Study

Power Flow Study Of A Compressor Gas Station
by
Syed Ammar Fida Zaidi
B.A.Sc, Simon Fraser University, 2009
Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree of
Master of Engineering
in the
School of Engineering Science
Faculty of Applied Sciences
 Syed Ammar Fida Zaidi 2015

SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY
Fall 2015
Approval
Name: Syed Ammar Fida Zaidi

Degree: Master of Engineering
Title: Power Flow Study of a Compressor Gas Station
Supervisory Committee: Chair: Steve Whitmore, Senior Lecturer, MA
Andrew Rawicz
Senior Supervisor
Professor, Ph.D, P.Eng.
Naeem Tareen
External Examiner
Senior Electrical Engineer
Solaris Management Consultants Inc.
Date Defended/Approved: October 6th, 2015 .
ii
Abstract
A study of the electrical power system in a compressor gas station. The study examines
the load flow throughout the station during the steady state operating condition. A short
circuit study is also conducted to determine the fault availability on the system buses. In
addition, a detailed protective device coordination study and device configuration is
performed to ensure that protective devices are providing overcurrent protection of all
electrical equipment. Finally, an arch flash study is conducted to determine the available
incident energy levels at plant equipment and to provide the specific hazard category for
the equipment.
Keywords: Load Flow; Short Circuit; Time Current Coordination; Protective Device
Coordination; Arc Flash; Compressor Gas Station
.
iii
Acknowledgements
I would like to acknowledge Solaris Management Consultants Inc. for allowing me to

utilize this power flow study as my M.Eng. Project. Solaris MCI was also instrumental in
providing the tools and technologies required for conducting this study.
In addition, I appreciate the support and guidance of Pavel Salmine (Electrical and
Controls Specialist) and Naeem Tareen (Senior Electrical Engineer) at Solaris MCI.
Their advice and guidance was crucial in the completion of this study.
iv
Table of Contents
Approval .......................................................................................................................... ii
Abstract .......................................................................................................................... iii
Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ iv
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................ v
List of Tables ................................................................................................................. vii
List of Figures................................................................................................................ viii
List of Acronyms............................................................................................................. ix
Introductory Image .......................................................................................................... x
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1
System Representation ................................................................................................... 1
Project Assumptions and Clarifications............................................................................ 2
LOAD FLOW .................................................................................................................. 4

Purpose and Scope ......................................................................................................... 4
Results ............................................................................................................................ 5
Case Study 1: 138 kV Utility Connection is operating and Attached to the
Compressor Station ................................................................................... 5
Case Study 2: Emergency Power Supply by Diesel Generator DG-970 .................. 7
SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY ............................................................................................... 9

Purpose and Scope ......................................................................................................... 9
Short Circuit Summary Report ......................................................................................... 9
Results of Case Study 1 (Utility powered with all CBs Closed) ...................................... 15
Results of Case Study 2 (Only Emergency Diesel Generator in Service) ...................... 16
Conclusions................................................................................................................... 17
PROTECTIVE DEVICES COORDINATION STUDY ..................................................... 18

Purpose and Scope ....................................................................................................... 18
Project Assumptions and Clarifications.......................................................................... 19
Coordination Analysis .................................................................................................... 20
Ground Fault Protection ................................................................................................ 27
Conclusion and Results ................................................................................................. 28
ARC FLASH ANALYSIS............................................................................................... 29

Purpose and Scope ....................................................................................................... 29
System Representation ................................................................................................. 30
Computer Software and Calculations ............................................................................ 31
Evaluation Study Options .............................................................................................. 32
Conclusion and Results ................................................................................................. 32
v
References ................................................................................................................ 37
APPENDIX A: Load Flow............................................................................................. 39

Load Flow Report (Utility Powered with CB-920A & CB-920B Closed, CB-920TIE
Open) ................................................................................................................... 39
Load Flow Report (DG-970 Generator Powered) .......................................................... 44
Marginal Report – Voltage Drop before Transformer TAP Adjustment by -
2.5% in Primary .................................................................................................... 49
Appendix B: Short Circuit Analysis Results ............................................................. 51

Short Circuit Report (Utility Powered with CB-920A, CB-920B and CB-920TIE
Closed) ................................................................................................................. 51
Short Circuit Report (Utility Powered with CB-920A & CB-920B Close, CB-
920TIE Open) ....................................................................................................... 54
Short Circuit Report (Utility Powered with CB-920B & CB-920TIE Closed, CB-
920-A Open) ......................................................................................................... 57
Short Circuit Report (Utility Powered with CB-920A &CB-920TIE Close, CB-920B
Open) ................................................................................................................... 59
Short Circuit Report (DG-970 Generator Powered) ....................................................... 62
APPENDIX C: Time Current Coordination analysis .................................................. 64
vi
List of Tables
Table 1: DC Battery Model Information ........................................................................ 2

Table 2: DG-970 Generator Submittal Data.................................................................. 4
Table 3: Distribution Power Transformer Parameters ................................................ 5
Table 4: MCC Bus Load when Powered by 138 kV Utility (CB-920A & CB-
920B Closed, CB-920TIE Open) ............................................................. 5
Table 5: Distribution Transformer Loading ................................................................. 6
Table 6: Voltage Drop on Affected MCC Buses after Transformer Tap
Adjustment ............................................................................................. 7
Table 7: MCC Bus Loading when Powered by Emergency Diesel Generator
DG-970 .................................................................................................... 8
Table 8: Short-Circuit Summary Report (Utility Powered with all CB-920A,
CB-920B, CB-920TIE Closed) .............................................................. 10
Table 9: Short-Circuit Summary Report (Utility Powered with CB-920A &
CB-920B Closed, CB-920TIE Open) .................................................... 11
Table 10: Short-Circuit Summary Report (Utility Powered with CB-920A
Open, CB-920B & CB-920TIE Closed) ................................................. 12
Table 11: Short-Circuit Summary Report (Utility Powered with CB-920B
Open, CB-920A & CB-920TIE Closed) ................................................. 13
Table 12: Short-Circuit Summary Report (DG-970 Generator Powered) ................. 14
Table 13: Per Motor Momentary Duty with VFD Control (motor contribution
only) ...................................................................................................... 14
Table 14: MV Motors Momentary Duty with Across-the-line Feed (Bypass
mode) .................................................................................................... 14
Table 15: LV MCC Short-Circuit Ratings with Utility Power ..................................... 16
Table 16: LV MCC Short-Circuit Ratings with Emergency DG Power...................... 17
Table 17: Feeder Circuit Breaker Settings ................................................................. 23
Table 18: NGR System Data and Protective Relay Settings for LV Area ................. 28
Table 19: Arc Flash Hazard Calculations (Utility Powered with CB-920A, CB-
920B & CB-920TIE Closed) .................................................................. 34
Table 20: Arc Flash Hazard Calculations (Utility Powered with CB-920A &
CB920B Closed, CB-920TIE Open)...................................................... 34
Table 21: Arc Flash Hazard Calculations (Utility Powered with CB-920B &
CB-920TIE Closed, CB-920A Open) .................................................... 35
Table 22: Arc Flash Hazard Calculations (Utility Powered with CB-920A &
CB-920TIE Closed, CB-920-B Open) ................................................... 35
Table 23: Arc Flash Hazard Calculations (DG-970 Generator Powered).................. 36
vii
List of Figures
Figure 1: ETAP System Model ...................................................................................... x

Figure 2: Time Current Coordination for TR951C relay (Primary and
Secondary) with downstream CBs including LVMCC-934E4
(CB-LVMCC934E-1) .............................................................................. 65
(CB-LVMCC944E-1) .............................................................................. 66
Figure 4: Time Current Coordination of CB-LVMCC934E-1 with Downstream
CB-LVMCC934E-2 and CB-LT936 ........................................................ 67
Figure 5: Time Current Coordination of CB-LVMCC944E-1 with downstream
CB-LVMCC944E-2 and CB-LT946 ........................................................ 68
Figure 6: Time Current Coordination for TR961F relay (Primary and
Secondary) with downstream CBs including LVCC-964E3
(CB-HT983R) ......................................................................................... 69
Figure 7: Time Current Coordination for generator DG-970 with circuit
breaker CB-DG970 ............................................................................... 70
Figure 8: Time Current Coordination for generator circuit breaker CB-
DG970 with downstream CB-GEN-ATS953 and CB-
LVMCC944E-1 ....................................................................................... 71
LVMCC934E-1 ....................................................................................... 72
DG970 with downstream CB-GEN-ATS963 and CB-HT983R ............. 73
Figure 11: Time Current Coordination for CB-DG970 with CB-LB979 ..................... 74
Figure 12: TCC for Protection of Motor M-250 with SR469 relay and FUSE-
M3 ......................................................................................................... 75
Figure 13: TCC for Protection of Motor M-230 with SR-469 Relay and FUSE-
M2 ......................................................................................................... 76
M1 ......................................................................................................... 77
viii
List of Acronyms
LV Low Voltage
MV Medium Voltage
VFD Variable Frequency Drive = ASD (Automatic Speed Drive)
MCC Motor Control Center
UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply
CB Circuit Breaker
TR Transformer
DG Diesel Generator
MVSW Medium Voltage Switchgear
BH Building Heater
LT Lighting Transformer
ix
Introductory Image
Figure 1: ETAP System Model
x
INTRODUCTION
This report summarizes the electrical power system studies for the Compressor Gas
Station. This report includes the following:
• Load flow analysis to determine the steady state operating characteristics, verify
active and reactive power flow in the electrical system, and provide loading and
voltage profiles in the system for different loading conditions.
• Short circuit study with three-phase and single-line to ground short circuit
calculations providing the prospective fault availability at the 600 V and 6.9 kV
busses.
• Protective device coordination ensures that protective devices provide overcurrent
protection of downstream electrical equipment and their TCC curves coordinate with
other protective equipment along the current path.
• Arc flash study provides the available incident energy levels at plant equipment,
details the specific hazard category for the equipment and the associated personal
protective equipment (PPE) required while working with the equipment.
System Representation
Compressor Station 15-27 was modeled using ETAP software Version 12.6.0C. The
ETAP model was developed using the construction revision SMCI single line diagrams
as well as technical data provided by vendors and information available at the time of
preparation of this report.
A 138kV BC Hydro distribution power line provides power to two 25/34/42MVA 138kV-
6900V power transformers. The transformers feed into a 7.2kV switchgear.
The 7.2kV switchgear distributes power to two MV MCCs and two step-down 6900V-
600V power transformers. The MV ASDs are used to start the sales compressor motors
(via MVMCC-934A and MVMCC-944B) and are capable of synchronizing and
transferring them to the 60Hz utility power bus via contactors.
The LV side of the power transformers (6900V-600V) is connected to LV MCCs feeding
the 600V MCCs downstream. The 600V MCCs contain the necessary circuit breakers,
contactors, ASDs and motor starters for the facility loads. The 600V system consists of:
LVMCC-964F: Building Q-960
LVMCC-964E3: Building Q-960
LVMCC-954C1: Building Q-950
LV-MCC-934E4: Building Q-930
Power is distributed from the MCCs to individual motors and to 600V-120/208V
transformers located strategically in the facility. Each of these transformers is
1
connected to a 120/208V three-phase distribution panel. There are two 125VAC UPS
sized to provide power to the plant critical power loads (including security system and
CCTVs/cameras, all control panels including MV VFD control power and network
communications) for four hours.
Power cables are XLPE RW90 600V TECK90 with copper conductors. Instrumentation
and control devices utilize either XLPE RW90 600V TECK90 or XLPE RW90 300V
ACIC. The building devices are wired to the junction boxes and multi-core home run
cables connect to the AC distribution panel and PLC control panel.
The station electrical ground grid consists of driven piles under the pipe rack and all
buildings bonded via #2/0 AWG conductors to structural steel, motors, junction boxes,
control panels and cable tray.
There is a 1500 kW, 600 V emergency diesel generator (DG-970) connected to the
emergency LV MCC (LVMCC-974E1). Automatic open transition transfer switches ATS-
953 and ATS-963 distribute power to emergency loads in LVMCC-944E5, LVMCC-
934E4, LVMCC-954E2 and LVMCC-964E3. The generator is sized to provide standby
power to facility lighting & heating, electric heat tracing, instrument air compressors,
and UPS systems. The generator capacity will not include any remaining non-essential
loads.
Project Assumptions and Clarifications
Plant AC UPS DC Battery

