Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Genetics Revised
Genetics Revised
GENETICS
SYLLABUS
1
CORE COURSES
GN I B 01 : CORE COURSE I
Hypotheses: theories and laws in science, Observations, evidences and proofs. Peer
reviews.
Posing a question; formulation of hypothesis; Hypothetico-deductive model, Inductive
model. Significance of verification (proving), corroboration and falsification
(disproving), auxiliary hypothesis, adhoc hypothesis.
Revision of scientific theories and laws.
Importance of models, simulations and virtual testing. Mathematical methods versus
Scientific methods.
2
Unit IV: Data handling in ethics science
Reference Books
Gieryn, T.f. Cultural Boundaries of Science., Univ. Chicago Press, 1999.
Collins H. and T. Pinch. The Golem: What Everyone should know about Science .,
Cambridge Univ Press, 1993
Hewitt, Paul G, Suzanne Lyons, John a. Suchocki-Wesley, 2007
Newton R G. The Truth of Science: New Delhi, 2nd edition Bass, Joel, E and et. al,
Methods for Teaching Science as Inquiry, Allyn & Bacon, 2009.
GN 2 B 02 : CORE COURSE II
CELL BIOLOGY
Total 36 hrs
3
Unit- 3: Molecular Architecture of Cell (15 hrs)
Plasma membrane – cell wall, extracellular matrix, cell junction
Nucleus - Nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, nuclear transport, chromosome,
chromatin (euchromatin, heterochromatin).
Special types of chromosome (polytene, lamp brush).
Endoplasmic reticulum, golgi, vericles, lysosomes.
Mitochondria, Chloroplast, peroxisomes.
Cytoskeleton - microtubules, actin, intermediate filaments, centriole, cilias, flagella.
References:
1. The cell- Bruce Alberts.
2. Cell and molecular biology – De Robertis
3. Cell and molecular biology – Gerald Karp.
4. The cell –Cooper (a molecular approach)
Total – 54 hrs
4
Mendels’ Experiments
Symbols and terminology.
Principle of dominance and segregation
Principle of independent assortment
Mendelian inheritance and probability (Multiplication and Addition rites)
REFERENCES
5
3. Principles of Genetics – Snustad and Simmons.
4. Genetics – A Continuity of Life– Daniel J. Fairbanks, W. Ralph Anderson.
GN 4 B 04 : CORE COURSE IV
(Total – 54 hrs)
6
References:
Principles of Genetics – Simmons, Snustad, Jenkins.
Concepts of Genetics– Klug and Cummings.
Genetics – Peter J. Russell.
Genetics Fairbanks, Ralph. Anderson.
GN 5 B 05 : CORE COURSE V
Molecular Biology and Molecular Genetics I
(Total – 72 hrs)
7
GN 5 B 06 : CORE COURSE VI
Molecular Biology and Molecular Genetics II
Central Dogma
Transcription in prokaryotes, eg: Lac, Tryp operon.
Transcription in eukaryotes
RNA processing – nuclear splicing, rRNA and tRNA processing
References:
Genetics – Peter. J. Russell.
Modern Genetic Analysis – Griffth
Genetics – A Continuity of Life – Daniel Fairbanks, Ralph Anderson.
Concepts of Genetics – Klug and Cummings.
Principles of Genetics – Hartt and Jones.
Medical Genetics
Total – 54 hrs
Unit- 1: Principles of Human Genetics (2 hrs)
History, Origin of medical genetics, classification of genetic disease, definitions,
impact of genetic disease, major new developments.
8
Unit- 2: Biochemical Genetics (7 hrs)
Overview of inborn errors of metabolism
Disorders of urea cycle, lipid metabolism, purine/ pyrimidine metabolism, amino
acid metabolism.
Multifactorial
Cleft lip and palate, Diabetes, Rheumatoid-artheritis
9
Unit- 8: Pharmacogenetics (7 hrs)
Definition, Drug Metabolism, Genetic variation revealed solely by the effects of
drugs (N- acetyl transferase activity, succinyl choline sensitivity, G-6 PD variants,
malignant hypothermia, alcohol metabolism).
Hereditary disorders with altered drug response.
Porphyria, Haemoglobinopathy, Gout
Pharmacogenomics
References:
Emery’s– Elements of Medical Genetics
Strachan and Read – Human Molecular Genetics
Thompson and Thompson – Medical Genetics.
GN 6 B 09 : CORE COURSE IX
Developmental and Behavioral Genetics
(Total – 54 hrs)
10
Introduction
Behaviour in invertebrates
Honeybee, Drosophila, Mice and Dog
Human behaviour - Genetic basis of alcoholism, genetic basis for sexual
orientation.
Courtship behaviour in various animals.
References:
The cell – Bruce Alberts
Emery’s Elements of Medical Genetics-Robert. F. Mueller, Ian. D. Young.
Principles of Development - Wolpert
Principles of Genetics – Snustad, Simmons, Jenkins.
Brief overview
Theory of natural selection
Application to organic evolution and its social impact.
Inherited traits and ethnic groups
11
Unit- 2: Human Genome Project and Its Impact (5 hrs)
12
GN 6 B 12: CORE COURSE XII
13
Cellular oncogene families
Mechanism of activation of oncogenes.
Cellular oncogene products
Tumor suppressor genes
References:
Cancer Cytogenetics
Molecular Biology of Cancer- F. Mac Donald, C.H. Ford.
Genetics of Cancer-Sherbet. G.V. and M.S. Lakshmi
Unit- 1: Mutagenesis
Spontaneous and induced mutation
Somatic and germ cell mutation
Gene mutation and chromosomal mutation
Unit- 2: Mutagens
Physical, chemical and biological agents
Submammalian systems for mutagenecity assessment - Salmonella (Ames Test), E. coli, yeast and
Neurospora, Drosophila-life cycle, culture and maintenance of the organism.
Procedures for assessment of genotoxicity
Higher plants - gene mutation in Tradescantia – Allium test
14
Birth defects in man.
