Oral Communication in Context

Types of Speech Context

1. Intrapersonal – refers to communication that
centers in one person where the speaker acts
both the sender and receiver.
2. Interpersonal – refers to communication
between and among people and establishes
personal relationship between and among
them. Examples are,
 Dyad Communication – communication
between two people.
 Small Group – atleast three but not more
than ten people engaging in a face-to-face
interaction.
3. Public Communication – it requires you to
deliver or send the message before or in
front of a group.
4. Mass Communication – takes place through
the different types of media such as
television, radio, internet etc..
Types of Speech Styles
1. Intimate – this style is private, which occurs
between or among close family members or
intimate individuals. The language in this
style may not be shared in public.
2. Casual – this is common among peers and
friends. Jargon, slang, street language, gay
language or vulgar words are used.
3. Consultative - this style is the standard one.
Professional or mutually acceptable
language is a must. Examples of situations
are between employers and employee,
teachers and students, doctor and patient.
4. Formal – used in formal settings. One-way
communication. Examples, sermon by
priests and ministers, SONA of the
President, and formal speeches.
5. Frozen – This style is “frozen” in time and
remains unchanged. It mostly occurs in
ceremonies. Examples, Preamble to the
Constitution, Lord’s Prayer, and Allegiance
to the country or flag.
 English for Acad.
The Pre-writing Process
1. Choosing a Topic
Ways in choosing a topic
1. Brainstorming – generating a topic by
listing related ideas and concepts to the
broad topic.
2. Freewriting – you have to put down into
writing all the ideas you can think of not
considering the grammar, spelling, and
structure of what you are writing. Later
on, you will narrow down what you
have written to get the ideas that you
want to focus on.
3. Clustering – also called ballooning or
mapping. This technique provides a
graphic representation of your ideas,
allowing you to visualize the
connections and/or relationship of your
ideas.
2. Knowing your purpose – will help you
communicate clearly your ideas to your
readers, which is the goal of all writing.
3. Identifying your readers or audience – the
knowledge, interests, attitudes, and needs of
your reader will give you idea as to how you
will organize your points and claims to
establish a common ground with your
readers.
Plagiarism – deliberate copying of somebody
else’s works and claiming that work to his/her
own.
- Using somebody else’s works or ideas
without proper acknowledgement or
citation.
- Copying the text without paraphrasing.
Paraphrasing is one way to avoid plagiarism. It
is rendering the essential ideas in a text using
your own words.
The Writing Process
1. Developing a Thesis Statement
Strong Thesis Statement contains an element
of uncertainty, risk, or challenge. It offers a
debatable claim that you can prove or
disprove in your essay and let your readers
agree or disagree with you. It should
challenge the readers’ views.
2. Organizing Your Paper
1. Outlining – effective way of ensuing the
logical flow of your ideas.
2. Introduction – provides background of
your topic, poses a question, explains
how the question is problematic and
significant.
3. Body of the essay – develop an answer
or propose a solution to the thesis
statement. Gives support to your main
points and thesis statement.
4. Conclusion – should bring together the
points made in your paper and
emphasize your final point. Leave a
thought-provoking idea to the readers.
Do not open a new topic in the
conclusion.
The Post-writing Process
1. Revising and Editing– re-seeing the entire draft
so that the writer can deal with the larger issues
that must be resolved before dealing with the
line-by-line, word-for-word issues involved in
editing (Murray, 2005:273)