UNIT-I

Management skills
Introduction: The technical and job related skills are must, for employees in industries but they are not
sufficient when it comes to find a job or progressing up the leader with traditional type of leadership
becoming out of fashion professional managers except either employees to have something extra which
we call today as soft skills.

Some define soft skills as those that are ―difficult to measure‖ and others define soft skills as ―skills which
characterize relationships with other people, or which are about how you approach life and work.‖ There
is however, one common set of skills missing in most soft skills definition. Most focus soft skills
on people skills – how effective we are in working with others. This is absolutely important. However,
what you must also master to accelerate success are self-management skills. These are skills that help you
manage your relationship with yourself – your inner dialogue. These soft skills includes

 Interpersonal skills
 Team working.
 Negotiation skills.
 Communication skills
 Time Management skills.
 Stress Management skills.

1. Interpersonal relationship skills – Effective at building trust, finding common ground, having
emotional empathy, and ultimately building good relationships with people at work and in your
network. Also referred as you social skills, this skill is closely related to Communication Skills. It
doesn‘t matter how smart you are, you must have social graces in order to get far in your career.
As Maya Angelou said ―I have learned people will forget what you said. People will forget what
you did, but people will never forget how you make them feel.‖
2. Teamwork skills – Being able to work effectively with anyone with different skill sets,
personalities, work styles, or motivation level to achieve a better team result.
3. Negotiation skills- Being able to understand the other side‘s motivations and leverage and reach a
win-win resolution that you find favorably, satisfies both sides, and maintains relationships for
future interactions.
4. Communication skills – Being able to actively listen to others and articulate your ideas in writing
and verbally to any audience in a way where you are heard and you achieve the goals you intended
with that communication. This also includes languages skills if the spoken language at work is
your second language.

5. Time Management skills- is the process of planning and exercising conscious control over the
amount of time spent on specific activities, especially to
increase effectiveness, efficiency or productivity. It is a juggling act of various demands of study,
social life, employment, family, and personal interests and commitments with the finiteness of time.
Using time effectively gives the person "choice" on spending/ managing activities at their own time
and expediency.

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 6. Stress Management skills- stress management is a wide spectrum of techniques
and psychotherapies aimed at controlling a person's level of stress, especially chronic stress,
usually for the purpose of improving everyday functioning. In this context, the term 'stress' refers
only to a stress with significant negative consequences, or distress in the terminology advocated
by Hans Selye, rather than what he calls Eustress, a stress whose consequences are helpful or
otherwise.
Stress produces numerous physical and mental symptoms which vary according to each
individual's situational factors. These can include physical health decline as well as depression.
The process of stress management is named as one of the keys to a happy and successful life in
modern society. Although life provides numerous demands that can prove difficult to handle, stress
management provides a number of ways to manage anxiety and maintain overall well-being.
Interpersonal skills:
One definition of interpersonal skills means that set of abilities that enable a person to
interact positively and work effectively with other people. Or, another definition is the ability
to communicate or interact well with other people. Now that we know the definition, what do these
definitions really tell us?
Importance of knowing yourself: knowing yourself is a lifelong learning process to know oneself is to
know one‘s true identity; your personalities are made up of many facets that you pick up and reflect from
your experiences. How you manage your life, guide others, take change, perform and behave in
relationships really depends how effectively you use your strengths and identify your weaknesses which
you will discover when you truly know yourself. Corporate life has become complex, you need to work
with people of different religion, region, language and culture. Therefore to understand others first you
need to understand yourself. It is impossible to understand others unless a pension understands him/her.
If you know yourself you will be able know your strength and weakness. Subsequently you will be able to
remove your weak portion.
Importance:
 It helps to control emotions.
 It helps to reach your goal.
 It helps to reach better decisions.
 It helps to improve relationships.
 It helps to realize and improve your full potential
 It helps to experience happiness and joy.
 It helps to lead our life in better way.
 It helps to improve our personality.
 It helps to become more competent and accepted by others.
 It helps to change our attitudes and improve our value.

Process of knowing yourself:

Maintaining personal diary: Find 5 to 10 minutes every day and choose a comfortable place to write,
write about how you feel, what bothers you, what excites you and establish connection between you and
yourself. It helps in learning what you are, your likes and dislikes, your passions and what to want to be in
life.
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Meditation:
Meditation is an effective way to understand the world and yourself. By exploring the here-and now of
yourselves you can explore the world. Unless you investigate the world within, you can never know
reality – you will only know your beliefs about it, or your intellectual conceptions of it. By observing
yourselves, however, you can come to KNOW REALITY directly and can learn to deal with it in
a → POSITIVE, → CREATIVE way.

Exercise Regularly: Exercise is a kind of meditation; it helps you in different way physically and
mentally.
Walk regularly: If exercise is not possible, opt for walking because walking is a moving meditation.
Riding and driving: This may look a bit odd here but driving proves to be a good process particularly
when you find it hard to locate a quite place and listen the music.
Develop hobbies: Identify the hobbies of your early days. Try to do things that you used to do those
days. It will give you a chance to identify your passion with in you. Hobbies help you to find some time
to relax.
Go for outings: practice a habit of going out for sightseeing particularly when down with something in
life. A day spent in the park, a theater, and coffeehouse, etc help you lot.
Develop new interest: Allow yourself to think something different and new, such thinking may take to
sky high in the ladder of your personal and professional life investigate and research things you find
interesting.
SWOT Analysis and its Benefits:
SWOT Analysis:
SWOT is an short form of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. By definition,
Strengths (S) and Weaknesses (W) are considered to be internal factors over which you have some
measure of control. Also, by definition, Opportunities (O) and Threats (T) are considered to be external
factors over which you have essentially no control.
SWOT Analysis is the most renowned tool for analysis of the Strengths (S), Weaknesses (W)
Opportunities (O) and Threats (T) you face. This helps you to focus on your strengths minimize
weaknesses and take greatest possible advantages of opportunities available.
In other words, it is particularly powerful that it can help you uncover opportunities that you can take
advantages of and by understanding your weaknesses, you can manage and eliminate threats that would
otherwise put you in difficulties.

Benefits of SWOT Analysis:

a. It is a source of information for strategic planning.
b. Builds individual or organization‘s strengths.
c. Reverse its weaknesses.
d. Maximize its response to opportunities.
e. Overcome threats.
f. It helps in identifying core competencies.

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 g. It helps in setting of objectives for strategic planning.
h. It helps in knowing past, present and future so that by using past and current data, future plans can
be chalked out.
i. Less expensive- SWOT analysis can be done internally provided the internal facilitator has the
experience to manage.

Usage of SWOT analysis:

SWOT Analysis is instrumental in strategy formulation and selection. It is a strong tool, but it involves a
great subjective element. It is best when used as a guide, and not as a prescription. Successful businesses
build on their strengths, correct their weakness and protect against internal weaknesses and external
threats. They also keep a watch on their overall business environment and recognize and exploit new
opportunities faster than its competitors.

Perception and how to improve perception:

SWOT analysis is typically created in grid form with the strength and opportunity listed on the left, and
weaknesses and threats on the right. SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. It
is a thought exercise for you to use in evaluating your small business. You move through the four
categories and list your perceptions for each one.

Strengths:
Strengths are internal qualities or areas in which your business excels, usually relative to your competitors.
Consider the advantages that your company has over your competitors, something that your company does
better than any other company, or what makes your company unique. Ask your customers what your
strengths are to help you discover them or to confirm what you believe they are. Strengths might include
offering the highest-quality product, always having the lowest price, providing an outstanding customer
experience or having expertise that no other company has.
 What do you do well?
 What unique source can you draw on?
 What do others see as your strength?

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Weaknesses:
Weaknesses are the opposite of strengths. They are areas in which your company could improve. One
source of weaknesses might be strengths of your competitors. Another should be customer satisfaction
surveys or conversations with customers about what your company could do even better. Weaknesses
might include a low market presence or reputation, reliance on a few key employees, a lack of experience
among staff or low cash reserves that make it difficult to make investments.
 What could you improve?
 Where do you have fewer resources than other?
 What are others likely to see as weakness?

Opportunities:
Opportunities are areas in which your company might excel if you focused more effort or dedicated more
resources to them. Some opportunities might come from examining your strengths and identifying ways to
better leverage them or from identifying a competitor's weaknesses and finding ways to better exploit
them. Opportunities might include new products or services, new markets or a different type of customer
than you currently have.
 What good opportunities are open to you?
 What trend could you take advantages?

Threats:
Threats are external forces or industry trends that could threaten the continued success of your business. A
threat might be government legislation that could impact your business, a merger between two large
competitors or an industry trend toward newer technology that you don't currently offer. Company leaders
should assess the risk of each threat and develop a plan to combat or overcome those that are high risk.
 What trend could harm you?
 What is your computation doing?

Things to Remember:
 Knowing others is intelligence
 Knowing yourself is wisdom
 Mastering others is strength
 Mastering yourself is power
 No one can give a better advice than yourself
 He who respects himself is safe from other:
 He wear coat that none can price.
 Men and women are not the prisoners of fate, but only prisoners of their own mind.

Communication- communication is general phenomenon, whenever life exists, the communication does
exists and we know that the revolutionary changes that taking place in corporate world is due to this
communication and it is becoming an important tool in the management analysis.
In the present day world of mass production, involving large number of personnel, communication is the
vital need at every step in industrial and commercial activities.

Definition of communication- Communication is the process of transfer of information from sender to

receiver with the information being understood by receiver.

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Communication is the giving and receiving of messages, facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two are
more persons.

Communication is the transfer of information from one or more people to one or more other people.

The imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium is called
communication.

Special features of communication- special features of communications are: communication is

 a social process
 Two - way traffic
 a Universal
 Unavoidable
 a continuous process

Describe Communication process-

Communication can best be summarized as the transmission of a message from a sender to a receiver in an
understandable manner. The importance of effective communication is immeasurable in the world of
business and in personal life. From a business perspective, effective communication is an absolute must,
because it commonly accounts for the difference between success and failure or profit and loss. It has
become clear that effective business communication is critical to the successful operation of modern
enterprise. Every business person needs to understand the fundamentals of effective communication.

Sender:
Communication process begins with the sender, who is wishing to send a message to the receiver.
Transmission:

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The information that the sender wants to communicate is transmitted over a channel through which the
message travels to the receiver. A channel connects the sender to the receiver. Channels for
communication may include a memorandum, a computer, a telephone, a telegram, or a television.
Noise:
Noise is anything that has a disturbing influence on the message. Since noise hinders communication, the
sender should choose a channel that is free from noise. Noise may occur at the sender‘s end, during
transmission, or at the receiver‘s end.
Examples of noise include:
 Ambiguous symbols that lead to faulty encoding
 A poor telephone connection
 An inattentive receiver
 Faulty decoding (attaching the wrong meaning to the message)
 Prejudices obstructing the poor understanding of a message
 Gestures and postures that may distort the message
Receiver:
The receiver is the person to whom the message is transmitted. In order to decode the message, the
receiver has to be ready to receive the message. That is the receiver should not be preoccupied with other
thoughts that might cause him to pay insufficient attention to the message. Decoding refers to the process
of translation of symbols encoded by the sender into ideas that can be understood.
Feedback:
A message generated by the receiver in response to the sender‘s original message is known as feedback.
Feedback is necessary to ensure that the message has been effectively encoded, transmitted, decoded and
understood.
Channels of communication- A communication channel are the means of transmitting the message from
sender to receiver. The following are common types of communication channel
 Meetings - Meetings including teleconferences and video conferences.
 Conversations - Telephone calls and in-person conversations like mobile.
 Events - Public speaking and networking at events.
 Documentation - Information that is documented with limited distribution such as an internal
memorandum.
 Publications - Information that is published with wide distribution such as books, research papers,
blogs, newspapers and magazines.
 Messages - Point-to-point information exchanges between people and groups such as email.
 Graphics - Graphics such as posters billboards and signs.
 Audio - Audio such as radio and etc.
 Video - Video such as film, television and streaming video.
 Social Media & Digital Communities - Digital tools for communicating, sharing and producing
content.
 Application Software - Software with user interfaces such as a sales automation platform or
mobile app.
 Games - Games and virtual environments.
 Data- Reports, dashboards and analytics tools.
 Advertising - Services that allow you to deliver messages where they are likely to be noticed by
your target audience.

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Formal and informal communication-
Formal communication network- It is the network designed by the management to dictate who should
talk to whom to get job done. The process of sharing official information with others who need to know it
according to the prescribed patterns. It is created to regulate the flow of communication as to avoid any
confusion and make it more orderly, timely and smooth.
Informal communication- It is not intentionally formed network by management. It arises to meet the
needs spontaneously that are not satisfied by formal process. Infact this is the network formed by the
workers without the knowledge of the management. Canteen, play ground, cinema hall, evening meetings,
morning jogging, place where the workers meet informally and build the informal relationship by
communicating with each other without considering their branch, post, position, etc. it is also called as
grapevine communication.
People communicate through symbols, signs, behaviors, signals, speech, words, listening, silence, eye
contact, head movement, postures, mannerism etc.
Importance of
List the importance of communication: The communication has got many importances in the present
bushiness scenario and some importances of communications are listed below:
1. It improves the employees and employer relationship.
2. It motivates the employees.
3. It increases the employee morale
4. It increases the productivity.
5. It increases the efficiency.
6. It satisfies the stakeholders.
7. It helps in effective planning, organizing, staffing leading and controlling.
8. It increases the sales.
For individuals: It helps in
 Expressing oneself.
 Satisfying one‘s needs.
 Building human relations.
 Career advancement.
Barriers to communication and explain how to overcome the barriers-
Most people would agree that communication between two individuals should be simple. It‘s important to
remember that there are differences between talking and communicating. When you communicate, you are
successful in getting your point across to the person you‘re talking to. When we talk, we tend to erect
barriers that hinder our ability to communicate. There are seven of these types of barriers to effective
communication.
Physical barriers are easy to spot – doors that are closed, walls that are erected, and distance between
people all work against the goal of effective communication. While most agree that people need their own
personal areas in the workplace, setting up an office to remove physical barriers is the first step towards
opening communication.
Perceptual barriers, it depends up on how our thoughts, assumptions and perceptions shape our own
realities about a person, people, thing, job etc.
Emotional barriers: the communication should be free and open and it should not be influenced by
emotions like fear, mistrust and suspicion.

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Cultural barriers are a result of living in an ever shrinking world. Different cultures, whether they be a
societal culture of a race or simply the work culture of a company, can hinder developed communication,
if two different cultures clash. In these cases, it is important to find a common ground to work from.
Language barriers To improve our personality, we need to learn the different languages, so as to work
with different people in the universal market.
Gender barriers we have to work on a common platform and both men and women are treated equal in
the present market scenario.
Interpersonal barriers: these are due to less contact with people, Rituals, working activities; honesty,
etc. lead to maintain the distance themselves from others.

In short the barriers of communications are:

Semantic:
 Unknown language
 Unknown word
 Unknown symbols
 Unknown signs
 Unknown pronunciation.
Physical:
 Noise
 Improper time
 Distance
 Inadequacy
 Overload
Organizational:
 Organization rules
 Organizational culture
 Hierarchy
 Poor timing
 Poor choice of channel.
Barriers on the part of sender:
 Faulty planning
 Vague presumption
 Emotions
 Deliberate filtering
 Status ego
Barriers on the part of receiver:
 Destructions
 Poor listening
 Instant interruption
 Emotions
 Filtering
Barriers on the part of organizations:
 Insufficient time
 Hierarchy
 Organization rule
 Organization culture

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  Poor choice of channel
List and Explain Types of effective communication:
Communication involves the imparting or interchanging thoughts, opinions, or information among people
by speech, writing, or signs. People communicate in different ways. How effective is your communication
style? Are you giving away thoughts you don't mean to? The three types of communications are
1. Verbal - Verbal communication entails the use of words in delivering the intended message. The two
major forms of verbal communication include written and oral communication.
A. Written communication includes traditional pen and paper letters and documents, typed electronic
documents, e-mails, text chats, SMS and anything else conveyed through written symbols such as
language. This type of communication is indispensable for formal business communications and issuing
legal instructions.
Communication forms that predominantly use written communication include handbooks, brochures,
contracts, memos, press releases, formal business proposals, and the like. The effectiveness of written
communication depends on the writing style, grammar, vocabulary, and clarity
Oral communication The other form of verbal communication is the spoken word, either face-to-face or
through phone, voice chat, video conferencing or any other medium. Various forms of informal
communications such as the grapevine or informal rumor mill, and formal communications such as
lectures, conferences are forms of oral communication. Oral communication finds use in discussions and
causal and informal conversations. The effectiveness of oral conversations depends on the clarity of
speech, voice modulation, pitch, volume, speed, and even non-verbal communications such as body
language and visual cues.
Verbal communication makes the process of conveying thoughts easier and faster, and it remains the most
successful form of communication. Yet, this makes up only seven percent of all human communication!

2. Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal communication entails communicating by sending and receiving wordless messages. These
messages usually reinforce verbal communication, but they can also convey thoughts and feelings on their
own.
Physical nonverbal communication, or body language, includes facial expressions, eye contact, body
posture, gestures such as a wave, pointed finger and the like, overall body movements, tone of voice,
touch, and others.
Facial expressions are the most common among all nonverbal communication. For instance, a smile or a
frown conveys distinct emotions hard to express through verbal communication. Research estimates that
body language, including facial expressions, account for 55 percent of all communication.

Paralanguage:
The way something is said, rather than what is actually said, is an important component of nonverbal
communication. This includes voice quality, intonation, pitch, stress, emotion, tone, and style of speaking,
and communicates approval, interest or the lack of it. Research estimates that tone of the voice accounts
for 38 percent of all communications.
Other forms of nonverbal communication usually communicate one’s personality. These include:
 Aesthetic communication or creative expressions such as dancing, painting, and the like.
 Appearance or the style of dressing and grooming, which communicates one‘s personality.
 Space language such as paintings and landscapes communicate social status and taste.

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 Symbols such as religious, status, or ego-building symbols.
3. Visual Communication
A third type of communication is visual communication through visual aids such as signs, typography,
drawing, graphic design, illustration, color and other electronic resources.
Visual communication with graphs and charts usually reinforces written communication, and can in many
case replace written communication altogether. As the adage goes ―a picture is worth a thousand words,"
such visual communication is more powerful than verbal and nonverbal communication on many
occasions. Technological developments have made expressing visual communications much easier than
before.
A good understanding of the different types of communication and communication styles can help you
know and deal with people better, clear up misunderstandings and misconceptions, and contribute to the
success of the enterprise.

Tips for effective communications:

Tips for effective communications are:
1. Know yourself: A good communicator knows what he/she Is talking about or writing about.
2. Be focused: should be clear, crisp and to the point.
3. Brevity is the soul of wit: say what you want to say in short, straight and simple sentence.
4. Know your audience: know the audience to whom you are talking and accordingly you have to
change style and adopt the content.
5. Influence your words an earthiness that will appeal to a wider audience.
6. A good communicator never forgets the need to create right ambience.
7. Be positive be in yourself.
8. Bring alive and exploit the magic in words.
9. Bridge the gap between yourself and your audience.
10. Keep in mind the seven C‘s:
 Candid: be straight forward, free and frank.
 Clear: have clarity both in words and thought
 Complete: avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation.
 Concise and concrete: keep it short and sweet.
 Correct: should be accurate in all respect.
 Courteous: manners make a men, be in right frame of mind

Team building
Introduction- Today‘s world is driven by innovation leading to constant change and success of an
origination depends on its team. Therefore it has become mandatory to train the employees in all
directions of management. Team building is one of the crucial area in which employees are to be trained.

Meaning of team: A team is a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a
common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they are mutually accountable."
A team can also be defined as one which generates positive synergy through co-ordinate effort and their individual
efforts result in a performance which is greater than the sum of the individuals input.
 A team is a group of people working towards a common objective.

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  Teamwork is the concept of people working together co-operatively.

Describe Team building is a collective term for various types of activities used to enhance social
relations and define roles within teams, often involving collaborative tasks. It is distinct from team
training, which is designed by a combine of business managers, learning and development/OD (Internal or
external) and an HR Business Partner (if the role exists) to improve the efficiency, rather than
interpersonal relations.
Many team-building exercises aim to expose and address interpersonal problems within the group.
Over time, these activities are intended to improve performance in a team-based environment. Team
building is one of the foundations of organizational development that can be applied to groups such as
sports teams, school classes, military units or flight crews. The formal definition of team-building
includes:
 aligning around goals
 building effective working relationships
 reducing team members' role ambiguity
 finding solutions to team problems
Team building is one of the most widely used group-development activities in organizations.
Of all organizational activities, one study found team-development to have the strongest effect (versus
financial measures) for improving organizational performance. A 2008 meta-analysis found that team-
development activities, including team building and team training, improve both a team's objective
performance and that team's subjective supervisory ratings.
List and Explain aspects of team building
Different types of team building are
Team Identity
Team goal
Team structure
Team motivation
Team identity –it is important that, everybody wants to be a part of the team. People identify themselves
with the social teams. Therefore
 Organize the trip, training weekends, etc
 A unique name for your team
 A special kit, logo etc.
 Remember your players and the history of the team.
 Install some pride in what.

Team goals - This emphasizes the importance of clear objectives and individual and team goals. Team
members become involved in action planning to identify ways to define success and failure and achieve
goals. This is intended to strengthen motivation and foster a sense of ownership. By identifying specific
outcomes and tests of incremental success, teams can measure their progress. Many organizations
negotiate a team charter with the team and (union leaders).
Team stricture - A team structure, in a business setting, involves groups of people who form teams that
work toward a common goal of the overall structure. A leader must be selected in order to interact with
others, such as managers, supervisors, etc. firstly is role celerity, every player knows what to do in every

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situation, second is the acceptance of the role. Each player should feel comfortable in the position he is
playing. Last is the performance of the player in the role.
Team motivation - Try these 9 powerful ways to keep the members of your team motivated and giving
their very best on the job.
1. Pay your people what they are worth
2. Provide them with a pleasant place to work
3. Offer opportunities for self-development
4. Foster collaboration within the team
5. Encourage happiness.
6. Don't punish failure.
7. Set clear goals.
8. Don't micromanage.
9. Avoid useless meetings

List and Explain skill needed for team

Besides technical proficiency you need to have a wide variety of social skills desired for successful team
work.

Communication:
being a good team member means being able to clearly communicate your ideas with the group. You must
be able to convey information via phone, email, and in person. You want to make sure your tone is always
professional but friendly. Both verbal and nonverbal communication are important when working with a
group in person.

Conflict Management
An important teamwork skill is being able to mediate problems between team members. You need to be
able to negotiate with your team members to settle disputes, and make sure everyone is happy with the
team‘s choices.

Listening:
another important part of communication is listening well. You need to listen to the ideas and concerns of
your peers in order to be an effective team member. By asking questions for clarification, demonstrating
concern, and using nonverbal cause, you can show your team members that you care and understand them.

Reliable:
you want to be a reliable team member so that your coworkers can trust you. Make sure you stick to
deadlines, and complete any tasks you are assigned. This will help you gain your colleagues‘ trust.

Respectful:
People will be more open to communicating with you if you convey respect for them and their ideas.
Simple actions like using a person's name, making eye contact, and actively listening when a person
speaks will make the person feel appreciated.

Helping-It is core principle in the team.

Sharing- sharing creates a conducive environment for the team to work.

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Participating – It makes the work easier and simple.

Questioning – it is important to ask questions, interact and discuss the objectives of the team.

Describe a model of team building.

According to Fred Luthan’s the team building process can be explained as follows. The team building
begins with the understanding that work group requires time and training before they develop into
productive and cohesive units.
A team building producer with training approach is given below:
1. Establish the credibility: First establish the knowledge and believability of team members
2. Allow ventilation: the member must have their anxieties and unresolved issue, should be cleared
before starting.
3. Provide an orientation: Giving verbal specific directions and provide clear expectations and
models of behaviors.
4. Invest in the process: Set the team to identify its problem and concerns as early as possible.
5. Set group goal: Create environment to set the mission statement, then set the goals, specific
activities and behaviors to accomplish these goals.
6. Facilitate the group process: Members are taught about how groups function with different
techniques.
7. Establish intergroup procedures: This involves setting up a meeting format, which includes
reporting minutes, announcements, discussing problems and issues, proposing solutions, taking
actions and giving new works.
8. Change the role of members: Often the role of the members is changed to get more experience of
different positions during team work.
9. Final position: At this position, the team is on its own and is self managing.

Case study:
Unique NGO was founded 10 years ago as a community-based organization. It enjoys a good reputation
with both the community it serves as well as with its donors. Most of the staff have been with Unique for
at least 5 years and feel a strong commitment to the organization.
This year, Unique founder announced that he would retire. A new executive director was named and has
just joined the organization. The handoff was done carefully with a lot of planning. There was a reception
to introduce the new executive director to the community and the donors. It has been thought of as a time
of renewal for the organization and there is a lot of excitement about the future.
Discussion Questions
1. In what stage of development is this team?
2. What characteristics of effective teams are either present or missing?
3. What would be the team‘s next goal for team development?
4. If you were the new executive director, what would you do? What task/support functions would be
appropriate?
5. If you were a staff member, what actions could you take to best support the organization?

List and explain role of team members

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Role of team members
The members of the team should play the following role
1. Care about each other-to have effective team efforts
2. Open and truthful-to stop forward and to get good result
3. Maintain the high levels of trust.
4. Consensus decisions.
5. Committed to have excellence for getting results they desired
6. Maintaining the low level of conflict.
7. Real listing- to have effective communication
8. Express feelings-to keep emotions and feelings out of the workplace.

Project Team Member’s Responsibilities

The responsibilities assigned to individual team members may vary but typically will include:
 understanding the purpose and objectives of the project
 ensuring a correct balance between project and non-project work
 working to timescales and within cost constraints
 reporting progress against plan
 producing the deliverables/products to agreed specifications
 reviewing key project deliverables/products
 identifying issues
 identifying risks associated with the project
 working together as a team
 contributing towards successful communication
 contributing towards positive motivation

Nine Types of Team Roles

Shaper Role
In a team, the shaper role is performed by people who are dynamic and relish challenges. Rather than quit
when faced with challenges, shapers maintain a positive mental attitude and strive to find the best ways to
overcome challenges facing the team. Shapers are extroverts and possess great interpersonal
communication skills and work toward motivating other team members.
Implementer Role
People who play the implementer role in a team are those who actually get things done in the team. They
are practical, efficient and well-organized. Implementers turn the team's ideas and thoughts into actual
plans. Because of their conservative nature, implementers are rather rigid and slow to accept change in a
team.
Completer/ Finisher Role
Finishers have an eye for detail. In a team, they're regarded as perfectionists because they're the ones who
detect errors or omissions and strive to ensure that the team adheres to deadlines. They're neat and self-
conscious and worry at the slightest sign of a problem. Finishers also have a problem with delegation; they
would rather be overwhelmed than share their work with others.
Coordinator Role
Coordinators are seen as possessing the traditional team role. They're mature and confident in nature and
possess great listening skill. They guide the activities of the team to what they identify to be the team's
obligations. Coordinators are good at delegating duties, but they may be manipulative when it comes to
directing the team toward what they perceive to be its goals.

15
Team worker Role
Team workers are the people who ensure the team remains united. They work toward resolving conflict or
issues affecting the team's dynamics. Team workers are very supportive of other team members and are
thus popular within the team. Team workers are known to be non-committal during decision making
because they don't want to be seen as taking sides: they put team cohesion ahead of their decision-making
abilities.
Resource Investigator Role
Resource investigators are inquisitive and enthusiastic in nature and possess great negotiating and
networking skills. They are extroverts, which makes it easy for others to relate to them. Through their
networking skills, resource investigators develop external contacts and negotiate for the team's resources.
They are quick thinkers and good at getting information from other people.
Monitor-Evaluator Role
These are the critical thinkers in a team. They're serious minded and cautious in nature. Rather than rush
into decision making, they prefer to critically analyze information before making any conclusions.
Monitor-evaluators lack the energy to motivate other team members and are deemed to be slow in
decision making.
Specialist Role
Workers with expert knowledge in a particular area comprise the specialist role. Their contribution to the
team is limited only to their area of expertise. Their priority is in maintaining their professional standards.
Though they show great pride in their area of expertise, they show little or no interest in the expertise of
others. Because of their expert knowledge, they're indispensable members of a team.
Plants Role
Plants are innovative members of the team. They come up with original approaches and ideas that help the
team in solving problems or overcoming challenges. Plants are introverts in nature and possess poor
communication skills. Plants prefer to work alone. They react well to praise but are greatly affected by
negative criticism.

Characteristics of Effective Teams

1. Clear vision or purpose– A vision is a clear, concise statement of purpose that engenders involvement and
commitment. A vision provides a pulling force that can impel a team toward a new realization of its possibilities. A
vision appeals to people‘s motivations and captures their imaginations.

2. Shared commitment– If each member is motivated to work for the vision, each works to his/her full potential to
see that the group achieves success. In so doing, the work becomes its own reward.

3. Clear roles and responsibilities– Each team member knows what s/he is to do and knows the roles of other
members and how they all interact to form the whole.

4. Trust– With clear commitment and roles, each person knows that s/he can rely on the others. With high trust,
members are more willing to face challenges and support one another through ups and downs.

5. Mutual accountability– The collective responsibility of the team toward generating results and achieving
success, in addition to the individual obligations in specific roles. This creates a supportive environment within the
team, and the performance of the team improves in the presence of this type of mutual support and cohesion.

6. Celebrate individual and team success— Keep the whole in view, and work to support each other. Team
success is valued in theory and in practice.
7. Concern for group tasks and process– Team members are skilled at raising both specific task issues and issues

16
that explore how the team itself is functioning. These distinct perspectives are usually raised at different times by
different team members--not everybody pays attention to both functions at all times, but both functions are always
present.
8. Address challenges with creativity– The team strives to maintain a sense of openness and to solve problems
creatively.
9. Inclusive decision making– Effective teams allow an appropriate level of group participation in decision
making--not too much so decisions are agonizingly slow, and not too little to result in insufficient team input and
commitment to agreements.
10. Regular communication and feedback— Team members give and receive feedback effectively.
11. Simulating activities
12. A team has a greater efficiency with proper motivation
13. Team is having adequate resources.
14. Civilized.
15. Self assignment.
UNIT –II
MAINTENANCE AND TOTAL MUALITYMANAGEMENT
Define maintenance and list types of maintenance:
Definition of Maintenance: Maintenance is defined as that function of production management that is
concerned with the day to day problem of keeping the physical plant in operating good condition. It is an
essential activity in every manufacturing firm, because it is necessary to ensure the availability of the
machines, buildings and services needed by other parts of the organization for the performance of their
function at an optimum return on investment in machines, materials and equipments.
Functions of maintenance:
 Maintenance of existing plant equipments.
 Maintenance of existing plant building and grounds
 Equipment inspections and lubrications
 Utilities generation and distribution
 Alternation to existing building and equipments
 New installations of equipments and buildings
 Store keeping
 Plant protection including fir protection
 Waste disposal and salvage
 Insurance administration
 Property accounting
 Pollution and noise control etc.
Objectives of maintenance:
The objectives of maintenances in a manufacturing organization are listed below:
 Minimizing the loss of productive time due to equipment failure.
 Reducing the repair time and repair cost.
 Minimizing the loss due to production stoppages
 Efficient use of maintenance personal and equipments
 Prolonging the life of capital assets by minimizing the rate of wear and tear
 To keep all productive assets in good working conditions
 To maximize efficiency and economy in production through optimum use of facilities.
 To minimize accidents through regular inspection and repair of safety devices.

