Basics of Psychology
2015/2016 first semester
Psychosexual development  Freud
1. Oral stage (Birth–1 year)
2. Anal stage (1–3 year)
3. Phallic stage (3– 6 year)
4. Latent stage (6–puberty)
5. Genital stage (Puberty–death)
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Cognitive development theory
Jean Piaget
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DEVELOPMENT PSYCHOLOGY
Psychosocial development - Erik Erikson
Erikson’s stages Sub-stages of the fifth stage
1 Basic trust vs. Basic mistrust (0-1 year) the world is inconsistent and
Virtue: hope
unpredictable
2 Autonomy vs. Shame (1-3 years) effecacy vs. ineffecacy
Virtue: will, self-controll (over the emotions)
3 Purpose, Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years) role-experiment vs. role-fixation
Virtue: purposes, goals
4 Competence, Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years)
Virtue: competence
get the hang of work vs. inability
to work
5 Fidelity, Identity vs. Role Confusion
(12-18 years: Adolescent)
Virtue: fidelity, loyality
6 Intimacy vs. Isolation (18-35 years) sexual polarization vs. bisexual
Virtue: love
confusion
7 Generativity vs. Stagnation (35-64 years) ability to guidence and guided vs.
Virtue: care, constructivity authority conflict
8 Ego integrity vs. Despair (from 65 years) ideological loyalty vs. value-
Virtue: wisdom confusion 4
Piaget’s theory of cognitive
development
• Integration of the old and new experiencies,
knowlegdes
The basic of integration, adaptation is the schema.
These are 2 forms of integration, adaptation
• Assimilation
new experiences are reinterpreted to fit into, or assimilate
with, old idea
• Accommodation
• the existing schema (knowledge) does not work, and needs
to be changed to deal with a new object or situation
• the process of taking new information in one's environment
and altering pre-existing schemas in order to fit in the new6
information
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 Stages of Piaget’s theory of 1 Sensorimotor stage
cognitive development (Birth-2 years)
• Relation between perception and motion
1. Sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years) • Object permanence, the menthal
2. Pre-operational stage (2-7 years) representation of objects is formed

3. Concrete operational stage (8-11 years)

4. Formal operational stage (12 years-)

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1 Sensorimotor stage Object permanence

(Birth-2 years)
Sensory and motorial functions
Child can move meanwhile he sensors, detects,
perceives the environment. The relation is
formed. I see the object, I touch it, and I perceive
that the object is there.
The schema of the environment is formed.
9 hidden.
• Objects continue to exist even though he or she
cannot be seen or heard.
• I hide a candy behind the pillow. Before 1 month, child
don’t search more. If he can’t see the candy, he candy
don’t exist.
• 2-3 months child knows yet that the candy is behind
the pillow. But if you hide the candy behind the pillow
and after you get the candy and hide this candy
behind an other pillow, child search it behind the first
pillow.
• If you play hide-and seek with a 1 year younger child,
he hide his head behind the pillow and says: I am
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2 Pre-operatinal stage Three-mountains task

(2-7 years)
• Object permanence is work
• Objects than symbols
• Conservation principle isn’t work yet (plasticine,
disks)
• Egocentrism: Decentration isn’t work yet (three-
mountain problem)
• classification
• Animizm (the objects has spirit)

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 Three-mountains task 3 Concrete operational stage
• Method: The child sits at a table, presented in front are three (7-11 years)
mountains. The mountains were different, with snow on top of
one, a hut on another and a red cross on top of the other. The • Operations with concrate objects
child was allowed to walk round the model, to look at it, then sit
down at one side. A doll is then placed at various positions of • He or she can decentrate
the table.
• He or she understands the conservation
• The child is then shown 10 photographs of the mountains taken
from different positions, and asked to indicate which showed
the dolls view. Piaget assumed that if the child correctly picked
out the card showing the doll's view, s/he was not egocentric.
Egocentrism would be shown by the child who picked out the
card showing the view s/he saw.
• Findings - Four year-olds almost always chose a picture that
represented what they could see and showed no awareness
that the doll’s view would be different from this 13 14

4 Formal operational stage Questions

(11 years-) • Show Piaget’s development theory! What
are the stages in this theory?
• Systematic experiments
• Whose concept is Object permanence and
• He or she can work with abstract concepts
what does it means?
• politics, moral
• Whose concept is three-mountain problem
and what does it means?

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