The main schools of Psychology 2:

Cognitive psychology

Basics of Psychology

Jean Piaget
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Gestalt psychology: Gestalt psychology:

principles of perception principles of perception
• The antecedent of Cognitive psychology is
Gestalt psychology.
• Gestalt = Shape.
• How can we perceive the objects?
• Which is the good shape, form.
• Gestalt psychology isn’t a full psychological
school, because it examines only the
perception.
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Gestalt psychology: Principle of perception:

principles of perception Law of Figure backround:
• If you look the picture, what do you see? The
similar signs are one object, and aren’t the
Rubin’s Vase
different ones.
• Or, the nearby signs are one object, and aren’t
the far ones.
• Or, the closed signs are one object, and aren’t
the opens ones.
Consequence:
We can’t learning this principles..
We burn whit this knowledge.
The principle of tabula rasa must be false 5 6

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 Elizabeth II and Prince Philip Multistability: multistable pictures

• young woman
• elderly gamer

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Salvador Dali: 9
Salvador Dali: 10
Slave Market with the Disappearing Bust of Voltaire Paranoiac visage

Salvador Dali: Salvador Dali:

Swans Reflecting Elephants
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Metamorphosis of Narcissus 12

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 The main schools of Psychology 2: The main schools of Psychology 2:
Cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology
Atecedent: Gestalt psychology Cognitive psychology: There are mental
representations inside, beyond the visible
• Tabula rasa must be false behavior. And we can examine it. The human
mind similar a computer.
• Relationship, link between Part • An experiment: a-A, a-b, A-B
and Whole • Köhler monkeys (chimpanzees): Insight learning
• The shape is more than the (opposite to trial-and-error)
• Tolman: rat and maze
summary of parts • Keywords: menthal representations = schema,
• Good shape schemes, memory (remembrance), coding,
storing, recalling, decoding information
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Köhler monkeys: Köhler monkeys:

Insight learning Insight learning
1. Kohler hung a piece of fruit just out of reach
of each chimp.
• Insight learning 2. He then provided the chimps with two
• Suddenly sticks, then waited and watched.
• Whitout preliminary 3. Kohler noticed that after the chimps realized
attempts they could not simply reach or jump up to
• Conversion to an retrieve the fruit, and only one stick not
other similar enough to reach the fruit: they stopped, had
problem a seat.
4. There wasn’t trial-and-error behaviors
Sultan 15 16

Köhler monkeys: Köhler monkeys:

Insight learning
5. After a few moments, suddenly, from one
moment to the next, the chimps stood up
and proceeded to solve the problem.
6. Sultun placed the smaller stick into the
longer stick to create one very long stick that
could be used to knock down the hanging
fruit.
7. The solution goes suddenly, without
preliminary behavior, attempt. 17
Insight learning
8. And after all, the monkey can converse the
solution to an other problem.
9. For example the there are 3 sticks. For
reaching of the fruit, the monkey have to
place the first stick into the second and
second into the third. But before that it have
bite of a little from the ends of the sticks,
because those don’t matched well.
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Consequence of Köhler monkeys:
Insight learning
• This is an consciousness trial-and-error
inside the mind.
• The precondition of this operations is
that representation of sticks, join, fruit
and the full behavior exist in the mind of
monkey.
• There is a shema, a menthal
representation of reality in its mind. 19
Tolman’a experiment (original)
1. A rat was placed in a cross shaped maze and
allowed to explore it.
2. After this initial exploration, the rat was
placed at one arm of the cross and food was
placed at the next arm to the immediate right.
3. The rat was conditioned to this layout and
learned to turn right at the intersection in
order to get to the food.
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Tolman’a experiment
(Other, more simple version)
• There is a maze with 8 arms. The rate is
placed at an arm.
• There are foods in the end of all arms. The
rat goes to all arms and eats the foods.
• There isn’t visible order, strategy. In every
experiments the course, the sequence are
different.
• The rat never makes a mistake:
The rat never goes to same arm twice, double.
And the rat goes to all arms. 23
Tolman
• Cognitive map is a type of mental
representation
E. C. Tolman
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Tolman’a experiment (original)
4. When placed at different arms of the cross
maze however, the rat still went in the correct
direction to obtain the food because of the
initial cognitive map it had created of the
maze.
5. Rather than just deciding to turn right at the
intersection no matter what, the rat was able
to determine the correct way to the food no
matter where in the maze it was placed.
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Conclusion of Tolman’a experiment
This can only happen one way.
• The rat is drawing the map to his
mind, is making the mental
representation of the maze while he
is circuiting, exploring to maze.
• There is a mental map in his mind.
• This is a schema of reality
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Principles of Cognitive psychology Cognitive therapy
• Schema, thinking schema • Aaron T. Beck: Beck Depression Inventory
• The basic of depression is a negative self-
• Menthal representation esteem, lack of self-confident
• Insight learning • Negative automatic thoughts
• Are not tabula rasa • Anorexia nervosa

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Anorexia nervosa Cognitive therapy of anorexia −

• False, wrong body image, body schema wrong body shcema
Characterized by:
• a low weight, and they see themselves as
overweight
• fear of gaining weight, a strong desire to
be thin
• often stop having menstrual periods
• Feeling out of the control:
– Eating − food restriction Sissi, Elisabeth of Austria, Lady Diana Mona Lisa
– Moving − excessive exercising 27
Wife of Emperor Franz Joseph I By Frenando Botero: 28

Cognitive therapy of anorexia − Anorexia for man −

wrong shcema, wrong beliefs Invers anorexia
1 • Muscle
• Choose your present shape dysmorphia
• Choose your desirable shape, you want to • fear of being
achieve it too small
• Which is the perfect, desirable shape for a man
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• List your friends
• Evaluate from 1 to 5 their life: successful
relationships, happiness, success with men
• Evaluate their weight, shape 29 30

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 Automatic Negative Thoughts Questions
• Situation • What are the principles of cognitive
• Feelings psychology?
• Automatic thoughts • Which experiment demonstrates the
• Alternative thought principles of cognitive psychology?
• Score

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