17
  Tp improve the quality of products.
Types of maintenance
Different types of maintenance have been distinguished, which are differentiated by the nature of the tasks
that they include.
1. Corrective or break down maintenance
2. Preventive or scheduled maintenance
I. Predictive maintenance
II. Planned maintenance
3. Zero Hours Maintenance
4. Periodic maintenance

Explain breakdown maintenance or Corrective

Corrective maintenance consists of the action(s) taken to restore a failed system to operational status. This
usually involves replacing or repairing the component that is responsible for the failure of the overall
system. Corrective maintenance is performed at unpredictable intervals because a component's failure time
is not known a priori. The objective of corrective maintenance is to restore the system to satisfactory
operation within the shortest possible time. Corrective maintenance is typically carried out in three steps:
• Diagnosis of the problem. The maintenance technician must take time to locate the failed parts or
otherwise satisfactorily assess the cause of the system failure.
• Repair and/or replacement of faulty component(s). Once the cause of system failure has been
determined, action must be taken to address the cause, usually by replacing or repairing the components
that caused the system to fail.
• Verification of the repair action. Once the components in question have been repaired or replaced, the
maintenance technician must verify that the system is again successfully operating.
List and explain preventive maintenance
The preventive maintenance is a maintenance which is undertaken before the machines or equipments fail,
which is aimed to minimize the possibility of unanticipated or major break -downs. It consists of:
1) Proper design and installation of equipment.
2) Periodic inspection of plant and equipment to prevent break down before they
occur.
3) Repetitive servicing, upkeep and overhaul of equipment.
4) Adequate lubrication, cleaning and painting of buildings and equipment.
The key of all good preventive maintenance is inspection. Inspection should cover virtually everything,
including production machinery, motors, and controls, materials handling equipment, process equipment,
lighting, and building and plant services. Some organizations inspect only costly items, but other covers
almost all. As a rule ,if a failure in upkeep may harm an employee, stop production, or waste plant assets,
then consideration should be given to including it in the preventive maintenance programme.
Function or elements of preventive Maintenance.
Following are the some of the element of preventive maintenance programme:
1. Inspection or checkups.
2. Lubrications.
3. Planning and scheduling
4. Records and analysis
5. Training of maintenance staff.
6. Storage of space part
Objective of preventive maintenance.

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Preventive maintenance has main objectives:
1. To obtain maximum availability of the plant by avoiding break down and by reducing the shut
down periods to a minimum.
2. To keep the machine in proper condition so as to maintain the quality of the product.
3. By minimizing the wear and tear, preserve the value of the plant.
4. To ensure for the safety of workers.
5. To keep the plant at the maximum production efficiency.
6. To achieve all the above objectives with most economical

Advantages of Preventive Maintenance

 Extends the useful lifecycle of assets decreasing the need for capital replacements.
 Enhances the efficiency of equipment keeping them running more efficiently and lowering power
expenses.
 Enhances the performance of assets by increasing uptime.
 Enhances customer (internal or external) service because maintenance teams have less unplanned
maintenance and can respond quicker to new problems.
 Contributes positively to the reputation of companies.
 Enhances return on investment.
 Reduced accidents.
 Lesser rejection and better quality control
 Planned shutdown and set-ups of plant equipment possible.
 Savings in energy.

Planned maintenance: Breakdown of a machine of equipment does not occur in a planned manner but
maintenance work can be planned well in advance. Planned maintenance acceding to a predetermined
schedule is also known as scheduled maintenance or productive maintenance.
It involves inspection of all plant and equipments, machinery, buildings in order to service, overhaul,
lubricate or repair before actual breakdown or deterioration in service occurs. It aims to reduce machine
stopped due to sudden breakdown. Planned approach to maintenance reduces the machines or equipment
downtime, reduces the cost of maintenance and increases productivity as compared to unplanned
maintenance.
The steps of planned maintenance are listed below:
 Evaluate the equipment and record its present status.
 Restore from deterioration of equipment and minimizes its weakness
 Builds up information management system
 Prepare time based information system, selects equipment parts and members and map out plan.
 Evaluate planned maintenance.

List and explain predictive maintenance

Predictive maintenance allows plant management to control the machinery and maintenance programs
rather than vice versa. In a plant using predictive maintenance, the overall machinery condition at any
time is known, and much more accurate planning is possible.
Predictive maintenance utilizes many different disciplines, by far the most important of which is periodic

19
vibration analysis. It has been shown many times over that of all the non-destructive testing that can be
done on a machine; the vibration signature provides the most information about its inner workings.
Certain machines, which would affect plant operations adversely if they were to fail, can be subjected to
continuous vibration monitoring, in which an alarm is sounded if the vibration level exceeds a
predetermined value. In this way, rapidly progressing faults are prevented from causing catastrophic
failures. Most modern turbine-driven equipment is monitored in this way.
Oil analysis and wear particle analysis are important parts of modern predictive programs, especially in
critical or very expensive equipment. Thermography is the measurement of surface temperature by
infrared detection, and is very useful in detecting problems in electrical switchgear and other areas where
access is difficult.
Motor current signature analysis is another technique that is very useful in detecting cracked or broken
rotor bars while the motor is in operation, and electrical surge testing of motor stators is used for detecting
incipient electrical insulation failure.

Advantages of predictive maintenance:

 Increases component operation life / availability
 Decrease the equipment or process down time.
 Decreases in costs for parts and labor
 Better product quality
 Improved worker and environmental safety.
 Improve worker morel
 Energy saving
 Estimates 8 to 12% cost savings over preventive maintenance program.

What is TQM?
Total Quality Management is an approach to business that aims to maximize the competitiveness of an
organization through continued improvement of its products, people, processes, services, systems and
operating environment. TQM enables an organization through a coordinated strategy of teamwork and
innovation to satisfy continually increasing customer expectations, needs and requirements.

In the TQM organization, the focus of management is directed towards meeting customer needs, which are
all important and from which sales and profits will follow. It is about empowering all employees who are
seen as resources to be developed. Suppliers are treated as business partners whose success is vital to the
success of the business itself and who have invaluable technical expertise which can be utilized in
improving the end customer experience.

Definitions of Quality:
Quality is a relative term and it is generally used with reference to the end use of the product.
The quality of the product can also be defined as the degree to which it fulfills the requirements of the
customer or degree of perfection or conference to the requirement.
People have found many ways to define what quality is. Some of the most popular definitions for quality
are listed below. All of them are right, as they each contain a key element of what quality means to users
of products and services.
a. A degree of excellence
b. Conformance to requirements
c. Totality of characteristics which act to satisfy a need

20
 d. Fitness for use
e. Fitness for purpose
f. Freedom from defects
g. Delighting customers

Quality objectives:
1. Set and maintain the quality standards for the product.
2. To improve the companies income by making the product more acceptable to the customers.
3. To reduce companies expenses through the reduction of losses due to defects.
4. To achieve interchangeability of manufacture in large scale production.
5. To produce optimum quality at minimum price.
6. To ensure satisfaction of customers with products or services of high quality level.
7. To build customers goodwill, confidence and reputation of manufacturer.
8. To make prompt inspection, to ensure quality control at proper stages of production.
9. Judging the conformity of the process of the established standard and taking suitable actions if there is
any division.
10. To improve quality and productivity by process control, experimentation and consumer feedback.
11. Improve the customer‘s relation.
12. To improve the employ and employers relations.
13. Developing the quality consciousness in the organization.

Advantages of quality control:

Followings are the advantages of quality control:
1. Quality of the control is improved which in turn increases the sails.
2. To improve the reputation of the company.
3. Reduces the rejection of wastage.
4. Reduces inspection cost.
5. Reduces manufacturing cost.
6. Uniformity in quality can be achieved.
7. Improve manufacture and customer relation.
8. Improve employ and employee relation.
9. Improvement in technical knowledge for process development and product design.
10. Increase production and productivity.
11. Increase profit of a company.
12. Simplifies and standardize the production process.

Disadvantages
1. Production Disruption
Implementing a Total Quality Management system in a company requires extensive training of employees
and these requires them to take some time of their day to day work duties.
While the improvements do reduce lead time, eliminate waste and improve productivity, the beginning
stages of implementing Total Quality Management in an organization can reduce worker output.
2. Employee Resistance
Total Quality Management requires change in mindset, attitude and methods for performing their jobs.
When management does not effectively communicate the team approach of Total Quality Management,

21
workers may become fearful, which leads to employee resistance. When workers resist the program, it can
lower employee morale and productivity for the business.
3. Quality is Expensive
TQM is expensive to implement. Implementation often comes with additional training costs, team-
development costs, infrastructural improvement costs, consultant fees and the like.
4. Discourages Creativity
TQM as focus on task standardization to ensure consistency discourages creativity and innovation. It also
discourages new ideas that can possibly improve productivity

Define cost balance and relation between cost and quality:

Cost is "an amount that has to be paid or spent to buy or obtain something." Cost can be specific, like,
"What's the cost of that car?" or it can be a penalty, like "Consider the cost of missing that event."Notice
also that cost implies a one-time event, like a purchase. The term "cost" is often used in business in the
context of marketing and pricing strategies,
Relation between cost and quality:
The cost of quality includes cost of carrying out the companies quality functions, these are
 Cost of prevention
 Cost of appraisal
 Cost of internal failure
 Cost of external failure
Cost of prevention- cost of quality planning, documenting, training, process control cost, etc.
Cost of appraisal- Measuring, evaluating or auditing of products, inspection and test, maintenance, etc.
Cost of internal failure – Defective products, components, materials failure, etc.
Cost of external failure – customer complaints, services, replacing and repairing etc.
Cost balance:
The figure shows interaction among the cost categories can lead to an optimum level of total quality costs.
The sum of the appraisal and prevention costs rises from zero to infinity as perfection is approached. The
failure costs drop from infinity to zero as perfection is approached. The total quality costs as shown in fig.
have a minimum or optimum between two infinities. It is clear that when the failure increases the total
cost increases. On the other hand when appraisal costs dominate the total cost can be reduced by the
tolerances, reduction of more effective inspection, test procedures etc.

Economics of quantity of conference

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Explain the concept of TQM:
Total Quality Management (TQM) is an enhancement to the traditional way of doing business. It is a
proven technique to guarantee survival in world-class competition. Only by changing the actions of
management, will the culture and actions of an entire organization be transformed. TQM is for the most
part common sense. Analyzing the three words, we have
Total - Made up of the whole
Quality- Degree of excellence a product or service provides.
Management- Act, art, or manner of handling, controlling, directing, etc
Therefore, TQM is the art of managing the whole to achieve excellence.

Basic Concepts of TQM

While there are significant differences among the theorists and their approaches to implementation, they
share basic concepts that are the foundation of TQM.
Continuous Improvement of Quality:
Fundamental to all TQM systems is improving the quality of the products and services provided by an
organization. Such quality improvement results in greater productivity and enhances the ability of an
organization to remain vital, employ people, and serve customers. A focus on continuous quality
improvement helps an organization do things right.
Central Focus on the Customer:
Also central to all TQM is a focus on the customer, the internal and external recipients of an
organization‘s products. Their needs and desires define quality for the producer whose job it is to meet or
exceed the customer‘s needs and expectations. A focus on customers helps an organization to do the right
things.
Systematic Improvement of Operations:
All work occurs in processes that begin and end somewhere. These work processes account for 80 - 85
percent of the quality of work and productivity of employees. Management is responsible for systems
within an organization; therefore, managers, not employees, must shoulder blame when something goes
wrong with the system.
TQM calls for studying work processes quantitatively, using individuals or teams, to find places that
breakdowns or unnecessary complexities occur in processes, and then to identify solutions that prevent
them in the future. Study of work processes helps to reduce costs while ensuring that quality is built into a
service or product since quality cannot be inspected into it at the end of the processes.
Open Work Environments:
Continuous quality improvement requires an atmosphere for innovation where suggestions for
improvement are solicited and respected and where supervisors and managers are open to disagreement,
conflict, and challenge. Activities for the improvement of work processes, especially when teams are
involved, help to break down barriers that occur between departments or between supervisors and those
supervised.
Long - Term Thinking:
TQM is also characterized by long- term thinking which helps mold the future by understanding the
consequences of current actions. Such thinking requires decision making that is based on data, both hard
and soft, and related to real problems, not symptoms. It requires time. It shies away from quick fixes
arrived at by discussion and intuition. Long- term thinking works best in organizations where managers
plan to stay, and thus have a stake in the consequences of their decisions.
Development of Human Resources:

23
Organizations that follow TQM principles are organized to help people do their jobs; they are seriously
committed to employee learning and development. Such development begins with a thorough orientation
to the organization, including its mission, values, and information about where the job fits into the
organization. It involves educating people to perform to the quality standards of a specific job before
requiring them to work independently.
TQM expects managers to respect the ability of well trained employees to know the work they do better
than anyone, and therefore, to be the best at improving it. Human resource development includes
providing the training to learn the communication, quantitative, and team- participation skills required in
an open, quality improvement work environment. Development programs provide extensive education to
help individuals keep up- to- date on their jobs and to prepare themselves for new responsibilities.
Management Responsibility for TQM Leadership:
Managers need to lead the transformation of the organization to the new culture of continuous quality
improvement. They must accept personal responsibility for continuous quality improvement and be
dedicated to empowering others in the organization to accept personal responsibility for it, too. This
approach taps the collective genius of the organization to identify and solve problems. The leader‘s focus
is on policy, structure, and systems to sustain continuous quality improvement. Within this context,
quality is the first among equals of the organization‘s functions. Quality is at the top of the agenda for
every meeting, every communication. The leader‘s goal is to help people, things, and machines do a better
job; the leader‘s role is that of facilitator, catalyst, and coach.
As previously stated, TQM requires a cultural change. The TQM state for typical quality elements. This
change is substantial and will not be accomplished in a short period of time. Small organizations will be
able to make the transformation much faster than large organizations.

The 9 fundamental concepts of total quality management

Participatory management
In a company focused on the concepts of total quality management, managers and leaders must be willing
to listen, motivate, delegate, inform, share and transform their employees into functional work teams.
Reduce the fear of opinion and encourage them to say what they think.
The participation of everyone within a company in the search for solutions leads to other actions leading
to better interaction with customers, suppliers, shareholders and the community.
Transparent communication
Channels of communication
should be open, and information should flow with transparency within the company. Organizational
objectives should be reported, and customers must also know the mission and vision.
Customer satisfaction
When you think of the concepts of total quality in business, one must remember the importance of
achieving and exceeding customer expectations. Actions and partnerships should always focus on
dialogue to create this service. Seek to know customers‘ opinion about your company, products, and
services.
Enhancement of human resources
Value and empower employees. Encourage satisfaction in the workplace. People are essential in the
production process and motivating them helps to increase potential and initiative. Make sure they know
the mission and goals of the company and invest in learning and training.
See also: How to create Organizational climate survey questions.
Delegation

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 Delegating and decentralizing is very positive in business. The company controlling becomes more
efficient when its employees have the autonomy to make decisions.
Continuous improvement
A company that wants to have total quality must anticipate the needs of its customers by committing to
improve and innovate continuously. Integrate new technologies and use performance indicators.
Check out: A model of continuous improvement. And: The Kaizen continuous improvement process
Troubleshoot failures
A policy in a company should be to have zero defects in all of its segments. A mistake should not be
ignored. Adopt prevention and sanity policies to solve problems. Corrective actions should be introduced
in recurrent cases, as preventing an error is cheaper than fixing it later.
Management processes
Be aware. Promote integration and reduce impediments between departments.
Documented quality assurance
Planning and formalizing is essential to ensuring the overall quality of a system. Processes must become
routine and systematic. Actions should be planned, and the quality of a service must be guaranteed. It is
important to have everything documented for easy access and to allow data to be found. Documents must
contain a list of suppliers, testing, data on inspections and auditing information, packaging and corrective
actions.

