25

Electric Potential

CHAPTER OUTLINE
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
25.1 Potential Difference and
Electric Potential
25.2 Potential Difference in a
Q25.1 When one object B with electric charge is immersed in the
Uniform Electric Field electric field of another charge or charges A, the system
25.3 Electric Potential and possesses electric potential energy. The energy can be measured
Potential Energy Due to by seeing how much work the field does on the charge B as it
Point Charges
moves to a reference location. We choose not to visualize A’s
25.4 Obtaining the Value of the
Electric Field from the effect on B as an action-at-a-distance, but as the result of a two-
Electric Potential step process: Charge A creates electric potential throughout the
25.5 Electric Potential Due to surrounding space. Then the potential acts on B to inject the
Continuous Charge
system with energy.
Distributions
25.6 Electric Potential Due to a
Charged Conductor Q25.2 The potential energy increases. When an outside agent makes it
25.7 The Milliken Oil Drop move in the direction of the field, the charge moves to a region
Experiment of lower electric potential. Then the product of its negative
25.8 Application of Electrostatistics
charge with a lower number of volts gives a higher number of
joules. Keep in mind that a negative charge feels an electric force
in the opposite direction to the field, while the potential is the
work done on the charge to move it in a field per unit charge.

Q25.3 To move like charges together from an infinite separation, at which the potential energy of the
system of two charges is zero, requires work to be done on the system by an outside agent. Hence
energy is stored, and potential energy is positive. As charges with opposite signs move together
from an infinite separation, energy is released, and the potential energy of the set of charges
becomes negative.

Q25.4 The charge can be moved along any path parallel to the y-z plane, namely perpendicular to the field.

Q25.5 The electric field always points in the direction of the greatest change in electric potential. This is
∂V ∂V ∂V
implied by the relationships Ex = − , Ey = − and Ez = − .
∂x ∂y ∂z

Q25.6 (a) The equipotential surfaces are nesting coaxial cylinders around an infinite line of charge.

(b) The equipotential surfaces are nesting concentric spheres around a uniformly charged
sphere.

Q25.7 If there were a potential difference between two points on the conductor, the free electrons in the
conductor would move until the potential difference disappears.

51
52 Electric Potential

Q25.8 No. The uniformly charged sphere, whether hollow or solid metal, is an equipotential volume. Since
there is no electric field, this means that there is no change in electrical potential. The potential at
every point inside is the same as the value of the potential at the surface.

Q25.9 Infinitely far away from a line of charge, the line will not look like a point. In fact, without any
distinguishing features, it is not possible to tell the distance from an infinitely long line of charge.
Another way of stating the answer: The potential would diverge to infinity at any finite distance, if it
were zero infinitely far away.

Q25.10 The smaller sphere will. In the solution to the example referred to, equation 1 states that each will
q
have the same ratio of charge to radius, . In this case, the charge density is a surface charge
r
q
density, , so the smaller-radius sphere will have the greater charge density.
4π r 2

Q25.11 The main factor is the radius of the dome. One often overlooked aspect is also the humidity of the
air—drier air has a larger dielectric breakdown strength, resulting in a higher attainable electric
potential. If other grounded objects are nearby, the maximum potential might be reduced.

Q25.12 The intense—often oscillating—electric fields around high voltage lines is large enough to ionize the
air surrounding the cables. When the molecules recapture their electrons, they release that energy in
the form of light.

Q25.13 A sharp point in a charged conductor would imply a large electric field in that region. An electric
discharge could most easily take place at that sharp point.

Q25.14 Use a conductive box to shield the equipment. Any stray electric field will cause charges on the outer
surface of the conductor to rearrange and cancel the stray field inside the volume it encloses.

Q25.15 No charge stays on the inner sphere in equilibrium. If there were any, it would create an electric
field in the wire to push more charge to the outer sphere. All of the charge is on the outer sphere.
Therefore, zero charge is on the inner sphere and 10.0 µC is on the outer sphere.

Q25.16 The grounding wire can be touched equally well to any point on the sphere. Electrons will drain
away into the ground and the sphere will be left positively charged. The ground, wire, and sphere
are all conducting. They together form an equipotential volume at zero volts during the contact.
However close the grounding wire is to the negative charge, electrons have no difficulty in moving
within the metal through the grounding wire to ground. The ground can act as an infinite source or
sink of electrons. In this case, it is an electron sink.

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS

Section 25.1 Potential Difference and Electric Potential

P25.1 ∆V = −14.0 V and e je j

Q = − N A e = − 6.02 × 10 23 1.60 × 10 −19 = −9.63 × 10 4 C

∆V =
W
Q
, so e jb g
W = Q∆V = −9.63 × 10 4 C −14.0 J C = 1.35 MJ
 Chapter 25 53

P25.2 ∆K = q ∆V 7.37 × 10 −17 = q 115 a f

q = 6. 41 × 10 −19 C

P25.3 (a) Energy of the proton-field system is conserved as the proton moves from high to low
potential, which can be defined for this problem as moving from 120 V down to 0 V.

1
K i + Ui + ∆Emech = K f + U f 0 + qV + 0 = mv p2 + 0
2

e1.60 × 10 −19
ja
C 120 V fFGH 1 V1 J⋅ C IJK = 12 e1.67 × 10 −27
j
kg v p2

v p = 1.52 × 10 5 m s

(b) The electron will gain speed in moving the other way,

from Vi = 0 to V f = 120 V : K i + Ui + ∆Emech = K f + U f

1
0+0+0= mv e2 + qV
2

0=
1
2
e j e
9.11 × 10 −31 kg v e2 + −1.60 × 10 −19 C 120 J C jb g
v e = 6.49 × 10 6 m s

P25.4 W = ∆K = − q∆V
1
0−
2
e je
9.11 × 10 −31 kg 4.20 × 10 5 m s j 2
e
= − −1.60 × 10 −19 C ∆V j
From which, ∆V = −0.502 V .

Section 25.2 Potential Difference in a Uniform Electric Field

P25.5 (a) We follow the path from (0, 0) to (20.0 cm, 0) to (20.0 cm, 50.0 cm).
∆U = − (work done)
∆U = − (work from origin to (20.0 cm, 0)) – (work from (20.0 cm, 0) to (20.0 cm, 50.0 cm))
Note that the last term is equal to 0 because the force is perpendicular to the displacement.

b g e jb ga
∆U = − qEx ∆x = − 12.0 × 10 −6 C 250 V m 0.200 m = −6.00 × 10 −4 J f
∆U 6.00 × 10 −4 J
(b) ∆V = =− = −50.0 J C = −50.0 V
q 12.0 × 10 −6 C

∆V 25.0 × 10 3 J C
P25.6 E= = = 1.67 × 10 6 N C = 1.67 MN C
d 1.50 × 10 −2 m
54 Electric Potential

P25.7 ∆U = −
1
2
e j1
e
m v 2f − vi2 = − 9.11 × 10 −31 kg
2
jLNMe1.40 × 10 m sj − e3.70 × 10
5 2 6
ms j OQP = 6.23 × 10
2 −18
J

∆U = q∆V : +6.23 × 10 −18 = e−1.60 × 10 j∆V −19

∆V = −38.9 V. The origin is at highest potential.