Unit- 5: Modification of mutagenic damage.
Antimutagenesis and Desmutagenesis
Molecular techniques to detect mutations.
Interaction of chemical mutagens and radiation with genetic material.
Electromagnetic spectrum.
Biological effects of ionizing radiation and ultraviolet rays.
Radio sensitizers and radio protectors.
Mutation and health.
15
GN 6 B 13 (Pr): CORE COURSE XIII
PROJECTS/VISITS
1. Field study on gene and genotype frequency of autosomal and sex-linked Mendelian traits
in Humans. Data to be generated by each student from among the college students and
submit the project work.
2. Visit to Genetic clinics and submit the report.
3. Study tour to premier plant and/or Animal breeding centers.
4. Biometrical problems
a) Quantitative inheritance: Problems on kernel colour in wheat, ear length in maize, body
size in poultry and rabbits.
b) Genetics problems on portioning polygenic variability.
c) Genetics problems on heritability, ogenetic advance and correlations.
5. Chemical mutagenesis in plants/Drosphila.
6. Physical mutagenesis in Drosophila.
7. Human Karyotyping.
16
PRACTICALS
GN 2 B 02 (P) - CORE COURSE II: Cell biology
1. STAINING TECHNIQUES
a) Mitochondrial staining in yeast using Janus green
b) Gram staining: E. coli/ Lactobacillus
c) RNA and DNA staining by methylgreen and pyronin
2. TEMPORARY SQUASH PREPARATION
a) Onion root tip for mitosis
b) Grasshopper testis for meiosis
17
GN 4 B 04 (P) -CORE COURSE IV: Cytogenetics and Evolutionary Genetics
2. PEDIGREE ANALYSIS
3. STUDY OF MENDELIAN TRAITS
(A) CURLY HAIR, (B) HYPERTRICHOSIS, (C) WIDOW’S PEAK, (D) DIMPLE CHEEK, (E) BROWN
EYE AND BLACK EYE, (F) HITCH HIKER’S THUMB, (G) MID-DIGITAL HAIR, (H) PTC
SENSITIVITY, (I) ATTACHED AND DETACHED EAR LOBES.
4. DERMATOGLYPHICS
RECORDING OF FINGERTIPS AND PALM
18
GN 6 B 10 (P) - CORE COURSE X: BIOINFORMATICS
1. DATABASE SEARCHING- NCBI, EMBL.
2. SEQUENCE RETRIEVAL - NUCLEOTIDE, PROTEIN, ESTS, ORF
3. SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT-FASTA, BLAST
References:
19
Chromosomal
Single gene and multifactorial disorders
References:
Genetic Counseling – Diane. L. Baker, Jane. L. Schuette, Wndy. R. Uhl Menn.
Thompson and Thompson.
Emery’s Elements in Medical Genetics – Ian. D. Young.
20
COMPLEMENTARY COURSES
1. BIOCHEMISTRY
2. BIOTECHNOLOGY
21
1STCOMPLEMENTARY COURSE
PAPER 1 - ELEMENTARY BIOCHEMISTRY (1)
(36h)
Unit I. Physical Aspects
(20h)
Fundamentals of the following: Law of mass action- statements and explanations, the
equilibrium constants of ions, electrolytes and non-electrolytes. Brönsted’s definition
of acids and bases. Meaning of normality, molarity, molality, actual acidity and titrable
acidity of solutions. Dissociation of water. Concept of pH and pOH. Simple numerical
problems involving determination of H+, OH-, pH and pOH. Elementary study of
methods to determine the pH (a)theoreticalcalculations, (b) using indicators, (c)
using pH meter.
Dissociation of weak acids- Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, simple numerical
problems involving application of this equation. Shapes of titration curves of strong
and weak acids and bases. Meaning of Ka and pKa values. Buffers and buffer
actions. Simple numerical problems on buffer composition.
Fundamental principles of diffusion and osmosis. Definition of osmotic pressure-
relationship of osmotic pressure to gas laws. The general equation for dilute solutions
(p=g/mRT). Problems involving the general equation- influence of ionization and
molecular size on osmotic pressure. Fundamental study of Donnan equilibrium and
dialysis. Meaning of colloidal solutions and coarse suspensions, crystalloids and
colloids. Elementary study of charge on colloids and Tyndall effect. Lyophilic and
lyophobic colloids. Emulsions and emulsifying agents.
Classification of isomerism with examples. Basic ideas about hydrogen bonds and
weak interactions. An example for the following type of reactions – oxidation,
reduction, substitution, addition, elimination, condensation and decarboxylation.
22
Unit II. Blood and other body fluids
(8h)
Blood – functions, plasma proteins. Special proteins in blood. Acid base balance and
maintenance of pH of blood – biochemistry of blood clotting. Brief account of the
function and composition of lymph, interstitial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid,
bile, seminal fluid, saliva, gastric juice, tears, milk, urine, sweat and feces.
Unit III. Modern techniques in Biochemistry
(8h)
Principles and application of: (a) chromatography (paper, thin layer, gas, HPLC, gel
filtration), (b) electrophoresis (paper, PAGE, immunoelectrophoresis), (c) absorption
photometry (colorimetry and spectrophotometry), (d) centrifugation, (e) radio-
immunoassay.
23
Unit II. Lipids
(6h)
Basic ideas about physiological functions of lipids. Fatty acids – classifycation,
structure of the following fatty acids – stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid. Structure of
triacylglycerol. Saponification. Structure of phosphatidic acid, lecithin, cephalin, and
phosphatidyl serine. Sphingo lipids. Definition of saponification number, acid number
and iodine number of fats. Chemical structure and functions of cholesterol and
ergosterol.
Unit III Aminoacids and Proteins
(12h)
Basic ideas about physiological functions of proteins – Name (with abbrevia-tion) and
structures of the 20 important aminoacids occurring in proteins. General chemical
reactions of aminoacids. Representation of alanine, in the zwitter ionic form.