List and explain TQM elements:

Some of the important elements of total quality management are:
I. Management‘s commitment to quality
II. Customer satisfaction
III. Preventing rather than detecting defects
IV. Measurement of Quality
V. Continuous improvement
VI. Corrective action for root cause
VII. Training
VIII. Recognition of high quality
IX. Involvement of Employees and
X. Benchmarking.
(i) Management’s commitment to quality:
If an organization is serious about implementing TQM, the lead has to be taken by the top management
with full commitment.
It must initiate quality improvement programmes. The top management should continue all the efforts and
provide the resources to continue quality improvement programmes. This is provided by collecting,
reporting and use of quality related cost information.
(ii) Customer satisfaction:
TQM is designed in such a manner so as to meet the expectations of customers. In the present era,
customer is the king. It must be recognized that customers are the most important persons for any
business. The very existence of an organization depends on them. They are the life blood of a business and
deserve the most courteous and affectionate treatment.

25
(iii) Preventing rather than detecting defects:
TQM checks the poor quality products or services rather than simply to detect and sort out defects.
―Prevention rather than detection‖ is the main characteristic of TQM. Some of the important techniques of
TQM which aim at the prevention of defects rather than the detection of the defects are statistical process
control, continuous process improvement and problem solving and system failure analysis etc.

(iv) Measurement of Quality:

Quality is a measurable entity and we must know what current quality levels are i.e. Where we are or
where we stand in respect of the quality and what quality levels we are aspiring for or where we are going.

(v) Continuous improvement:

TQM comprises of a continuous process of improvement covering people, equipment, suppliers, materials
and procedures. It includes every aspect of an operation in an organisation. In Japan the word ―Kaizen‖ is
used to describe the continuous process of improvement. In USA, TQM zero defects and six-sigma are
used to describe such efforts.

(vi) Corrective action for root cause:

TQM aims at preventing repetition of problems by identifying the root causes for their occurrence and
developing means and corrective actions to solve the problems of the root level. Failure analysis and
problem solving skills are very useful techniques in this regard.

(vii) Training:
Proper training programmes have to be undertaken to train the employees for the use of TQM concepts
and techniques. Employees have to be provided regular training for continuous improvement.

(viii) Recognition of high quality:

TQM aims at developing long term relationships with a few high quality suppliers rather than those
suppliers who supply the inferior goods at the low cost.

(ix) Involvement of Employees:

Involvement of employees means that every employee is completely involved at every step of production
process which plays an active role in helping the organisation to meet its targets. Employee involvement
and empowerment can be assured by enlarging the employee‘s job so that responsibility and authority is
moved to the lowest level possible in the organisation.

(x) Benchmarking:
Benchmarking is a systematic method by which organizations can measure themselves against the best
industry practices. Benchmarking aims at developing best practices that will lead to better performance. It

26
helps a company to learn and incorporate the best practices into its own operations. Benchmarking is a
technique of distinguishing an organization‘s efforts with the best performance in the field and also to
suggest how the gap between the two performances can be removed. Thus, benchmarking is a technique
of continuous improvement.

List the tools and techniques of TQM:

TQM Tools and Techniques- When implementing any improvement process within a manufacturing or
service environment, you need to have the ability to identify potential improvement opportunities, and
then systematically implement those opportunities for ongoing improvement. A key requirement in an
effective process improvement strategy is that change is based on fact, involves input and buy-in from key
stakeholders, is cost effective, timely, and measurable and can be maintained.
To achieve the above you need a set of tools and techniques, which you can apply, to problem solving or
opportunity achievement.

The best known TQM Tools and Techniques, to name a few are:
1. The ‗5 Whys‘
2. Flowcharts
3. Fishbone / Ishikawa Diagrams
4. Run Charts
5. Pareto Charts
6. Histograms
7. Checklists / Check sheets
8. Control / Shewhart Charts.
9 .Scatter Diagram / Scatter
10.5S campaign.
11.Poka-yoke.
12.Kaizen
13.Re engineering
14.Six sigma.
Process improvement tools such as:
15.FMEA – Failure Mode Effects Analysis
16.PDCA – Plan Do Check Act
17.SIPOC Analysis
18.Statistical Control
Other commonly used techniques:
19.Brainstorm analysis
20.Fault Tree Analysis
21.Hazop Analysis.

List the features of TQM: The essential features of TQM are as follows
1. People‘s investments
2. Process and product renovation
3. Problem investigation.
4. Excellence and Universality.
5. Process control and quality assurance concept.

27
 6. Management commitment.
7. Effective communications.
8. Workers satisfaction.
9. Quality first concept.
10. Market in concept.
11. Competence.
12. Perceptual improvement.
13. Zero defect concepts.
14. Accountability.

Explain TQM tools- Pareto chart:

A Pareto chart is an ordered histogram where the few categories with highest occurrences are on the left
side (the head), and the many categories with few occurrences are on the right side (the tail). A Pareto
chart is used to discriminate the vital few from trivial many, especially if the distribution complies to
the Pareto law stating 20% of all the causes accumulate 80% of all effects.

% Rejects
Reject causes
It is commonly accepted that efforts to solve problems should focus on the Pareto chart‘s head as the
leverage is most important: solving 20% of the causes eliminates 80% of the effects.
The 20/80 law is important for rational decision-making, optimizing the Return On Investment of problem
solving investment vs. problems solved, or put slightly differently: the ROI of cost of problem solving vs.
savings related to problems solved.
All books will tell the same: chop off the head
Yet things are not that simple. While the above is important for management, executives and bosses,
personnel struggling with daily problems see the things differently.
In the tail of a Pareto chart of problems are all the smaller difficulties, annoyances and broken items or
processes that are nevertheless itching the executants every day, sometimes every minute. Unfortunately
for those victims, the matter is not seen serious/costly/risky enough to draw attention of the brass, all
focused on Pareto‘s chart head.
Team leaders or foremen don‘t dare going against the 20/80 rule and distract time or means to fix minor
problems. These minor problems remain in the chart‘s tail as minor problems, as solved major issues will
be replaced by new majors problem. Minor problems remain in the chart‘s tail even they get unbearable
by those affected.
No wonder if, in order to get attention, those problems are exaggerated, sometimes extended. The ―help
yourself solutions‖ range from giving up to ask for repair and improvement (and keep suffering in silence)
to actively sabotage and worsen a situation so that management must act.
 A worn out tool won‘t be replaced before it is totally broken? Just break it.
 Maintenance will not show up until total breakdown? Give the trouble some help to stop the
machine.
 The circuit breaker breaks constantly? Put some tape or stick a match so the lever cannot move,
replace fuses with stronger ones or a nail.

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  Random stoppages need to inhibit safety devices to fix the problem and start again? Let the safety
devices constantly out.
Lack of attention to so-called minor problems is not only denying respect to people, but can lead to
deviant behaviors with potentially high risks for safety, quality or machine/equipment life.
The irony of this kind of situation is that the so-called minor problems are usually easy, quick and
inexpensive to fix/solve, while the major issues require more time, efforts and money to get fixed.
Explain TQM tools - kaizen
Kaizen is a very significant concept within quality management and deserves specific explanation:
Kaizen (usually pronounced 'kyzan' or 'kyzen' in the western world) is a Japanese word, commonly
translated to mean 'continuous improvement'.
Kaizen is a core principle of quality management generally, and specifically within the methods of Total
Quality Management and 'Lean Manufacturing'.
Originally developed and applied by Japanese industry and manufacturing in the 1950s and 60s, Kaizen
continues to be a successful philosophical and practical aspect of some of the best known Japanese
corporations, and has for many years since been interpreted and adopted by 'western' organizations all
over the world.
Kaizen is a way of thinking, working and behaving, embedded in the philosophy and values of the
organization. Kaizen should be 'lived' rather than imposed or tolerated, at all levels.
Three key elements of kaizen are:
1. Elimination of waste and inefficiency.
2. The Kaizen 5S framework for good housekeeping.
3. Standardization.
Classification of Kaizen:
Kaizen is classified into kaizen workshop, kaizen Blize and kaizen Event. All the three are team based
rapid improvement workshops.
Kaizen events and kaizen workshops are 5 day long: Kaizen blizes are shorter. Kaizen workshops are
promoted by Gemba research ―GEMBA‖ is a Japanese word meaning ‗real place‘ where real action takes
place. Therefore kaizen applied to GEMBA is called ―GEMBAKAIZEN‖.
Steps in Implementation of Kaizen:
1. Defining the project goal and identifying the problem.
2. Formation of team.
3. Gathering basic information and measures.
4. Performing brainstorming.
5. Implementation and evaluation of variable alternatives.
6. Selection of the best alternatives.
7. Implementation of the best solution.
Benefits of Kaizen:
Benefits of kaizen are as follows
1. Realization of immediate results.
2. Involvement of the workforce.
3. Incorporation of visual action oriented tasks.
4. Once the concept is learned by employees of company, this can be an ongoing exercise.
5. It fosters communication amongst employees.
6. This involves creative ideas which cost less to the organization.
7. Employees think from business perspectives.
8. It will facilitate team concept within the organization.

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Explain TQM tools –Six-sigma: six-sigma is a federally registered trade mark of Motorola, used as a
management tool for quality control.
Definition: six sigma is a disciplined data-driven approach and methodology for eliminating defects
which amounts to driving towards six standard deviations between the mean and the nearer specification
limit in any process of products/services. A six sigma defect is defined as any flow that inhibits the
attainment of customer expectations and specifications.
As defined by general electrical company which has adopted six sigma, six sigma is a vision of quality
which equates with only 3.4 defects per million opportunities for each product or service transaction and it
strive for perfection.
Six-sigma level indicates that we are 99.99966% Confident that the product/service delivered by us is
defecting free. This means that only 0.00034% of the times the product/service delivered is defect prone.
When 0.0000034 is multiplied by one million, it comes to 3.4 defects per million opportunities (DPMO).
An opportunity is defined as a chance for non-conference or not meeting the required specifications.
These mean that we need to be nearly flawless in executing our key processes.
Actual signal level = Actual number of defects/Total number of opportunities for the organization to make
mistakes from the customer angle.
Objectives: the fundamental objectives of six sigma are:
 Process improvement.
 Reduction of variation.
 Simplification of the process.
 Elimination of non-value adding takes.
 Flow charting the revised process.
Approaches for six sigma:
There are two approaches for achieving six sigma. These are:
 DMAIC-define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control.
 DMADV-Define, Measure, Analyze, Design and Verify.
Steps for six sigma DMAIC:
Step-1: define- All you products by making list of them along with corresponding end results.
 Identify your customer of each end product.
Step-2: Measure-Define your needs in terms of essential inputs for products/projects selected.
Set-up quality measures.
 Define the method of computing errors/unit, error/ million and actual sigma level.
 Measure the current performance.
Step-3: Analyze- Analyze the results of this collected data and lays the ground work for
Improving the process.
Step-4: Improve –
 Identification of process improvements based on the collected data and Analyze.
 Designing a plan of action.
 Performing task assessments on the potential charges.
 Implementing the plan.
 Monitoring the results for the recommended changes.
Step-5: Control –It reviews the entire process to ensure that the appropriate changes having been
made and to identify the action that will permanently maintain those changes.

Steps of six sigma DMADV:

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Step-1: Define the project goal and customer.
Step-2: Measure and determine needs and specifications.
Step-3: Analyze the process options to meet the customer needs.
Step-4: Design detailed process to meet the customer needs.
Step-5: verify the design performance and ability to meet customer needs.

Benefits of six sigma: The benefits of six sigma are listed below:
 It ensures enhanced product quality.
 It enables predictable delivery of the products.
 It helps to achievable productivity improvement.
 It helps to have rapid response to changing needs of customers.
 It also facilitates the development and introduction of new products into the market place.

Explain TQM tools -flow charts.

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 Who is ISO?
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is a network of standards institutes from 159
countries with a central office in Geneva, Switzerland, that coordinates the sys
ISO is a non-governmental organization that forms a bridge between the public and private sectors, and
is the largest standards organization in the world.
 Many of its member institutes are part of the governmental structure of their countries, or are mandated
by their government.
 Some members have their roots uniquely in the private sector, having been set up by national
partnerships of industry associations.
 Therefore, ISO enables a consensus to be reached on solutions that meet both the requirements of
business and the broader needs of society.

Who is ISO and how it Works

In granting certification, the registrar is certifying that the quality management system of the entity
specifically applicable to the area in which they operate has been assessed and approved r in accordance
with the provisions of ISO 9001:2008. This approval is typically valid for a period of three years, after
which the company must recertify that its procedures meet the current form of the standard. This process
is to be monitored by the registrar during that period of time. As you can see, just who is ISO and the
scope of their operations is important to the registration process.
This International Standard describes fundamentals of quality management systems, which form the
subject of the ISO 9000 family, and defines related terms.
This International Standard is applicable to the following:
1. organizations seeking advantage through the implementation of a quality management system;
2. organizations seeking confidence from their suppliers that their product requirements will be
satisfied;
3. users of the products;
4. those concerned with a mutual understanding of the terminology used in quality management (e.g.
suppliers, customers, regulators);
5. those internal or external to the organization who assess the quality management system or audit it
for conformity with the requirements of ISO 9001 (e.g. auditors, regulators,
certification/registration bodies);
6. those internal or external to the organization who give advice or training on the quality
management system appropriate to that organization;
7. Developers of related standards.
Quality Standards – ISO 9000
ISO 9000 is a set of international standards on quality management and quality assurance developed to
help companies effectively document the quality system elements to be implemented to maintain an

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 efficient quality system. They are not specific to any one industry and can be applied to organizations of
any size.
ISO 9000 can help a company satisfy its customers, meet regulatory requirements, and achieve continual
improvement. However, it should be considered to be a first step, the base level of a quality system, not a
complete guarantee of quality.
ISO 9000 principles of quality management
The ISO 9000:2015 and ISO 9001:2015 standards are based on seven quality management principles that
senior management can apply for organizational improvement:
1. Customer focus
 Understand the needs of existing and future customers
 Align organizational objectives with customer needs and expectations
 Meet customer requirements
 Measure customer satisfaction
 Manage customer relationships
 Aim to exceed customer expectations
Learn more about the customer experience and customer satisfaction.
2. Leadership
 Establish a vision and direction for the organization
 Set challenging goals
 Model organizational values
 Establish trust
 Equip and empower employees
 Recognize employee contributions
Learn more about leadership and find related resources.
3. Engagement of people
 Ensure that people‘s abilities are used and valued
 Make people accountable
 Enable participation in continual improvement
 Evaluate individual performance
 Enable learning and knowledge sharing
 Enable open discussion of problems and constraints
Learn more about employee involvement.
4. Process approach
 Manage activities as processes
 Measure the capability of activities
 Identify linkages between activities
 Prioritize improvement opportunities
 Deploy resources effectively
Learn more about a process view of work and see process analysis tools.
5. Improvement
 Improve organizational performance and capabilities
 Align improvement activities
 Empower people to make improvements
 Measure improvement consistently
 Celebrate improvements
Learn more about approaches to continual improvement.

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 6. Evidence-based decision making
 Ensure the accessibility of accurate and reliable data
 Use appropriate methods to analyze data
 Make decisions based on analysis
 Balance data analysis with practical experience
See tools for decision making.
7. Relationship management
 Identify and select suppliers to manage costs, optimize resources, and create value
 Establish relationships considering both the short and long term
 Share expertise, resources, information, and plans with partners
 Collaborate on improvement and development activities
 Recognize supplier successes

What is the ISO 9000 series of quality management system standards?

The ISO 9000 series was created by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as
international requirements and guidelines for quality management systems. It was originally introduced in
1987 and over the years has established itself in the global economy having been adopted in over 178
countries with over one million registrations.
The phrase ―ISO 9000 family‖ or ―ISO 9000 series‖ refers to a group of quality management standards
which are process standards (not product standards).
 ISO 9000 : originally had three QMS models depending on the primary function:
 ISO 9001: Model for quality assurance in design, development, production, installation, and servicing
was for companies and organizations whose activities included the creation of new products.
 ISO 9002: Model for quality assurance in production, installation, and servicing had basically the
same material as ISO 9001 but without covering the creation of new products.
 ISO 9003: Model for quality assurance in final inspection and test covered only the final inspection of
finished product, with no concern for how the product was produced. Learn more about ISO 9003.
 ISO 9004: Managing for the sustained success of an organization, provides guidelines for
Sustaining QMS success through evaluation and performance improvement.