P25.8 (a) e
∆V = Ed = 5.90 × 10 3 V m 0.010 0 m = 59.0 V jb g
(b)
1
2
mv 2f = q∆V :
1
2
e j e
9.11 × 10 −31 v 2f = 1.60 × 10 −19 59.0 ja f
v f = 4.55 × 10 6 m s

z z z
B C B
P25.9 VB − VA = − E ⋅ ds = − E ⋅ ds − E ⋅ ds
A A C

f z dy − aE cos 90.0°f z
0 .500 0. 400
a
VB − VA = − E cos 180° dx
−0.300 −0 . 200

VB − VA = a325fa0.800 f = +260 V

FIG. P25.9

*P25.10 Assume the opposite. Then at some point A on some equipotential surface the electric field has a
nonzero component Ep in the plane of the surface. Let a test charge start from point A and move

z
B
some distance on the surface in the direction of the field component. Then ∆V = − E ⋅ ds is nonzero.
A
The electric potential charges across the surface and it is not an equipotential surface. The
contradiction shows that our assumption is false, that Ep = 0 , and that the field is perpendicular to
the equipotential surface.

P25.11 (a) Arbitrarily choose V = 0 at 0. Then at other points

V = − Ex and U e = QV = −QEx .
Between the endpoints of the motion,
bK + U s + Ue g = bK + U
i s + Ue g f
FIG. P25.11
1 2 2QE
0 + 0 + 0 = 0 + kx max − QEx max so x max = .
2 k

(b) At equilibrium,

∑ Fx = − Fs + Fe = 0 or kx = QE .
QE
So the equilibrium position is at x = .
k

continued on next page

 Chapter 25 55

d2x
(c) The block’s equation of motion is ∑ Fx = − kx + QE = m dt 2 .

QE QE
Let , or x = x ′ +
x′ = x − ,
k k
so the equation of motion becomes:
FGQE IJ
d 2 x + QE k d 2 x′ b
k g FG IJ
−k x′ +
H k
+ QE = m
K dt 2
, or
dt 2
=−
m
x′ .
H K
This is the equation for simple harmonic motion a x′ = −ω 2 x ′
k
with ω= .
m
2π m
The period of the motion is then T= = 2π .
ω k

(d) bK + U s g
+ U e i + ∆Emech = K + U s + U e b g f

1 2
0 + 0 + 0 − µ k mgx max = 0 + kx max − QEx max
2

x max =
b
2 QE − µ k mg g
k
1
P25.12 For the entire motion, y f − yi = v yi t + ayt 2
2
1 2 vi
0 − 0 = vi t +ayt 2 so ay = −
2 t
2mvi
∑ Fy = ma y : − mg − qE = −
t
m 2 vi FG IJ FG
m 2 vi IJ
E=
q t H
−g
K and E=−
q t H− g j.
K
For the upward flight: 2
v yf 2
= v yi d
+ 2 a y y f − yi i
0 = vi2 + 2 −
FG 2 vi IJ by g 1
H t K max −0 and y max =
4
vi t

z
ymax
FG IJ
m 2 vi FG max
IJ FG 1 v tIJ
m 2 vi
y
∆V = −
0
H
E ⋅ dy = +
K
q t
−g y
H0
=
KH 4 K
q t
−g i

2.00 kg F 2b 20.1 m sg I L1 O
∆V = G − 9.80 m s J M b 20.1 m sga 4.10 sfP = 2
40.2 kV
5.00 × 10 C H −6
4.10 s KN4 Q
P25.13 Arbitrarily take V = 0 at the initial point. Then at distance d downfield, where L is the rod length,
V = − Ed and U e = − λLEd .

(a) aK + U f = a K + U f
i f

1
0+0= µLv 2 − λLEd
2

v=
2 λEd
=
e
2 40.0 × 10 −6 C m 100 N C 2.00 m jb ga f= 0.400 m s
µ b0.100 kg mg
(b) The same.
56 Electric Potential

P25.14 Arbitrarily take V = 0 at point P. Then (from Equation 25.8) the potential at the original position of
the charge is − E ⋅ s = − EL cos θ . At the final point a, V = − EL . Suppose the table is frictionless:
a f a
K +U i = K +U f f
1
0 − qEL cos θ = mv 2 − qEL
2

v=
a
2 qEL 1 − cos θ
=
f e jb ga fa
2 2.00 × 10 −6 C 300 N C 1.50 m 1 − cos 60.0° f= 0.300 m s
m 0.010 0 kg

Section 25.3 Electric Potential and Potential Energy Due to Point Charges

P25.15 (a) The potential at 1.00 cm is V1 = k e

q
=
e je j
8.99 × 10 9 N ⋅ m 2 C 2 1.60 × 10 −19 C
= 1.44 × 10 −7 V .
r 1.00 × 10 −2 m

(b)
q
The potential at 2.00 cm is V2 = k e =
e je
8.99 × 10 9 N ⋅ m 2 C 2 1.60 × 10 −19 C j
= 0.719 × 10 −7 V .
r 2.00 × 10 −2 m
Thus, the difference in potential between the two points is ∆V = V2 − V1 = −7.19 × 10 −8 V .

(c) The approach is the same as above except the charge is −1.60 × 10 −19 C . This changes the
sign of each answer, with its magnitude remaining the same.
That is, the potential at 1.00 cm is −1.44 × 10 −7 V .

The potential at 2.00 cm is −0.719 × 10 −7 V , so ∆V = V2 − V1 = 7.19 × 10 −8 V .

P25.16 (a) Since the charges are equal and placed symmetrically, F = 0 .

(b) Since F = qE = 0 , E = 0 .
FIG. P25.16

jFGH 2.000.800
× 10 C I
−6
q
(c) e
V = 2 k e = 2 8.99 × 10 9 N ⋅ m 2 C 2
r m JK
V = 4.50 × 10 4 V = 45.0 kV

Q
P25.17 (a) E=
4π ∈0 r 2
Q
V=
4π ∈0 r
V 3 000 V
r= = = 6.00 m
E 500 V m

Q
(b) V = −3 000 V =
a
4π ∈0 6.00 m f
−3 000 V
Q= a6.00 mf = −2.00 µC
e8.99 × 10 9
V ⋅m C j
 Chapter 25 57

k e q1 ke q2 F + q + −2 q I = 0 .
P25.18 (a) Ex =
x2
+
ax − 2.00f 2
=0 becomes Ex = k e GH x ax − 2.00f JK
2 2

Dividing by k e , a
2 qx 2 = q x − 2.00 f 2
x 2 + 4.00 x − 4.00 = 0 .