Elementary study of primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins.
The general methods of proteolysis. Identification and estimation of aminoacids.
Sequencing of proteins (only basic principles of the methods employed). Denaturation
of proteins, precipitation reactions and colour reactions of proteins.
Unit IV Nucleic acids
(8h)
Classification of nucleic acids. Chemical structure of adenine, guanine, cytosine,
uracil and thymine. Structure of adenosine, AMP and ATP. Structure of RNA-
primary and secondary structures. Structure of DNA – regularities in base
compositions. Watson and Crick model of DNA.
24
1STCOMPLEMENTARY COURSE
PAPER III - ENZYMOLOGY AND METABOLISM (1)
(54h)
Unit I. Enzymes
(20h)
History of Enzymology.Classification of enzymes; six major classes of enzymes with one
example each.
Elementary study of the following factors affecting velocity of enzyme-catalysed
reactions – effect of substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, temperature and
pH; Michaelis Menten equation (without derivation)., Km and its significance The
Lineweaver- Burk plot.
Definition of enzyme specificity – an example each for group specificity, optical
specificity, geometrical specificity and cofactor specificity of enzymes from the
pathways to be studied this year. Explanation of competitive and non competitive type
of inhibition, their destination on the basis of double reciprocal plot, brief study of
allosteric inhibition with an example.
Brief study of the activation of zymogen form of enzymes. Activation of SH enzymes
and activation of enzymes by prosthetic groups, coenzymes and metal activators.
Brief study of allosteric activation with example. Industrial enzymes (preliminary
study).
Unit II. Anaerobic Metabolism of Carbohydrates
(15h)
Introduction to metabolism. Digestion of carbohydrates and absorption. Reactions of
glycolytic sequences with the names of enzymes and intermediates (without
structures). Fate of pyruvate in alcoholic fermentation. Outline study of glycogenesis
and glycogenolysis. Role of cyclic AMP and hormones in glycogen metabolism.
Gluconeogenesis and pentose phosphate pathway (only outlines without structures of
intermediates).
Unit III. Muscular contractions
(3h)
Name of different proteins in muscles-the sliding filament theory-energy source for muscle
contraction.
25
Unit IV. Aerobic Oxidation of Carbohydrates
(10h)
Decarboxylation of pyruvate – reactions of citric acid cycle (without structures of
intermediates) only outline expected. Calculation of energy yield (as ATP) of aerobic
and anaerobic oxidation of carbohydrates. The mitochondria – arrangement of
electron carriers in the electron transport chain. Substrate level phosphorylation – site
of ATP formation in the chain (Mechanism of ATP formation not expected).
Classification of high energy compounds with an example each. Phosphate potential,
principle of reversible reaction.
Unit V. Photosynthesis
(6h)
Outline of cyclic and non cyclic photophosphorylation- outline study (without
structures) of the path of carbon in the dark reaction (Calvin cycle), glyoxylate cycle,
significance.
1STCOMPLEMENTARY COURSE
PAPER IV – METABOLISM ( 2)
(54h)
Unit I. Metabolism of Lipids
(10h)
Outline study of lipid digestion and absorption. Outline study of β-oxidation scheme
(without structures). ATP yield in β-oxidation – outline study (without structures) of the
cytoplasmic systems of fatty acid biosynthesis. Physiological functions of
phospholipids. Outline study of cholesterol synthesis without structure. Inborn errors
of metabolism.
Unit II Metabolism of Aminoacids and Proteins
(10h)
Proteolytic enzymes of the gastrointestinal tract and their activation (from zymogen
forms). Classification of proteins based on catabolism. Absorption of aminoacids
from the intestine – an example each indicating decarboxylation, deamination and
transamination of aminoacids (without molecular mechanisms). Urea cycle.
Metabolism of glycine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, ammonia.
Unit III Genetic aspects of metabolism
(16h)
26
Central dogma, the chemical nature of gene- replication of DNA, coding for
aminoacids by triplets of bases and transcription of DNA. Types of RNA, their
structural features, their role in protein biosynthesis- fundamental study, translation of
mRNA – the ribosomal events. Post transcriptional and translational modifications,
genetic code, inhibitors.
Unit IV Vitamins and Hormones
(9h)
Classification, source, chemical nature and deficiency disorders of vitamins. Basic
physiological functions of vitamin C, B1, B2, pyridoxine and niacinamide (chemical
structures not expected). Biochemical reactions involving TPP, FMN, FAD, NAD+,
NADP+, PLP, CoA and biotin from metabolic sequences prescribed to be studied in
other chapters. Fat soluble vitamins A,D,E,K. Physiological functions daily
requirements, etc.
Classification, mechanism of action (preliminary study), site of biosynthesis, important
physiological functions of thyroxine, insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, glucocorticoids
and growth hormones.
Unit V: Mineral Metabolism
(9h)
Sodium, potassium, iron, copper, iodine, fluorine, selenium – biological role and
nutritional importance. Introduction to Secondary Plant Products (types, source, and
functions)
Reference books:
1) E.S. West, W.R. Todd, H.S. Mason and J.T. Van Bruggen.. Text book of
Biochemistry. Pub. The Macmillan Company, Collier-Macmillan Ltd., London
2) Medical Biochemistry : Ramakrishnan
3) Text Book of Biochemistry : D.M. Vasudevan
4) Text Book of Biochemistry: A.C. Deb
5) Plant Metabolism: H.D. Kumar and H.N. Singh Pub. Affiliated East-West Press Pvt. Ltd.
New Delhi
6) Principles of Biochemistry: Worth Publishers A.L. Lehninger, D.L. Nelson
and M.M. Cox.
1STCOMPLEMENTARY COURSE
Practicals
27
1. Preparation of solutions
percentage solutions, (ii) molar solutions, (iii) normal solutions
Standardisation of pH meter, preparation of buffer, principles of colorimetry and
verification of Beer-Lambert law.