Explain procedures and documentation involved in ISO 9000 series certification

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Detailed Process For Granting, Refusing, Maintaining, Reviewing, Suspending, Restoring or withdrawing
or expanding or reducing the scope of certifications —

Many companies go overboard with documentation in the belief that they need to document every single
process that is in place in their organization, without realizing that this is not necessary to meet the
requirements of the ISO 9001 standard. In the standard, only six documented procedures are needed, with
any remaining procedure documentation at the discretion of the company (under certain guidelines). So,
you may ask, ―What should I document?‖
What documentation does the ISO 9001 Standard Require?
1. Quality Manual: The ISO 9001 Quality Management System first requires a Quality Manual to be
written. This document is the backbone of the Management System, and is where you announce your
intentions.
Along with this manual, there are requirements for documented procedures. there are only six required
documented procedures in the ISO 9001 standard. These are:
2. Control of Documents: How do you approve, update and re-approve your documents? When a
document is changed, how do you identify changes and make sure that people who need the current
document have it and stop using older documents? How do you make sure the documents can be read and
how do you control documents that come from outside of your organization for use?
3.Control of Records: How do you maintain your records that show your product is acceptable to use,
including how you identify, store and protect the records so that they can be retrieved as necessary, for the
correct amount of time, and destroyed when no longer needed – but not before?
4. Internal Audit: How do you audit your Quality Management System to make sure that it is performing
as planned and is effective? Who is responsible for planning and carrying out the audits? How do you
report results and what records are kept? How do you follow up on Corrective Actions noted in Audits?

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 5. Control of Non-Conforming Products: What controls are in place, and who is responsible, to make
sure that a non-conforming product is not used? Are there terms that can be put in place to allow the use of
non-conforming product such as Rework, Repair or Acceptance by Customer? How do you ensure that a
corrected product is re-verified, and what records are kept of the process?
6. Corrective Actions: How do you review non-conformities, determine causes, and evaluate the need for
actions to correct them? How do you implement the necessary actions, review that the actions were
effective, and keep records of the actions taken?
Preventive Actions: How do you apply the same process used for Corrective Actions to non-conformities
that are identified before they occur?
At a minimum, these are the documented procedures that are necessary to meet the requirements and are
all that is needed to document a simple Quality Management System. However, there is often a need to
provide written documents for more. The trick is in knowing what else your company needs to document
(see also deciding which procedures to document in QMS).
What are other common Documented Procedures?
At this point you do not need to capture any other processes in documented procedures if you can prove
that no mistakes will be made by not doing so. There are several procedures that are often documented in
order to ensure that there is easy access to some important information to govern that process. Some
examples are:
Purchasing: What information is needed for a supplier, and who is responsible for generating it? Who
needs to approve various levels of expense (you may not want a buyer to be responsible for committing
the company to pay for large purchases without other approvals)? How do you decide on the standard
requirements to place on your suppliers, and how do you approve and control these suppliers?
Design: This is often turned into a documented procedure in order to capture what gates and reviews are
required to ensure a good design every time. Where do all of your requirements come from? Who can
approve a design to proceed? How do you control your design changes, and who can approve a change to
the design?
Production/Service: For complicated products or services, it is easy to see why the process would be
documented. How do you control the flow of parts and documentation to your production area for use?
How do you track your service from customer order to completion to ensure customer requirements are
met? How do you ensure that product status can be identified, such as what has or has not been tested?
How do you track customer acceptance of your service?
Monitoring and Measurement: How do you control the equipment you use to test that your product
meets the requirements and is fit for use? How do you manage measurement equipment brought in by
employees (such as machinist‘s tools that are owned by the machinist)?

Unit –III
ENERGY MANAGEMENT
Define of energy management and its importance:
Energy management system is often confused with energy saving efforts that one adopts to save the
available energy, but energy management is a wider topic to deal with the process of controlling,
monitoring, and conserving energy in public or government sector, businesses, organizations and even in
residential buildings.
If the definition of efficient energy management system has to be drawn in practicality, it would
essentially have:
 Energy management is the process of monitoring controlling and conserving energy in a organization. Or

36
 Energy management is the Metering and collecting the data of energy consumption. Or
 Energy management is the Finding opportunities and implementing methods to save energy. Or
 Energy management is the Analysis and tracking of the meter data to find out the efficiency of energy
management system.
It may sound here that energy management system is only applicable to huge industries and
establishments; but, it is equally beneficial and validated for your home as well to monitor energy
consumption, reduce line power wastage and to massively reduce the monthly electricity bills.
Importance of Energy management System
A range of energy management systems like SP1000 are being used widely. Your selection of the most
appropriate energy management system would become easier if you know the importance and key features
to look out in the system.
 Reduce the damage that we're doing to our planet, Earth. As a human race we would probably find things
rather difficult without the Earth, so it makes good sense to try to make it last.
 Reduce our dependence on the fossil fuels that are becoming increasingly limited in supply.
 Controlling and reducing energy consumption at your organization
That is the means to controlling and reducing your organization's energy consumption. And controlling
and reducing your organization's energy consumption is important because it enables you to:
 Reduce cost: With rocketing rates of power, such energy management equipment is high demand of
the time. Make sure the system you select has enough arrangements and monitoring features to cut
the cost by adequate power saving and fault detection.
 Reduce risk: The selected system must be predictive to indicate opportunities of power saving by
reducing the demand power and to reduce the risk of power shortage.
 Reduce carbon emission: Apart from being able to conserve energy, the system must also be eco-
friendly. Being eco-friendly is not only important to have a green image but it can also save further
cost involving carbon taxes and managing carbon footprint.
 Develop green house image: by reducing carbon emission, it will helps to build a green image and
thereby generating good business opportunities.
 Utilizing Energy resources: energy management involves utilizing the available energy resources
more effectively that is minimum internal cost.

Describe energy conservation and its need

Energy conservation is an important part of lessening climate change it is an important element of energy
policy. It is the key element in energy management. It refers to motivate to reduce consumption of energy.
Energy conservation results in increasing financial, environmental quality, national security, and personal
security of human comfort.
Definition: Energy conservation is defined as ―it is the process of reduction in energy consumed in a
system or by an organization of society through economy, elimination of waste and rational use‖.
Needs of Energy conservation:
Following are the needs of energy conservation:
 Energy conservation is important to conserve electricity because the natural resources that provide
sources for electricity are being depleted faster than they can be regenerating.
 Conserving electricity also saves money, since electricity prices are assessed in accordance with
the amount used.

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  Overuse of electricity also leads to EMs emission to which some people are sensitive.
 Energy conservation promotes economic security.
 Industrial and commercial users can increase energy use efficiency to maximum profit.
 Energy conservation facilitates the replacement of no-renewable resources with renewable energy.
 Energy conservation is most economical solution to energy shortage and is more environmentally
being alternative to increased energy production.
 Energy conservation reduces the rise in energy costs and can reduce the need for new power plant
and importing the energy.

There is an acute shortage of energy in the world now-a- days. The demand of energy is increasing
rapidly. In the view of limited resources and ever increasing demand of energy, it is essential to find out
the major areas for use of energy so that the capability of energy conservation in various fields can be
analyzed and inefficient energy consumption can be minimized.
One of the most effective ways to meet the growing gap between demand and supply of power is to
implement energy conservation techniques. Energy conservation is a single step which can effectively
contribute towards reduction of shortages. This is absolutely essential at present when availability of
finance is a big constraint and investment in energy conservation measures is known for short payback
period of only 2 to 3 years.

List the methodology of energy management

Methodology of energy managements are:
 Identification of inefficient areas/ equipments like
 Study of machines.
 Technology employed.
 Knowledge of type of energy being used.
 Identification of major energy consumption areas.
 Identification of inefficient use of energy.
 Identification of equipment requirement.
 Conclusion of recourses requirement.
 Management of resources like man power, machine or technology.
 Implementation of new technology or new machines.

List and describe energy management techniques

1. Actively manage real-time energy use. Proactive, real-time data management can expose a wide range
of unknown challenges associated with occupancy, building use, and peaks in utility usage. For example,
my firm, Southland Energy, installed a comprehensive metering system for a data center customer,
monitoring everything from air and water flows, to very specific details of the data center. The real-time
data allowed the building operators to identify potential issues instantaneously, implement corrective
actions to prevent critical shutdowns, and manage loads before they affected the entire system.

2. Actively manage what is measureable. Use advanced metering and energy management systems
(EMS) to capture real-time data, ensure its accuracy and, in turn, address specific issues. For example, a
K-12 school installed an energy dashboard that managed the overall facility while actively engaging
faculty and students. The customer could view how the systems were operating and how much they were
saving based on their actions and system improvements.

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3. Actively manage energy consumption. Use collected data to build a strategy that manages costs and
consumption on a daily, weekly, monthly, and annual basis. Southland Energy worked with an industrial
customer to evaluate multiple peak demand reduction strategies. Load shifting and demand limiting
systems were implemented to limit customer loads during peak hours and reduce costs.

4. Have a holistic plan. Without clear direction and an action plan, it is difficult to make a meaningful
impact beyond the ―low hanging fruit.‖ A holistic plan is critical to leverage overall savings and provide a
mix of improvements for substantial results. Facility leaders often benefit from a holistic plan that bundles
low hanging fruit such as lighting and building automation measures with longer paybacks such as
renewable energy.

5. Secure leadership buy-in and support. Real, holistic changes will not be attainable without direct
involvement and support from leadership. It is critical to engage leadership and key decision makers that
impact the financials of facility operations.

6. Negotiate. Negotiate supply contracts with third-party marketers to reduce energy costs. Southland
Energy has worked with several customers on energy specific solutions and identified opportunities to
help them negotiate utility rates efficiently.

7. Take risks. Major changes that drastically reduce consumption can require difficult steps and decisions,
but reward outweighs risk if changes are properly managed. The ability of a trusted advisor to leverage in-
house capabilities coupled with a strong commitment to change helps alleviate the burden.

8. Take action but don’t “over study.” While energy studies and audits are useful and provide direction,
in most cases data is already available and can be used to take action sooner rather than delaying it.
Develop a plan for action with available information.

9. Partner with those who can supplement in-house knowledge. Relationship building and partnering
are keys to building an effective energy management strategy. This can involve partnering with other
facility management and energy management leaders; energy services companies (ESCOs); industry
subject matter experts, such as the U.S. Department of Energy or consultants; utilities; and other
knowledge centers, such as the Association of Energy Engineers (AEE).

10. Establish an occupant behavioral awareness program. Technology implementation and building
retrofits are only part of the equation. Occupants have a big impact on a building‘s efficiency and
investments made. Education is key to the behavioral process, and empowering occupants with knowledge
and resources will help increase energy savings as they can realize the impact through efficiency or
financial gain.

Definition of Energy Crisis: The energy crisis refers to the fact that we may run out of energy. Or a
situation dealing with definite difference between power supply and power demand is termed as energy
crisis.
Causes of the Energy Crisis:
It would be easy to point a finger at one practice or industry and lay the blame for the entire energy crisis
at their door, but that would be a very naive and unrealistic interpretation of the cause of the crisis.

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1. Overconsumption: The energy crisis is a result of many different strains on our natural resources, not
just one. There is a strain on fossil fuels such as oil, gas and coal due to overconsumption – which then in
turn can put a strain on our water and oxygen resources by causing pollution.
2. Overpopulation: Another cause of the crisis has been the steady increase in the world‘s population and
its demands for fuel and products. No matter what type of food or products you choose to use – from fair
trade and organic to those made from petroleum products in a sweatshop – not one of them is made or
transported without a significant drain on our energy resources.
3. Poor Infrastructure: Aging infrastructure of power generating equipment is yet another reason for
energy shortage. Most of the energy producing firms keep on using outdated equipment that restricts the
production of energy. It is the responsibility of utilities to keep on upgrading the infrastructure and set a
high standard of performance.
4. Unexplored Renewable Energy Options: Renewable energy still remains unused are most of the
countries. Most of the energy comes from non-renewable sources like coal. It still remains the top choice
to produce energy. Unless we give renewable energy a serious thought, the problem of energy crisis
cannot be solved. Renewable energy sources can reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and also helps to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
5. Delay in Commissioning of Power Plants: In few countries, there is a significant delay in
commissioning of new power plants that can fill the gap between demand and supply of energy. The result
is that old plants come under huge stress to meet the daily demand for power. When supply don‘t matches
demand, it results in load shedding and breakdown?
6. Wastage of Energy: In most parts of the world, people do not realize the importance of conserving
energy. It is only limited to books, internet, newspaper ads, lip service and seminars. Unless we give it a
serious thought, things are not going to change anytime sooner. Simple things like switching off fans and
lights when not in use, using maximum daylight, walking instead of driving for short distances, using CFL
instead of traditional bulbs, proper insulation for leakage of energy can go a long way in saving energy.
Read here about 151 ways of saving energy.
7. Poor Distribution System: Frequent tripping and breakdown are result of a poor distribution system.
8. Major Accidents and Natural Calamities: Major accidents like pipeline burst and natural calamities
like eruption of volcanoes, floods, earthquakes can also cause interruptions to energy supplies. The huge
gap between supply and demand of energy can raise the price of essential items which can give rise to
inflation.
9. Wars and Attacks: Wars between countries can also hamper supply of energy especially if it happens
in Middle East countries like Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, UAE or Qatar. That‘s what happened
during 1990 Gulf war when price of oil reached its peak causing global shortages and created major
problem for energy consumers.
10. Miscellaneous Factors: Tax hikes; strikes, military coup, political events, severe hot summers or cold
winters can cause sudden increase in demand of energy and can choke supply. A strike by unions in an oil
producing firm can definitely cause an energy crisis.

Solution of Energy Crisis:

It is heartening to note that scientists and technologists have taken steps to face the crisis. They are
advising both short and long-term measures.
We can solve the problem of energy crisis, if we do the simple acts as below:
1. Use less energy.
2. Improve energy infrastructure.
3. Save energy where possible.

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4. Rely less on fossil fuels.
5. Switch to renewable energy.
6. Go vegan – vegan foods are less energy intensive to produce.
7. Fly less.
8. Drive less.
9. Take public transport.
10. Campaign to improve awareness of the energy crisis.
11. Educate others about the energy crisis.
12. Install energy-efficient appliances in the home.
13. Save water.
14. Do not waste food.
15. Insulate your property.

Energy management software (EMS):

Introduction: Computer has a fairly well defined role in industrial energy conservation. The computer is
an ideal tool with which we can achieve the desired increase in energy efficiency due to its ability to
process large amounts of information quickly and cheaply.
Computers have been used in energy conservation applications in the past. They are now being more
widely used because of their decreasing size and cost for a giving processing power. Industry can benefit
from the more widespread implementation of process control system and by better process design.
The computer in energy management program will definitely require the suitable software for energy
management applications. The functional elements and application of EMS are provided by energy
management system.

Role of computers in energy Management: Energy management software (EMS) refers to a verity of
energy related software application which may be used for various energy management related
applications such as to provide utility bill tracing, real time metering, lighting control systems, building
simulation and modeling, carbon and sustainability reporting, It equipment management demand response
and energy audits.
Energy management software provides tools for reducing energy costs and consumptions for energy
consuming systems such as buildings, communities or any industrial setup. EMS collects energy data and
uses it for three main purposes such as
 Reporting-it includes verification of energy data bench marking and setting high-level energy use
reduction targets.
 Monitoring –it includes trend analysis and tracing energy consumption to identify cost-saving
opportunities.
 Engagements-can mean real-time responses to promote energy conservation.

Various stages of Energy Management Software (EMS):

Following are the various stages of the EMS;
 Data collection
 Reporting
 Monitoring
 Engagement

Data collection:

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Energy management software collects the historic and real time interval data. With intervals varying from
interval meters, directly from utility or from other sources. Past bills can be used to provide comparison
between pre and post energy consumption. Electricity and natural gas are the most common utilities
measured, through systems may monitor steam, petroleum or other energy uses, water use and even
locally generated energy. Also the renewable energy sources have contributed to the growth in EMS data
collection market.