−4.00 ± 16.0 + 16.0

Therefore E = 0 when x= = −4.83 m .
2
(Note that the positive root does not correspond to a physically valid situation.)

V=
k e q1 k q
+ e 2 =0 V = ke
FG + q − 2 q IJ = 0 .
(b)
x 2.00 − x
or
H x 2.00 − x K
Again solving for x, 2 qx = qa 2.00 − xf .

For 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.00 V = 0 when x = 0.667 m

q −2 q
and = . For x < 0 x = −2.00 m .
x 2−x

qi
P25.19 V = ∑k
i ri

e je
V = 8.99 × 10 9 7.00 × 10 −6 jLMN 0.010
−1
−
1
+
1 O
P
0 0.010 0 0.038 7 Q

V = −1.10 × 10 7 V = −11.0 MV

FIG. P25.19

P25.20 (a) U=
qQ
=
e je
5.00 × 10 −9 C −3.00 × 10 −9 C 8.99 × 10 9 V ⋅ m C je
= −3.86 × 10 −7 J
j
4π ∈0 r 0.350 m a f
The minus sign means it takes 3.86 × 10 −7 J to pull the two charges apart from 35 cm to a
much larger separation.

Q1 Q2
(b) V= +
4π ∈0 r1 4π ∈0 r2

=
e5.00 × 10 Cje8.99 × 10
−9 9
V ⋅m C j + e−3.00 × 10 Cje8.99 × 10
−9 9
V ⋅m C j
0.175 m 0.175 m
V = 103 V
58 Electric Potential

P25.21 U e = q 4V1 + q 4V2 + q 4V3 = q 4

FG 1 IJ FG q 1
+
q 2 q3
+
IJ
H 4π ∈ K H r
0 1 r2 r3 K
F 1 I
e
U e = 10.0 × 10 −6 C je
2
8.99 × 10 9 N ⋅ m 2 C 2 jGG 0.600 m + 0.1501 m + 0.600 m 1+ 0.150 m JJ
H a f a
2
f 2
K
U e = 8.95 J

V=
k e q1 k e q 2
+
k q
=2 e
FG IJ
P25.22 (a)
r1 r2 r H K
F e8.99 × 10 N ⋅ m C je2.00 × 10 Cj I
9 2 2 −6

V=2 GG JJ
H a1.00 mf + a 0 .
2
500 mf K 2

V = 3.22 × 10 4 V = 32.2 kV FIG. P25.22

(b) e je
U = qV = −3.00 × 10 −6 C 3.22 × 10 4 J C = −9.65 × 10 −2 J j
P25.23 U = U1 + U 2 + U 3 + U 4
b g b
U = 0 + U12 + U 13 + U 23 + U 14 + U 24 + U 34 g
U =0+
k eQ 2 k e Q 2
+
FG 1 + 1IJ + k Q FG 1 +
e
2
1
+1
IJ
s s H 2 K s H 2 K
U=
k eQ 2
FG 4 + 2 IJ = 5.41
k eQ 2

s H 2K s
FIG. P25.23

An alternate way to get the term 4 +

FG 2IJ is to recognize that there are 4 side pairs and 2 face
H 2K
diagonal pairs.

P25.24 Each charge creates equal potential at the center. The total potential is:

V =5
LM k b− qg OP =
e
−
5keq
.
MN R PQ R

P25.25 (a) Each charge separately creates positive potential everywhere. The total potential produced
by the three charges together is then the sum of three positive terms. There is no point
located at a finite distance from the charges, at which this total potential is zero.

ke q keq 2k e q
(b) V= + =
a a a
 Chapter 25 59
P25.26 Consider the two spheres as a system.

m1 v1
(a) Conservation of momentum: e j
0 = m1 v1 i + m 2 v 2 − i or v 2 =
m2

By conservation of energy, 0=
b g
k e − q1 q 2
=
1 1
m1 v12 + m 2 v 22 +
k e − q1 q 2 b g
d 2 2 r1 + r2
k e q1 q 2 k e q1 q 2 1 1 m12 v12
and − = m1 v12 +
r1 + r2 d 2 2 m2

v1 =
FG 1 − 1 IJ
2 m 2 k e q1 q 2
b
m1 m1 + m 2 g H r + r dK
1 2

2b0.700 kg ge8.99 × 10 N ⋅ m C je 2 × 10 C je3 × 10 C j F

9 2 2 −6
1
−6
1 IJ
v1 =
b0.100 kg gb0.800 kg g G
H 8 × 10 −3
m
−
1.00 m K
= 10.8 m s

v2 = =
b
m1 v1 0.100 kg 10.8 m s g
= 1.55 m s
m2 0.700 kg

(b) If the spheres are metal, electrons will move around on them with negligible energy loss to
place the centers of excess charge on the insides of the spheres. Then just before they touch,
the effective distance between charges will be less than r1 + r2 and the spheres will really be
moving faster than calculated in (a) .

P25.27 Consider the two spheres as a system.

(a) Conservation of momentum: 0 = m 1 v1 i + m 2 v 2 − i e j

m1 v1
or v2 = .
m2

By conservation of energy, 0=
b g
k e − q1 q 2
=
1 1
m1 v12 + m 2 v 22 +
k e − q1 q 2 b g
d 2 2 r1 + r2
k e q1 q 2 k e q1 q 2 1 1 m12 v12
and − = m1 v12 + .
r1 + r2 d 2 2 m2

v1 =
2 m 2 k e q1 q 2 FG 1 IJ −
1
b
m 1 m1 + m 2 gHr +r
1 K2 d

v2 =
FG m IJ v
1
=
2m k q q F 1
G
1 e 1 2
−
1 IJ
Hm K
2
1
m bm + m g H r + r
2 1 2 1 2 d K
(b) If the spheres are metal, electrons will move around on them with negligible energy loss to
place the centers of excess charge on the insides of the spheres. Then just before they touch,
the effective distance between charges will be less than r1 + r2 and the spheres will really be
moving faster than calculated in (a) .
60 Electric Potential

*P25.28 (a) In an empty universe, the 20-nC charge can be placed at its location with no energy
investment. At a distance of 4 cm, it creates a potential

V1 =
k e q1
=
e
8.99 × 10 9 N ⋅ m 2 C 2 20 × 10 −9 C je
= 4.50 kV .
j
r 0.04 m
To place the 10-nC charge there we must put in energy

e je
U12 = q 2 V1 = 10 × 10 −9 C 4.5 × 10 3 V = 4.50 × 10 −5 J . j
Next, to bring up the –20-nC charge requires energy
U 23 + U 13 = q3 V2 + q3 V1 = q 3 V2 + V1 b g
jFGH 100.04
× 10 C 20 × 10 C I
−9 −9
e
= −20 × 10 −9 C 8.99 × 10 9 N ⋅ m 2 C 2
m
+
0.08 m JK
= −4.50 × 10 −5 J − 4.50 × 10 −5 J
The total energy of the three charges is

U12 + U 23 + U13 = −4.50 × 10 −5 J .

