y = f(x) + c: shift the graph of y= f(x) up by c units

Guide y = f(x) - c: shift the graph of y= f(x) down by c units

y = f(x - c): shift the graph of y= f(x) to the right by c units

Questions y = f(x + c): shift the graph of y= f(x) to the left by c units

PART I
1. What is Logarithmic Function?

Logarithmic functions are the inverses of exponential functions,

and any exponential function can be expressed in logarithmic form.
Similarly, all logarithmic functions can be rewritten in exponential
form. Logarithms are really useful in permitting us to work with very
large numbers while manipulating numbers of a much more VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL STRETCHES/COMPRESSIONS
manageable size.
Supose c > 1. To obtain the graph of:
2. What are the characteristics of the graph of logarithmic
Functions? y = cf(x): stretch the graph of y = f(x) vertically by a factor of c.
The family of logarithmic functions includes the parent
y = 1/c f(x): compress the graph of y = f(x) vertically by a factor of c
function y=logb(x)y=logb(x) along with all of its transformations:
shifts, stretches, compressions, and reflections. y = f(cx): compress the graph of y = f(x) horizontally by a factor of c

We begin with the parent function y=logb(x)y=logb(x). Because y = f(x/c): stretch the graph of y = f(x) horizontally by a factor of c
every logarithmic function of this form is the inverse of an exponential
function of the form y=bxy=bx, their graphs will be reflections of each
other across the line y=xy=x.

3. What are the transformations involving logarithmic

Functions?

VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL SHIFTS

Supose c > 0. To obtain the graph of:

 REFLECTIONS

To obtain the graph of

y= -f(x): reflect the graph of y = f(x) about the x-axis

y= f(-x): reflect the graph of y = f(x) about the y-axis

Logarithm of a Product: The logarithm of a product is the sum of the
logarithms of its factors, to the same base.

logb (MN) = logb M + logb N

Logarithm of a Quotient: The logarithm of a quotient is equal to the

difference between the logarithm of the dividend and the logarithm of
the divisor, to the same base.

logb (M/N) = logb M - logb N

Logarithm of a Power: If the argument of a logarithm is raised to a

power, bring the power down to be the coefficient of the logarithm.

logb MN = N logb M
4. What are the laws of Logarithm?
The first 3 laws are used to either express a logarithm as a sum or a
difference, or to compress an expression to a single logarithm. The
latter is the more common application, as it is used in solving various
forms of logarithmic equation
The next set of laws will allow us to solve other forms of logarithmic The logarithm of an exponential number where its base is the same
equations. as the base of the log equals the exponent.

If 2 logarithms are equal, and the bases are equal, then the
Exponent of Log Rule
arguments are also equal.

If logb M = logb N, then M = N.

Raising the logarithm of a number by its base equals the number.
If 2 quantities are equal, then their logarithms to the same base
are also equal.
5. What are common logarithms?
If M = N, then logb M = logb N
Common logarithm is the logarithm with base 10. It is also known
Change of Base Rule: A logarithm to any base can be expressed as
as the decadic logarithm and as the decimal logarithm, named after its
the quotient of two logarithms in the following way:
base, or Briggsian logarithm, after Henry Briggs, an English
logN M = (logb M) / (logb N) mathematician who pioneered its use, as well as "standard logarithm".

This rule is useful because it allows us to express any logarithm as a When 10 is used as a base, it is not necessary to indicate it in writing
quotient of 2 common logarithms or 2 natural logarithms. Since these logarithms. For example,
special logarithms are programmed into calculators, it is possible to
find their approximate value and to operate on them. log 100 = 2

Zero Rule is understood to mean the same as

log 10 100 = 2

The logarithm of 1 with b > 1 equals zero.

Identity Rule Common and natural logarithms can be expressed in terms of each
other as

The logarithm of a number that is equal to its base is just 1.

and
Log of Exponent Rule
 6. How do we evaluate logarithm using the change-of-base
formula?

Change of Base Formula

A formula that allows you to rewrite a logarithm in terms of

logs written with another base. This is especially helpful when using a
calculator to evaluate a log to any base other than 10 or e.

Notes:

• When using this property, you can choose to change the logarithm to ≈5.644
anybase \greenE xxstart color greenE, x, end color greenE.

• As always, the arguments of the logarithms must be positive and the

bases of the logarithms must be positive and not equal to 1 in order
for this property to hold! 7. How do we solve exponential and logarithmic equations?

Solving Logarithmic Equations:

Solving Exponential Equations:

8. What are the applications of exponential functions?

There are many applications of exponential functions in business and 1. What are the properties of exponential functions?
economics. 2. What are the laws of exponents? Enumerate and discuss
each.

1. What is natural base e?

For example, e can be defined as the unique positive

number a such that the graph of the function y = axhas unit
slope at x = 0. ... The natural logarithm, or logarithm to base
e, is the inverse function to thenatural exponential function.

The number e is a famous irrational numbers, and is

one of the most important numbers in mathematics.

The first few digits are:

2.7182818284590452353602874713527 (and
more ...)

It is often called Euler's number after Leonhard

Euler (pronounced "Oiler").

e is the base of the Natural Logarithms (invented by

John Napier).

e is an interesting number. e is an irrational number that

begins with 2.718281828459045 and continues indefinitely with no
pattern. An irrational number is a number that cannot be written as
a fraction and therefore has numbers that never repeat. It can be
fun and impressive to memorize the beginning part of e. Some
use a memory aid such as coming up with a phrase where each
word matches each number in the number of letters it has.
For example, the phrase 'to express e, remember to memorize
a sentence to simplify this' matches each word to each number.
PART II The beginning word has two letters matching it with the first
number, 2. We place a dot after the two. Then the next word
'express' has seven letters matching it with the second number, 7.
The following words continue in the same manner. If you want to
memorize it and impress your friends, you can use this memory
aid or any other memory aid that you know of.

2. What are the properties of natural base e?