Reporting:
Reporting tools are targeted at owners and executives who went to automatic energy and emission
auditing. For example, cost and consumption data from a number of buildings can be aggregated or
compared with the software which serves time relative to manual reporting. Bill analysis can also
demonstrate the impact of different energy uses.

Monitoring:
The purpose of monitoring is to track and display real-time and historical data.EMS includes various
bench marking tools such as energy consumptions per square foot, weather more advanced analysis using
energy modeling algorithms to identify anomalous consumption. Seeing exactly the energy is used
combined is proper are not, the energy manager is to identify saving opportunities.

Initiatives such as demand saving, replacement of multi-functioning equipment, retrofit of inefficient

equipments and removal of unnecessary loads can be discovered and co-ordinate using EMS.
EMS offers alerts via text or mail messages, when consumption values exceeds pre-defined threshold
based on consumption. More recently, smart phones and tablets are becoming mainstream for EMS.

Engagement: Automated or manual response to collect and analyzed energy data is called engagement.
The objective of engagement is to connect equipments daily choice with building energy consumption. By
displaying real-time consumption information, occupations see the immediate impact of their actions. The
software can be used to promote energy conservation initiatives, offer advice to the occupants or provide a
forum for feedback on sustainability initiatives. Letting occupants know their real-time consumption alone
can be responsible for 7% reduction in energy consumption.

Energy and Facility Management System (EFMS):

EFMS is a term used to refer to an enterprise-wide platform for handling technical data related to
buildings and systems from the merger of EMS, CAFM (computer Aided Facility management) and EAS
(Energy Accounting Software). As such it involves the gathering and processing or information that is
required for maintaining acceptable indoor comfort level while minimizing energy use.

Purpose of Energy and Facility Management System (EFMS):

An EFMS sere dual purpose:
 On day- to-day operational level on EFMS will help to improve comfort level while minimizing
the energy consumption.
 To focus on processes and recourses for reducing the energy spending.
 To support the development strategy of the organization.
 To support managerial decisions such as system or process efficiencies, rating and critical areas.

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Describe methodology of EFMS: operation of energy and facility management software involves the
gathering of various types of information, firstly from the system under study and then these are
integrated. The various types of information classes are as follows.
1. Energy consumption information: commonly handled by an EMS and derived from online
metering devices such as Energy Meters, Gas meters.
2. System information such as HVAC systems settings, sensor readings etc. commonly resident in
a BMS.
3. Assets Information, such as building size, floor number and area, cooling capacity of
installed HVAC systems, maintenance logs etc. commonly found in a CAFM system.
4. Weather information commonly derived from internet weather feeds or locally installed sensors.
5. Occupancy / Use information such as room occupancy of a hotel or customers served at a retail
store commonly found in an ERP.
6. Utility bills information commonly resident in an EAS (Energy Accounting Software).

Components of EFMS:
An EFMS should be consisted of at least the following modules:
 Visualization / Dashboard Module:
Which will present graphical or table illustrations of energy information (from EMS), system
information (from BMS) and Billing information (from EAS)?
 Alarming Module:
Which will create and manage alarms based on given threshold values and / or Faults Detection &
Diagnosis detection methods.
 Work Order Module:
Which will create and manage notifications of alarms directed towards appropriate users? The Work
Order Module will manage actions of users related to each fault along the Fault Cycle (birth,
detection, diagnosis, action, evaluation).

 Data Sources Module:

Which will manage the connection to and synchronization with the various data sources such as
energy management systems and metering devices, BMS, EAS, ERP etc.
 Reporting Module:
Which will manage the creation and distribution of energy and facility report?

Processes in EFMS:
The processes performed in an EFMS fall under the categories of:
 Entry Processes: which may be tactical such as the automated synchronization with a BMS or ERP
or ad hoc such as the manual entry of utility bills data or the upload of maintenance log?
 FDD Processes: (Faults Detection & Diagnosis) which may include sub-processes for setting various
thresholds, selecting from a list of rules which ones should be applied to each specific building /
installation and the tactical application of rule sets and threshold values to an FDD scanning process
of building related data.
 Work Order Processes: which include processes for relaying alerts and faults to users and managing
the actions they undertake until the issue is resolved.
 Reporting Processes: which involve tactical creation of visualization elements and reports or ad hoc
querying processes for data mining and faults investigation?
Applications of EFMS:

43
Applications of integrated EFMS suites will benefit mostly organizations with either very large or busy
facilities,
1. Such as malls,
2. Hotel complexes.
3. Transportation hubs the complexity of which challenges operational efficiency organizations with
many buildings dispersed across remote locations such as retail chains, restaurant chains, banks
and food store chains etc.
4. Commercial property managers that plan and manage energy efficiency projects generally use a
software platform to perform energy audits and to collaborate with contractors to understand.
Draw the block diagram of EFMS:

44
 UNIT-IV
ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONSERVATION

Discuss need of energy conservation in India:

Need for energy conservation in India the increasing demand for power has led to considerable fossil fuels
burning which has in turn had an adverse impact on environment. In this context, efficient use of energy
and its conservation is of paramount importance. It has been estimated that nearly 25,000 MW can be
saved by implementing end-use energy efficiency and demand side management measures throughout
India. Efficient use of energy and its conservation assumes even greater importance in view of the fact that
one unit of energy saved at the consumption level reduces the need for fresh capacity creation by 2 times
to 2.5 times. Further, such saving through efficient use of energy can be achieved at less than one-fifth the
cost of fresh capacity creation. Energy efficiency would, therefore, significantly supplement our efforts to
meet power requirement, apart from reducing fossil fuel consumption. The economic development of a
country is often closely linked to its consumption of energy. Although India ranks sixth in the world as far
as total energy consumption is concerned, it still needs much more energy to keep pace with its
development objectives. India‘s projected economic growth rate is slated at 7.4per cent during the period
1997-2012. This would necessitate commensurate growth in the requirement of commercial energy, most
of which is expected to be from fossil fuels and electricity. India‘s proven coal reserves may last for more
than 200 years, but the limited known oil and natural gas reserves may last only 18 years to 26 years,
which is a cause of concern. The continued trend of increasing share of petroleum fuels in the
consumption of commercial energy is bound to lead to more dependence on imports and energy
insecurity.

Definition of energy conservation:

Energy conservation is defined as, Reduction in the amount of energy consumed in process or system or
by an organization or by society through economy, by an elimination of waste and rational use.
Or it is defined as Energy can be conserved by reducing wastage and losses, improving efficiency through
technological up gradation and improved operation and maintenance.

Needs of Energy Conservation:

The earth provides enough to satisfy every man‘s needs but not every man‘s greed said Gandhiji. Hard
facts on why energy conservation is a must are outlined below.
 We use energy faster than it can be produced - Coal, oil and natural gas - the most utilised sources take
thousands of years for formation.
 Energy resources are limited - India has approximately 1% of world‘s energy resources but it has 16%
of world population.
 Most of the energy sources we use cannot be reused and renewed - Non renewable energy sources
constitute 80% of the fuel use. It is said that our energy resources may last only for another 40 years or so.
 We save the country a lot of money when we save energy - About 75 per cent of our crude oil needs are
met from imports which would cost about Rs.1, 50,000 core a year
 We save our money when we save energy - Imagine your savings if your LPG cylinder comes for an
extra week or there is a cut in your electricity bills
 We save our energy when we save energy - When we use fuel wood efficiently, our fuel wood
requirements are lower and so is our drudgery for its collection

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 Energy saved is energy generated - When we save one unit of energy, it is equivalent to 2 units of
energy produced
 Save energy to reduce pollution - Energy production and use account to large proportion of air pollution
and more than 83 percent of greenhouse gas emissions
An old Indian saying describes it this way - The earth, water and the air are not a gift to us from our
parents but a loan from our children. Hence we need to make energy conservation a habit.

Energy Conservation Act:

Considering the vast potential of energy savings and benefits of energy efficiency, the Government of
India enacted the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 (52 of 2001). The Act provides for the legal framework,
institutional arrangement and a regulatory mechanism at the Central and State level to embark upon
energy efficiency drive in the country. Five major provisions of EC Act relate to Designated Consumers,
Standard and Labeling of Appliances, Energy Conservation Building Codes, Creation of Institutional Set
up (BEE) and Establishment of Energy Conservation Fund.
The Energy Conservation Act became effective from 1st March, 2002 and Bureau of Energy Efficiency
(BEE) operationalzed from 1st March, 2002. Energy efficiency institutional practices and programs in
India are now mainly being guided through various voluntary and mandatory provisions of the Energy
Conservation Act. The EC Act was amended in 2010 and the main amendments of the Act are given
below:
Objectives of Energy Conservation Act-2001:
The primary objective of BEE is to reduce energy intensity in the Indian economy through adoption of
result oriented approach. The broad objectives of the BEE are:
1. To assume leadership and provide policy framework and direction to national energy efficiency and
conservation efforts and programmes.
2. To coordinate policies and programmes on efficient use of energy and its conservation with the
involvement of stakeholders.
3. To establish systems and procedures to measure, monitor and verify energy efficiency results in
individual sectors as well as at national level.
4. To leverage multi-lateral, bi-lateral and private sector support in implementation of the Energy
Conservation Act and programmes for efficient use of energy and its conservation.
5. To demonstrate energy efficiency delivery mechanisms, through private-public partnership,
6. To plan, manage and implement energy conservation programmes as envisaged in the Energy
Conservation Act.

Features of Energy Conservation Act-2001:

Important features of Energy Conservation Act-2001:
 specify energy consumption standards for notified equipment and appliances;
 direct mandatory display of label on notified equipment and appliances;
 prohibit manufacture, sale, purchase and import of notified equipment and appliances not conforming to
energy consumption standards;
 notify energy intensive industries, other establishments, and commercial buildings as designated
consumers;
 establish and prescribe energy consumption norms and standards for designated consumers;
 prescribe energy conservation building codes for efficient use of energy and its conservation in new
commercial buildings having a connected load of 500 kW or a contract demand of 600 kVA and above;

46
  direct designated consumers to:-
1. designate or appoint certified energy manager in charge of activities for efficient use of energy and
its conservation;
2. get an energy audit conducted by an accredited energy auditor in the specified manner and interval
of time;
3. furnish information with regard to energy consumed and action taken on the recommendation of
the accredited energy auditor to the designed agency;
4. comply with energy consumption norms and standards;
5. prepare and implement schemes for efficient use of energy and its conservation if the prescribed
energy consumption norms and standards are not fulfilled;
 Get energy audit of the building conducted by an accredited energy auditor in this specified manner
and intervals of time;
State Governments may –
1. Amend the energy conservation building codes prepared by the Central Government to suit
regional and local climatic conditions;
2. Direct every owners or occupier of a new commercial building or building complex being a
designated consumer to comply with the provisions of energy conservation building codes;
3. Direct, if considered necessary for efficient use of energy and its conservation, any designated
consumer to get energy audit conducted by an accredited energy auditor in such manner and at
such intervals of time as may be specified.
List the national institutions promoting energy conservation:
1. Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2010.
2. Energy Management Centre (EMC) of Kerala.
3. Information on energy conservation provided by the Ministry of Power.
4. Information is provided on the energy conservation and energy efficiency by the Department of
Energy of Karnataka.
5. Punjab Energy Development Agency.
6. Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE).
7. Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited.
8. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE).
9. Nuclear Fuel Complex.

Describe role of IRDEA (Indian renewable energy development agency)in energy conservation:
Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited (IREDA) is a Mini Ratna (Category – I) Government
of India Enterprise under the administrative control of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE).
IREDA is a Public Limited Government Company established as a Non-Banking Financial Institution in 1987
engaged in promoting, developing and extending financial assistance for setting up projects relating to new and
renewable sources of energy and energy efficiency/conservation with the motto: ―ENERGY FOR EVER.

Objective of IRDA:
1. To give financial support to specific projects and schemes for generating electricity and / or energy
through new and renewable sources and conserving energy through energy efficiency.
2. To strive to be competitive institution through customer satisfaction.
3. To maintain its position as a leading organization to provide efficient and effective financing in renewable
energy and energy efficiency / conservation projects.

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4. Improvement in the efficiency of services provided to customers through continual improvement of
systems, processes and resources.

Explain Energy conservation in T&D lines:

In India, average T and D losses, have been officially indicated as 23% as compared to 5.5 to 12% in western
countries. These losses in T and D, occurs in the process of supplying electricity to consumers due to technical
and commercial losses. Technical losses are due to energy dissipated in the conductors and equipments used in
transmission system. The commercial losses are caused by defective meters and errors in meter reading and in
estimating unmetered supply of energy.

Reasons for Technical Losses:

Following are the reasons for technical losses:
1. Steeping up transformation at the generating station.
2. EHV transmission system.
3. Step down transformation to sub - transmission levels.
4. Sub-transmission system.
5. Step down transformation to primary distribution levels.
6. Primary distribution system.
7. Transformation to LT Secondary distribution level.
8. LT distribution network.
9. Improper load management.
10. Making unauthorized extensions of loads.
11. Too many stages of transformation.
12. Poor quality of equipment used in agricultural pumping in rural area and industrial loads in urban areas.
13. Stopping the meters by remote control.
14. Improper testing and calibration of meters.

Measures to Optimize T and D Losses:

Following measures are taken to minimize the T and D losses.
1. Identification of the weakest areas in the distribution system and strengthening /improving them so
as to draw the maximum benefits of the limited resources.
2. Reducing the length of LT lines by relocation of distribution sub stations/ installations of additional
distribution transformers (DTs).
3. Installation of lower capacity distribution transformers at each consumer premises instead of cluster
formation and substitution of DTs with those having lower no load losses such as amorphous core
transformers.
4. Installation of shunt capacitors for improvement of power factor.
5. Mapping of complete primary and secondary distribution system clearly depicting the various
parameters such as conductor size line lengths etc.
6. Compilation of data regarding existing loads, operating conditions, forecast of expected loads etc.
7. Carrying out detailed distribution system studies considering the expected load development during
the next 8-10 years.
8. Preparation of long-term plans for phased strengthening and improvement of the distribution
systems along with associated transmission system.

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 9. Estimation of the financial requirements for implementation of the different phases of system
improvement works.
10.Formulation of comprehensive system improvement schemes with detailed investment program so
as to meet system requirement for first 5 years period.
11. Set up vigilance squads to check and prevent pilferage of energy.
12. Severe penalties may be imposed on those tampering with the meter seals etc.
13. Energy audits should be introduced and personal responsibility should be fixed on the district
officers (executive engineers) for energy received and energy sales in each area.
14. Installation of tamper-proof meter boxes and use of tamper-proof numbered seals.
15. Providing adequate meter testing facilities.
16. A time bound program should be chalked out for checking the meters, and replacement of defective
meters with tested meters.

Energy conservation in Industries:

Boilers:
Following are the some of energy conservation in boiler:
 Use smooth, well-rounded air inlet ducts or cones for air intakes.
• Minimize blower inlet and outlet obstructions.
• Clean screens and filters regularly.
• Minimize blower speed.
• Use low-slip or no-slip belts.
• Check belt tension regularly.
• Eliminate variable pitch pulleys.
• Use variable speed drives for large variable blower loads.
• Use energy-efficient motors for continuous or near-continuous operation.
• Eliminate ductwork leaks.
• Turn blowers off when they are not needed.

Furnaces:
Following are the some of energy conservation in furnace:
1.Check against infiltration of air: Use doors or air curtains.
2.Monitor O2 /CO2/CO and control excess air to the optimum level.
3.Improve burner design, combustion control and instrumentation.
4.Ensure that the furnace combustion chamber is under slight positive pressure.
5.Use ceramic fibers in the case of batch operations.
6.Match the load to the furnace capacity.
7.Retrofit with heat recovery device.
8.Investigate cycle times and reduce.
9.Provide temperature controllers.
10. Ensure that flame does not touch the stock.