2. Qualitative analysis
Carbohydrates- general reactions of carbohydrates (mono, di and polysaccharides)
Molisch test, anthrone reaction, phenol -sulphuric acid reaction. Specific reactions of
reducing sugars – Benedict’s test, Fehling’s test picric acid test ,ferricyanide test.
Scheme for analysis of biochemical solution containing a single component;
carbohydrate (starch, reducing sugar, ketose), protein (Biuret test, ninhydrin,
solubility pattern, xanthoproteic test, millons test, glyoxylic acid test, nitroprusside
test, precipitation by heavy metal ions and alkaloidal reagents)
3. Quantitative analysis
Glucose estimation by Benedict’s method, anthrone or arsenomolybdate methods)
Aminoacid estimation by Ninhydrin method
Protein estimation by Biuret method.
Protein estimation by Lowry et al. method.
Cholesterol estimation by Zak’s method.
DNA estimation by diphenylamine method & RNA estimation by orcinol method
4. Demonstration experiments
Demonstration of paper chromatography and TLC
Digestion of starch by salivary amylase.
References
1. Practical Biochemistry :Plummer
2. The Tools of Biochemistry: Cooper, T.G. . Pub. John Wiley & Sons.
3. Practical Biochemistry: K.E. Van Holde
28
2ND COMPLEMENTARY COURSE
Paper I - Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology
(36 hrs)
I. Introduction to microbial fermentation. Range of microbial fermentation
processes.
Flow chart of typical industrial fermentation process. Concept of value addition,
shelf life improvement, low-volume high value and high-volume, low-value
products (3 hr)
II. Isolation of industrially useful microbes from soil, air and water. Microbial
screening producers. Fermentation media and sterilization of media.
Fermentation equipment and use. Inoculum preparation and scale up of
fermentation. Downstream processing including filteration, centrifugation and
chromatographic techniques (5 hr)
III. Typical fermentation process. Acetic acid and penicillin. Large scale cultivation of
plant cells in bioreactors. Animal cell culture and production of animal cell based
products (vaccines) using bioreactor. (5 hr)
IV. Intellectual Property Rights: forms of IPR criteria for securing patents, IPR in
Biotechnology.
Current status and novel trends in EBT water microbiology: sources of micro org:
E. coli as indicator, water purification methods: sedimentation, filtration and
chlorination. Bacteriological examination of water:- presumptive confirmed and
completed test (8 hr)
V. Municipal waste and industrial effluent treatment and disposal:- mechanical
treatment, biological treatment:- activated study, biological filters and anaerobic
treatment.
Bioenergy from waste
Biogas production from food waste
Biosorption and Bioplastics
References
1) Stanbury: Fermentation technology
2) Jogdand : Industrial Biotechnology
3) Indushekar Thakur: Industrial Biotechnology
29
2ND COMPLEMENTARY COURSE
30
Applications:- Hybridoma technology and Production of monoclonal antibody,
Uses of monoclonal antibodies, Interferous, Vaccines. (6
hrs)
Biotechnology in medicine:- Disease diagnosis, Gene therapy and forensic
medicine (5 hrs)
References
1. Animal cell culture methods by Jennie. P. Mathur, David Barnes, Vol. 57,
Academic Press.
2. Animal cell culture, A practical approach, II edition, Edited by R.I. Freshney
3. Culture of animal cells. A manual of basic technique R. Ian Freshney
4. Biotechnology. B.D. Singh
5. Immunology – Kaby
6. Immunology – Roitl.
31
2ND COMPLEMENTARY COURSE
Paper III - Plant Biotechnology
(36 hrs)
Laboratory organization of plant tissue culture, medicine preparation and
sterlization, explant selection and inoculation, growth regulations.
(3 hrs)
Types of cultures
Anther culture, Meristem culture, Ovaryculture, Ovule culture, Endosperm,
Embryoculture. Detection and Uses.
(3 hrs)
Micropropagation, clonal propagation applications, callus culture and
applications
(5 hrs)
Monoclonal variation and significance in crop improvement
(3 hrs)
Protoplast isolation and fusion methods, selection of hybrids, applications of
hybrids in crop improvement
(5 hrs)
Genetic manipulation in plants-vectors used for transformation of plants
(Plasmid vectors Ti, Ri, Viral Vectors) Direct gene transfer methods implants,
reportesgenes
(7 hrs)
Transgenic plants for insect resistance, virus resistance, plant derived vaccines,
safety regulations for transgenic plants
(10 hrs)
References
1. Developments, in crop science, S.S. Bhojwani and M.K. Razdan. Plant tissue
culture theory and practice.
2. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture, fundamental methods, O.L. Gamborg, G.C.
Phillips.
3. Trends in plant tissue culture and biotechnology, L.K. Pareek., P.L. Swarnkar.
32
2ND COMPLEMENTARY COURSE
Practicals - Plant Biotechnology
1. Media preparations
(a) Stock preparations - Macro and micronutrients, Hormones, Vitamins
(b) pH adjustments
(c) Sterilization
2. Explants collections and surface sterilization.
3. Practices in laminar flow chamber.
4. Inoculation
Monitoring for callus induction and regeneration.
33
6. Applications of recombinant DNA technology – production of recombinant proteins,
transgenic plants, transgenic animals, recombinant vaccines, subunit vaccines etc.
(5 hr)
References
2. Watson, T.D. Gitman, M., Witkowski, J. and Foller, M. 1992. Recombinant
DNA, second edition, Scientific American Books, W.H. Freeman and Co, New
York.
3. Old, R.W. and Primrose, S.B. 1994, Principles of gene manipulation, An
introduction to genetic engineering, Blackwell Scientific Publication, 5th edition.
