UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MEMB331 – MACHINE DESIGN & CAD LAB

EXP. TITLE : EXPERIMENT 5: CRANK AND SLOTTED LEVER

QUICK
RETURN MOTION EXPERIMENT
AUTHOR : Pejman Ziyaeshamsi ME089792

SECTION : 06

GROUP NUMBER : 5

GROUP MEMBER:
1. Kemal Vekiloglu ME088669
2. Ikmal Hakim Latip ME088967
3. Ahmad Hazim bin aminudduin ME089463
4. Mohammad Hazim bim Muhammad ME089271
INSTRUCTOR : Mr. Reza Dehghan
Performed Date Due Date* Submitted Date
12/11/2014 19/11/2014 19/11/2014

*Late submission penalty: Late 1 day: 20%, Late 2 days: 40%, Late 3 days: 60%, More than 3 days:
not accepted
SUMMARY
This experiment is done to determine the tappet motion for different cam
profiles. To verify it, we use five type of cams which are Convex, Tangent, Simple
Harmonic, Circular and Constant Acceleration Cams and we study the effects of
roller, dome and flat followers to each cam.

Cams are widely used in engine and also machine tools. The purpose of cam is
to convert any rotary motion into linear or rocking motion of the cam follower. Any
desire motion; rocking or linear can be obtained within certain limits by a suitable
cam profile.

The cam is placed onto the two studs, and the dial indicator is set to zero while
the rotor is placed at 0 degrees. Then, we record each reading of the dial indicator for
every 10 degrees of movement of the rotor. The displacement that we measured will
be compared to the theoretical value that we calculated using the formula given in the
lab manual for each type of cam.

Finally, graph of displacement vs. angle for all the cams experimented is
plotted. From the graph, we will see the shape and highest maximum displacement at
certain angle is differing for each cam. So, we can make a conclusion for which CAM
the best is in produce linear or rocking motion.

2
Contents
SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. 2
OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................................................. 4
Theory .................................................................................................................................... 4
Convex Cam .................................................................................................................................... 4
Harmonic Cam .............................................................................................................................. 5
Constant Acceleration Cam ...................................................................................................... 5
Circular Cam .................................................................................................................................. 5
APPARATUS .......................................................................................................................... 6
Procedure: ............................................................................................................................. 7
DATA and ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................... 8
Type of Cam: Convex ................................................................................................................... 8
Type of Cam: Simple Harmonic.............................................................................................10
Type of Cam: Constant Acceleration ...................................................................................12
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS ....................................................................................... 15
................................................................................................................................................ 16
Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 19
References .......................................................................................................................... 20

3
OBJECTIVE
The objectives of this experiment are:
1. To compare the throw / profile of two types of cams, convex and circular
cams, with two types of followers, flat follower and dome follower.
2. To compare the velocity profile of two cams, simple harmonic (parabolic) cam
and constant acceleration cam.
3. To compare the acceleration profile of two types of cam, simple harmonic
(parabolic)cam and constant acceleration cam

Theory
Cams are used to turn rotational motions to a rocking motions or the other way
around. The shape of the cams determines the throw / displacement of the cam.

Convex Cam
A convex Cam has flanks formed by circular arcs.

Figure 1: Convex Cam

4
Harmonic Cam

Figure 2:Harmonic Cam

Constant Acceleration Cam

This cam gives constant acceleration from 00 to 900 and the same value but
deceleration from 900
to 1800. Acceleration is the second differential of distance. Thus, the cam profile is to
be the second integration of a constant,(as we require constant acceleration).

Circular Cam
The harmonic and constant acceleration cams are nearly circular in form. So a true
circular cam with the same throw is included for comparison.

Figure 3: Theoretical throw for a true circular cam

5
APPARATUS
1. Cam and tappet apparatus with dome and flat followers.
2. Dial Indicator
3. Convex, Tangent, Simple Harmonic, Circular and Constant Acceleration
Cams.

Figure 4:APPARATUS

6
Procedure:
1. Insert the convex can, and make sure all the parts are in propel position.
2. Change the cranck angle by 10°, and record the slider displacement
3. Continiue changing the angle until 360°.
4. Change the cam and do procedure 1 to 4.