Compressed air:
Following are the some of energy conservation in compressed air:
• Install a control system to coordinate multiple air compressors.
• Study part-load characteristics and cycling costs to determine the most-efficient mode for operating
Multiple air compressors.

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• Avoid over sizing -- match the connected load.
• Load up modulation-controlled air compressors. (They use almost as much power at partial load as at
Full load.)
• Turn off the back-up air compressor until it is needed.
• Reduce air compressor discharge pressure to the lowest acceptable setting. (Reduction of 1 kg/cm2 air
Pressure (8 kg/cm2 to 7 kg/cm2 ) would result in 9% input power savings. This will also reduce
Compressed air leakage rates by 10%)
• Use the highest reasonable dryer dew point settings.
• Turn off refrigerated and heated air dryers when the air compressors are off.
• Use a control system to minimize heatless desiccant dryer purging.
• Minimize purges, leaks, excessive pressure drops, and condensation accumulation. (Compressed air
leak from 1 mm hole size at 7 kg/cm2 pressure would mean power loss equivalent to 0.5 kW)
• Use drain controls instead of continuous air bleeds through the drains.
• Consider engine-driven or steam-driven air compression to reduce electrical demand charges.
• Replace standard v-belts with high-efficiency flat belts as the old v-belts wear out.
• Use a small air compressor when major production load is off.
• Take air compressor intake air from the coolest (but not air conditioned) location. (Every 50 C
reduction in intake air temperature would result in 1% reduction in compressor power consumption)
• Use an air-cooled after cooler to heat building makeup air in winter.
• Be sure that heat exchangers are not fouled (e.g. -- with oil).
• Be sure that air/oil separators are not fouled.
• Monitor pressure drops across suction and discharge filters and clean or replace filters promptly upon
alarm.
• Use a properly sized compressed air storage receiver. Minimize disposal costs by using
Lubricant that is fully de- mislabel and an effective oil-water separator.

Refrigerator system:
Following are the some of energy conservation in Refrigerator system:
 Regular maintenance of refrigeration components such as coils, fans, seals, etc. will help keep the system
running at its designed efficiency level
 Check temperature settings to ensure they are not lower than necessary
 Keep refrigeration systems out of areas that have frequent fluctuations in temperature - areas in direct
sunlight or away from outside doors
 Install a variable speed drive to control the level of refrigeration necessary to keep items cool
 Defrost cycles can be reduced by adding a sensor at the evaporator and by running defrost at night
 Use air curtain technology to seal in cool air and keep dust or other contaminants out.

Air compressor:
Following are the some of energy conservation in Air compressor:
 You can reduce compressed air costs by analyzing compressor operation and reducing leaks.
 Use a systems approach while operating and maintaining a compressed air system.
 Compressors can be staged with controls to optimize performance.
 Implement a company-wide compressed air management policy to eliminate unnecessary uses,

50
 fixing leaks and synchronizing use with supply and demand.
 Smaller compressors can be used to operate during unoccupied periods.

Heat exchanger: A heat exchanger is a piece of equipment built for efficient heat transfer from one
medium to another. They are widely used in space heating, refrigeration, air conditioning, power plant,
chemical plant etc. the performance of heat exchanger effected on energy conservation.
Following are the some of energy conservation in heat exchanger:
1. Online monitoring of commercial heat exchangers by tracing overall heat transfer co-efficient.
2. Periodically calculating the overall heat transfer co-efficient from exchanger flow rates and
temperature.
3. Owner of the heat exchanger should estimate when cleaning the heat exchanger attractive.
4. Integrity inspection of plates and rubber heat exchanger can be tested by helium gas method.

Turbine:
Turbine has been the world‘s energy work horses for generations. A turbine is a machine that extracts
energy from the flow of fluid 97% of the total electricity generation is achieved by using different types of
turbines.
Strategies for Energy Conservation:
Following are the some of energy conservation in turbine:
1. Efficiency of the turbine is improved.
2. Avoiding fluid leak aging.
3. Improve turbine blades material.
4. Improvement in the surface finish of blades which helps to minimize the losses, and also improve
the efficiency
5. Use of combined cycle based gas turbine for efficiency improvement and it can significantly help
in energy conservation effect.
6. Old inefficient turbine can replace with new one.

Electrical Motor:
Following are the some of energy conservation in electric motors:
 When purchasing a new motor choose the most energy efficient one you can afford. Premium efficiency
motors cost about 20 percent more, but can have a relatively short payback to off-set these costs.
 Motors are oversized when they power end uses that require less horsepower than the motor is capable of
producing.
 Select a lower power motor and operate it at a higher load factor near optimal efficiency to help justify the
motor replacement.
 Motors operated at low load factors have lower power factors, thus having less efficiency.
 Optimize transmission efficiency by using synchronous belts instead of v-belts. V-belts can slip and
deteriorate reducing efficiency at higher loads.
 Consider using a variable speed drive motor system instead of traditional motors when loads vary
significantly over the course of daily use.
 Make sure the voltage of the motor is as close to the design limits, found on the nameplate, as possible.
 Voltage at the motor that is not within the design limits leads to a decrease in power factor.

51
 Low power factors may be monetarily penalized by your power company.
Drives:
Following are the some of energy conservation in Drives:
• Use variable-speed drives for large variable loads.
• Use high-efficiency gear sets.
• Use precision alignment.
• Check belt tension regularly.
• Eliminate variable-pitch pulleys.
• Use flat belts as alternatives to v-belts.
• Use synthetic lubricants for large gearboxes.
• Eliminate eddy current couplings.
• Shut them off when not needed.
Fans:
Following are the some of energy conservation in Fans:
• Use smooth, well-rounded air inlet cones for fan air intakes.
• Avoid poor flow distribution at the fan inlet.
• Minimize fan inlet and outlet obstructions.
• Clean screens, filters, and fan blades regularly.
• Use aerofoil-shaped fan blades.
• Minimize fan speed.
• Use low-slip or flat belts.
• Check belt tension regularly.
• Eliminate variable pitch pulleys.
• Use variable speed drives for large variable fan loads.
• Use energy-efficient motors for continuous or near-continuous operation
• Eliminate leaks in ductwork.
• Minimize bends in ductwork
• Turn fans off when not needed.
Blowers:
Following are the some of energy conservation in Blowers:
• Use smooth, well-rounded air inlet ducts or cones for air intakes.
• Minimize blower inlet and outlet obstructions.
• Clean screens and filters regularly.
• Minimize blower speed.
• Use low-slip or no-slip belts.
• Check belt tension regularly.
• Eliminate variable pitch pulleys.
• Use variable speed drives for large variable blower loads.
• Use energy-efficient motors for continuous or near-continuous operation.

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• Eliminate ductwork leaks.
• Turn blowers off when they are not needed.
Pumps:
Following are the some of energy conservation in pumps:
• Operate pumping near best efficiency point.
• Modify pumping to minimize throttling.
• Adapt to wide load variation with variable speed drives or sequenced control of smaller units.
• Stop running both pumps -- add an auto-start for an on-line spare or add a booster pump in the problem area.
• Use booster pumps for small loads requiring higher pressures.
• Increase fluid temperature differentials to reduce pumping rates.
• Repair seals and packing to minimize water waste.
• Balance the system to minimize flows and reduce pump power requirements.
 Use siphon effect to advantage: don't waste pumping head with a free-fall (gravity) return.

Cooling towers:
Following are the some of energy conservation in cooling towers.
1.Control cooling tower fans based on leaving water temperatures.
2.Control to the optimum water temperature as determined from cooling tower and chiller performance data.
3. Use two-speed or variable-speed drives for cooling tower fan control if the fans are few. Stage the cooling
tower fans with on-off control if there are many.
4.Turn off unnecessary cooling tower fans when loads are reduced.
5.Cover hot water basins (to minimize algae growth that contributes to fouling).
6.Balance flow to cooling tower hot water basins.
7.Periodically clean plugged cooling tower water distribution nozzles.
8.Install new nozzles to obtain a more-uniform water pattern.
9.Replace splash bars with self-extinguishing PVC cellular-film fill.
10. On old counter flow cooling towers, replace old spray-type nozzles with new square spray ABS
practically-non-clogging nozzles.
11. Replace slat-type drift eliminators with high-efficiency, low-pressure-drop, self-extinguishing, PVC
cellular units.
12. If possible, follow manufacturer's recommended clearances around cooling towers and relocate or modify
structures, signs, fences, dumpsters, etc. that interfere with air intake or exhaust.
13. Optimize cooling tower fan blade angle on a seasonal and/or load basis.
14. Correct excessive and/or uneven fan blade tip clearance and poor fan balance.
15. Use a velocity pressure recovery fan ring.
16. Divert clean air-conditioned building exhaust to the cooling tower during hot weather.

Energy conservation in domestic sectors:

The Domestic Sector accounts for 30% of total energy consumption in the country. There is a tremendous
scope to conserve energy by adopting simple measures. This information is a guide, which offers easy,
practical solutions for saving energy in Home Appliances. Please, take a few moments to read the valuable
tips that will save energy & money and ultimately help conserve our natural resources. It would be useful to
know which gadget consumes how much electricity. Economic use of home appliances can help in reducing
electricity bills.

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The following table shows the energy consumption of various appliances normally used at home:
Appliances Rating Operating Units/
(Watts) Hrs/Day Month
Incandescent Bulbs 40 6 7
Incandescent Bulbs 60 6 11
Fluorescent Tube light 40 10 12
Night Lamp 15 10 4.5
Mosquito Repellent 5 10 1.5
Fans 60 15 27
Air Coolers 175 8 42
Air Conditioners 1500 6 270
Refrigerator 225 15 101
Mixer/Blender/ 450 1 13.5
Toaster 800 0.5 12
Hot Plate 1500 0.5 22.5
Oven 1000 1 30 1000 1 30
Electric Kettle 1500 1 45
Electric Iron 1500 1 45
Water heater-Instant 3000 0 90
Type (1-2 Ltr capacity
Water heater-Storage 2000 1 60
type (10-20 Ltr
capacity)
Immersion rod 1000 1 30
Vacuum Cleaner 700 0.5 11
Washing Machine 300 1 9
Water pump 750 1 22.5
TV 100 10 30
Audio system 50 2 3

Useful Tips to Save Energy By following these simple tips one can save energy to a large extent.
Lighting:
Following are the some of energy conservation in lightings.
1. Turn off the lights when not in use
2. Take advantage of daylight by using light-colored, loose-weave curtains on your windows to
allow daylight to penetrate the room. Also, decorate with lighter colors that reflect daylight
3. De-dust lighting fixtures to maintain illumination
4. Use task lighting; instead of brightly lighting an entire room, focus the light where you need it
5. Compact fluorescent bulbs are four times more energy efficient than incandescent bulbs and
provide the same lighting.

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 6. Use electronic chokes in place of conventional copper chokes
Fans:
1. Replace conventional regulators with electronic regulators for ceiling fans
2. Install exhaust fans at a higher elevation than ceiling fans
Electric iron:
1. Select iron boxes with automatic temperature cutoff
2. Use appropriate regulator position for ironing
3. Do not put more water on clothes while ironing
4. Do not iron wet clothes Kitchen Appliances

Mixers:
1. Avoid dry grinding in your food processors ( mixers and grinders) as it takes longer time than liquid
grinding
2. Microwaves ovens
3. Consumes 50 % less energy than conventional electric / gas stoves
4. Do not bake large food items
5. Unless you're baking breads or pastries, you may not even need to preheat
6. Don't open the oven door too often to check food condition as each opening leads to a temperature
drop of 25°C Ø Electric stove
7. Turn off electric stoves several minutes before the specified cooking time
8. Use flat-bottomed pans that make full contact with the cooking coil.

Gas stove:
1. When cooking on a gas burner, use moderate flame settings to conserve LPG
2. Remember that a blue flame means your gas stove is operating efficiently
3. Yellowish flame is an indicator that the burner needs cleaning
4. Use pressure cookers as much as possible
5. Use lids to cover the pans while cooking
6. Bring items taken out of refrigerators (like vegetables, milk etc) to room temperature before
placing on the gas stove for heating
7. Use Solar Water Heater – a good replacement for a electric water heater

Electronic Devices:
Do not switch on the power when TV and Audio Systems are not in use i.e. idle operation leads to an energy loss of
10 watts/device

Computers:
1. Turn off your home office equipment when not in use. A computer that runs 24 hours a day, for
instance, uses - more power than an energy-efficient refrigerator.
2. If your computer must be left on, turn off the monitor; this device alone uses more than half the
system's energy.
3. Setting computers, monitors, and copiers to use sleep-mode when not in use helps cut energy costs
by approximately 40%.
4. Battery chargers, such as those for laptops, cell phones and digital cameras, draw power whenever
they are plugged in and are very inefficient. Pull the plug and save

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 5. Screen savers save computer screens, not energy. Start-ups and shutdowns do not use any extra
energy, nor are they hard on your computer components.
6. In fact, shutting computers down when you are finished using them actually reduces system wear -
and saves energy.
Refrigerator:
1. Regularly defrost manual-defrost refrigerators and freezers; frost buildup increases the amount of
energy needed to keep the motor running
2. Leave enough space between your refrigerator and the walls so that air can easily circulate around
the refrigerator Ø Don't keep your refrigerator or freezer too cold.
3. Make sure your refrigerator door seals are airtight
4. Cover liquids and wrap foods stored in the refrigerator. Uncovered foods release moisture and
make the compressor work harder.
5. Do not open the doors of the refrigerators frequently
6. Don't leave the fridge door open for longer than necessary, as cold air will escape
7. Use smaller cabinets for storing frequently used items
8. Avoid putting hot or warm food straight into the fridge.

Washing machines:
9. Always wash only with full loads
10. Use optimal quantity of water Ø Use timer facility to save energy
11. Use the correct amount of detergent
12. Use hot water only for very dirty clothes
13. Always use cold water in the rinse cycle
14. Prefer natural drying over electric dryers
15.
Air Conditioners
1. Prefer air conditioners having automatic temperature cut off
2. Keep regulators at ―low cool‖ position
3. Operate the ceiling fan in conjunction with your window air conditioner to spread the cooled air
more effectively throughout the room and operate the air conditioner at higher temperature
4. Seal the doors and windows properly
5. Leave enough space between your air conditioner and the walls to allow better air circulation
6. A roof garden can reduce the load on Air Conditioner Ø Use windows with sun films/curtains
7. Set your thermostat as high as comfortably possible in the summer.
8. The less difference between the indoor and outdoor temperatures, the lower will be energy
consumption.
9. Don't set your thermostat at a colder setting than normal when you turn on your air conditioner. It
will not cool your home any faster and could result in excessive cooling.
10. Don't place lamps or TV sets near your air-conditioning thermostat? The thermostat senses heat
from these appliances, which can cause the air conditioner to run longer than necessary
11.Plant trees or shrubs to shade air-conditioning units but not to block the airflow. A unit operating
in the shade uses as much as 10% less electricity than the same one operating in the sun.

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 Energy conservation in agriculture sector:

Energy Conservation Tips in Agriculture Sector:

Give below is the list of tips for energy conservation in agriculture sector:
1. Selection of right capacity of pumps according to the irrigation requirement.
2. Matching of pump set with source of water – canal or well.
3. Matching of motor with appropriate size pump.
4. Proper installation of the pump system – shaft alignment, coupling of motor and pump.
5. Use of efficient transmission system. Maintain right tension and alignment of transmission belts.
6. Use of low friction rigid PVC pipes and foot valves.
7. Avoid use unnecessary bends and throttle valves.
8. Use bends in place of elbows.
9. The suction depth of 6 meters is recommended as optimum for centrifugal pumps. The delivery line
Should be kept at minimum require height according to requirement.

