: Dr. Zia Ur Rahman
Co-Supervisor: Mr. Zeeshan Ahmad

Department of Environmental Sciences

The University of Haripur
 Assessment of Solid Waste Management around Khanpur Lake
Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Introduction
Waste is something which is no longer of use to the disposer. It can also be defined as inevitable material
resulting from an activity which has no immediate economic demand and which must be disposed of
(NISP, 2003). Waste is anything discarded by an individual, household or organization. As a result waste
is a complex mixture of different substances, only some of which are intrinsically hazardous to health
(Issam et al., 2006). In general Solid Waste is composed of three groups of materials: Organic waste
(kitchen, garden etc), non-recyclable Inorganic waste (ash, dust) and Recyclable waste (paper, plastic,
glass, metal etc) (Dong et al., 2010). Solid wastes can be divided into number of classes, on basis of
source, environmental risks, utility and physical risks. On the basis of source which is commonly used,
solid waste are classified as: municipal solid waste, industrial solid waste, agricultural, mining and
mineral wastes, radioactive, construction and demolition wastes, human and healthcare wastes. The
characteristics and quantity of wastes generated in the area is not only the function of living standard and
lifestyle of inhabitants, but also of abundance of the area’s natural resources, solid waste is heterogeneous
collection of wastes produced in the cities; nature varies from place to place (NISP, 2003).

Waste is something which is no longer of use to the disposer. It can also be defined as inevitable
material resulting from an activity which has no economic demand and which must be disposed
of (NISP, 2003).waste is any thing discarded by an individual household or organization. as a
result is a complex mixture of different substances, only some of which are hazardous to health
(Issam et al., 2006). In general solid waste is composed of three groups of materials: organic
waste ( kitchen, garden etc), non-recyclable Inorganic waste (ash, dust) and Recyclable waste
(paper, plastic , glass, metal etc). (Dong et al.,2010)Solid waste commonly known
as trash or garbage in the United States, is a type consisting of everyday items that are discarded by the
public. Garbage is refuse which comes from the bathroom and kitchen of a house like organic waste,
clothes, paper products etc. whereas trash is all the other waste which does not come from bathroom and
kitchen like Driven by rapid urbanization and growing populations.

GLOBAL SCANRIO
One of the consequences of the global urbanization is increasing volumes of solid waste. According to
estimates about 1.3 billion metric tons of municipal solid waste was generated globally in 1990 (Beede &
Bloom, 1995). At present, the yearly generation of solid waste equals to 1.6 billion metric tons
approximately. A considerable amount of money goes into managing such huge volumes of solid waste.
Asian countries alone spent about US$25 billion on solid waste management per year in the early 1990s;
the figure is expected to rise to around US$50 billion by 2025 (Hoornweg & Thomas, 1999). These
figures suggest that solid waste management (SWM) has become a large, complex and costly service.
Solid Waste Management (SWM) can be defined as the discipline associated with the control of
generation, storage, collection, transfer, processing and disposal of Municipal Solid Waste.
Sustainable Solid Waste Management
(MSW), in a way which is governed by the best principles of public health, economics, engineering,
aesthetics and other environmental considerations (Daskalopoulos et al., 1999). The municipalities in
developing countries typically lack the financial resources and skills needed to cope with this crisis.
Several countries have realized that the way they manage their solid wastes does not satisfy the objectives
of sustainable development (Abu Qdais, 2006). This raises the important issue of how to deliver quality
service in the face of the financial and skill constraints of the public sector (Mansoor & Azam, 2006).
This paper is an attempt to provide a comprehensive review of SWM Practices in urban areas of Pakistan
with objectives: to identify the critical problem areas by an objective assessment of the state of practice
and to recommend suitable measures for improvement in the current practices.