4. Recombinant DNA technology, T.A. Brown.
1. Isolation of DNA
2. Gel Electrophoresis
3. Demonstration of PCR amplication of DNA
4. Induction of Lac operon.
34
MODEL QUESTIONS
35
CELL BIOLOGY
I. Answer all the questions
Fill in the blanks
1. Cytoplasmic organelles absent in ----- cells.
(Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic)
2. In the light microscope the limit of resolution depends on the ----- of the light and
numerical aperture. (Frequency, Wavelength, Velocity)
3. ----- permits a direct study of biological ultrastructure.
(Election microscope, phase contrast, compound)
4. The properties of a given organism depend on those of its -----.
(DNA, RNA, proteins, individual cells, genes)
II. Match the following
5. Nucleus (A) Glycosylation
6. Mitochondria (B) Intracellular digestion of food particles
7. Golgi apparatus (C) RNA processing
8. Lysosomes (D) Oxidative phosphorylation
9. ----- are the largest family of cell-surface receptors.
10. A cell will activate a suicide program and kill itself- a process called -----.
11. No is made by the enzyme ----- by the deamination of the amino acid arginine.
12. ----- can be considered the final separation of the already duplicated macromolecular
units.
13. Darkfield microscopy, also called -----.
14. The transition between prophase and metaphase is called -----.
15. Signalling molecules are secreted from the signalling cell by -----.
16. Cyclic AMP is synthesised from ----- by a plasma-membrane-bound enzyme adenylyl
cyclase.
36
17. The nerve terminals contact their target cell at specialized cell junctions called -----.
18. ----- are ancestors of mitochondria.
19. ----- are membrane-bound vesicles containing hydrolyzing enzymes capable of breaking
down complex substances.
20. The simplest eukaryotes are -----.
37
8. ----- is individual derived from two embryos.
9. Variation not represented by distinct classes -----.
10. Phenotypic variability involving distinct classes is -----.
11. Genetic material that is not stained to intensely by dyes-----.
12. Genetic material that is darkly stained -----.
13.
Monohybrid Cross - a) Proportion of total phenotypic variance that is the genotype
variance.
14.
Narrow sense - b) Cross between homozygous parents differing in two traits.
heritability
15.
Dihybrid cross - a) The proportion of phenotypic variance that is due to addictive
effects of alleles.
16.
Broad sense - Cross between parents differing in only one traits.
heritability
17.
Penetrance a. Proportion of total phenotypic variance that is the genotype variance.
18.
Pleiotropy b. Is interaction between products of non allelic genes.
19.
Expressivity c. Is percentage of individuals that show a particular phenotype.
20.
Epistasis d. Is degree of expression of a trait controlled by a gene
21.
22. Give an account on dosage compensation.
23. Note on chromosomal theory of hereditary.
24. Hyper activation of X-chromosome with an example.
25. Account on probability.
26. Explain the terms:- Allele, Gene, Dominant, Recessive.
27. Explain gene interaction with example.
28. Give an account on Mendels law of inheritance with example.
29. Difference between genotype and phenotype.
30. Brief note on multiple alleles with suitable examples.
31. Sex determination in detail.
32. Detail note on sex linked genes in humans. Give examples.
33. Detail note on chromosomes.
38
Cytogenetics and Evolutionary Genetics
1. Transmission of a trait through only one parent is known as -----.
2. Submetacentric chromosomes exhibit ----- shape during anaphase.
3. A gene occupies a well defined site or ----- in the chromosome.
4. Chloroplast and mitochondria exhibit ----- type of inheritance.
5. In a breeding programme to improve crop plants which of the following mating systems
should be employed to produce a homozygons line in the shortest possible time?
a) Self fertilization
b) Brother-sister matings
c) First cousin mating
d) Random mating
6. Monoploid a. 2n
7. Diploid b. 2n + 1
8. Triploid c. 4 n
9. Tetraploid d. n
10. Monosomic e. 2n-1
11. Trisomic f. 3n
12. Telocentric chromosomes are found in -----
b) Man
c) Mouse
d) Drosophila
e) Onion
13. Mechanical barrier in isolating mechanism include:
b) The difference in the structure of genitalia
c) Distance
d) Time season
14. The spread of genes from one breeding population to another by migration is known as ----
-.
15. ----- is the area of biology concerned with chromosome and their implication in genetics.
16. Two geographically separated population are said to be -----.
39
of genes in a chromosome.
Short Answers
21. Explain Hardy-Weinberg law.
22. Write note on linkage.
23. Define heterosis.
24. Explain theory of selections.
25. Explain translocation.
26. Explain the causes and effects of genetic drift.
Short Essays
27. Explain maternal inheritance, taking the examples of Poky and Petite in yeast.
28. What is Tetrad Analysis?
29. Define different modes of speciation.
30. Explain the process of migration in evolution.
Long Essays
31. What are isolating mechanisms? Explain.
32. Write a detail account on different chromosomal aberrations.
40
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR GENETICS
Objective type questions. Answer all the questions.
1.The nitrogen base which is not present in DNA.
a) Thymine b) Adenine c) Uracil d) Cytosine
2. The exchange of corresponding chromosome parts between homologs by breakage and
reunion is called ------
3. DNA elements that are not essential for the basic operation of the bacterial cell are ------.
4. ------ is a triple – helical form of DNA.
a) Z-DNA b) B-DNA c) H-DNA d) A-DNA
5. Origin of replication in E.coli is called ------
15. DNA sequence element, when bound by an activator stimulates transcription of a gene.
a) Promoter b) Enhancer c) Reppressor d) Operator
16. Class of enzyme that convert DNA from one topological form to another is ------
41
17. A bacterial distress mechanism that stimulates error-prone repair is ------
18. Agents that enter the cell and cause mutation ------
19. The complex of enzymes involved in mRNA splicing are called ------
a) AP Endonuclease b) Spliceosomes
c) 3’-5’ exonuclease d) NOR
20. The transfer of an F’ factor through conjugation in bacteria is known as ------
Short Answers
21. What is Shine-Dalgarno sequence?
22. Transition and Transversion.
23. Photoreactivation
24. Describe the central dogma of molecular genetics.
25. Describe the characteristics of post-replicative repair mechanisms.
26. What are mutational hot spots?
27. Brief note on DNA polymerase III holoenzyme.
Short Essays
28. Explain post-transcriptional modification.
29. Explain the mechanism of transposition in prokaryotes.
30. Types of point mutations.
Long Essays
31. Transcription in Eukaryote.
32. DNA replication in prokaryotes.
Medical Genetics
42
b) Interference
c) Genetic distance
d) All of the above
4) Invasive method in Prenatal diagnosis is
a) α- fetoprotein
b) Fetoscopy
c) Ultrasound
d) All above
5) ------ is due to the deficiency of the enzyme tyrosinase in melanocytes.