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10. Periodically check pump system and carryout corrective measures – like lubrication, alignment,
Tuning of engines and replacement of worn-out parts.
11. Over irrigation can harm the crops and waste vital water resource. Irrigate according to established
Norms for different crop.
12. Use drip irrigation for specific crops like vegetable, fruits, tobacco, etc. Drip systems can conserve
up to 80% water and reduce pumping energy requirement.
13. Tune up your tractor and farm machinery regularly.
14. Service your tube well/pumping station regularly.
15. Do not use tube well in morning/evening peak electricity consumption hours.
16. Irrigation during day time results in vaporization of large quantities of water, which can be saved if
Crops are irrigated during night time.
17. Rewind the burnt tube-well motor with good quality wire which not only prolongs the motor‘s life
But also reduces your electricity bill.

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Energy efficiency:
The term ‗energy efficiency‘ is used a lot these days. Labels on appliances, advertisements from energy
companies and even promises from the government all use the phrase, but what does it really mean?
Something is more energy efficient if it lasts longer or works better than a traditional version of the same
appliance, but uses the same amount of energy. Or even if it delivers the same performance as the
traditional version, but uses less energy.
Ultimately, energy efficiency means doing more with less: that is, squeezing as much useful power out of
as little energy as possible, and not letting any go to waste. Take an old-style light bulb, for example.
These bulbs produced light, but wasted a lot of heat in the process. New energy-saving light bulbs create
the same amount of light without creating wasted heat, and they use less energy in the first place.
The same principle applies to all kinds of energy-saving appliances. An energy-efficient fridge will use
less energy than an old model but still keep your food cool, while an energy-efficient washing machine
will get your clothes smelling fresh and clean without using as much power as an older version.
The term energy efficiency can also be used in a wider sense. Instead of focusing on the energy efficiency
of a single item (such as an appliance), we can also look at the energy efficiency of whole buildings. If
two buildings are supplied with the same amount of energy to create heat, the building that can generate
and retain the most heat – rather than only creating a little heat and then losing it – is the more energy-
efficient building.
Definition:
Energy efficiency is defined as using less energy to provide the same service.
OR
Percentage of total energy input to a machine or equipment that is consumed in useful work and not
wasted as useless heat.
OR
Efficient energy use, sometimes simply called energy efficiency, is the goal to reduce the amount
of energy required to provide products and services. For example, insulating a home allows a building to
use less heating and cooling energy to achieve and maintain a comfortable temperature.

Significance of energy Efficiency:

One of the major significance of Energy Efficiency is that, it is the quickest, cheapest and most
effective method for tackling the growing energy demand, rising costs and climate change while
renewable energy is very essential in securing clean, reliable and affordable energy for all.
However, if we use energy more efficiently, utilize alternative and renewable resources more often,
we will be using good common sense as well as:
 Saving our natural resources.
 Preserving the environment.
 Reducing carbon emission.
 Preventing oil spills and acid rain.
 Reducing smog and global warming.
 Reducing residential/commercial energy bills thus creating more disposable income.

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List need for energy efficient devices:
Following are the needs for energy efficient devices:
 It possible to reduce the use of energy by using more efficient devices introduction.
 It possible to reduce the use of energy by using more efficient devices Methodology.
 It possible to reduce the use of energy by using more efficient devices Objectives.
 It possible to reduce the use of energy by using more efficient devices observation.
 It possible to reduce the usage of saving materials.
List Energy Efficient Devices:
 Following are the energy efficient devices:
 Refrigerators.
 Freezers.
 Ovens.
 Stoves.
 Dishwashers.
 Cloth washers
 Dryers.
 Iron .
 Soft starters
 Variable speed drives.

Describe energy efficient motors:

Energy efficient motors use less electricity, run cooler, and often last longer than NEMA (National
Electrical Manufacturers Association) B motors of the same size.
To effectively evaluate the benefits of high efficiency electric motors, we must define "efficiency". For an
electric motor, efficiency is the ratio of mechanical power delivered by the motor (output) to the electrical
power supplied to the motor (input).

Efficiency = (Mechanical Power Output / Electrical Power Input) x 100%

Thus, a motor that is 85 percent efficient converts 85 percent of the electrical energy input into mechanical
energy. The remaining 15 percent of the electrical energy is dissipated as heat, evidenced by a rise in
motor temperature. Energy efficient electric motors utilize improved motor design and high quality
materials to reduce motor losses, therefore improving motor efficiency. The improved design results in
less heat dissipation and reduced noise output.

Most electric motors manufactured prior to 1975 were designed and constructed to meet minimum
performance levels as a trade-off for a low purchase price. Efficiency was maintained only at levels high
enough to meet the temperature rise restrictions of the particular motor. In 1977, the (NEMA)
recommended a procedure for labeling standard three-phase motors with an average nominal efficiency.
These efficiencies represent an industry average for a large number of motors of the same design. Table 1
compares the current Standard full load nominal efficiencies for standard and energy efficient motors of
various sizes. Note that these efficiencies are averages for three-phase Design B motors. (Design B motors
account for 90 percent of all general purpose induction motors. See NEMA Specifications Publication
MG-1-1.16 for classifications of induction motors.) Motors of other types (Design A, C, or D) have
slightly different efficiencies, while single phase motors have substantially lower efficiencies. Energy
efficient motors are only marketed with NEMA B speed-torque characteristics.

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 TABLE 1
Average Full Load Nominal Efficiencies Standard and Energy Efficient Motors

Rated hp Standard Motor* High-Efficiency Motor*

1.0 75.5 82.6

1.5 78.1 83.3

2.0 80.5 83.8

3.0 81.2 87.7

5.0 82.8 88.6

7.5 83.8 89.8

10.0 85.2 90.1

15.0 86.8 91.3

20.0 87.8 91.9

25.0 88.3 92.8

30.0 89.1 92.7

40.0 89.6 93.3

50.0 90.5 93.8

60.0 90.6 94.1

75.0 91.2 94.4

100.0 91.8 94.7

125.0 92.4 95.3

150.0 92.9 95.5

200.0 94.0 95.4

Motor efficiency is a factor of a variety of mechanical and electrical imperfections within the motor.
Resistance (I2R) losses in the stator windings and rotor bars can constitute up to a 15 percent loss in
efficiency in three-phase motors. I2 R losses in single phase fractional horsepower motors may be as high
as 30 percent. Magnetization losses in the stator and rotor cores cause about a 1 percent to 7 percent
efficiency loss. Friction losses in the bearings and inefficiency in the cooling fans result in 0.5 percent to
1.5 percent loss in motor efficiency. Friction and magnetization losses are independent of motor load and
relate solely to motor size and design. The remaining losses are referred to as stray load losses. Severely
under loaded motors have lower efficiencies because the friction and windage and core losses remain
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constant and comprise an increasingly larger percentage of total motor power consumption. The figure
below shows the various components of motor losses as a function of motor load.
Cost-Savings Analysis
When considering energy efficient motors, two factors will affect the payback period: power cost and
operating hours per year. Where electricity is inexpensive or operating time is low, it may take several
years for the savings from installation of high efficiency motors to outweigh the difference in initial cost.
On the other hand, where power costs and the operating hours per year are high, it may be possible to
replace an existing standard efficiency motor with an energy efficient motor and realize a paycheck of less
than one year (Table 2). Furthermore, the economic advantages of energy efficient motors over rewound
motors often provide the opportunity for an upgrade to energy efficient motors when old motors burn out.
TABLE 2
Motor Choice Decision Matrix with Example of a 10-HP
AC-Poly phase Induction Motor

Standard High Efficiency

Motor Motor

A B C

1. First Cost $180 $224 $252 $279

2. %Life = Annual Cost $22.50 $28.00 $31.50 $34.88

3. Electricity Required
8.78 8.52 8.43 8.38
(kW)

4. Hours Use/Year 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000

5. Efficiency 85.0 87.5 88.5 89.0

6. kWh/Year** 35,120 34,080 33,720 32,520

7. Cost/kWh (Energy +
$0.06 $0.06 $0.06 $0.06
Demand)

8. Annual Electric Cost $2,107 $2,045 $2,023 $2,011

9. Difference in Electricity
-0- $62.00 $84.00 $96.00
Costs

10. Total Annual Cost $2,130 $2,073 $3,055 $2,046

11. Payback - Years*** -0- 0.71 0.86 1.03

Source: NEMA Publication MG-1.

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Special features taken for higher Efficiency:
 The construction materials and mechanical and electrical design of a motor dictate its final
efficiency.

 Energy efficient motors utilize high quality materials and employ optimized design to achieve
higher efficiencies.

 Large diameter copper wire in the stator and more aluminum in the rotor reduce resistance losses
of the energy efficient motor.

 Improved rotor configuration and optimized rotor-to-stator air gap result in reduced stray load
losses.

 An optimized cooling fan design provides ample motor cooling with a minimum of windage loss.

 Thinner and higher quality steel laminations in the rotor and stator core allow the energy efficient
motor to operate with substantially lower magnetization losses.

 High quality bearings result in reduced friction losses.

Benefits of Energy Efficient Motors:

1. An extended warranty
2. These motors have low noise and vibrations and helps in conservation of environment.
3. The energy efficient motors have high power-factor
4. More resistance to abnormal operations
5. Better tolerance to thermal stresses resulting from frequent starting.
6. Energy saving is significant in part of the load
7. Energy efficient motors generally have longer insulation and bearing lives, lower heat outputs.

List the Applications of circumstances where energy efficient motor is used:

Energy efficient motors are used in the following sectors:
1. Agricultural pumps
2. Water circulation pumps.
3. Water circulation pumps
4. Oil well pumps
5. Aeronautic applications
6. Refrigeration compressor
7. For all new installations
8. Instead of rewinding old, standard efficiency motors.
9. When replacing failed motor
10. As part of energy management or preventive maintenance.
11. At energy conservation opportunities, such as retrofit or replacement.

List the steps in selection of electric drives:

Following are the steps for selection f electrical drives in industries.
1. Size from end effectors upwards when considering a handy.
2. Minimize quantity of bearings in multi axis solutions.
3. Mounting servo & stepper motors onto mechanical axis.
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 4. Select your stepper card carefully.
5. Benefits of stepper & servo motors.
6. Avoiding unnecessary strain & wear on drive belts & bearings.
7. The importance of identifying the allowance for reserve stroke.
8. The importance of effective cable management systems.
9. What are the differences between spindle drives, lead screws and ball screws?
10. Mounting servo & stepper motors onto mechanical axis.

List the steps to achieve energy conservation in electric drive:

In order to keep the manufacturing cost of a product minimum and make its price comparative in the
market, it is necessary to minimize energy consumption at all stages of the of the manufacturing process
including electrical drives.
Energy conservation is the also necessary because with the ever increasing demand need for electrical
power can only be meet by conserving electrical power in addition to installation of new significant of
electrical energy can be saved by the use of efficient and right type of electrical drives.the efficient
operation of an electrical drives with minimum consumption of energy requires that the drive and the
drive load operate efficiency.
Following measures can be adopted for energy conservation in electric drive:
1. Use efficient motors.
2. Use of variable speed drives.
3. Improvement of power factor in electrical drives.
4. Use correct rating motor.
5. Improvement of quality of supply.
6. Regular and preventive maintenance of, transformers and coupled equipments.

Describe energy efficient lighting sources:

India is facing significant growth in electricity demand and could benefit greatly by using energy efficient
lighting systems. The need of the hour for the country is secured, affordable and environmentally
sustainable energy to meet the ambitious National Programme of ―Power to all by 2012‖.
Lighting is the most visible form of electricity consumption and lighting load in our country is very high
about 17-18% of total load. By increasing the efficiency of lighting system, there can be significant energy
saving and reduction in peak load. There is a scope for reducing about 30 to 35 % of the morning and
evening peak demand.

List the various energy efficient sources:

LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) lamps:
LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) are solid light bulbs which are extremely energy-efficient. When first
developed, LEDs were limited to single-bulb use in applications such as instrument panels, electronics,
pen lights and, more recently, strings of indoor and outdoor Christmas lights.
Manufacturers have expanded the application of LEDs by "clustering" the small bulbs. The first clustered
bulbs were used for battery powered items such as flashlights and headlamps. Today, LED bulbs are made
using as many as 180 bulbs per cluster, and encased in diffuser lenses which spread the light in wider
beams. Now available with standard bases which fit common household light fixtures, LEDs are the next
generation in home lighting.

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A significant feature of LEDs is that the light is directional, as opposed to incandescent bulbs which
spread the light more spherically. This is an advantage with recessed lighting or under-cabinet lighting,
but it is a disadvantage for table lamps. New LED bulb designs address the directional limitation by using
diffuser lenses and reflectors to disperse the light more like an incandescent bulb.

The high cost of producing LEDs has been a roadblock to widespread use. However, researchers at Purdue
University have developed a process for using inexpensive silicon wafers to replace the expensive
sapphire-based technology. This promises to bring LEDs into competitive pricing with CFLs and
incandescent. LEDs may soon become the standard for most lighting needs. We are following these
developments with interest and will report the latest updates in this research.

Benefits of LED lights:

Long-lasting - LED bulbs last up to 10 times as long as compact fluorescents, and far longer than typical
incandescent.

Durable - since LEDs do not have a filament, they are not damaged under circumstances when a regular
incandescent bulb would be broken. Because they are solid, LED bulbs hold up well to jarring and
bumping.

Cool - these bulbs do not cause heat build-up; LEDs produce 3.4 btu's/hour, compared to 85 for
incandescent bulbs. Common incandescent bulbs get hot and contribute to heat build-up in a room. LEDs
prevent this heat build-up, thereby helping to reduce air conditioning costs in the home.

Mercury-free - no mercury is used in the manufacturing of LEDs.

More efficient - LED light bulbs use only 2-17 watts of electricity (1/3rd to 1/30th of Incandescent or
CFL). LED bulbs used in fixtures inside the home save electricity, remain cool and save money on
replacement costs since LED bulbs last so long. Small LED flashlight bulbs will extend battery life 10 to
15 times longer than with incandescent bulbs.

Cost-effective - although LEDs are initially expensive, the cost is recouped over time and in battery
savings. LED bulb use was first adopted commercially, where maintenance and replacement costs are
expensive. But the cost of new LED bulbs has gone down considerably in the last few years. and are
continuing to go down. Today, there are many new LED light bulbs for use in the home, and the cost is
becoming less of an issue. To see a cost comparison between the different types of energy-saving light
bulbs, see our Light Bulb Comparison Charts.

Light for remote areas and portable generators - because of the low power requirement for LEDs,
using solar panels becomes more practical and less expensive than running an electric line or using a
generator for lighting in remote or off-grid areas. LED light bulbs are also ideal for use with small
portable generators which homeowners use for backup power in emergencies.

Why choosing an LED light bulb:

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Many different models and styles of LED bulbs are emerging in today's marketplace. When choosing a
bulb, keep in mind the following:

• Estimate desired brightness - read the package to choose desired brightness level. You can use wattage
to compare bulb illumination, for example, a 9W LED is equivalent in output to a 45 W incandescent.
However, the new method for comparing bulbs is lumens. Lumens is the measuse of perceived brightness,
and the higher the lumens, the brighter the bulb. The FTC has mandated that all light bulb packages
display lumens as the primary measure for comparing bulbs. For more information about lumens, see LED
Terminology further down this page.

• Do you need a 3-Way bulb? - New LED bulbs are available as combination 3-Way bulbs. These
replace 30, 60 and 75-watt incandescent bulbs, while consuming 80% less power than an incandescent
bulb! The Switch 3-Way LED is also omni directional, so it can be used anywhere you would use an
incandescent.

• Choose between warm and cool light - new LED bulbs are available in 'cool' white light, which is ideal
for task lighting, and 'warm' light commonly used for accent or small area lighting.

• Standard base or pin base - LEDs are available in several types of 'pin' sockets or the standard "screw'
(Edison) bases for recessed or track lighting.

• Choose between standard and dimmable bulbs - some LED bulbs, such as the Switch, LED novation
and FEIT LED bulbs, are now available as dimmable bulbs. They will work on your standard dimmer
switch.

• Choose high quality bulbs or they will die prematurely - do not buy cheap bulbs from eBay or
discounters. They are inexpensive because the bulbs use a low-quality chip which fails easily.

• Look for certifications - including FCC, Energy Star and UL.

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