MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

1. ARISTOTELIAN MODEL
 This model is focused mainly on the speaker and the speech.
 There are five primary Elements in this model: the speaker, the speech, the
occasion, the audience, and the effect.
 The role of the speaker is to deliver his message to the audience. This message is
organized beforehand based on the situation or occasion. In this kind of
communication, the audience is passive, and feedback is not a part of the process.

2. Schramm model Proposed by Wilbur Schramm

 This model is focused on the “field of experience,” which refers to the past and
present experiences of the participants in the communication.
 Unlike the Aristotelian model, the Schramm model is a two-way process in which
the sender and the receiver take turns in sending and receiving messages.
 The components in this model include the sender, receiver, message, channel,
feedback, and noise.
 3. Berlo model The Berlo model, proposed by David Berlo
 Is also called the SMCR Model of Communication, which stands for sender–message–
channel–receiver, as these are the main components or elements in this model.
 The source (also known as the speaker) is also the one who starts the process and
sends a message.
 The channel serves as the means to transfer the message, which could be in different
forms (verbal or nonverbal).
 The receiver, who interprets and analyzes the message, is the end of the process.
 This model, like the Aristotelian model, is considered a linear model of communication,
as there is no concept of feedback.

Models of Communication: Linear Communication models

1. The linear model was the first model of communication. Some examples include Formatted: Bulleted + Level: 1 + Aligned at: 0.88" +
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the Aristotelian Model, the Shannon–Weaver Model, and the Berlo Model.
2. The linear model was termed as such because it is unidirectional, which means
that the process of communication moves in only one direction—from the sender to
the receiver.
3. The receiver plays a passive role in the process, and the sender is thus more
prominent in this model. The linear model promotes influence or persuasion rather
than cultivating a mutual understanding among the communicators. It focuses only on
the transmission of the message.
Models of Communication: Interactive

1. The interactive model of communication is an improved process. It still begins with a sender, Formatted: Bulleted + Level: 1 + Aligned at: 0.25" +
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in which a speaker encodes a message that may be transmitted through the use of a particular
channel.
2. The receiver listens as he or she decodes the message.
3. Feedback is the next stage of the process, wherein the receiver sends a response to the
sender. This giving of feedback continues the communication process and makes it interactive
or collaborative. Unlike the linear model, the interactive model presents a two-way process of
communication. Aside from feedback, this model also takes into account the fact that there
may be certain barriers in the process of communication.
4. These barriers are called interference, of which there are two types: internal and external.
Internal interference begins in the thoughts of either participant in the process. Also called
internal noise, this interference may be psychological, physiological, cultural, or linguistic
5. External interference is a form of distraction or barrier that arises in the environment where
the communication is happening.

Models of Communication: Transactional

1. The transactional model of communication is more detailed and involves more elements of Formatted: Bulleted + Level: 1 + Aligned at: 0.25" +
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communication. It considers that there is a simultaneous exchange between the sender and
the receiver.
2. The face-to-face communication includes psychological communication, which involves
impressions being formed in the thoughts of both parties.
3. The communicators transmit spontaneous and immediate messages, and feedback is readily
given through both verbal and nonverbal cues. In this model of communication, the participants
are considered as both the sender and the receiver at the same time, which is something that
is not posited in the linear and interactive models.
4. This model takes into account the fact that communication is a continuously changing and
ongoing process. All communications have a past, present, and future.
5. The communicators react to the situation based on their own past experiences, current
status, and anticipated future. Each communicator also has a different background and may
have a different set of norms, values, and beliefs.
6. All of these influence the transmission and interpretation of messages. The diverse
perceptions and backgrounds of the communicators influence their response to a particular
communication situation.