a) albinism
b) cystinuria
c) alkaptonuria
6) ------ enzyme is deficient in Phenylketonuria
Match the following
7) Alkaptonuria a) Low lipoprotein receptor
8) Citrullinaemia b) Carbamyl synthetase
9) Carbamyl Synthetase deficiency c) Argino succinic acid synthetase
10) Familial hyper cholesterolaemia d) Homogentisic acid oxidase
11) Lesh – Nyhan disease e) Hypoxanthine guanine
Phosphoribosyl transferase
12) ------ is the study of genetically determined variation in drug metabolism.
13) ------ is the gene for cystic fibrosis
14) X- linked recessive inheritance
a) Affects almost exclusively males
b) Affect either sex
c) Affects females
d) Affects males having an affected father.
15) Cri-du chat syndrome is due to deletion in ------ chromosome.
16) XO is ------ syndrome
17) Cleft-lip and cleft palate is ------ disorder.
18) Rheumatoid arthritis is a ------ disorder.
19) Paternal imprinting is exhibited by ------ syndrome.
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20) Maternal imprinting is exhibited by ------ syndrome.
Short answers
21) Explain trinucleotide syndromes.
22) Explain Recombinants and Non recombinants.
23) Explain the significance of pedigree analysis.
24) Explain Y-inked inheritance.
25) Add notes on Paris nomenclature
26) Give an account on the pathogenesis of Achondroplasia.
Short Essay
27) Explain aneuploidy with syndromes.
28) Give an account on teratogens
29) Explain different types of diabetes mellitus.
30) Explain the genetic variation exhibited by the effect of succinylcholine and alcohol.
Long Essay
31) Explain different types of inheritance pattern with an example of multifactorial
inheritance.
32) Give a detailed account on linkage analysis in human.
33)
Developmental and Behavioral Genetics
44
10. Internal cell layer of embryo from which lung, digestive tract, bladder and urethra are
formed is ------
11. Surface layer of embryo that develops into epidermis, skin, nerves, hair, nails are ------
12. Cell layer of embryo developing into connective tissue, cartilage, bone, blood vessels,
blood, notochord and gonads are ------
13. ------ are the primordials of the sperm cells.
14. ------ is a post meiotic process of differentiation of mature spermatozoa.
15. ------ is the primordial female germ cell that is enclosed in a follicle by the term of birth
and becomes the oocyte.
16. ------ is a cell formed by secondary spermetocyte.
17. Bicoid gene - b) affect the specialized structures at head and tail
ends of embryo
Short notes
21. Note on zygotic genes.
22. Role of Homeotic selector gene.
23. Genetic basis of alcoholism.
24. Fertilization.
25. Define maternal effect gene.
26. Define behavioural genetics.
Short Essay
27. Different development stages in Drosphila.
28. Comment on Behavioural genetics in dog.
29. Brief account on development in Arabidopsis.
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30. Oogenesis in brief with diagram.
Long Essay
31. Detail note on Drosophila Embryogenesis.
32. Detail note on Spermatogenesis.
Objectives Type
1. The rules of animal and human behaviour based on genetic or social traditions is --
a) Eugenics b) Ethics c) Euphenics d) Ethnicity
2. Carrier detection can be done in
a) Hemophilia b) Retinoblastoma
c) Huntingtons disease d) Lymphoma
3. Techniques of identification of individuals based on a pattern of DNA markers in the
genomic DNA of an individual is ------
4. ------ is an action of force in nature that maintain genetically fittest organism in a habitat.
a) Genetic drift b) Natural selection c) Gene pool d) Random mating
5. Insertion of a functional normal gene into the germ cell line of an organism inorder to
correct a genetic defect is called -----
6. The study of causes of disease and its development is
a) ideology b) ethology c) etiology d) eugenics
7. An example for teratogen
a) Thalidomide b) Aspirin c) Salicylate
8. Improvement of human race by application of genetic principles to breeding is called -------
a) Euthenics b) Ethics c) Eugenics d) Euphenics
9. Presymptomatic diagnosis can be applied to persons with ----- disorders.
a) Autosomal recessive b) Autosomal dominant c) X-linked
10. ------ are focussed on the physical mapping and sequencing of entire genome of human.
a) Chromosome waling b) DNA sequencing c) Human genome project.
11. ------ is a complete single set of an organism
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12. ------ is the assumption of superiority of any particular ethnic group.
a) Ethnicity b) Stigmatization c) Idealism d) Racism
13. ------ is a strong membrane enveloping the mammalian embryo and fetus containing the
fluid.
14. ------ is the outermost envelope of the mammalian embryo.
15. A vector for genetherapy which is not an organism
a) Episome b) liposome c) Adenovirus d) Retrovirus
16. ------ is a method of radiological examination of genetic disorder during pregnancy.
17. ------ is an application of genetic principles to the breeding of the human race with the
purpose of improvement.
18. ------ is a corrective measures for genetically determined defects with the aid of non-
genetic means.
19. ------ determines the health status among the possible nature of causes of a problem with
fetus before birth.