(b) The three fixed charges create this potential at the location where the fourth is released:
F 20 × 10 −9 10 × 10 −9 20 × 10 −9 I Cm
e
V = V1 + V2 + V3 = 8.99 × 10 9 N ⋅ m 2 C 2 jGH 0.04 2 + 0.03 2
+
0.03
−
0.05 JK
V = 3.00 × 10 3 V
Energy of the system of four charged objects is conserved as the fourth charge flies away:
FG 1 mv + qV IJ = FG 1 mv + qV IJ
2 2
H2 K H2 i
K f

1
0 + e 40 × 10 C je3.00 × 10 V j = e 2.00 × 10
−9 3 −13
j
kg v 2 + 0
2
2e1.20 × 10 Jj −4
4
v= = 3.46 × 10 m s
2 × 10 −13 kg

*P25.29 The original electrical potential energy is

ke q
U e = qV = q .
d
In the final configuration we have mechanical equilibrium. The spring and electrostatic forces on
k q2
a f a f
k q
each charge are − k 2d + q e 2 = 0 . Then k = e 3 . In the final configuration the total potential
3d 18d
2
keq 4 keq2
energy is
1 2
2
kx + qV =3
1 k q
2 18d
a 2d f
e
=
3d 9 d
2
+q
. The missing energy must have become internal

k q 2 4k q 2
energy, as the system is isolated: e = e + ∆Eint
d 9d
5 keq2
∆Eint = .
9 d
 Chapter 25 61

P25.30 (a) af
V x =
k e Q1 k e Q 2
+
k +Q
= e +
b g b g
k e +Q
r1 r2 x2 + a2 + a − af
2
x2
F 2 I
af
V x =
2 k eQ
kQ
= e GG JJ
2
x +a 2 a
H b x ag 2
+1K
af
V x 2
b k Q ag = b x ag
e
2
+1

FIG. P25.30(a)

(b) bg
V y =
k e Q 1 k e Q 2 k e +Q k e −Q
+ = +
b g b g
r1 r2 y−a y+a

b g k aQ FGH y a1− 1 − y a1+ 1 IJK

V y = e

V b yg F 1 − 1 I
bk Q ag H y a − 1 y a + 1 JK
e
= G

FIG. P25.30(b)

P25.31 V=
k eQ kQ
so r = e =
e
8.99 × 10 9 N ⋅ m 2 C 2 8.00 × 10 −9 C
=
72.0 V ⋅ mje
.
j
r V V V
For V = 100 V , 50.0 V, and 25.0 V, r = 0.720 m, 1.44 m, and 2.88 m .

The radii are inversely proportional to the potential.

P25.32 Using conservation of energy for the alpha particle-nucleus system,

we have K f + U f = K i + Ui .

k e qα qgold
But Ui =
ri
and ri ≈ ∞.
Thus, Ui = 0 .

Also K f = 0 ( v f = 0 at turning point),

so U f = Ki

k e qα qgold 1
or = mα vα2
rmin 2

rmin =
2 k e qα qgold
=
e ja fa fe
2 8.99 × 10 9 N ⋅ m 2 C 2 2 79 1.60 × 10 −19 C j 2

= 2.74 × 10 −14 m = 27.4 fm .

mα vα2
e6.64 × 10 −27
kg je 2.00 × 10 7
ms j 2
62 Electric Potential

P25.33 Using conservation of energy

k e eQ k e qQ 1
we have: = + mv 2
r1 r2 2

which gives: v=
2 k e eQ 1 1
−
FG IJ
m r1 r2 H K
a2fe8.99 × 10 9
je
N ⋅ m 2 C 2 −1.60 × 10 −19 C 10 −9 C je jF 1 − 1 I .
or v=
9.11 × 10 −31
kg
GH 0.030 0 m 0.020 0 m JK
Thus, v = 7.26 × 10 6 m s .

k e qi q j
P25.34 U=∑
rij
b g
, summed over all pairs of i , j where i ≠ j .

U=k M
L qb−2 qg + b−2 qgb3qg + b2 qgb3qg + qb2 qg + qb3qg + 2 qb−2 qg OP
MN be
a b a a +b a + b PQ 2 2 2 2

U=k q M
L −2 − 6 + 6 + 2 + 3 − 4 OP
2
FIG. P25.34
N 0.400 0.200 0.400 0.200 0.447 0.447 Q
e

U = e8.99 × 10 je6.00 × 10 j M9 L 4 − 4 − 1 OP = −3.96 J−6 2

N 0.400 0.200 0.447 Q
P25.35 Each charge moves off on its diagonal line. All charges have equal speeds.
a
∑ K +U i = ∑ K +U f f a f
4k e q2
2k q
+ e
2
F 1 I 4k q
= 4G mv J + 2 e
2
2k e q 2
0+
L 2L H 2 K 2L +
2 2L
FG 2 + 1 IJ k q = 2mv e
2
2
H 2K L
F 1 IJ k q
v = G1 + e
2

H 8 K mL
P25.36 A cube has 12 edges and 6 faces. Consequently, there are 12 edge pairs separated by s, 2 × 6 = 12 face
diagonal pairs separated by 2s and 4 interior diagonal pairs separated 3s .

U=
keq2
12 +
LM
12
+
4 k q2
= 22.8 e
OP
s N
2 3 s Q
Section 25.4 Obtaining the Value of the Electric Field from the Electric Potential

P25.37 V = a + bx = 10.0 V + −7.00 V m x b g

(a) At x = 0 , V = 10.0 V
At x = 3.00 m , V = −11.0 V
At x = 6.00 m , V = −32.0 V

(b) E=−
dV
dx
b g
= − b = − −7.00 V m = 7.00 N C in the + x direction
 Chapter 25 63
k eQ
P25.38 (a) For r < R V=
R
dV
Er = − = 0
dr

k eQ
(b) For r ≥ R V=
r
dV kQ kQ
= − − e2 = e2
FG IJ
Er = −
dr r r H K
P25.39 V = 5 x − 3 x 2 y + 2 yz 2

b
Evaluate E at 1, 0 , − 2 g
Ex = −
∂V
∂x
a fa f
= −5 + 6 xy = −5 + 6 1 0 = −5

Ey = −
∂V
∂y
2
af a f2
= +3 x 2 − 2 z 2 = 3 1 − 2 −2 = −5

−4yz = −4a0fa −2f = 0

∂V
Ez = − =
∂z
+ E = a −5 f + a −5 f + 0 =
2 2
E = E x2 + E y2 2
z
2
7.07 N C

∆V
P25.40 (a) E A > EB since E =
∆s

(b) EB = −
∆V
=−
6−2 V a f
= 200 N C down
∆s 2 cm

(c) The figure is shown to the right, with sample field lines
sketched in.