The model of the DC battery used in this project is not available in the ETAP software
used for this study. As a result, the closest available model in ETAP was utilized to fulfill
the requirement of this study. The table below shows the battery purchased for
installation and the available model in ETAP.
Table 1: DC Battery Model Information
SC Internal
Manufacturer Model AH Voltage
Current Resistance
Purchased for Absolyte GNB 6-
EXIDE 520 120 3891 0.000514
Installation 90G13
Used in ETAP
EXIDE DD/ V 85 510 120 3987 0.003100
Model
DC Circuit Breaker:
The model and specifications of the circuit breaker used in the DC UPS system to
protect the battery is specified as SACE Tmax at 300 A. The closest available
model for DC circuit breaker in the ETAP software model is ABB SACE T5H Tmax
at 300 A.
Study Cases
For the optimum system functionality, it was necessary to consider two operational
cases in the Load Flow study:
• Normal case with 138 kV utility supplying power to the compressor station
• Emergency case with only DG-970 generator power supply available
2
For Short circuit and Arc Flash studies, the normal case is further divided into four
studies:
• Normal case with All circuit breakers Closed
• Normal case with CB-920-TIE circuit breaker Open
• Normal case with CB-920-A circuit breaker Open
• Normal case with CB-920-B circuit breaker Open
Lumped Loads
The ETAP software version 12.6.0C has a license limit of 1000 buses for one
project. In order to reduce the bus consumption in the project, most static loads
below 40 KW and motors below 50 HP were lumped together into a single load.
These lumped loads had generic tag names that did not match the original tags
used in the project. To avoid any confusion in the final result, the tags of these
lumped loads are omitted from the final results tables and data. However, these
lumped loads are included in all calculations used to achieve the final results.
Variable Frequency Device (VFD) Configuration

VFD protective system parameters are not provided by the manufacturer but it is
known that the overcurrent protection is instantaneous without any delay. In case of
a short circuit or arc flash on MCC buses, no noticeable effect is expected in the
circuit between VFD and Motor. Therefore, the final results of this study do not
include the effect of those motors that are connected to the system through a VFD.
All other motors that are directly connected to the power system across the line are
included in the final results.
Study Criteria
The criteria used for the study include the following:
• All electrical equipment must operate within its rated capacity.
• The steady state operating voltage at the load busses in the power system must be
within ±5% of equipment rated voltage.
• Available symmetrical and asymmetrical fault levels should not exceed the bus
bracing and protective equipment interrupting capacity.
• Protective settings should provide overcurrent protection for downstream devices
and coordination with upstream and downstream protective devices.
• Protective device settings should provide reduction of the available arc flash energy
to the level where reasonable PPE may be applied.
3
LOAD FLOW
Purpose and Scope

The purpose of this load flow analysis is to investigate the performance of the
Compressor Station power system under operating and emergency conditions and to
make recommendations where required on any operational adjustment and equipment
change to ensure satisfactory overall system operation.
Load flow calculations were performed to define loading of generators, transformers,
and cables, as well as the voltage level at each bus and the voltage drop on each
feeder circuit for a steady-state condition. The voltage drop calculations are
incorporated directly into the calculations of the steady-state load flows.
Toshiba MV VFDs rated for 6.6 kV with acceptable voltage variation +/- 10%.
Therefore, MVSW-921 Bus A and B under any operational conditions shall not exceed
6750V by means of the LTC on the 25 MVA transformers. This also implies a
permanent adjustment to the tap changers on transformers TR-951C and TR-951D to
sustain 600 V on the downstream MCCs.
This study demonstrates:
• The available options to regulate capacity of generators under different
operational conditions.
• That voltage profiles are satisfactory at all voltages available in the power system.
• That available transformer tap changes are sufficient for required voltage
regulation.
• That MCC equipment rated capacity is sufficient and is not overloaded under
normal operation.
• That distribution transformers, lighting panels and associated cables rated
capacities determined based on available load are not overloaded.
• The diesel emergency generator DG-970 has sufficient capacity to power
essential services.
Table 2: DG-970 Generator Submittal Data
Reactances (PU) Time Constants (Sec.)

Short
GEN- Rated Rated Subtrans. Transient Synchron. Short Circuit Armature
Circuit
ID (V) (kW) Direct Axis Saturated Direct Axis Transient Ta
Subtrans.
Direct Axis
X’d (PU) X’d (PU) X’d (PU) Direct Axis (sec)
T’d (sec)
T'd (sec)
DG-
600 1500 0.19 0.28 1.55 0.035 0.65 0.2
970
4
Table 3: Distribution Power Transformer Parameters
Impedance (%) BIL

TXMR- HV/LV Rated X/R Off Circuit
Cooling HV LV
ID Rated (V) (kVA) %IZ %IR %IX Ratio Taps
(kV) (kV)
6900∆/ HV
TR-
600Y-347 2000 5.69 0.80 5.634 7.10 ONAN/ONAF ±2.5%±5.0% 95 30
951C
V FCBN
6900∆/ HV
TR-961F 600Y-347 2000 5.69 0.80 5.634 7.10 ONAN/ONAF ±2.5%±5.0% 95 30
V FCBN
Results
The load flow results for two case studies are summarized below. Detailed results that
provide the loading and voltage drop profile of the equipment and cables for both case
studies are provided in Appendix A.
Case Study 1: 138 kV Utility Connection is operating and Attached to the Compressor
Station
This case study considers the 138 kV utility running and connected to the network.
Loading factors in the model were adjusted to ensure that the power demand values
were accurate. After applying the appropriate loading factors, detailed load flow
analysis was conducted.
This scenario illustrates that the power system is properly designed to run in normal
operation. The total bus loading is shown in Table 4 below.
Table 4: MCC Bus Load when Powered by 138 kV Utility (CB-920A & CB-920B Closed, CB-920TIE
Open)
Power
Rated Load Load
BUS-ID Rated (V)** Load (A) Factor
(A) (V) (kVA)
(%)
PFCC-923A 6900 1200 6747 6793 572.7 -
MVMCC-934A 6900 3000 6747 11867 1000.5 93
TR951C-6.9kV-
6900 3000 6747 1743 147 92
PR*
TR961F-6.9kV-
6900 3000 6748 1359 114.8 98
PR*
5
Power
Rated Load Load
BUS-ID Rated (V)** Load (A) Factor
(A) (V) (kVA)
(%)
TR951C-600V-
600 2500 593 1699 1690.6 94
SEC*
TR961F-600V-
600 2500 596 1340 1319.8 98
SEC *
MVMCC-944B 6900 3000 6748 5932 500.1 93
LVMCC-954C1 600 2500 592 1699 1690.6 94
LVMCC-954E2 600 1600 591 820 818.2 94
LVMCC-934E4 600 800 589 70 69.8 95
LVMCC-944E5 600 800 589 70 69.7 95
LVMCC-964F 600 2500 595 1340 1319.8 98
LVMCC-964E3 600 800 592 508 502.1 99
* = Transformer primary and secondary bus loading
** - 6750 V is 1 pu voltage
Table 5: Distribution Transformer Loading
PF
Rated Load Recommended Utilization
TXMR-ID HV/LV Rated (V) (On
(kVA) (kVA) Tap Setting Factor (%)
Primary)
6900∆/
TR-951C 2000 1745 0.922 Pr. -5% 87.25
600Y-347 V
6900∆/
TR-961F 2000 1379 0.981 Pr. -5% 68.95
600Y-347 V
Considering the requirement for 6750V on MVSW-921 bus A and B, the -5% tap
adjustment on the HV side of TR-951C and TR-961F compensates for voltage drop at
LVMCC-954C1, LVMCC-954E2, LVMCC-934E4, LVMCC-944E5, LVMCC-964F and
LVMCC-964E3.
Calculated plant-wide steady state voltage drops in the points of utilization do not
exceed 5% as specified by the CEC. The worst-case available voltage drop is 4.6% at
the input terminals of lighting panel LT-946G in LVMCC-944E5.
To improve the situation with voltage drop, it is recommended to adjust TR-951C and
TR-961F taps to increase voltage level at the downstream equipment terminals. Based
on vendor information, the distribution transformers TR-951C & TR-961F offer a ±2.5%
and ±5% tap adjustment on the HV side.
The below list of distribution transformers have mandatory (-5%) tap adjustment.
6
• Required tap settings (-5% FCBN): TR-951C and TR-961F
Voltage drop values were calculated for all major buses in the compressor station and
after applying the tap adjustments on the distribution transformers the resulting voltage
drop percentage is shown in Table 6 below. The initial voltage drop values for all buses
before the transformer tap adjustments are shown in 0.
Table 6: Voltage Drop on Affected MCC Buses after Transformer Tap Adjustment
Bus-ID Rated (V) Operating (V) % Vd

LVMCC-954C1 600 592 1.4
LVMCC-954E2 600 591 1.5
LVMCC-934E4 600 589 1.8
LVMCC-944E5 600 589 1.8
LVMCC-964F 600 595 0.1
LVMCC-964E3 600 592 1.4
Case Study 2: Emergency Power Supply by Diesel Generator DG-970

In case of emergency power interruption from the utility power supply, all loads
connected to LVMCC-954E2 and LVMCC-964E3 will be powered from the DG-970
generator. Load shedding during emergency operation was not considered so the
normal operating load was used in the calculations.
Maximum projected generator load flow data is as follows:
• DG-970: 1389 kW, 1450 kVA (Winter load)
The results of the load flow study show that when only DG-970 diesel generator
supplies power to the LVMCC-954E2 and LVMCC-964E3, the required power flow is
below the 1500 kW/1875 kVA nominal rating of the generator.
Calculated load flow power factor is 95.8% on the diesel generator DG-970.
The bus loading data for case study 2 is presented in Table 7.
.
7
Table 7: MCC Bus Loading when Powered by Emergency Diesel Generator DG-970
Power
Rated Load Load
BUS-ID Rated (V) Load (A) Factor
(A) (V) (kVA)
(%)
LVMCC-974E1 600 2500 599.7 1450 1395.7 95.8
LVMCC-954E2 600 1600 596.3 863 834.6 93.8
LVMCC-934E4 600 800 594.2 73 70.9 95.0
LVMCC-944E5 600 800 593.7 73 70.9 95.0
LVMCC-964E3 600 800 581.2 505 500.6 99.3
A detailed load flow analysis for each bus going down to individual loads is shown in
Appendix A for both cases.
Conclusion
After conducting a detailed load flow analysis of the 15-27 Compressor Station 600 V
distribution system, the demand on the existing system and effects of possible load
addition were determined. The conclusions for the two case studies are described
below.
The available generation capacity for both cases is sufficient to prevent variations in
voltage and frequency in the steady-state operation and during available step loading.
The rated current capacity of transformers, cables and other power distribution
equipment is sufficient for the application and will not be overloaded during normal
operation.
According to available results and depending on the actual voltage delivered by the
utility it will be required to step up the transformer taps (TR-951C and TR-961F) by 5%
to meet the 5% overall voltage drop limits and bring the voltage drop at the 600V
switchgear and MCC buses to 2% or lower. Initiated in the system voltage drop on the
LV MCC buses and individual feeders by the cables and equipment impedance within
the required limits and does not present an issue for the equipment operation.
8
SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY
Purpose and Scope
ETAP software Version 12.6.0C has been utilized for short circuit analysis.
The purpose of this study is to determine the prospective fault availability for the 6.9 kV
and 600 V systems. This study will be used to analyze:
• The available symmetrical and asymmetrical fault duties on all the 6.9 kV and 600
V busses
• The equipment is capable of safely withstanding and interrupting the presently
available fault current
For the purpose of this study, the scope of the short circuit calculations, documentation
and equipment evaluation were limited to portions of the distribution electrical system
defined by the SMCI design scope.
To implement the short circuit study the quasi-steady state fault analysis techniques
were used that represent the Compressor Station power system at steady state
condition. Phasors are used to represent system voltages, currents, and impedances at
fundamental frequency. The power system modeling and the resulting computation
techniques are based on the assumption that the system and its components can be
represented by linear models. Utilizing linearity simplifies considerably the necessary
calculations.
Based on the same measures, intermediate system data was omitted from this report
for clarity. The omitted data include fault current phase shift data for each bus node and
Thevenin equivalent impedance values in complex number notation (R+jX). These data
are used for calculation purposes in the program and are not of interest for most
readers.
Short Circuit Summary Report

This section includes a summary of the short circuit results for 3-phase faults, line to
ground faults (LG), line-to-line faults (LL) and line to line to ground (LLG) faults for all
LVMCC buses. It also includes the short circuit faults for buses feeding into three 7000
HP compressor motors M210, M230, M250 as well as MVMCC-934A, MVMCC-944B,
MVSW-921A and MVSW-921B.
Available 138 kV utility parameters for fault contribution as follow:
- 3-Phase contribution 1336.54 MVAsc with X/R =5.292
- 1-Phase contribution 346.23 MVAsc with X/R=6.855
Two main delta-wye transformers TR-912A and TR-912B locate in substation and step
down the transmission line 138 kV to the compressor station 6.9 kV MV distribution.
The main parameters of the transformers as follow: 25 MVA ONAN/ONAF/ONAF 138
kV/6.9 kV %Z=8.33
9
Table 8: Short-Circuit Summary Report (Utility Powered with all CB-920A, CB-920B, CB-920TIE
Closed)
1/2 Cycle - 3-Phase, LG, LL, and LLG Fault Currents
Prefault Voltage = 100 % of the Bus Nominal Voltage
Bus 3-Phase Fault (kA) Line-to-Ground Line-to-Line Fault *Line-to-Line-to-
Fault (kA) (kA) Ground (kA)
ID kV Real Imag. Mag. Real Imag. Mag. Real Imag. Mag. Real Imag. Mag.
BUS M210 6.75 4.627 - 38.958 0.100 0.000 0.100 33.500 4.007 33.739 - - 33.764
38.683 33.525 4.007
BUS M230 6.75 4.634 - 39.084 0.100 0.000 0.100 33.609 4.013 33.848 - - 33.872
38.808 33.634 4.013
BUS M250 6.75 4.627 - 38.958 0.100 0.000 0.100 33.500 4.007 33.739 - - 33.764
38.683 33.525 4.007
BUS 6.75 4.627 - 38.958 0.100 0.000 0.100 33.500 4.007 33.739 - - 33.764
MVMCC- 38.683 33.525 4.007
934A
BUS 6.75 4.634 - 39.084 0.100 0.000 0.100 33.609 4.013 33.848 - - 33.872
MVMCC- 38.808 33.634 4.013
944B
BUS 6.75 4.603 - 39.512 0.100 0.000 0.100 33.985 3.987 34.218 - - 34.243
MVSW-921- 39.243 34.010 3.987
A
BUS 6.75 4.603 - 39.512 0.100 0.000 0.100 33.985 3.987 34.218 - - 34.243
MVSW-921- 39.243 34.010 3.987
B
Bus- 0.60 4.958 - 32.636 0.002 0.000 0.002 27.936 4.294 28.264 - - 28.265
TR951C- 32.258 27.936 4.294
600V
Bus- 0.60 5.534 - 31.547 0.002 0.000 0.002 26.896 4.793 27.320 - - 27.321
TR961F- 31.057 26.897 4.793
600V
Load- 0.60 5.484 - 31.208 0.002 0.000 0.002 26.606 4.749 27.026 - - 27.027
ATS953 30.722 26.606 4.749
Load-ATS- 0.60 7.568 - 25.754 0.002 0.000 0.002 21.319 6.554 22.304 - - 22.304
963 24.617 21.320 6.554
LVMCC- 0.60 11.055 -9.313 14.455 0.002 0.000 0.002 8.065 9.574 12.518 -8.066 - 12.518
934E4 9.574
LVMCC- 0.60 10.040 -7.410 12.478 0.002 0.000 0.002 6.417 8.695 10.806 -6.418 - 10.807
944E5 8.695
LVMCC- 0.60 5.067 - 31.704 0.002 0.000 0.002 27.103 4.388 27.456 - - 27.457
954C1 31.296 27.104 4.388
LVMCC- 0.60 5.723 - 29.976 0.002 0.000 0.002 25.483 4.956 25.960 - - 25.961
954E2 29.425 25.483 4.956
LVMCC- 0.60 8.275 - 23.863 0.002 0.000 0.002 19.383 7.167 20.666 - - 20.666
964E3 22.382 19.384 7.167
LVMCC- 0.60 5.581 - 30.734 0.002 0.000 0.002 26.174 4.834 26.616 - - 26.617
964F 30.223 26.174 4.834
N-TR951C- 6.75 8.013 - 35.436 0.100 0.000 0.100 29.893 6.939 30.688 - - 30.713
6.9kV 34.518 29.918 6.939
N-TR961F- 6.75 11.366 - 25.164 0.100 - 0.099 19.443 9.844 21.792 - - 21.815
6.9kV 22.450 0.001 19.467 9.843
10
Table 9: Short-Circuit Summary Report (Utility Powered with CB-920A & CB-920B Closed, CB-
920TIE Open)
Bus 3-Phase Fault (kA) Line-to-Ground Fault Line-to-Line Fault *Line-to-Line-to-
(kA) (kA) Ground (kA)
BUS 6.75 2.213 - 25.358 0.050 0.000 0.050 21.877 1.917 21.961 - - 21.973
M210 25.261 21.889 1.916
BUS 6.75 2.025 - 22.091 0.050 0.000 0.050 19.051 1.753 19.132 - - 19.144
M230 21.998 19.063 1.753
BUS 6.75 2.213 - 25.358 0.050 0.000 0.050 21.877 1.917 21.961 - - 21.973
M250 25.261 21.889 1.916
BUS 6.75 2.213 - 25.358 0.050 0.000 0.050 21.877 1.917 21.961 - - 21.973
MVMCC- 25.261 21.889 1.916
934A
BUS 6.75 2.025 - 22.091 0.050 0.000 0.050 19.051 1.753 19.132 - - 19.144
MVMCC- 21.998 19.063 1.753
944B
BUS 6.75 2.198 - 25.521 0.050 0.000 0.050 22.020 1.904 22.102 - - 22.114
MVSW- 25.426 22.032 1.904
921-A
BUS 6.75 2.011 - 22.204 0.050 0.000 0.050 19.150 1.742 19.229 - - 19.242
MVSW- 22.113 19.163 1.742
921-B
Bus- 0.60 4.651 - 31.449 0.002 0.000 0.002 26.937 4.028 27.236 - - 27.236
TR951C- 31.104 26.937 4.028
600V
Bus- 0.60 5.084 - 29.976 0.002 0.000 0.002 25.584 4.403 25.960 - - 25.960
TR961F- 29.542 25.584 4.403
600V
Load- 0.60 5.153 - 30.128 0.002 0.000 0.002 25.707 4.462 26.092 - - 26.092
ATS953 29.684 25.708 4.462
Load- 0.60 7.032 - 24.722 0.002 0.000 0.002 20.526 6.090 21.410 - - 21.410
ATS-963 23.701 20.526 6.090
LVMCC- 0.60 10.819 -9.344 14.296 0.002 0.000 0.002 8.092 9.370 12.380 -8.092 - 12.381
934E4 9.370
LVMCC- 0.60 9.869 -7.456 12.369 0.002 0.000 0.002 6.457 8.547 10.712 -6.457 - 10.712
944E5 8.547
LVMCC- 0.60 4.760 - 30.587 0.002 0.000 0.002 26.166 4.122 26.489 - - 26.489
954C1 30.214 26.167 4.122
LVMCC- 0.60 5.388 - 28.984 0.002 0.000 0.002 24.663 4.666 25.101 - - 25.101
954E2 28.479 24.664 4.666
LVMCC- 0.60 7.729 - 22.987 0.002 0.000 0.002 18.748 6.694 19.907 - - 19.908
964E3 21.649 18.749 6.694
LVMCC- 0.60 5.136 - 29.245 0.002 0.000 0.002 24.934 4.448 25.327 - - 25.328
964F 28.791 24.934 4.448
N- 6.75 3.866 - 23.847 0.050 0.000 0.050 20.379 3.348 20.652 - - 20.665
TR951C- 23.532 20.392 3.348
6.9kV
N- 6.75 5.595 - 17.151 0.050 0.000 0.050 14.041 4.846 14.853 - - 14.865
TR961F- 16.213 14.053 4.846
6.9kV
11
Table 10: Short-Circuit Summary Report (Utility Powered with CB-920A Open, CB-920B & CB-920TIE
Closed)
Bus 3-Phase Fault (kA) Line-to-Ground Line-to-Line Fault (kA) *Line-to-Line-to-
Fault (kA) Ground (kA)
BUS M210 6.75 2.434 - 28.695 0.050 0.000 0.050 24.761 2.108 24.851 - - 24.86
28.592 24.774 2.108 3
BUS M230 6.75 2.437 - 28.722 0.050 0.000 0.050 24.784 2.111 24.874 - - 24.88
28.618 24.797 2.111 6
BUS M250 6.75 2.434 - 28.695 0.050 0.000 0.050 24.761 2.108 24.851 - - 24.86
28.592 24.774 2.108 3
BUS 6.75 2.434 - 28.695 0.050 0.000 0.050 24.761 2.108 24.851 - - 24.86
MVMCC- 28.592 24.774 2.108 3
934A
BUS 6.75 2.437 - 28.722 0.050 0.000 0.050 24.784 2.111 24.874 - - 24.88
MVMCC- 28.618 24.797 2.111 6
944B
BUS 6.75 2.407 - 28.933 0.050 0.000 0.050 24.970 2.085 25.056 - - 25.06
MVSW-921- 28.832 24.982 2.085 9
A
BUS 6.75 2.407 - 28.933 0.050 0.000 0.050 24.970 2.085 25.056 - - 25.06
MVSW-921- 28.832 24.982 2.085 9
B
Bus- 0.60 4.720 - 31.836 0.002 0.000 0.002 27.266 4.087 27.571 - - 27.57
TR951C- 31.485 27.267 4.087 2
600V
Bus- 0.60 5.268 - 30.794 0.002 0.000 0.002 26.275 4.562 26.668 - - 26.66
TR961F- 30.340 26.275 4.562 8
600V
Load- 0.60 5.232 - 30.481 0.002 0.000 0.002 26.006 4.531 26.397 - - 26.39
ATS953 30.029 26.006 4.531 8
Load-ATS- 0.60 7.280 - 25.266 0.002 0.000 0.002 20.953 6.304 21.881 - - 21.88
963 24.195 20.954 6.304 2
LVMCC- 0.60 10.89 - 14.353 0.002 0.000 0.002 8.089 9.438 12.430 - - 12.43
934E4 8 9.340 8.089 9.438 0
LVMCC- 0.60 9.927 - 12.408 0.002 0.000 0.002 6.448 8.597 10.746 - - 10.74
944E5 7.445 6.448 8.597 6
LVMCC- 0.60 4.831 - 30.951 0.002 0.000 0.002 26.476 4.183 26.805 - - 26.80
954C1 30.572 26.477 4.183 5
LVMCC- 0.60 5.471 - 29.309 0.002 0.000 0.002 24.936 4.738 25.383 - - 25.38
954E2 28.794 24.937 4.738 3
LVMCC- 0.60 7.989 - 23.451 0.002 0.000 0.002 19.095 6.919 20.309 - - 20.31
964E3 22.049 19.095 6.919 0
LVMCC- 0.60 5.320 - 30.021 0.002 0.000 0.002 25.587 4.607 25.999 - - 25.99
964F 29.546 25.588 4.607 9
N-TR951C- 6.75 4.523 - 26.793 0.050 0.000 0.050 22.870 3.917 23.203 - - 23.21
6.9kV 26.408 22.882 3.917 5
N-TR961F- 6.75 7.695 - 20.762 0.050 0.000 0.050 16.700 6.664 17.981 - - 17.99
6.9kV 19.284 16.713 6.664 2
12
Table 11: Short-Circuit Summary Report (Utility Powered with CB-920B Open, CB-920A & CB-920TIE
Closed)
Bus 3-Phase Fault (kA) Line-to-Ground Fault Line-to-Line Fault (kA) *Line-to-Line-to-
(kA) Ground (kA)
BUS 6.75 2.435 -28.570 28.673 0.050 0.000 0.050 24.742 2.109 24.832 -24.754 - 24.84
M210 2.109 4
BUS 6.75 2.439 -28.596 28.700 0.050 0.000 0.050 24.765 2.112 24.855 -24.777 - 24.86
M230 2.112 7
BUS 6.75 2.435 -28.570 28.673 0.050 0.000 0.050 24.742 2.109 24.832 -24.754 - 24.84
M250 2.109 4
BUS 6.75 2.435 -28.570 28.673 0.050 0.000 0.050 24.742 2.109 24.832 -24.754 - 24.84
MVMC 2.109 4
C-
934A
BUS 6.75 2.439 -28.596 28.700 0.050 0.000 0.050 24.765 2.112 24.855 -24.777 - 24.86
MVMC 2.112 7
C-944B
BUS 6.75 2.409 -28.810 28.910 0.050 0.000 0.050 24.950 2.086 25.037 -24.962 - 25.04
MVSW 2.086 9
-921-A
BUS 6.75 2.409 -28.810 28.910 0.050 0.000 0.050 24.950 2.086 25.037 -24.962 - 25.04
MVSW 2.086 9
-921-B
Bus- 0.60 4.719 -31.482 31.834 0.002 0.000 0.002 27.264 4.087 27.569 -27.265 - 27.57
TR951 4.087 0
C-
600V
Bus- 0.60 5.268 -30.337 30.791 0.002 0.000 0.002 26.273 4.562 26.666 -26.273 - 26.66
TR961 4.562 7
F-600V
Load- 0.60 5.232 -30.027 30.479 0.002 0.000 0.002 26.004 4.531 26.396 -26.004 - 26.39
ATS95 4.531 6
3
Load- 0.60 7.279 -24.193 25.265 0.002 0.000 0.002 20.952 6.304 21.880 -20.953 - 21.88
ATS- 6.304 0
963
LVMC 0.60 10.89 -9.340 14.352 0.002 0.000 0.002 8.089 9.437 12.429 -8.089 - 12.43
C- 7 9.437 0
934E4
LVMC 0.60 9.926 -7.445 12.408 0.002 0.000 0.002 6.448 8.596 10.746 -6.448 - 10.74
C- 8.596 6
944E5
LVMC 0.60 4.830 -30.570 30.949 0.002 0.000 0.002 26.474 4.183 26.803 -26.475 - 26.80
C- 4.183 3
954C1
LVMC 0.60 5.471 -28.792 29.307 0.002 0.000 0.002 24.935 4.738 25.381 -24.935 - 25.38
C- 4.738 1
954E2
LVMC 0.60 7.988 -22.048 23.450 0.002 0.000 0.002 19.094 6.918 20.308 -19.094 - 20.30
C- 6.918 9
964E3
LVMC 0.60 5.320 -29.544 30.019 0.002 0.000 0.002 25.586 4.607 25.997 -25.586 - 25.99
C-964F 4.607 8
N- 6.75 4.522 -26.389 26.773 0.050 0.000 0.050 22.853 3.916 23.186 -22.866 - 23.19
TR951 3.916 9
C-
6.9kV
N- 6.75 7.689 -19.274 20.751 0.050 0.000 0.050 16.691 6.659 17.971 -16.704 - 17.98
TR961 6.659 2
F-
6.9kV
13
Table 12: Short-Circuit Summary Report (DG-970 Generator Powered)
Bus 3-Phase Fault (kA) Line-to-Ground Fault Line-to-Line Fault *Line-to-Line-to-
(kA) (kA) Ground (kA)
LVMCC- 0.60 3.853 -7.258 8.217 0.002 0.000 0.002 6.253 3.508 7.170 - - 7.170
934E4 6.253 3.508
LVMCC- 0.60 4.056 -6.541 7.696 0.002 0.000 0.002 5.616 3.658 6.702 - - 6.703
944E5 5.617 3.658
LVMCC- 0.60 1.195 -10.276 10.345 0.002 0.000 0.002 9.051 1.273 9.140 - - 9.140
954E2 9.051 1.273
LVMCC- 0.60 2.176 -5.893 6.282 0.002 0.000 0.002 5.114 1.987 5.487 - - 5.487
964E3 5.115 1.987
LVMCC- 0.60 0.865 -10.751 10.786 0.002 0.000 0.002 9.498 0.997 9.550 - - 9.550
974E1 9.498 0.997
MV motors fault contribution is considered as one of the fault current sources on the 6.9
kV distribution system.
The MV VFD do not contribute short-circuit current and therefore are not considered in
our design
The results of the short circuit calculations under the VFD control presented as follows:
Table 13: Per Motor Momentary Duty with VFD Control (motor contribution only)
Momentary Duty Summary

Symm. kA RMS X/R Ratio Asymm. kA RMS
Motor M-210 3.793 0.3 3.793
Motor M-250 3.793 0.3 3.793
Motor M-230 3.599 0.3 3.599
The results of the short circuit calculations when motor transferred to across-the-line
feed presented as follows:
Table 14: MV Motors Momentary Duty with Across-the-line Feed (Bypass mode)
Momentary Duty Summary for the Single Motor in Bypass

Symm. kA RMS X/R Ratio Asymm. kA RMS
Motor M-210 36.165 9.5 51.596
Motor M-250 35.522 9.2 50.328
Motor M-230 35.784 9.2 50.704
The available results were utilized in sizing calculations for MV motor feeder cables.
The more detailed results are presented in the Short Circuit Summary Report pages.
14
Results of Case Study 1 (Utility powered with all CBs Closed)
This case shows the fault level with the plant in normal operating configuration and all
intended for this stage compressor motors M-210, M-230 and M-250 are running and
connected across the line. This situation characterized the maximum fault level
contribution to the compressor station electrical system at maximum supply voltage.
All other prospective fault level contributors are Q-740 Desand Building transfer pump
motors (P-741A and P-741B) rated at 125 HP and controlled by the across-the-line
motor starter in the LVMCC-964F. LVMCC-974E1 in Diesel Generator Building includes
Radiator Fan motor RF-972 rated at 75 HP. Air Compressor motors K-811A and K-
811B, both rated at 60 HP, can contribute to fault on LVMCC-954E2 and LVMCC-
954C1 respectively.
Other motor loads are not considered as fault contributors in this study due to their
small size or VFD control of the motor.
The power distribution transformers and their corresponding impedances significantly
impact the available fault energy on the MCC buses.
From the results available, the highest fault currents are present on MVMCC-944B for
6.9 kV and on TR-951C-600V and TR-961F-600V buses for 600V. In this instance, the
values available on the MVMCC-944B bus will be considered as a reference number for
the MV power system analysis. In this instance, the values available on the TR-951C-
600V bus (33kA) will be considered as a reference number for the LV power system
analysis.
From the above tables we can see that the maximum ANSI Symmetrical 3-phase fault
current at the compressor station LVMCC-954C1 is 33 kA, which is well below its 65kA
bus bracing rating. MVMCC-934A and MVMCC-944B buses have 50kA bus bracing
ratings. The maximum available symmetrical fault currents for MVMCC-934A and
MVMCC-944B are in the range of 39 kA and 39 kA in the current configuration, which is
below available bus bracing ratings.
The highest X/R ratio calculated for the LVMCC-954C1 bus is 6.4, which is higher than
UL 845 standard level suggested to manufacturers for the equipment basis design and
performance. With presence of the substantial DC component in the fault current, it is
advisable to compare the LVMCC-954C1 bus bracing rating and protective devices
interrupting ratings with asymmetrical 3-phase fault current value as well. Calculated
LVMCC-954C1 bus RMS asymmetrical fault is 41.9 kA, which is still below the bus
bracing rating.
Estimated peak current value for fault duties on LVMCC-954C1 is 72.2 kA and does not
exceed the tested MCC (141.9 kA) peak current capacity. The same conclusion is
applied to the protective devices peak ratings utilized in design. The smallest protective
device peak rating is 186 kA, which belongs to Square D model HL circuit breaker that
is above the maximum peak current calculated for LV MCC protective devices.
The rest of LVMCCs results of the peak current duties estimation for utility power supply
are presented in Table 15 below.
15
Table 15: LV MCC Short-Circuit Ratings with Utility Power
MCC Equipment Available

Max Sym. Fault
MCC Manufacturer Amps/Bus X/R Rated Peak Peak
RMS Fault PF
ID Model Bracing Ratio Current Current
(kA) (%)
(A/kA) (kA) (kA)
LVMCC- Square D Model
2500/65 31.70 6.4 14.2 141.9 72.20
954C1 6
1600/65 29.98 5.2 18.9 141.9 65.69
954E2 6
2500/65 30.73 5.5 18.3 141.9 68.00
964F 6
1200/65 23.86 2.7 33.8 141.9 44.38
964E3 6
800/65 14.46 0.8 73.8 141.9 20.95
934E4 6
800/65 12.48 0.7 81.2 141.9 17.91
944E5 6
Results of Case Study 2 (Only Emergency Diesel Generator in Service)
This case shows the fault level within the emergency compressor station-operating
configuration, with one DG-970 diesel generator in service at its maximum fault level
contribution at available supply voltage.
The calculations show that the RMS Symmetrical 3-phase fault current is 10.78 kA and
RMS Asymmetrical 3-phase fault current is 16.59 kA at the emergency LVMCC-974E1,
which is well below the 65kA bus bracing rating.
The X/R ratio calculated for the LVMCC-974E1 with emergency power supply is 16.5
kA which is higher than UL 845 standard level (X/R=4.899) suggested to manufacturers
for the equipment basis design. With presence of a substantial DC component in the
fault current, it is advisable to consider LVMCC-974E1 maximum available
instantaneous peak current.
Estimated peak current value for fault duties on LVMCC-974E1 is 27.18 kA and do not
exceed the emergency motor control centre (141.9 kA) and adjacent circuit breaker
(186 kA) peak current capacity.
The rest of LVMCCs results of the peak current duties estimation for emergency
generator power supply presented in the following table.
16
Table 16: LV MCC Short-Circuit Ratings with Emergency DG Power
MCC Equipment Available

Max Sym. Fault
MCC Manufacturer Amps/Bus X/R Rated Peak Peak
RMS Fault PF
ID Model Bracing Ratio Current Current
(kA) (%)
(A/kA) (kA) (kA)
1600/65 10.345 9.8 10.3 141.9 25.26
954E2 6
1200/65 6.282 2.8 32.4 141.9 11.77
964E3 6
800/65 8.154 1.9 46.3 141.9 13.89
934E4 6
800/65 7.696 1.6 53.9 141.9 12.49
944E5 6
2500/65 10.786 16.5 6.2 141.9 27.87
974E1 6
Conclusions
Conclusion Case Study 1

The results show that all electrical equipment operates within its ratings.
The symmetrical fault levels at the 600 V MCCs ranges from 6.282 kA to 31,70 kA,
safely below the (65kA) bus bracing rating and the adjoining (85 kA/100 kA/200 kA)
protective devices interrupting ratings.
The available peak current values at the 600 V MCCs ranges from 17.91 kA to 72.20
kA, safely below the MCC bus bracing peak withstand rating 141.9 kA and the smallest
value of protective equipment peak withstand rating at 141.9 kA.
The system contribution and all 6.6 kV motors fault contribution data and time constants
were used to extrapolate conductor short circuit withstand parameters. The proper
conductor sizes were defined based on this information.
The short circuit calculation results confirm that all electrical equipment operates within
the requisite short circuit ratings during normal and fault conditions.
Conclusion Case Study 2

The results show that all electrical equipment operates within its ratings with emergency
power supply.
The symmetrical/asymmetrical fault levels at the 600V MCCs range from 14.1 kA to
22.2 kA, safely below the (65kA) bus bracing rating and the adjoining (85 kA/100
kA/200 kA) protective devices interrupting ratings.
The available peak current value at the 600 V LVMCC-954E2 with emergency DG-970
generator power supply is only 37.5 kA, safely below the MCC bus bracing peak
withstand rating 141.9 kA and protective equipment peak withstand rating 186.0 kA.
The short circuit calculation results confirm that all electrical equipment operates within
the requisite short circuit ratings during normal operating conditions.
17
PROTECTIVE DEVICES COORDINATION STUDY
Purpose and Scope

There are three fundamental objectives of overcurrent coordination presented in this
study.
• The main objective is life safety requirements. Selected devices are rated to carry
and interrupt maximum available load currents as well as withstand and interrupt
maximum available fault currents. Life safety requirements shall never be
compromised.
• The second objective is equipment protection. Protection requirements are met if
overcurrent devices are set above load operating levels and below equipment
damage curves.
• The last objective is selectivity or protective device coordination. The coordination
study is a time-current study of the protective devices in series from the source to
the utilization equipment. Overcurrent coordination is the application of current
activated devices in the plant electrical system, which, in response to fault or
overload, will clear the fault while removing the minimum amount of equipment
from service.
This study is a comparison of the individual overcurrent device time-current curves to
determine where the curves overlap causing a large portion of the electrical system to
be de-energized in order to clear the fault. The time-current curves show graphically
how quickly the overcurrent devices respond to current of a specific magnitude.
Prior to performing an arc flash study, the overcurrent protection device settings must
be determined. These settings affect the time duration that an arcing fault will exist
during an arc flash occurrence. Therefore, the settings reduce the amount of incident
energy released during an arcing fault.
Coordination studies take into consideration the transformer magnetizing inrush current,
full-load current, hot-load and cold-load pick-up, and coordination time intervals for
cascaded devices.
As a side benefit of a coordination study, the interrupting ratings of all protective
devices, short circuit withstand ratings of conductors and switches are all checked for
adequacy. Inadequate equipment ratings can result in extensive damage to the
equipment during faults and system operation and may introduce hazards to plant
operating personnel.
The ETAP software version 12.6.0C was used in conducting this study. The program
produces time versus current coordination drawings with one-line diagrams and setting
reports.
18
Project Assumptions and Clarifications
For the optimum system functionality, it was necessary to consider two operational
cases in the coordination study:
• Normal case with 138 kV utility supplying power to the plant
• Emergency case with only DG-970 generator operating
Derived protective device settings should be applicable for all operational
conditions and not require field adjustments.
Additionally, the following information was considered for the coordination study:
• System voltage levels as presented in section 1
• Generator and transformer ratings and impedance data as per available from
manufacturer
• Existing MV phase protection including relay models, numbers and settings, CT-
ratios and TCC curves as specified in Orbis Engineering power study report
• Data for the system under study:
o Transformer ratings, impedance data and protection points as specified in
section 1
o Protective devices ratings including momentary and interrupting duties as per
vendor documentation
o Ground fault system protection with CT ratios, excitation curves and winding
resistances
o Time-current curves for the protective devices as specified by manufacturers
o Cable sizes and length as presented in cable schedules
o Thermal (I²t) curves for cables and rotating machines per manufacturer
specifications
o ASD and UPS system ratings and input impedance values as specified by
manufacturers
• Short circuit and load current data:
o Maximum and minimum momentary (first cycle) short-circuit currents at MCC
busses and EDC terminals as it calculated in Short Circuit Study
o Maximum and minimum interrupting duties (first 5 cycles and above) short-
circuit currents at major buses
o Estimated maximum and minimum arcing and bolted ground faults at major
busses in Arc Flash Analysis
o Maximum load currents as calculated in the Load Flow Study
o The voltage base was 600 V for the calculations and all current values were
converted to this voltage base
19
Each curve includes a simplified single line diagram, which graphically describes the
system studied. The location and shape of each device curve is controlled by the
settings on the device. These settings include long-time pickup, long-time delay, short-
time pickup, short-time delay, and instantaneous.
Maximum load ampacity and short-circuit currents are indicated during protective
device characteristic curve adjustments. These numbers define the adjustment area for
the protective device settings.
Certain time intervals were maintained between the characteristic curves of the
protective devices. These intervals ensure correct sequential operation of the devices
due to certain operational speed of circuit breakers and damage characteristics of
fuses.
In some instances, selective coordination of cascaded protective devices, may be
sacrificed to achieve the fastest possible protective device operation for an arc flash
energy control determined by EnCana Arc Flash requirements.
Coordination Analysis
This study provides settings for the main feeder circuit breakers and individual branch
circuit breakers with the available adjustable elements.
Proper arrangement of the circuit breaker characteristic curves with respect of the
protected equipment performance characteristics presents the first step of the
protection settings. Operational and damage curves for equipment, such as generators,
motors, and cables are also plotted to assess the level of protection provided for the
equipment and to provide a graphical representation of the protection achieved. For
example, the main application for the CB-LVMCC934E-2 circuit breaker is overcurrent
protection of the LVMCC-934E4 bus. Additionally, the settings of CB-LVMCC934E-2
account for arc flash energy control on the same bus.
The coordination of the series circuit breaker selective curves from power source to the
load branches was performed. All load feeder circuit breakers and J-type fuses in the
MCCs have fixed trip unit characteristic curves (see Appendix C). The coordination
procedure for these protective devices leads to a simple configuration that the series
protective device TCC curves do not overlap with each other.
Only representative load circuit breakers were drafted in composite time-current graph
form and selectively coordinated with upstream protective devices (Appendix C). Since
a majority of the equipment has the same protective settings, one particular curve is
valid for multiple sets of equipment.
Appendix C shows the Time Current Coordination (TCC) graphs for the results of the
calculations in the normal power system operation and Emergency power generation.
The electrical system of the EnCana Compressor Station contains two 6.9 kV motor
control centers (MCMCC-934A and MVMCC-944B) with multiple downstream branches
connected to the bus. Three of MV switchgear branches contain a fused contactor
assembly with a GE Multilin 469 protection relay. It is considered that all across-the-line
motor starters a fused disconnect with Shawmut (Ferraz) A072B fuses, Toshiba MV
vacuum contactors HCV-5HA, GE Multilin SR469 motor protection relays, MV rated
cables, and a ABB 7000HP motors sized for the reciprocating compressor application.
20
Typical protection philosophy between protective and switching devices in MV fused
contactor motor starter employs the protection relay for only overload protection and
uses the fuse for short-circuit protection of the equipment. This approach makes the
possible risk of contact welding for a fault with fault current in excess of the contactor
interrupting rating practically negligible. The border of the relay protection area is
determined by the value of the contactor short circuit breaking current. Therefore, the
fuse will take care of all fault current values beyond the contactor breaking capacity.
Following this logic, the relay overload settings were utilized and has to leave the short
circuit settings de-activated after the relay commissioning.
M-210 feeder protection settings

SR469-K210-O
PHASE TOC
1.15 x CT primary
Pickup
amps
Standard
Curve Type
Overload Curve
Time Delay Multiplier 5
GROUND TOC
0.16 x CT primary
Trip Pickup
amps
Time Delay 0 ms
21
SR469-K220-OL
PHASE TOC
1.15 x CT primary
Pickup
amps
Standard
Curve Type
Overload Curve
GROUND TOC
0.16 x CT primary
Trip Pickup
amps
Time Delay 0 ms

SR469-K230-OL
PHASE TOC
1.15 x CT primary
Pickup
amps
Standard
Curve Type
Overload Curve
GROUND TOC
0.16 x CT primary
Trip Pickup
amps
Time Delay 0 ms
All results of the ground fault protective relay settings and coordination with other
ground fault protective devices presented in Appendix C.
22
Table 17 below shows the feeder circuit breaker settings for circuit breakers that were
used in the calculations.
Table 17: Feeder Circuit Breaker Settings
Breakers
Description Model Frame/Sensor/Plug Settings
Name/Type
LT Pickup =1 (800A)
LT Band = 0.5
CB-ATS963-1 Square-D MICROLOGIC 1200.0A/
PKA ST Pickup = 3 (2400A)
(LVMCC-964F) 5.0 800.0A
ST Band = 0.1 (I2T = OUT)
Inst. Pickup = 12 (9600A)
LT Pickup =1 (1200A)
LT Band = 0.5
CB-ATS953-1 Square-D MICROLOGIC 1200.0A/
(LVMCC-954C1) 5.0 1200.0A
LT Band = 0.5
CB-ATS953 Square-D MICROLOGIC 1200.0A/
(LVMCC-974E1) 5.0 1200.0A
LT Band = 2
Square-D MICROLOGIC 1200.0A/
CB-LB979 PKA ST Pickup = 1.5 (1500A)
5.0 1000.0A
LT Pickup =1 (800A)
LT Band = 0.5
CB-ATS963 Square-D MICROLOGIC 1200.0A/
PKA ST Pickup = 1.5 (1200A)
(LVMCC-974E1) 5.0 800.0A
LT Pickup =0.9 (1800A)
LT Band = 3
2000.0A/
CB-DG970 ABB E3N-A ST Pickup = 1 (2000A)
2000.0A
Ir = 350 A
CB-AHF955C1 LL Tr = 16.0
3.3 (PP) 400.0A
Ii = 12 x In (4800A)
Ir = 350 A
CB-AHF965F1 LL Tr = 16.0
3.3 (PP) 400.0A
Ii = 12 x In (4800A)
23
Breakers
Name/Type
Ir = 350 A
CB-AHF965F2 LL Tr = 16.0
3.3 (PP) 400.0A
Ii = 12 x In (4800A)
Ir = 150 A
CB-E4 HL Tr = 16.0
3.2 (PP) 250.0A
Ii = 15 x In (2250A)
Ir = 150 A
CB-E5 HL Tr = 16.0
3.2 (PP) 250.0A
Ii = 15 x In (2250A)
Ir = 150 A
CB-E5M LL Tr = 4.0
3.3 (PP) 400.0A
Ii = 4 x In (1600A)
Ir = 150 A
CB-E4M LL Tr = 4.0
3.3 (PP) 400.0A
Ii = 4 x In (1600A)
Ir = 110 A
CB-LT916A HL Tr = 0.5
3.2 150.0A
Ii = 8 x In (1200A)
Ir = 150 A
CB-LT926C HL Tr = 0.5
3.2 150.0A
Ii = 10 x In (1500A)
150.0A/ Rating Plug = 100 A
CB-LT956H Square-D PowerPact HL
100.0A Inst. = 13 (1300A)
Ir = 110 A
CB-LT976E HL Tr = 0.5
3.2 150.0A
Ii = 8 x In (1200A)
Ir = 110 A
CB-HT983Q HL Tr = 0.5
3.2 150.0A
Ii = 8 x In (1200A)
CB-LT986K Square-D PowerPact HL
100.0A Inst. = 13 (1300A)
Ir = 110 A
CB-HT963P HL Tr = 0.5
3.2 150.0A
Ii = 8 x In (1200A)
Ir = 110 A
CB-HT983R HL Tr = 0.5
3.2 150.0A
Ii = 8 x In (1200A)
CB-LT986M Square-D PowerPact HL
100.0A Inst. = 13 (1300A)
250.0A/ Thermal Curve
CB-K612A Square-D Powerpact JL
250.0A Inst = 1250 A
24
Breakers
Name/Type
CB-K612B Square-D Powerpact JL
250.0A Inst = 1250 A
CB-P741A Square-D Powerpact JL
250.0A Inst = 10
CB-P741B Square-D Powerpact JL
250.0A Inst = 10
Ir = 150 A
CB-LVMCC934E4 Square-D MICROLOGIC 150.0A/
HL Tr = 16.0
(LVMCC-954E2) 3.2 (PP) 150.0A
Ii = 15 x In (2250A)
Ir = 150 A
CB-LVMCC944E5 Square-D MICROLOGIC 150.0A/
HL Tr = 16.0
(LVMCC-954E2) 3.2 (PP) 150.0A
Ii = 15 x In (2250A)
LT PU = Fixed (800 A)
Square-D MICROLOGIC 1200 A/
CB-K615 PKA LT Band = Fixed
5.0 800 A
Inst = 6 (4800A)
CB-C226 Square-D Powerpact HL
30.0A Inst. = 8 (112A)
CB-CF220 Square-D Powerpact HL
50.0A Inst. = 8 (232A)
30.0A Inst. = 8 (112A)
50.0A Inst. = 8 (232A)
30.0A Inst. = 8 (112A)
CB-CF260 Square-D Powerpact HL
50.0A Inst. = 8 (232A)
CB-P352A Square-D Powerpact HL
30.0A Inst. = 8 (112A)
CB-P352B Square-D Powerpact HL
30.0A Inst. = 8 (112A)
30.0A Inst. = 8 (112A)
30.0A Inst. = 8 (112A)
30.0A Inst. = 8 (112A)
CB-P628 Square-D Powerpact HL
30.0A Inst. = 8 (112A)
30.0A Inst. = 8 (112A)
25
Breakers
Name/Type
50.0A Inst. = 8 (232A)
30.0A Inst. = 8 (112A)
30.0A Inst. = 8 (112A)
CB-P775C Square-D Powerpact HL
30.0A Inst. = 8 (112A)
CB-VF978C Square-D Powerpact HL
30.0A Inst. = 8 (112A)
CB-RF972 Square-D Powerpact HL
150.0A Inst. = 8 (776A)
CB-VF218A Square-D Powerpact HL
30.0A Inst. = 8 (112A)
CB-VF218B Square-D Powerpact HL
30.0A Inst. = 8 (112A)
30.0A Inst. = 8 (112A)
CB-VF218D Square-D Powerpact HL
30.0A Inst. = 8 (112A)
30.0A Inst. = 8 (112A)
30.0A Inst. = 8 (112A)
30.0A Inst. = 8 (112A)
30.0A Inst. = 8 (112A)
30.0A Inst. = 8 (112A)
30.0A Inst. = 8 (112A)
30.0A Inst. = 8 (112A)
30.0A Inst. = 8 (112A)
30.0A Inst. = 8 (112A)
CB-SAF938A Square-D Powerpact HL
30.0A Inst. = 8 (112A)
26
Breakers
Name/Type
CB-SAF938B Square-D Powerpact HL
30.0A Inst. = 8 (112A)
CB-SAF948A Square-D Powerpact HL
30.0A Inst. = 8 (112A)
CB-SAF948B Square-D Powerpact HL
30.0A Inst. = 8 (112A)
Ground Fault Protection

The 600 V systems are high resistance grounded via a neutral grounding resistor
(NGR) connected on the LV side of the distribution transformers (TR-951C and TR-
961F) and to the neutral point of the emergency generator DG-970. The main
advantage of this method is elimination of ground-fault flash hazards with substantial
point-of-fault damage.
In the event of a ground fault, an alarm signal from the ground fault relay will signal to
compressor station main PLC to alert operations as an automatic shutdown does not
occur. The decision of when to shutdown and address the ground fault is left to
operations. There are three status signals from ground fault protective relay provided to
the main PLC: Ground Fault, Resistor Fault and Unit Healthy. There is no need for
ground-fault protection coordination between the MV and LV power distribution
systems.
The NGRs are designed to dissipate the required amount of energy and not exceed the
temperature limitations of IEEE Standard 32-1972. They have a continuous rating,
which is capable of withstanding rated current for an indefinite period of time. The
continuous temperature rise for the resistive element is 385°C. Startco SE-330 NGR
monitor protective relay with ER-600VC sensing resistor and EFCT-26 current
transformer were selected. The SE-330 continuously measures NGR resistance in an
unfaulted system, and it will produce alarm signal if resistance varies from the
calibrated value.
The NGR selection was based on system charging current and expected duration of
running with a ground fault. If the ground fault escalates to a phase-to-phase fault, the
phase overcurrent protection will isolate the circuit.
All results of the ground fault protective relay settings and coordination with other
ground fault protective devices presented in Appendix C.
27
Table 18: NGR System Data and Protective Relay Settings for LV Area
Neutral-
Current
Grounding SE-330 Settings
Syste Transformer Expect.
Resistor Sensin
NGR m Chargin
Let- g Trip Vn
Locatio Voltag g Trip Pulse
e Throug Resisto Leve Trip
n (Ohms Mode CT Current Tim Perio
h r l Leve
(V) ) l Ratio (A) e d
Current (%/A l
(S) (S)
(A) ) (V)
TR- 600/34 EFCT 5/0.0 ER-
173.5 2 0.48 20/1 2 130 N/A
951C-N 7 -26 5 600VC
TR- 600/34 EFCT 5/0.0 ER-
173.5 2 0.37 20/1 2 130 N/A
961F-N 7 -26 5 600VC
DG-970- 600/34 EFCT 5/0.0 ER-
173.5 2 0.43 20/1 2 130 N/A
N 7 -26 5 600VC
Conclusion and Results
Proper calculations were performed to review the selection of fuses, protective relay
characteristics and settings, ratios and characteristics of associated current
transformers, and low-voltage circuit breaker trip characteristics and settings. This study
confirms that all circuit breakers, protective relays, automatic transfer switches, and
fuses are sized adequately for the load and fault currents available in the Phase 1
Compressor Station power system.
The settings and selectivity of the circuit breakers and fuses will provide protection
within industry standards as shown by the time-current curves in Appendix C. The time-
current curves are positioned to provide the maximum selectivity to minimize system
disturbance during fault clearing.
28
ARC FLASH ANALYSIS
Purpose and Scope

The purpose of this study is to determine the potential arc flash hazard on the electrical
equipment at the compressor station electrical system and how these hazards can be
mitigated.
Arc Flash analysis estimates the amount of the incident energy released in the event of
an arc fault and determines the required flash protection boundaries. As a safety survey
the Arc Flash analysis identifies the potentially dangerous area of the compressor
station, properly label them, ensure adequate work procedures are in place and specify
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for work on or near energized electrical
equipment.
NFPA 70E defines an arc flash hazard as “a dangerous condition associated with the
release of energy caused by an electric arc.” Arc flashing can be extremely dangerous,
capable of damaging or destroying equipment and posing a safety threat to plant
personnel. By analyzing a system’s potential Arc Flash Hazard, we can determine the
different hazard categories that are relevant with specific equipment. See Table 5.0,
Appendix B for EnCana PPE breakdown according to NFPA 70E.
Arc Flash Boundary is defined as a distance from the arc source where the onset of
second-degree burns can occur. This is typically defined by medical research as 1.2
cal/cm².
Incident Energy is defined as the amount of energy impressed on the surface, a specific
distance away from the source during an electrical arc event. It can also be called
surface energy density. Incident energy is measured in cal/cm².
Utilized in the study Trip/Delay Time is a protective device characteristic that can be
found in manufacturer data. For circuit breakers with integral trip units, the manufacturer
time-current curves include both tripping time and clearing time.
Proper Warning Labels must be prepared for installation on all plant electrical
equipment and especially on equipment that may remain energized during maintenance
or service.
The 2012 editions of CSA Z462 and NFPA 70E include new tables for DC equipment
hazard/risk category classification. Part of the table covers voltages over 100 volts and
below 250 volts. The other part of the table covers voltages from 250 volts to 600 volts.
Although the tables do not cover voltages below 100 volts, it does not indicate there is
no arc flash danger below this voltage. In fact, there are potential arc flash hazards
even below 50 volts, depending on various factors, including the amount of short circuit
current that is available.
The NFPA 70E tables for DC indicate that for voltages above 100 and arcing current
higher than or equal to 1000 amps, the arc flash boundary is at least 36 inches. Anyone
within this boundary must wear arc-rated clothing, arc-rated face shield with wrap
around protection to protect the entire head (or flash hood), hardhat, safety goggles,
hearing protection and leather work shoes (see table 1). To protect against electric
shock, the tables require rubber-insulating gloves with leather protectors.
29
As well, Table 4B of CSA Z462-12 requires that insulating gloves be used when
working on a battery. Essentially, all of this equipment must be used for all battery
maintenance with voltages above 100 volts to comply with the standard.
The most common stationary battery configurations UPS are 24 volt
(telecommunications, cellular), 48 volt (telecommunications), 125 volt (switchgear,
UPS). The majority of the 125 volt installations are ungrounded systems. The risk of an
arc flash to ground in ungrounded systems is non-existent as long as there is not a
ground fault condition.
Most 24 and 48-volt systems are grounded, but the voltage is so low that the risk of arc
flash is reduced, but not eliminated.
For battery installations on open racks on ungrounded systems (typical for 125 volt and
UPS batteries), the potential for arc flash concerns rest mainly with the main battery
terminals. If there are cabinets associated with the battery, such as disconnects and
distribution, then there is probably a high arc flash potential in these locations. Extreme
precautions are warranted for battery disconnects and DC distribution cabinets when
they are energized.
System Representation
ETAP Version 12.6.0C Arc Flash Evaluation module was used in conducting this study.
The program calculates the incident energy and arc flash boundary for every location in
the power system. Incident energy and arc flash boundaries are calculated following
IEEE 1584 standard. PPE requirements are specified from a user-defined clothing
library. Additionally, clearing times were reduced based on current-limiting capabilities.
The following is other information that was used in this study to represent the power
distribution system:
• The generators fault contribution was modeled for both three-phase to ground fault
and single-phase to ground fault. Also minimum and maximum contributions were
modeled based on how the diesel generator source was contributing to the 600V
system.
• The arc flash hazard analysis was performed according to the IEEE 1584-
2002/2004a, NFPA 70E 2009 Annex D.7 and CSA-Z462 Annex D7. The arc flash
hazard analysis was performed in conjunction with the short-circuit analysis and the
protective device time-current coordination analysis.
• Circuits 240V or less fed by single transformer rated less than 125 kVA are omitted
from the calculations and assumed to have a hazard risk category 0 per NFPA
70E.
• Working distances are based on IEEE 1584 standard. The calculated arc flash
protection boundaries were determined using those working distances as a preset
values in ETAP software.
• When performing incident energy calculations on the line side of a main breaker,
the line side and load side contributions were included in the fault calculations.
• Arc flash calculations are based on actual overcurrent protective devices clearing
time. A maximum clearing time of 2 seconds will be used based on IEEE 1584-
2002 section B 1.2. Where is not physically possible to move outside of the flash
30
protection boundary in less than 2 seconds during an arc flash event, a maximum
clearing time based on the specific location was utilized.
• 125 VDC switchgear battery set X was neglected in the DC arc flash analysis. This
bank has an extremely limited total capacity and the contributions are deemed
negligible.
• Fault contributions from battery chargers were neglected due to negligible
contributions. The core saturable reactors on the AC input side limit the available
fault contributions to a minute value.
• The results on the arc flash diagrams are displayed in Incident Energy Level,
(Cal/Cm^2), Typical Working Distance to Arc Flash Source (In).
• Considering the difficulties to determine how to classify the tasks to be performed
for different type of equipment that are operating at different voltage levels, EnCana
Corporation developed their own Protective Measures Matrix (PMM). This “lookup”
table lists different tasks to be performed on energized equipment and their
associated risk levels. Allowed PPE categories were reduced to 0, 1, 2 and are
described in detail in Appendix D.
Computer Software and Calculations

ETAP Version 12.6.0C Arc Flash was used in conducting this study. The method
specified in IEEE 1584-2002/2004a Edition, NFPA 70E 2009 Annex D.7 and CSA-Z462
Annex D.7 standards is used to calculate the arcing fault current, incident energy and
arc flash boundary.
This method uses the following calculation to determine the incident energy (E) at each
bus:
E = 4.184*Cf*En*(t/0.2)(610^X/D^X), where
E = incident energy (J/cm^2)
1
En = Incident energy (J/cm^2) normalized for a arcing duration of 0.2s and working
distance of 610mm
Cf = is 1.0 for voltage above 1 kV and 1.5 for voltage below 1 kV
t = arcing duration in seconds
D = working distance from arc (mm)
X = is the distance exponent
Once the arc flash incident energy is calculated, a hazard category is chosen based on
this value. The hazard value is then used to determine the personal protective
equipment needed when working on exposed electrical equipment.
1 En is determined from the arcing and bolted fault currents at the bus.
31
Evaluation Study Options
The equations used to calculate the magnitude of an arcing fault are relative to the
available 3-phase bolted fault current. Single-line to ground and line-to-line faults are
not directly considered when calculating arcing fault or incident energy. It was
recognized that many arcing faults are initiated by a line-to-ground fault. The arc flash
equations in the IEEE 1584 standard are relative to the available three-phase bolted
fault current.
It is generally accepted that arcing faults that begin as line-to-line or line-to-ground
faults quickly escalate into three-phase faults as the air ionizes across the phases.
The following specific assumptions are applied to the arc flash study for 15-27 Saturn
Sister Compressor Station PH 1:
• Conductor and buses impedances and X/R ratios were modeled closely in order to
obtain realistic short circuit values
• The trip time is determined for all protective devices located in the branch that
contains the first trip device and the device with the fastest trip time
• Worker is stationary during the entire arc flash incident (constant working distance).
• Induction motors contribute continuous sub-transient current for 1 cycle, unless
they are excluded from arc flash calculations if they are less than 50 HP
• In the branches with applied current-limiting fuses, the current-limiting range is
assumed to start where fuse clearing curve drops below 0.01 sec
• Upstream branch devices are properly coordinated with downstream branch
devices in protective devices coordination study. The mis-coordination ratio defined
as 80%. By utilizing the selection option “Check upstream protective devices for
mis-coordination”, the next upstream protective device will be included in the
search. The device that clears the arcing fault first is used
• Ground fault and motor overload devices are not included into consideration
• If the trip time obtained from the time current curve is larger than the maximum
protection trip time defined as 2 sec., the maximum protection trip time is used
• For equipment operated below 1 kV, arc flash boundaries are calculated based on
incident energy equation
Conclusion and Results

Using the methods and criteria described in the previous section, the arc flash analysis
was conducted for all relevant equipment. The arc flash hazard calculation results are
summarized below for four cases. These results display the Incident Energy Level
(Cal/cm2) and Typical Working Distance to Arc Flash Source (mm) on all the analyzed
busses.
From the adjacent utility protective devices to the LV individual feeder protection, all
protective devices coordinated settings were adjusted to achieve the fastest reaction
during the arc flash events. The settings were calculated for all possible power supply
scenarios.
32
All electrical equipment installed in the LVMCC-974E1, LVMCC-954E2, LVMCC-934E4
and LVMCC-944E5 protected by the corresponding feeder molded case circuit breakers
with fixed protective characteristic curves. MVMCC-934A, MVMCC-944B, LVMCC-
964E3, LVMCC-954C1, LVMCC-954C2 and LVMCC-964F main buses are protected by
upstream protective devices. Multilin T60 and F60 protective relays and Littlefuse PGR-
8800 arc-flash protection relays are used in conjunction with Square D upper MCC
feeder circuit breaker.
Initiated arcing fault current on the input terminals of MCC buses, circuit breakers,
disconnect switches, 600V and 120/208V distribution panels, etc. is lower than three-
phase bolted fault current. The TR-951C and TR-961F transformer secondary
protective relays and downstream circuit breaker settings on the TCC curve
demonstrates 0.001 sec. minimal delay of an instantaneous component tripping for the
available arc flash current. These settings allow achieving as low as 8 cal/cm² of arc
flash energy on LVMCC-954C1 and LVMCC-964F buses. According to Encana
classification, the level of incident energy above 8 cal/cm² requires use of level 2 PPE.
All available flash protection boundaries and incident energy values were calculated at
all significant locations in the electrical distribution system and will be presented on SLD
MVMCC-934A, MVMCC-944B, LVMCC-954C1, LVMCC-964F, LVMCC-974E1,
LVMCC-954E2, LVMCC-964E3, LVMCC-934E4 and LVMCC-944E5 drawings.
Combined results of arc flash studies for all possible combinations of the power sources
are presented in five tables below to show the arc flash results for different scenarios.
The short-circuit calculations and the corresponding incident energy calculations were
performed for multiple system scenarios. This allowed retrieving maximum and
minimum contributions of fault current magnitude and comparing them with the
protective devices settings. After the comparison, the greatest incident energy was
uniquely reported for each equipment location.
Special consideration is applied to the situation when the tie breaker is closed during 20
second and both feeders circuit breakers are closed as well. This corresponds to the
maximum available fault level on all buses.
It is important to consider that the area in the power transformer TR-951C and TR-961F
secondary bushings are exposed to the substantially higher energy levels (8.8 – 9
cal/cm²) during possible faults and arc flash events.
33
Table 19: Arc Flash Hazard Calculations (Utility Powered with CB-920A, CB-920B & CB-920TIE
Closed)
Table 20: Arc Flash Hazard Calculations (Utility Powered with CB-920A & CB920B Closed, CB-
920TIE Open)
34
Table 21: Arc Flash Hazard Calculations (Utility Powered with CB-920B & CB-920TIE Closed, CB-
920A Open)
Table 22: Arc Flash Hazard Calculations (Utility Powered with CB-920A & CB-920TIE Closed, CB-
920-B Open)
35
Table 23: Arc Flash Hazard Calculations (DG-970 Generator Powered)
36
References
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE), 1986, IEEE 141:
Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution and Coordination of
Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, Piscataway, New Jersey: Systems
Design Subcommittee of the IEEE Power Systems Engineering Committee
Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industrial and
Commercial Power Systems, Piscataway, New Jersey: Systems Design
Subcommittee of the IEEE Power Systems Engineering Committee
Calculating Short-Circuit Currents in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems,
Piscataway, New Jersey: Systems Design Subcommittee of the IEEE Power
Systems Engineering Committee
Recommended Practice for Industrial and Commercial Power System Analysis,
Recommended Practice for Electric Power Systems in Commercial Buildings,
Recommended Practice for Applying Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers Used in
Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, Piscataway, New Jersey: Systems
Design Subcommittee of the IEEE Power Systems Engineering Committee
Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations, Piscataway, New Jersey:
Systems Design Subcommittee of the IEEE Power Systems Engineering
Committee
37
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE), 1986, IEEE 519: IEEE
Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical
Power Systems, Piscataway, New Jersey: Systems Design Subcommittee of the
IEEE Power Systems Engineering Committee
Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 2009, CSA C22.1-09: Canadian Electrical