Short Answers
21. Comment on preimplantation genetic diagnosis.
22. Comment on ‘playing God’.
23. Add notes on Amniocentesis.
24. Ethical considerations in genetic testing.
25. Effect of eugenics.
26. IPR.
Short Essays
27. Application of genetics in agriculture and medicine.
28. Qualities of a good genetic counselor.
29. Is genetic testing a boon or curse?
30. Human genome project
Long Essay
31. Explain prenatal diagnostic techniques.
32. Give an overview of the ways and means of prevention of Genetic Diseases
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1ST COMPLEMENTARY COURSE
PAPER I - Elementary Biochemistry-1
48
V. 17. The enzyme that hydrolyzes sucrose to component sugars------------------.
18. Which plasma protein helps in the transport of bilirubin.
19. -----------------is the ultrafiltration of plasma
20. The chemical component that is present especially in smoker’s saliva is----------.
Section -B Short answer questions.
Attempt any six (Weightage- 1)
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Section - D Long essay
Answer any two Weightage 4
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III. 9. Which of the following is not a pyrimidine base
(a) Uracil (b) Thymine (c) Cytosine (d) Adenine
10. Which anomer form of sugar exists in ribonucleotides
(a) β-D- ribofuranose (b) α -D- ribofuranose. (c) α -L-ribofuranose (d) α- D-ribopyranose
11.-------------------- is a non reducing disaccharide
12. .--------------------is the most abundant carbohydrate in nature
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32. Explain the classification of fatty acids
33. Explain the colour reactions of proteins
34. Explain the heterocyclic compounds present in nucleic acids.
Section- D Long essay
Answer any two Weightage 4
35. Explain the structural organization of protein
36. Explain different types of RNA
37.Compare the structure of starch and cellulose and add a note of enzymatic breakdown of
starch.
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8. Synthesis of carbohydrate from non carbohydrate sources is called
(a) Glycolysis (b) Glycogenesis (c) Gluconeogenesis (d) All the above
III
9. Which hormone regulate glycogenesis
(a) Glucagon (b) Epinephrin (c) Insulin (d) Cortisol
10. Gluconeogenesis takes place in
(a)Cytosol (b )Mitochondria (c) Both cytosol and mitochondria (d) Golgi complex
11. Name the ketopentose synthesized in oxidative stage of pentose phosphate pathway.
12. The catalytic activity of the enolase is inhibited by.--------------------
IV
13. Tricarboxylic acid cycle takes place in .--------------------
14. The pathway that is involved in the synthesis of glucose from acetyl CoA in plant is .-------------
-------
15. Which aldose sugar is synthesized from pentose phosphate pathway?
16. Retenone is the inhibitor of .--------------------
V
17. Marker enzyme of mitochondria is
18. The protein part of an enzyme is.--------------------
19. .-------------------- coenzyme involved in carboxylation reaction
20. .-------------------- group of enzyme involved in joining of two molecules
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Section- C Short Essay.
Attempt any four Weightage 2
29. Explain the role of cAMP in glycogen metabolism
30. Write a short note on enzyme specificity with examples.
31. Explain the factors which affect the rate of the enzyme catalyzed reactions
32. Schematically write the pentose phosphate pathway. Mention its significance
33. Explain the classification of high energy compounds with examples
34. What is multienzyme complex? Explain with one example
Section- D Long essay
Answer any two Weightage 4
35. Explain the structure of mitochondria and arrangements of electron carriers in electron
transport chain
36. Write short notes on: (a)competitive inhibition , (b) Noncompetitive inhibition,
(c) Allosteric inhibition.
37. Explain aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis.
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4. Transamination reacation are carried out by.--------------------
(a) Aminotransferases (b) Aminoacid carboxylase (c) Aminoacid oxidases (d)
Dehydrogenase
II5. Rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis is
(a) HMG CoA reductase (b) HMG CoA synthase (c) Acetyl CoA carboxylase (d) Cholesterol
synthase
6. The metal ion present in hemoglobin is
(a) Mg2+ (b) Fe2+ (c) Mn2+ (d) Cu2+
7. Which vitamin is an antioxidant
(a) Vitamin E (b)Vitamin A (c)Vitamin B1 (d) Vitamin B12
8. Diabetes mellitus is due to the deficiency of
(a) Insulin (b) Glucagon (c) Epinephrine (d) Inulin
III9.-------------------- is the trace element deficient in milk
(a) Copper (b) Calcium (c) Iron (d) Sodium
10. The coenzyme form of thiamine is
(a) TPP (b) CoA (c) Biotin (d) FAD
11. Active form of vitamin D is.--------------------
12.-------------------- is the codon of methionine
IV13. Name the site of β -oxidation of fatty acids
14.-------------------- enzyme involve in the activation of amino acid during translation
15 The cluster of ribosomes associated with single mRNA is called--------------------
16.-------------------- is the rate limiting enzyme in the de novo synthesis of fatty acids.
V17.-------------------- is the key enzyme in urea cycle
18. .-------------------- is the trace element present in glutathione reductase
19. Deficiency of iodine causes.--------------------
20.-------------------- is an example of provitamin.
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25. Explain the term ‘central dogma’
26. Name out the fat soluble vitamins
27. What are the factors that retard iron absorption.
28. What are Okazaki fragments?
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2ND COMPLEMENTARY COURSE
Paper I - Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology
1.Biogas is mixture of CH4 and -----
2. Presumptive test is used in ----- microbiology.
3. +ve test in presumptive is received as -----
4. Completed test determines ----- of water sample.
5. ----- is used to differentiate E. coli and E. aerogenus.
6. Biosorbent – M removes -----
7. Selective media for confirmed test.
8. Major indicator of polluted water.
9. E. coli is a ----- bacteria.
10. ----- is an ethanol producing bacteria.