FIG. P25.40

LM F + 2
+ y2 I OP
P25.41 Ey = −
∂V
=−
∂ k eQ
ln
MMN GG JJ P
∂y ∂y
H y
K PQ
k eQ
LM y2 OP k eQ
Ey = 1−
y MN 2
+ y2 + 2
+ y2 PQ = y 2
+ y2

Section 25.5 Electric Potential Due to Continuous Charge Distributions

P25.42 ∆V = V2 R − V0 =
k eQ
−
k eQ k eQ
=
FG 1 − 1IJ = −0.553
k eQ
a f
R2 + 2R
2 R R H 5 K R
64 Electric Potential

α =
LM λ OP = C ⋅ FG 1 IJ = C
P25.43 (a)
N x Q m H mK m2

z dq λdx
z
= k eα
L
xdx
z
= k eα L − d ln 1 +
L LM FG IJ OP
(b) V = ke
r
= ke
r 0
d+x d N H KQ
FIG. P25.43

P25.44 V= z k e dq
r
= ke z αxdx
b
b2 + L 2 − x g 2

L
Let z = −x.
2
L
Then x = − z , and dx = − dz
2
ga f = − k αL
V = k eα zb L 2 − z − dz
2
b +z 2
e
2 z 2
dz
b +z 2
+ k eα z b +z
zdz
2 2
=−
k eαL
2
FH IK
ln z + z 2 + b 2 + k eα z 2 + b 2

LMF L I F L I OP L L

GMH 2 − xJK + GH 2 − xJK + b P + k α FGH L2 − xIJK + b

2 2
k αL 2 2
V = − e ln e
2
N Q 0 0

L
k αL M L 2 − L + b L 2 g + b P
O L FL I 2 2
F LI 2 2 OP
ln M
e
P + k α M G − LJ + b − G J 2
+ b2
V=−
2
MN L 2 + bL 2g + b PQ N M
2 H 2 K 2 H 2K e
PQ
L
k αL M b + eL 4j − L 2 P
2 O 2

ln M
MN b + eL 4j + L 2 PPQ
e
V= −
2 2 2

P25.45 z
V = dV =
1
4π ∈0 z dq
r
All bits of charge are at the same distance from O.

FG IJ e jFGH −70.140
.50 × 10 C I −6
1 Q
m π JK
= 8.99 × 10 9 N ⋅ m 2 C 2
So V =
4π ∈0 R H K = −1.51 MV .

k e dq
P25.46 dV = where dq = σdA = σ 2π rdr
r 2 + x2

V = 2πσk e z
b
rdr
= 2π k eσ LM x2 + b2 − x2 + a2 OP
a r + x2
2 N Q

FIG. P25.46
 Chapter 25 65

z z z z
−R 3R
dq λdx λds λdx
P25.47 V = ke = ke + ke + ke
all charge
r −3 R
−x semicircle
R R
x
keλ
a f
V = − k e λ ln − x
−R
−3 R
+
R
3R
π R + k e λ ln x R

V = k e ln
3R
R
+ k e λ π + k e ln 3 = k e λ π + 2 ln 3 a f

Section 25.6 Electric Potential Due to a Charged Conductor

ke q
P25.48 Substituting given values into V =
r

7.50 × 10 3 V =
e8.99 × 10 9
j
N ⋅ m2 C 2 q
.
0.300 m

Substituting q = 2.50 × 10 −7 C ,

2.50 × 10 −7 C
N= = 1.56 × 10 12 electrons .
1.60 × 10 −19 C e −

P25.49 (a) E= 0 ;

V=
ke q
=
e
8.99 × 10 9 26.0 × 10 −6 je
= 1.67 MV
j
R 0.140

(b) E=
keqe8.99 × 10 je26.0 × 10 j = 5.84 MN C
=
9 −6

away
r 2
a0.200f 2

k q e8.99 × 10 je 26.0 × 10 j
9 −6
e
V= = = 1.17 MV
R 0.200

(c) E=
keq
=
e8.99 × 10 je26.0 × 10 j =
9 −6

11.9 MN C away
R2 a0.140f 2

ke q
V= = 1.67 MV
R
66 Electric Potential

k e q1 k e q 2
*P25.50 (a) Both spheres must be at the same potential according to =
r1 r2
where also q1 + q 2 = 1.20 × 10 −6 C .
q 2 r1
Then q1 =
r2
q 2 r1
+ q 2 = 1.20 × 10 −6 C
r2
1.20 × 10 −6 C
q2 = = 0.300 × 10 −6 C on the smaller sphere
1 + 6 cm 2 cm
q1 = 1.20 × 10 −6 C − 0.300 × 10 −6 C = 0.900 × 10 −6 C

V=
k e q1
=
e je
8.99 × 10 9 N ⋅ m 2 C 2 0.900 × 10 −6 C j
= 1.35 × 10 5 V
r1 6 × 10 −2 m

(b) Outside the larger sphere,

k e q1 V1 1.35 × 10 5 V
E1 = r= r= r = 2. 25 × 10 6 V m away .
r12 r1 0.06 m

Outside the smaller sphere,

1.35 × 10 5 V
E2 = r = 6.74 × 10 6 V m away .
0.02 m
The smaller sphere carries less charge but creates a much stronger electric field than the
larger sphere.

Section 25.7 The Milliken Oil Drop Experiment

Section 25.8 Application of Electrostatistics

Emax = 3.00 × 10 6 V m =
k eQ FG IJ
k eQ 1 1 FG IJ
P25.51 (a)
r 2
=
r rHK= Vmax
r HK
6
a
Vmax = Emax r = 3.00 × 10 0.150 = 450 kV f
(b)
k eQmax
= Emax
RSor k Q e max
= Vmax
UV Q max = =
6
a
Emax r 2 3.00 × 10 0.150 f 2
= 7.51 µC
r2 T r W ke 8.99 × 10 9

ke q k q V
P25.52 V= and E = e2 . Since E = ,
r r r

V 6.00 × 10 5 V
(b) r= = = 0.200 m and
E 3.00 × 10 6 V m

Vr
(a) q= = 13.3 µC
ke
 Chapter 25 67
Additional Problems

a38fa54f 1.60 × 10
j a5.50 +e6.20f × 10 j
−19 2
q q
P25.53 U = qV = k e 1 2 = 8.99 × 10 9
r12
e −15
= 4.04 × 10 −11 J = 253 MeV

P25.54 (a) To make a spark 5 mm long in dry air between flat metal plates requires potential difference

e je
∆V = Ed = 3 × 10 6 V m 5 × 10 −3 m = 1.5 × 10 4 V ~ 10 4 V . j
(b) The area of your skin is perhaps 1.5 m 2 , so model your body as a sphere with this surface
area. Its radius is given by 1.5 m 2 = 4π r 2 , r = 0.35 m . We require that you are at the
potential found in part (a):
ke q Vr 1.5 × 10 4 V 0.35 m aJ f FG IJ FG N ⋅ m IJ
V=
r
q= =
k e 8.99 × 10 9 N ⋅ m 2 C 2 V ⋅ C H KH J K
q = 5.8 × 10 −7 C ~ 10 −6 C .

P25.55 (a) U=
9
e
k e q1 q 2 − 8.99 × 10 1.60 × 10
=
−19
je j 2

= −4.35 × 10 −18 J = −27.2 eV

r 0.052 9 × 10 −9

(b) U= =
e
9
k e q1 q 2 − 8.99 × 10 1.60 × 10
−19
je j 2

= −6.80 eV
r e
2 2 0.052 9 × 10 −9 j
k e q1 q 2 − k e e 2
(c) U= = = 0
r ∞

P25.56 From Example 25.5, the potential created by the ring at the electron’s starting point is

Vi =
k eQ
=
b
k e 2πλa g
x i2 +a 2
xi2 +a 2

while at the center, it is V f = 2π k e λ . From conservation of energy,

b g
0 + − eVi =
1
2
i d
m e v 2f + − eV f

4π ek λ F I
v 2f =
2e
m e
dV −V i=
f i
m
G
GH x + a JJK
1−
a
e
e
2 2
i

4π e1.60 × 10 je8.99 × 10 je1.00 × 10 j F

−19 9 −7 I
v 2f = GG1 − 0.200
JJ
9.11 × 10
H a0.100f + a0.200f
−31 2 2
K
v f = 1.45 × 10 7 m s
68 Electric Potential

*P25.57 The plates create uniform electric field to the right in the picture, with magnitude 0
.
V0 − −V0 b g = 2V
d d
Assume the ball swings a small distance x to the right. It moves to a place where the voltage created
2V
by the plates is lower by − Ex = − 0 x . Its ground connection maintains it at V = 0 by allowing
d
2V x k q 2V xR
charge q to flow from ground onto the ball, where − 0 + e = 0 q= 0 . Then the ball
d R ked
4V02 xR
feels electric force F = qE = to the right. For equilibrium this must be balanced by the
ked 2
4V02 xR
horizontal component of string tension according to T cos θ = mg T sin θ =
ked 2
4V02 xR x k d 2 mg F I 12

tan θ = 2
k e d mg
=
L
for small x. Then V0 = e
4RL GH JK .

If V0 is less than this value, the only equilibrium position of the ball is hanging straight down. If V0
exceeds this value the ball will swing over to one plate or the other.

P25.58 (a) Take the origin at the point where we will find the potential. One ring, of width dx, has
Qdx
charge and, according to Example 25.5, creates potential
h
k eQdx
dV = .
h x2 + R2
The whole stack of rings creates potential

FH IK F a f I
z z
2
d+h d+h d + h + d + h + R2
V= dV =
k eQdx
=
k eQ
ln x + x 2 + R 2 =
k eQ
ln GG JJ .
all charge d h x2 + R2 h d h
H d + d2 + R2 K
Qdx Qdx
(b) A disk of thickness dx has charge and charge-per-area . According to
h π R2h
Example 25.6, it creates potential

dV = 2π k e
Qdx FH x2 + R2 − x . IK
π R2h
Integrating,

z R h FH x + R dx − xdxIK = 2Rk Qh LMN 12 x x + R IK OP

d+h

V=
d+h
2 k eQ 2 2 e 2 2
+
R2 FH
ln x + x 2 + R 2 −
x2
d
2 2
2 2 Q d

kQM
L F d + h + ad + hf + R I OP
2 2
lnG
ad + hf ad + hf + R − d d + R − 2dh − h GH d + d + R JJK PPQ
2
R hM
e 2 2 2 2 2
V= 2
+R
NM
2 2

z
Q
P25.59 W = Vdq
0
ke q
where V = .
R
k eQ 2
Therefore, W = .
2R
 Chapter 25 69
σ 36.0 × 10 −9 C m 2
P25.60 The positive plate by itself creates a field E = = = 2.03 kN C away
e
2 ∈0 2 8.85 × 10 −12 C 2 N ⋅ m 2j
from the + plate. The negative plate by itself creates the same size field and between the plates it is
in the same direction. Together the plates create a uniform field 4.07 kN C in the space between.

(a) Take V = 0 at the negative plate. The potential at the positive plate is then

zb
12.0 cm
V −0=− −4.07 kN C dx . g
0

The potential difference between the plates is V = 4.07 × 10 3 N C 0.120 m = 488 V . e ja f

FG 1 mv + qV IJ = FG 1 mv + qV IJ
2 2
(b)
H2 K H2 i
K f

C ja 488 V f = mv
1
qV = e1.60 × 10 −19 2
f = 7.81 × 10 −17 J
2

(c) v f = 306 km s

(d) d
v 2f = vi2 + 2 a x f − xi i
e3.06 × 10 5
ms j 2
a
= 0 + 2 a 0.120 m f
a = 3.90 × 10 11 m s 2

(e) ∑ F = ma = e1.67 × 10 −27 je j

kg 3.90 × 10 11 m s 2 = 6.51 × 10 −16 N

F 6.51 × 10 −16 N
(f) E= = = 4.07 kN C
q 1.60 × 10 −19 C

z
B
P25.61 (a) VB − VA = − E ⋅ ds and the field at distance r from a uniformly
A
charged rod (where r > radius of charged rod) is
λ 2keλ
E= = .
2π ∈0 r r
In this case, the field between the central wire and the coaxial
cylinder is directed perpendicular to the line of charge so that

FG IJ
z
rb FIG. P25.61
2keλ r
VB − VA = − dr = 2 k e λ ln a ,
ra
r rb H K
or ∆V = 2 k e λ ln
FG r IJ
a
.
Hr Kb

continued on next page

70 Electric Potential

(b) From part (a), when the outer cylinder is considered to be at zero potential, the potential at a
distance r from the axis is

V = 2 k e λ ln
FG r IJ .
a
HrK
The field at r is given by

∂V
= −2 k e λ
r FG IJ FG − r IJ = 2k λ .
a e
E=−
∂r ra H KH r K r
2

∆V
But, from part (a), 2k e λ = .
b ln ra rb g
∆V F 1 I
Therefore, E= GJ
lnbr r g H r Ka b
.

P25.62 (a) From Problem 61,

∆V 1
E= .
b
ln ra rb r g
We require just outside the central wire

5.50 × 10 6 V m =
50.0 × 10 3 V FG 1 IJ
b
ln 0.850 m rb gHr K
b

or e110 m jr lnFGH 0.850r m IJK = 1 .

−1
b
b

We solve by homing in on the required value

a f
rb m 0.0100 0.00100 0.00150 0.00145 0.00143 0.00142

jr lnFGH 0.850r m IJK

4.89 0.740 1.05 1.017 1.005 0.999
e110 m −1
b
b

Thus, to three significant figures,

rb = 1.42 mm .

(b) At ra ,

50.0 kV FG 1 IJ =
E=
b
ln 0.850 m 0.001 42 m g H 0.850 m K 9.20 kV m .

z z
r2 r2
λ
P25.63 V2 − V1 = − E ⋅ dr = − dr
r1 r1
2π ∈0 r

V2 − V1 =
−λ r
ln 2
FG IJ
2π ∈0 r1 H K
 Chapter 25 71
*P25.64 Take the illustration presented with the problem as an initial picture. v v
No external horizontal forces act on the set of four balls, so its center of
1 2
mass stays fixed at the location of the center of the square. As the + +
charged balls 1 and 2 swing out and away from each other, balls 3 and 4 CM
3 4
move up with equal y-components of velocity. The maximum-kinetic- v v
energy point is illustrated. System energy is conserved:
keq2 keq 2 1 1 1 1 FIG. P25.64
= + mv 2 + mv 2 + mv 2 + mv 2
a 3a 2 2 2 2
2k e q 2 keq2
= 2mv 2 v=
3a 3 am

P25.65 For the given charge distribution, b

V x , y, z = g k rbqg + k br−2 qg
e

1
e

where r1 = ax + Rf + y + z and r = x + y + z .
2 2 2
2
2 2 2

The surface on which V b x , y , zg = 0

is given by
F1 2I
k qG − J = 0 , or 2r = r .
Hr r K
e
1 2
1 2

4a x + R f + 4y + 4z = x + y + z
2 2 2 2 2 2
This gives:

2 2 F8 I 2 F4 I
x + y + z + G RJ x + a0fy + a0fz + G R J = 0 . 2
which may be written in the form:
H3 K H3 K [1]

The general equation for a sphere of radius a centered at x 0 , y 0 , z0 is: b g

bx − x g + by − y g + bz − z g − a = 0
0
2
0
2
0
2 2

or x + y + z + b −2 x gx + b −2 y gy + b −2 z gz + e x
2 2 2
0 0 0
2
0 + y 02 + z 02 − a 2 = 0 . j [2]

Comparing equations [1] and [2], it is seen that the equipotential surface for which V = 0 is indeed a
sphere and that:
8 4
−2 x 0 = R ; −2 y 0 = 0 ; −2 z 0 = 0 ; x 02 + y 02 + z 02 − a 2 = R 2 .
3 3

4
R , y 0 = z 0 = 0 , and a 2 =
FG
16 4 2 4 2 IJ
Thus, x 0 = −
3 H
− R = R .
9 3 9 K
FG − 4 R, 0 , 0IJ 2
The equipotential surface is therefore a sphere centered at
H 3 K , having a radius
3
R .
72 Electric Potential

P25.66 (a) From Gauss’s law, E A = 0 (no charge within)

qA
e j e1.00 × 10 j = FG 89.9 IJ V m
= 8.99 × 10 9
−8

EB = k e
r2
r Hr K 2 2

bq + q g = e8.99 × 10 j e−5.00 × 10 j = FG − 45.0 IJ V m

A B 9
−9

EC = k e
r r H r K 2 2

bq A + qB g = e8.99 × 10 j e−5.00 × 10 j = FG − 45.0 IJ V

9
−9

(b) VC = k e
r r H r K
45.0
∴ At r2 , V = − = −150 V
0.300

z
r
89.9 1 1 FG IJ FG −450 + 89.9 IJ V
Inside r2 , VB = −150 V +
r2 r
2
dr = −150 + 89.9 −
r 0.300
=
H K H r K

89.9
∴ At r1 , V = −450 + = +150 V so VA = +150 V .
0.150

P25.67 From Example 25.5, the potential at the center of the ring is
kQ
Vi = e and the potential at an infinite distance from the ring is
R
V f = 0 . Thus, the initial and final potential energies of the point
charge-ring system are:

k eQ 2 FIG. P25.67
U i = QVi =
R
and U f = QV f = 0 .

From conservation of energy,

K f + U f = K i + Ui

1 k Q2
or Mv 2f + 0 = 0 + e
2 R

2 k eQ 2
giving vf = .
MR

L a + L + aa + Lf OP
z = k λ ln LM x + e x j OPQ
2
k λ ln M
a+L
λdx 2 2
a +L
+ b2
P25.68 V = ke
a x2 + b2
e
N +b
a
= e
MMN a + a + b
2 2 PPQ
 Chapter 25 73
keq ke q keq
*P25.69 (a) V=
r1
−
r2
=
r1 r2
r2 − r1 b g
From the figure, for r >> a , r2 − r1 ≅ 2 a cos θ .

ke q k p cos θ
Then V≅ 2 a cos θ ≅ e 2 .
r1 r2 r

∂V 2 k e p cos θ
(b) Er = − =
∂r r3
FIG. P25.69
In spherical coordinates, the θ component of the gradient is
1 ∂ FG IJ
r ∂θ
.
H K
FG IJ
1 ∂V k p sin θ
= e 3
Therefore, Eθ = −
H K
r ∂θ r
.

For r >> a a f 2rk p

E r 0° = e
3

and E a90°f = 0 ,
r

E a0°f = 0
θ

E a90°f =
k p
e
and θ 3
.
r

These results are reasonable for r >> a . Their directions are as shown in Figure 25.13 (c).

af
However, for r → 0 , E 0 → ∞. This is unreasonable, since r is not much greater than a if it
is 0.

k e py
(c) V=
ex 2
+ y2 j 3 2

∂V 3 k e pxy
and Ex = − =
∂x
e
x + y2
2 52
j
Ey = −
2
∂V k e p 2 y − x
=
2
e j
∂y x2 + y2
5 2
e j
74 Electric Potential

P25.70 Inside the sphere, Ex = Ey = Ez = 0 .

∂V ∂
j IK F e −3 2
Outside, Ex = −
∂x
=−
∂x H
V0 − E0 z + E0 a 3 z x 2 + y 2 + z 2

L F 3I
E = − M0 + 0 + E a z G − J e x + y + z j a O
2 x fP = 3E a xze x
3 2 2 2 −5 2 3 2
+ y2 + z2 j −5 2
So
N x
H 2 K Q 0 0

= − F V − E z + E a ze x + y + z j I
∂V ∂ 2 −3 2
∂y H K
3 2 2
E =−
y 0 0 0
∂y
F 3I
E = − E a zG − J e x + y + z j
3
2 y = 3E a yze x + y + z j
2 2 2 −5 2 3 2 2 2 −5 2
y 0
H 2K 0

∂V F 3I
= E − E a zG − J e x + y + z j a 2 zf − E a e x + y + z j
3 2 2 2 −5 2 3 2 2 2 −3 2
E =−
z
∂z H 2K 0 0 0

E = E + E a e 2 z − x − y je x + y + z j
z 0 0
3 2 2 2 2 2 2 −5 2

k e dq
P25.71 For an element of area which is a ring of radius r and width dr, dV = .
r 2 + x2
dq = σdA = Cr 2π rdr and b g
L F I OP
gz
R
r 2 dr
b
V = C 2π k e b gMM
= C π k e R R 2 + x 2 + x 2 ln GH R + x
JK P .
0 r 2 + x2 N R2 + x2 Q
ke q
P25.72 dU = Vdq where the potential V = .
r

The element of charge in a shell is dq = ρ (volume element) or dq = ρ 4π r 2 dr and the charge q in a e j

sphere of radius r is

F 4π r I .
z
r 3
q = 4πρ r 2 dr = ρ
0
GH 3 JK
Substituting this into the expression for dU, we have

FG k q IJ dq = k ρFG 4π r IJ FG 1 IJ ρe4π r dr j = k FG 16π IJ ρ r dr

e
3
2
2
2 4
dU =
HrK H 3 KH r K e
H 3 K e

U = z dU = k G
F 16π I ρ r dr = k F 16π I ρ R
H 3 JK z
2 R 2
e GH 15 JK
2

0
4
e
2 5

4 3 k eQ 2
But the total charge, Q = ρ π R 3 . Therefore, U = .
3 5 R
 Chapter 25 75
*P25.73 (a) The whole charge on the cube is
e 3
ja f
q = 100 × 10 −6 C m3 0.1 m = 10 −7 C . Divide up the cube into
64 or more elements. The little cube labeled a creates at P
ke q
potential . The others in the
64 6.25 + 1.25 2 + 1.25 2 10 −2 m
2

horizontal row behind it contribute

b
keq F 1 1 1 I. d
e
64 10 −2
G
mj H 8.75 2 + 3.125
+
11.25 2 + 3.125
+
13.75 2
J
+ 3.125 K c
a

The little cubes in the rows containing b and c add P

2k e q Le6.25 + 1.25 + 3.75 j + e8.75 + 15.625j
2 −1 2 −1 2

mj MN
2 2 2

e
64 10 −2

+ e11.25 + 15.625j
2
+ e13.75 + 15.625 j
−1 2 OP 2 −1 2 1.25 cm
Q FIG. P25.73
and the bits in row d make potential at P
keq LMe6.25 2
+ 28.125 j −1 2
e
+ … + 13.75 2 + 28.125 j OQP .
−1 2

e
64 10 −2 mj N

8.987 6 × 10 9 Nm 2 × 10 −7 C
The whole potential at P is b1.580 190g4 = 8 876 V . If we use
e
C 2 64 10 −2 m j
more subdivisions of the large cube, we get the same answer to four digits.

(b) A sphere centered at the same point would create potential

k e q 8.987 6 × 10 9 Nm 2 × 10 −7 C
= = 8 988 V , larger by 112 V .
r C2 10 −1 m

ANSWERS TO EVEN PROBLEMS

P25.2 6.41 × 10 −19 C P25.22 (a) 32.2 kV ; (b) −96.5 mJ

P25.4 −0.502 V 5k e q
P25.24 −
R
P25.6 1.67 MN C
P25.26 (a) 10.8 m s and 1.55 m s ; (b) greater
P25.8 (a) 59.0 V ; (b) 4.55 Mm s
P25.28 (a) −45.0 µ J ; (b) 34.6 km s
P25.10 see the solution
P25.30 see the solution
P25.12 40.2 kV

P25.14 0.300 m s P25.32 27.4 fm

P25.34 −3.96 J
P25.16 (a) 0; (b) 0; (c) 45.0 kV

P25.18 (a) −4.83 m ; (b) 0.667 m and −2.00 m keq 2

P25.36 22.8
s
P25.20 (a) −386 nJ ; (b) 103 V
76 Electric Potential
k eQ P25.60 (a) 488 V ; (b) 7.81 × 10 −17 J ; (c) 306 km s ;
P25.38 (a) 0; (b) 2
radially outward
r (d) 390 Gm s 2 toward the negative plate;

P25.40 (a) larger at A; (b) 200 N C down; (e) 6.51 × 10 −16 N toward the negative plate;
(c) see the solution (f) 4.07 kN C toward the negative plate

k eQ P25.62 (a) 1.42 mm ; (b) 9. 20 kV m

P25.42 −0.553
R

L Fk q I 2 12

+ eL 4j − L 2 OP GH 3am JK
e
P25.64
k αL M
2 2
b
P25.44 − ln M
e
P
2
MN b2 + e L 4j + L 2 P
2
Q FG 89.9 IJ V m radially
P25.66 (a) E A = 0 ; E B =
Hr K 2

2π k eσ LM x2 + b 2 − x2 + a2 OP outward; E = G −
F 45.0 IJ V m radially
P25.46
N Q H r K C 2

outward;
1.56 × 10 12 electrons
P25.48
F
(b) V = 150 V ; V = G −450 +
89.9 I
J V;
P25.50 (a) 135 kV ; (b) 2.25 MV m away from the
A
H r K
B

V = G−
F 45.0 IJ V
large sphere and 6.74 MV m away from
the small sphere
C
H r K
L a + L + aa + Lf + b OP 2
k λ ln M
2
P25.52 (a) 13.3 µC ; (b) 0.200 m
P25.68 e
MMN a + a + b PPQ 2 2
4 −6
P25.54 (a) ~ 10 V ; (b) ~ 10 C

P25.56 14.5 Mm s P25.70 e j ;

Ex = 3E0 a 3 xz x 2 + y 2 + z 2
−5 2

E = 3E a yze x + y + z j
3 2 2 2 −5 2
F a f IJ ;
d + h + d + h + R2
2 y 0 ;
P25.58 (a) GG
k eQ
ln
JK E a e2z − x − y j 0
3 2 2 2
h
H d + d 2 + R2 E =E +
z 0
ex + y + z j
outside and
2 2 2 5 2
LMad + hf ad + hf + R − d d + R 2 2 2 2 OP E = 0 inside
kQ M F d + h + a d + hf + R I PP
R h MM−2dh − h + R lnG
e
(b) 2 2
2 2
GH d + d + R
2 JJ P 3 k eQ 2
MN 2 2
K PQ P25.72
5 R