CURRENT STATUS OF SWM PRACTICES IN PAKISTAN

Currently solid waste in Pakistan has not been carried out in a proper manner of collection, transportation
and disposal regardless of the size of the city. Therefore the environmental and sanitary conditions have
become more serious year by year, and people are suffering from living such conditions. The scope of
problems regarding solid waste management is very wide and involves the consideration of all the aspects
relating to solid waste and its management. These aspect may include rate of urbanization, physical
planning and control of development, physical composition of waste, density of waste, temperature and
precipitation and limitations of respective municipalities to manage the solid waste i.e. storage, collection,
transportation and disposal (SAIAN, 1995).According to the 1998 census, of the 130.579 million persons
living in Pakistan, 67% live in rural areas, while 33 % live in urban areas. Furthermore, out of 33 % of
persons living urban areas, 54 % of them live in ten major cities of Pakistan (GOP, 1996). During the last
several decades, migration has occurred from rural to urban areas. The major factors responsible for this
migration are: low crop yields, lack of alternate employment opportunities and environmental degradation
due to water logging, deforestation and desertification. The large rural influx is contributed to the
overburden of urban infrastructure and urban services (Robert, 1998).
Population and Household Estimates The number and growth of population and households is the
foremost factor affecting the solid waste and its management at various stages. The selected cities are
growing at a rate ranging between 3.67% to 7.42%, which is much higher than the overall growth rate of
Pakistan, i.e. 2.8% (EPMC, 1996).Major cities of them are estimated to double their population in next
ten years. These cities are generating high amounts of solid waste which is increasing annually with the
respective population growth. The numbers of households also play an important role in generation and
collection of the solid waste. The average household size in the selected cities varies from 6.7 to 7.3
persons.
Waste Generation and Collection Estimates the average rate of waste generation from all type of
municipal controlled areas varies from 1.896 kg/house/day to 4.29 kg/house/day in a few major cities
(Pak-EPA, 2005). It shows a trend of waste generation where increase has been recorded in accordance
with city's population besides its social and economic development. In Pakistan, solid waste is mainly
collected by municipalities and waste collection efficiencies range from 0 percent in low-income rural
areas to 90 percent in high.
Review and Analysis of Current Solid Waste Management Situation in Urban Areas of Pakistan. High
income areas of large cities of Pakistan. Collection rate of solid waste by respective municipalities ranges
from 51% to 69% of the total waste generated within their jurisdiction. The uncollected waste, i.e., 31%
to 49% remains on street or road corners, open spaces and vacant plots, polluting the environment on
continuous basis (Pak-EPA, 2005).Solid waste in Pakistan is generally composed of three categories i.e.
biodegradable such as food waste, animal waste, leaves, grass, straws, and wood. Non-biodegradable are
plastic, rubber, textile waste, metals, fines, stones and recyclable material includes paper, card board, rags
and bones(Stephen, 2006).

Review and Analysis of Current Soild Waste Management Situation in Urban Areas of Pakistan
In Pakistan, there is no systematic mechanism for the collection and disposal of hazardous waste
generated from hospital, industries and agriculture activities. In practice local authorities are handling and
disposing of significant quantities of hazardous waste, often without any consistent procedures, and
sometimes with no knowledge of the serious problems they may create. Industrial pollution is a major
problem in Pakistan. The minimal response of industry to solid waste is mainly due to the poor
performance of the sector and high investments required for changing the processes coupled with weak
regulatory mechanism (Ministry of Environment, UNDP and UNIDO, 2000). Pollution problems affect
both large enterprises in such industries as chemicals, petroleum refining, sugar, paper and iron and steel,
as well as the many clusters of small- and medium-sized enterprises in industries such as leather, textiles,
and food processing. Most Pakistani industries, located around major cities, are polluting streams, rivers
and the Arabian sea through untreated hazardous waste. In Karachi alone more then 6,000 industrial
enterprises, some 60 % of the country’s industry, are located along the coastal belt.
Private Sector Involved in SWM Provision of municipal services by local authorities alone cannot be
sustained in most cities of the developing countries (Francos and Bituro, 1999).There are independent
operators dealing in waste collection, purchase, separation and recycling, with the scale of operations
ranging from manual workers to large recycling factories. Kabaris are large-scale waste dealers who
operate from shops. Pakistan Environment Welfare and Recycling Program (PEWARP), has established a
small production unit manufacturing three organic products from waste purchased from buyers at
Karachi’s huge vegetable market. The vegetable waste is crushed and the liquid extract collected which
results in liquid concentrate sold as a pesticide, dilute liquid sold as fertilizer and solid residue. Shehri, a
Karachi based NGO, also known as ‘Citizens for a Better Environment’ is primarily concerned with the
protection and conservation of the natural and built environment.

REVIEW OF EXISTING LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Presently, legal rules and regulations dealing with solid waste management in Pakistan are inadequate and
outdated (PEPA, 1997). There are Guidelines for Hospital Waste Management since 1998, giving detailed
information and covering all aspects of safe hospital waste (Ministry of Health, 2002). However, these
guidelines are not implemented. There are no systematic approaches to medical waste disposal. Hospital
wastes are simply mixed with the municipal waste in collecting bins at roadsides and disposed of
similarly. Some waste is simply buried without any appropriate measure. There is an urgent need that the
solid waste management law should legislate. The laws should be legislated include activities concerned
with the waste management; what part citizen; enterprise and government should take of responsibilities.
Factory or company should treat especially hazardous waste coming.
Description of study area