11. Name a fungi involved in pesticide removal.
12. Name a bacteria involved in pesticide removal.
13. Organism which degrades propanil.
14. F: solani degrades -----
15. Carriers used in CAST include -----
16. Mutation results in ----- formation
17. Name an organism involved in Bioventing.
18. Name an organism involved in Bioscrubber.
19. Name an organism involved in Biosorption.
20. Name an organism which produce amino acid.
Long Essay
21. Write on pesticide degradation by microbes
22. Improvement in strain
Short answer
23. Biosorption
24. Bioventing
25. Current status of EBT
26. Biodegradation of petrochemical effluents
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27. Options for waste water treatment
28. Bacteriological examination of water
Short Essay
29. Protoplast fusion for strain improvement
30. Aerobic waste water treatment
31. Pesticide degradation
32. Sources of microorganisms
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16. Shotgun method on which particle T.DNA is coated
(Platinum, Gold, Silver, Copper)
17. Introduction of F-DNA into vector is called ------
(Transformation, Transfection, Transduction, Conjugation)
18. An example for an adjuvant (Nr2Cl2, Alum, MgSO4, Gold)
19. An example for tissue engineering (Callus culture, Artificial skin)
20. Father of immunology (Louis Pasteur, Edward Jenner, Koch, None)
Short answer
21. Differentiate between anchorage dependent and independent
22. What do you meant by bioforming?
23. Mino injection
24. Structure of lgE.
25. Classes of immunoglobin
26. V-region
Short Essay
27. Any one transfection method?
28. Types of immunity.
29. Structure of lymph node-Explain
30. What is agglutination? Explain with one reaction
Long Essay
31. Monodonal Ab production?
32. Write a short note on transgenic animals?
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2ND COMPLEMENTARY COURSE
Paper III - Plant Biotechnology
I. OBJECTIVES
1. The embryos formed from unfertilized eggs are known as
(a) Somatic embryos (b) parthenogenic embryos
(c) Zygotic embryos (d) Androgenic embryos
2. The culture technique used for obtaining virus free plants.
(a) Anther culture (b) Callus culture
(c) Meristem culture (d) Pollen culture
3. Most commonly used plant tissue culture media.
(a) Ms medium (b) B5 medium (c) White’s medium (d) WP media
4. Name the person who demonstrated haploid production
(a) Zenketeler (b) Guha and Maheswari
(c) Carlson (d) None of the above
5. Name the person who is aptly regarded as the father of plant tissue culture.
(a) Gottlieb haberlandt (b) Charles Darwin
(c) Skoog (d) Miller
6. The hormone used to induce rooting under in vitro conditions
(a) IBA (b) BAP (c) 2, 4-D (d) None of the above
7. Most commonly used carbon source.
(a) Mannitol (b) Sorbitol (c) Sucrose (d) Glucose
8. The chemical used as a fusogen
(a) ABA (b) PVP (c) PEG (d) CaNO3
9. The plant tissue culture media used to culture woody plants.
(a) MS medium (b) WPM (c) B5 (d) N6
10. The function of activated charcoal in plant tissue culture media
(a) Chelating agent (b) Adsorbing agent
(c) Precipitating agent (d) None
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(a) 2, 4-D (b) GA3 (c) Ethylene (d) None
12. The metal which is provided in the media in chelated form is
(a) fe (b) cu (c) co (d) mg
13. Mg ion is mainly needed by the organelles ------ (Chloroplast)
14. The enzyme which is being used for protoplant isolation is ------ (Pectinase)
15. Adventitious bud technique is a ------ (Micropropagation technique)
16. The hormone isolated from DNA is ------ (kinetin)
17. The basic principle of plant tissue culture is ------
18. The culture technique which reduces incompatibility barriers is ------ (somatic
hybridization)
19. Totopotency was demonstrated by ------ (Haberlandt)
20. The variability seen among pollen derived plants is ------ (Gametoclonal variation).
II. Short answer
21. Name a medium used for anther culture.
22. Define vitrification
23. The sterilization method used to sterilize heat labile hormones.
24. Expand FDA
25. Define protoplast
26. Mention the use of embryo culture.
III. Short Essay
27. Explant selection
28. Somaclonal variation
29. Composition of MS media
30. Growth regulators used in tissue culture media
IV. Long Essay
31. Explain the different types of cultures and their applications.
32. Short note on somatic hybridization and its applications.
61
GENETICS – as a Complimentary for other B.Sc.
Courses
62
Paper I : Basic Genetics (Semester I)
Practicals: I
63
Paper II : Cytogenetics (Semester II)
Unit- 1: Chromosomal Variation (5 hrs)
Morphology of chromosome
Structural and Numerical
Unit- 2: Linkage, Crossing Over and Chromosome (10 hrs)
Linkage, recombination, crossing over
Chromosome mapping
Tetrad analysis
Unit- 3: Extra Nuclear Inheritance (5 hrs)
Maternal inheritance
Mitochondrial inheritance – Snail, Poky, Petite
Chloroplast inheritance- leaf variegation in Mirabilis, Iojap.
Unit- 4: Sexuality and Recombination in Bacteria and Virus (10 hrs)
Three methods of transfer of genetic material
Transformation, Transduction and Conjugation.
Sexual conjugation in bacteria
F+, F-, Hfr strains and F’ strain
Replication and Recombination in Virus
Lysogenic and Lytic cycle.
Unit- 5: Molecular Mechanisms of Recombination (6 hrs)
Hybrid DNA models involving single strand breaks.
Hybrid DNA models involving double strand break.
Mismatch Repair & post meiotic segregation.
Enzymes and proteins involved in recombination
References:
Principles of Genetics – Snustad, Simmons, Jenkins.
Concepts of Genetics – Klug and Cummings.
Genetics – Peter J. Russell.
Practical:
1) Dissection of Salivary Gland
2) Preparation of Polytene Chromosome
3) Mitosis and Meiosis
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Paper III : Evolutionary and Population Genetics (Semester III)
65
Paper IV : Human Genetics (Semester IV)
Unit- 1: Introduction to Human genetics (2 hrs)
Practicals:
1) Pedigree analysis
2) Human Keryotypic using photographs (cut and paste)
3) Medelian Traits
4) Barr Body Analysis
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