Code (CEC), Part 1, Toronto, ON: CEC, Part I Technical Committee
Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 2009, CSA Z462-08: Workplace Electrical

Safety, Toronto, ON: CEC, Part I Technical Committee
Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 2009, CSA C22.2 No. 254-05: Motor
Control Centres, Toronto, ON: CEC, Part I Technical Committee
American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 2002, ANSI C57.12.00: Standard

General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating
Transformers, Rosslyn, Virginia, National Electrical Manufacturers Association
American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 2002, ANSI C37.013: Standard for
Low Voltage AC Power Circuit Breakers Used in Enclosures, Rosslyn, Virginia,
National Electrical Manufacturers Association
American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 2002, ANSI C37.010: Standard

Application Guide for AC High Voltage Circuit, Rosslyn, Virginia, National
Electrical Manufacturers Association
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 2014, NFPA 70: National
Electrical Code, Quincy, Massachusetts, The National Fire Protection
Association
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 2014, NFPA 70E: Standard for
Electrical Safety in the Workplace, Quincy, Massachusetts, The National Fire
Protection Association
38
APPENDIX A: Load Flow
Load Flow Report (Utility Powered with CB-920A & CB-920B Closed, CB-
920TIE Open)
39
40
41
42
43
Load Flow Report (DG-970 Generator Powered)
44
45
Bus Loading Summary Report
46
47
48
Marginal Report – Voltage Drop before Transformer TAP Adjustment by
-2.5% in Primary
Device ID Type Condition Rating/Limit Unit Operating % Phase

Operating Type
Bus_BH709 Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.551 91.9 3-Phase
Bus_BH719 Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.551 91.9 3-Phase
Bus_BH7X9B Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.557 92.9 3-Phase
Bus_CF214A-1 Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.562 93.6 3-Phase
Bus_CF214B-1 Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.562 93.6 3-Phase
Bus_CF214C-1 Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.562 93.6 3-Phase
Bus_HT963P Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.556 92.7 3-Phase
Bus_HT983Q Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.556 92.6 3-Phase
Bus_HT983R Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.556 92.7 3-Phase
Bus_HVAC958B Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.557 92.8 3-Phase
Bus_HVAC958D Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.557 92.8 3-Phase
Bus_HVAC968B Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.565 94.1 3-Phase
Bus_HVAC968D Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.565 94.1 3-Phase
Bus_K811A Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.556 92.7 3-Phase
Bus_K811B Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.558 93.1 3-Phase
Bus_LT016Y Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.554 92.3 3-Phase
49
Device ID Type Condition Rating/Limit Unit Operating % Phase
Operating Type
Bus_LT916A Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.557 92.8 3-Phase
Bus_LT926C Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.558 92.9 3-Phase
Bus_LT936F Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.556 92.7 3-Phase
Bus_LT946G Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.555 92.4 3-Phase
Bus_LT956H Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.560 93.3 3-Phase
Bus_LT966J Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.558 93.0 3-Phase
Bus_LT976E Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.558 92.9 3-Phase
Bus_LT986K Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.556 92.7 3-Phase
Bus_LT986M Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.558 93.0 3-Phase
Bus_P324B-1 Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.562 93.6 3-Phase
Bus_P324B-2 Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.553 92.1 3-Phase
Bus_P652 Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.553 92.2 3-Phase
Bus_P741A Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.560 93.3 3-Phase
Bus_UPS957U Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.561 93.4 3-Phase
Bus_UPS967X Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.562 93.7 3-Phase
Bus_UT957U Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.555 92.4 3-Phase
Bus_UT967X Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.559 93.2 3-Phase
Load-ATS953 Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.561 93.5 3-Phase
Load-ATS-963 Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.563 93.9 3-Phase
LVMCC-934E4 Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.559 93.1 3-Phase
LVMCC-954C1 Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.562 93.6 3-Phase
LVMCC-954C2 Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.562 93.6 3-Phase
LVMCC-964F Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.565 94.2 3-Phase
UPS-957U UPS Overload 0.064 Amp 0.069 107.0 3-Phase
UPS-967X UPS Overload 0.064 Amp 0.068 106.7 3-Phase
Utility-ATS953 Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.561 93.5 3-Phase
Utility-ATS-963 Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.563 93.9 3-Phase
50
Appendix B: Short Circuit Analysis Results
Short Circuit Report (Utility Powered with CB-920A, CB-920B and CB-
920TIE Closed)
51
52
53
Short Circuit Report (Utility Powered with CB-920A & CB-920B Close, CB-
920TIE Open)
54
55
56
Short Circuit Report (Utility Powered with CB-920B & CB-920TIE Closed,
CB-920-A Open)
57
58
Short Circuit Report (Utility Powered with CB-920A &CB-920TIE Close, CB-
920B Open)
59
60
61
Short Circuit Report (DG-970 Generator Powered)
62
63
APPENDIX C: Time Current Coordination analysis
Figure 1: ETAP System Model ...................................................................................... x

(CB-LVMCC934E-1) .............................................................................. 65
(CB-LVMCC944E-1) .............................................................................. 66
Figure 4: Time Current Coordination of CB-LVMCC934E-1 with
Downstream CB-LVMCC934E-2 and CB-LT936 .................................. 67
Figure 5: Time Current Coordination of CB-LVMCC944E-1 with
downstream CB-LVMCC944E-2 and CB-LT946 .................................. 68
Figure 6: Time Current Coordination for TR961F relay (Primary and
Secondary) with downstream CBs including LVCC-964E3
(CB-HT983R) ......................................................................................... 69
Figure 7: Time Current Coordination for generator DG-970 with circuit
breaker CB-DG970 ............................................................................... 70
LVMCC944E-1 ....................................................................................... 71
LVMCC934E-1 ....................................................................................... 72
DG970 with downstream CB-GEN-ATS963 and CB-HT983R ............. 73
Figure 11: Time Current Coordination for CB-DG970 with CB-LB979 ..................... 74
Figure 12: TCC for Protection of Motor M-250 with SR469 relay and FUSE-
M3 ......................................................................................................... 75
M2 ......................................................................................................... 76
M1 ......................................................................................................... 77
64
Figure 2: Time Current Coordination for TR951C relay (Primary and Secondary) with downstream
CBs including LVMCC-934E4 (CB-LVMCC934E-1)
65
Figure 3: Time Current Coordination for TR951C relay (Primary and Secondary) with downstream
CBs including LVMCC-944E5 (CB-LVMCC944E-1)
66
Figure 4: Time Current Coordination of CB-LVMCC934E-1 with Downstream CB-LVMCC934E-2 and
CB-LT936
67
Figure 5: Time Current Coordination of CB-LVMCC944E-1 with downstream CB-LVMCC944E-2 and
CB-LT946
68
Figure 6: Time Current Coordination for TR961F relay (Primary and Secondary) with downstream
CBs including LVCC-964E3 (CB-HT983R)
69
Figure 7: Time Current Coordination for generator DG-970 with circuit breaker CB-DG970
70
Figure 8: Time Current Coordination for generator circuit breaker CB-DG970 with downstream CB-
GEN-ATS953 and CB-LVMCC944E-1
71
GEN-ATS953 and CB-LVMCC934E-1
72
GEN-ATS963 and CB-HT983R
73
Figure 11: Time Current Coordination for CB-DG970 with CB-LB979
74
Figure 12: TCC for Protection of Motor M-250 with SR469 relay and FUSE-M3
75
Figure 13: TCC for Protection of Motor M-230 with SR-469 Relay and FUSE-M2
76
Figure 14: TCC for Protection of Motor M-210 with SR-469 Relay and FUSE-M1
77

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Power Flow Study Of A Compressor Gas Station

Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the

 Syed Ammar Fida Zaidi 2015

Name: Syed Ammar Fida Zaidi

Date Defended/Approved: October 6th, 2015 .

I would like to acknowledge Solaris Management Consultants Inc. for allowing me to

LOAD FLOW .................................................................................................................. 4

SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY ............................................................................................... 9

PROTECTIVE DEVICES COORDINATION STUDY ..................................................... 18

ARC FLASH ANALYSIS............................................................................................... 29

APPENDIX A: Load Flow............................................................................................. 39

Appendix B: Short Circuit Analysis Results ............................................................. 51

APPENDIX C: Time Current Coordination analysis .................................................. 64

Table 1: DC Battery Model Information ........................................................................ 2

Figure 1: ETAP System Model ...................................................................................... x

Figure 1: ETAP System Model

Project Assumptions and Clarifications

Plant AC UPS DC Battery

Variable Frequency Device (VFD) Configuration

Purpose and Scope

Table 2: DG-970 Generator Submittal Data

Reactances (PU) Time Constants (Sec.)

Impedance (%) BIL

Table 5: Distribution Transformer Loading

Bus-ID Rated (V) Operating (V) % Vd

Case Study 2: Emergency Power Supply by Diesel Generator DG-970

Purpose and Scope

Short Circuit Summary Report

Momentary Duty Summary

Momentary Duty Summary for the Single Motor in Bypass

MCC Equipment Available

Results of Case Study 2 (Only Emergency Diesel Generator in Service)

MCC Equipment Available

Conclusion Case Study 1

Conclusion Case Study 2

Purpose and Scope

M-210 feeder protection settings

Time Delay Multiplier 5

Time Delay Multiplier 5

M-230 feeder protection settings

Time Delay Multiplier 5

Table 17: Feeder Circuit Breaker Settings

Ground Fault Protection

Conclusion and Results

Purpose and Scope

Computer Software and Calculations

Conclusion and Results

Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 2009, CSA C22.1-09: Canadian Electrical

Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 2009, CSA Z462-08: Workplace Electrical

American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 2002, ANSI C57.12.00: Standard

American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 2002, ANSI C37.010: Standard

Device ID Type Condition Rating/Limit Unit Operating % Phase

Bus_BH719 Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.551 91.9 3-Phase

Bus_BH7X9B Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.557 92.9 3-Phase

Bus_CF214A-1 Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.562 93.6 3-Phase

Bus_CF214A-2 Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.551 91.9 3-Phase

Bus_CF214B-1 Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.562 93.6 3-Phase

Bus_CF214B-2 Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.551 91.9 3-Phase

Bus_CF214C-1 Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.562 93.6 3-Phase

Bus_CF214C-2 Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.551 91.9 3-Phase

Bus_CF234A-1 Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.562 93.6 3-Phase

Bus_CF234A-2 Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.551 91.9 3-Phase

Bus_CF234B-1 Bus Under Voltage 0.600 kV 0.562 93.6 3-Phase