Location
Khanpur Lake, Haripur is the district in Hazara valley of the Khyber Pakhtun Khawa (Formerly
North-West Frontier Province) of Pakistan. (Hina, 2010)
Khanpur lake is a located on the Haro River near Potowar Plateau in Tehsil Khanpur,
province Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, (kpk) Pakistan. The total catchment area of Khanpur Dam is 798
km, which falls in the Haripur and Abbottabad districts of KPK Pakistan.
Khanpur is about 40 km away from Islamabad. It forms Khanpur Lake, a reservoir which
supplies drinking water to Islamabad and Rawalpindi and irrigation water to many of the
agricultural and industrial areas surrounding the cities. It is 167 feet (51 m) high and has a water
storing capacity of 110,000 acre feet. The dam was completed in 1983 after a 15-year
construction period believed to have cost PRs 1,352 million. It is 167 feet (51 m) high and stores
110,000 acre feet (140,000,000 m3) of water. The Blue-green water of dam attracts thousands of
tourists from all over the Pakistan. The total catchment area of Khanpur Dam is 798 km, which
falls in the Haripur and Abbottabad districts of KPK. The catchment is drained by the Haro River
through its tributaries namely Lora Haro (from Maree Hills), Satora Haro (from Nathiagali),
Neelan (from siribang and Durban Areas). The catchment area consists of four vegetation zones,
i.e. the Subtropical Evergreen Scrub Forests, Subtropical Pine forest, Moist Temperate Pine
Forest and Sub-alpine Pastures. Main flora species in the area are Olea ferruginous, Quercus
incana, Dedonaea viscose, Pinus roxburghii,Pinus wallichiana, Cedrus deodars, Abies pindrow
and Picea smithiana.
Every weekend, between 40,000 to 50,000 tourists come to Khanpur Dam. Most of them are
businessperson who take off from work on Friday – this crowd is joined by the employees of
private and public sector organizations on weekends, Saturday and Sunday. Tourists enjoy
swimming, boating, cliff jumping and couple of other ground adventure activities and taking a
stroll on the banks of the lake and canals.
 Khanpur

City and tehsil

Coordinates: 33°48′53″N 72°56′22″ECoordinates:

33°48′53″N 72°56′22″E

Country Pakistan
Region Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
District Haripur District
Tehsil Khanpur kpk
Division Hazara

Elevation 545 m (1,706 ft)

Time zone UTC+5 (PST)

Area code(s) 0995

Problem Statement
Khanpur lake is one of the best and famous tourist spot of Pakistan. Where every weekend
almost 40000 to 50000 different types of tourist come from different areas of Pakistan. Due to
increase in tourism Khanpur Lake and soil around the lake is contaminating by solid waste. This
disturbs aquatic life and have negative effect on beauty of Khanpur Lake so there is a need of
solid waste management plan and awareness about solid waste management practices among
tourist.

Objectives of Study
 To characterize and quantify current level of solid waste
 To document the current waste management practices in the area
 To come up with research based recommendation
Hypothesis
Poor Management of Solid waste in Khanpur lake is contaminating this beautiful tourist spot and
lack of education in tourist/community about solid waste management is also have negative
effect on khanpur lake’s water quality

Methodology
In order to acquire the required information for the study objectives, both primary and secondary
data will be collected from the field survey, personal observation and published literature. Data
from the local community and other relevant stakeholders will be collected through questionnaire
survey. Questionnaire will be made with the help of the research supervisors that will be pre-
tested in the study area.
In the second part of the study solid waste will be categorized as plastic, wood and metal with
the generation of overall quantity of waste. Management practices will be evaluated for any
loopholes and the findings along some solutions in the form of a solid waste management plan
will be documented for sharing with relevant stakeholders.

In order to fulfill the objectives of the study, the methodology is divided into two parts

 Primary data collection

 Secondary data collection

Primary Data Collection

 Questionnaires
 Personal observations
 Field survey

Secondary Data Collection

Secondary data is collected through research papers, books, previous researchers, newspapers,
internet, magazines etc. it provides the basic for the study and gives the way how to conduct the
research work and ease the researcher in the research.

Primary Data Collection

Questionnaire from the community
In order to find the amount of Solid Waste generation and to analyze the social behavior towards
solid waste, a structured questionnaire was prepared with the help of my Supervisor in order to
collect the required information in short period.
First of all, we selected the sample size for data collection. Then questionnaire was filled up by
the TMA khanpur and community/tourist randomly. And at the end we got the needed
information from the community/tourist through these filled questionnaires.

Personal Observation
Observation is another mean of data collection, which help to have a general understanding of
the area and the issue. It helped to show how community perceives the environment and to what
level it is aware about SWM and how they behave towards it.

Field Survey
Field survey was conducted to check the situation in specific area. It was conducted to assess the
amount of solid waste generation and to know about the people’s view and behavior towards
solid waste management.

Method of data analysis

To attain our first objective that is to find out the amount of solid waste generation rate, we used
the instrument called Pocket Balance and weight the solid waste with it to get the needed data.
To attain our second objective we used the questionnaire from which we got the required
information that help in making results. The use of percentage and pi-graphs were the major
mathematical tool that is used to show the results. And in the last, proposed applicable
recommendations for reduction of solid waste and improve proper solid waste management
practices towards it.

Output of the Study

At the end this study we will be to produce a document on current waste management practices
in the area of interest. Also we will be able characterize and quantify current level of solid waste
produce in the area. From all this we will be able to suggest some recommendations for the
betterment of solid waste management in the area khanpur lake. The study will certainly help to
improve environmental awareness among people and study findings can be used for future
references.

References
Dong, Q.Z., Soon, K.T. and Richard M., 2010. Municipal solid waste management in china,
status, problems and challenges, journal of Environmental management, Vol:91, PP:1623-1633
Arif Hussain ,(2009). (draft) guideline of solid waste management
NISP, (2003) Economic and solid solid waste management
www.conserve-energy-future.com/sources-effects-methods-of-solid-waste-management
www.technologytimes.pk/current-solid-waste-pakistan
www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanpur, _Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa