Hindi Kriya-Visheshan Padbandh: Sanrachana aur Prayog

Shashi Kumar Sharma, New Delhi: Sharda Prakashan, 1990

296+30 PP, Rs. 175.00

This work is an introduction to Hindi Kriya-Visheshan(adverb), but it is very unusual for one reason, this work
should have the analysis of Hindi adverbials, its structure, and formation in detail, and it is full of examples but
without analysis.
There are seven chapters including a conclusion, the list of Hindi adverbials, references in Hindi and English, in
it. The chapter one, ‘Vishayavataran’ throws light on the importance and use of language. Dandi writes that
“language gives the light to make this world full of knowledge.” Bhartrihari gives the importance only to
spoken language because it is audible. But only spoken language is not the way to communicate, because deaf
and dumb people have their own language to communicate.
The chapter second, “Pratipadya Vishay: swarup tatha Seema” is about, how many Indian and foreign scholars
have written about Hindi Grammar. The third chapter, “Varnanatmak Vishleshan ke siddhanta” (The Principle
of Descriptive Linguistics), is not giving any relevant information about Hindi Adverbials. This chapter is about
schools of Linguistics, Paninian Grammar and Chomskiyan Grammar. He writes that we cannot use “kriya-
Visheshan” as the direct translation of English “adverb”, because there is no word for Avyaya in English. So
English grammarians use Avyaya as adverbs but we have Avyaya, Nipata and Kriya-Vishehsan in Hindi.
The fourth chapter, “Hindi ke kriya-Vishehsan Padbandh: Paribhasha evam Parisiman”, gives the definition of
Hindi adverbs. He divides Hindi words into two categories: Declinables (Vikari) and Indeclinables (Avikari),
and adverbs come under indeclinable. He writes that Avyaya are not more than five hundred in Hindi. In these
five hundred, more than two hundred words are used as adverbs. But there are some grammarians who do not
accept its indeclinable nature. Sharma writes about the origin of adverbs in Sanskrit grammar because Sanskrit
is the origin of Hindi Grammar. Thus, to understand the origin and development of Hindi grammar, it is
necessary to study Sanskrit grammar. Most of the Sanskrit grammarians consider only four types of words:
Naama, Akhyata, Nipata and Upsarga. In spite of describing the definition of Hindi and English adverbs, He is
not able to give the clear definition of Hindi Adverbs.
The chapter five, “Kriya Visheshan Padbandh ki Sanracna”, presents the structure and formation of Hindi
Adverbials. He divides adverbials in two types: Basic and Derived Adverbials. He also writes about adverbs and
adverbial phrases. But this chapter should be more concise. The sixth chapter, “Kriya Visehsan Padbandh ke
Varga”, is about formation of adverbial phrases. In this chapter, he writes about derived adverbials in detail.
He divides adverbials into ten categories on the basis of function in a sentence. The chapter seven “upvakya ke
star par kriya Visheshan Padbandh aur Kriya Padbandh me sambandh”, is about the relation between adverbial
phrases and other phrases at clause level. He writes that a sentence cannot be complete without its syntactic and
semantic interpretations. A word might have more than one meaning but it’s giving collective meaning in a
sentence. For example Hindi “aba” (now) denotes present tense but it frequently presents future tense.
“Aba”(now) can be used in all three tenses: Past, Present and Future.
In eighth chapter, he writes about a word “Sansakti” (suitable to each other). It is called “Yogyata” by
Vishwanath. In this chapter, he describes the order/place of adverbials in a sentence. Time adverbials come
before the place adverbials. Manner adverbials come before final verbs. He also describes some sentential
adverbials, which affect not only verbs but the whole proposition. These are of four types: Acceptable
adverbials, Reduplicated adverbials, Negative adverbials and Referential adverbials. In the last chapter, he
classifies adverbials into some other categories once again.
Except first three chapters, this work provides a concise and clear introduction of Hindi adverbials. For
those who wants to explore Hindi adverbs. It can be the beginning for this less studied category.

NEHA MAURYA
(Research Scholar)
Department of Linguistics,
Faculty of Arts
Banaras Hindu University