7
 DATA and ANALYSIS

Type of Cam: Convex

Displacement, x(mm)
Angle, θ (˚) Theoretical Displacement (mm)
Dome Flat

0 0.00 0.00 0.00

10 2.00 0.25 0.19

20 6.20 2.10 0.79

30 10.30 6.20 1.83

40 13.30 9.60 3.38

50 15.80 12.60 5.52

60 17.50 15.30 8.39

70 18.60 17.20 12.11

80 19.40 18.80 16.78

90 19.60 19.50 22.43

100 19.60 19.50 28.94

110 19.60 19.50 36.05

120 19.50 19.50 43.39

130 19.50 19.40 50.52

140 19.50 19.40 57.00

150 19.50 19.40 62.45

160 19.50 19.40 66.57

170 19.50 19.30 69.13

180 19.50 19.30 -

190 19.50 19.30 69.13

200 19.60 19.35 66.57

210 19.60 19.35 62.45

8
 220 19.60 19.35 57.00

230 19.65 19.60 50.52

240 19.70 19.55 43.39

250 19.75 19.60 36.05

260 19.80 19.70 28.94

270 19.80 19.70 22.43

280 19.45 19.40 16.78

290 18.70 18.00 12.11

300 17.45 16.00 8.39

310 15.50 13.45 5.52

320 13.15 10.30 3.38

330 10.30 6.99 1.83

340 6.30 2.90 0.79

350 2.00 0.80 0.19

360 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sample calculations for convex cam (10°):

θ = 100 °- 90° = 10°

35 sin(180 − θ)
sin α =
55

35 sin(180 − 10°)
sin α =
55

𝛼 = 6.34°

β = 10° − 6.34° = 3.66°

55 sin 3.66°
OE = = 20.2mm
sin(180° − 10°)

X = OE – 20

X = (20.2 − 20)mm = 0.2mm

9
Type of Cam: Simple Harmonic
Displacement, x(mm)
Angle, θ (˚) Theoretical Displacement (mm)
Dome Flat

0 0.00 0.00 0.00

10 0.10 0.10 0.15

20 0.60 0.40 0.60

30 1.40 0.90 1.34

40 2.50 1.70 2.34

50 3.70 2.60 3.57

60 5.05 3.70 5.00

70 6.70 5.05 6.58

80 8.40 6.40 8.26

90 10.05 7.90 10.00

100 11.70 9.70 11.74

110 13.20 11.40 13.42

120 14.70 12.75 15.00

130 16.10 14.35 16.43

140 17.25 15.85 17.66

150 18.10 17.10 18.66

160 18.80 18.10 19.40

170 19.25 19.00 19.85

180 19.45 19.40 20.00

190 19.30 19.20 19.85

200 18.90 18.55 19.40

210 18.25 17.40 18.66

220 17.35 16.20 17.66

230 16.05 14.75 16.43

10
 240 14.90 13.30 15.00

250 13.25 11.65 13.42

260 11.60 10.00 11.74

270 9.75 8.30 10.00

280 8.20 6.80 8.26

290 6.60 5.40 6.58

300 5.20 4.15 5.00

310 3.75 3.00 3.57

320 2.50 2.00 2.34

330 1.50 1.20 1.34

340 0.20 0.60 0.60

350 0.15 0.20 0.15

360 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sample calculations (10°)

Radius, R = 10 mm

Displacement, x = R*(1-cosϴ)
= 10*(1-cos 180°)
= 20.00 mm

11
Type of Cam: Constant Acceleration
Displacement, x(mm)
Angle, θ (˚) Theoretical Displacement (mm)
Dome Flat

0 0.00 0.00 0.00

10 0.20 0.20 0.12

20 0.60 0.90 0.49

30 1.30 1.80 1.11

40 2.20 3.00 1.98

50 3.40 4.40 3.09

60 4.80 6.10 4.44

70 6.50 18.00 6.05

80 8.40 10.10 7.90

90 10.55 12.00 10.00

100 12.50 13.70 12.10

110 14.40 15.10 13.95

120 15.90 16.50 15.56

130 17.30 17.60 16.91

140 18.35 18.60 18.02

150 19.15 19.35 18.89

160 19.80 19.90 19.51

170 20.20 20.20 19.88

180 20.30 20.40 20.00

190 20.20 20.30 19.88

200 19.80 20.00 19.51

210 19.25 19.50 18.89

220 18.45 18.80 18.02

230 17.30 17.90 16.91

12
 240 16.00 16.75 15.56

250 14.30 15.40 13.95

260 12.30 13.90 12.10

270 10.30 12.00 10.00

280 8.20 10.20 7.90

290 6.30 8.00 6.05

300 4.70 6.20 4.44

310 3.20 4.70 3.09

320 2.05 3.15 1.98

330 1.20 1.90 1.11

340 0.50 1.00 0.49

350 0.15 0.35 0.12

360 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sample Calculations:

For 0° to 90°,
𝛳 2
𝑥 = [( ) /3.6]
15
0° 2
𝑥 = [( ) /3.6] = 0.00 mm
15

For 91° to 180°,

180 − 𝛳 2
𝑥 = 20 − [( ) / 3.6 ]
15
180 − 150 2
𝑥 = 20 − [( ) / 3.6 ]
15
= 18.89 mm

For 181° to 270°,

𝜃 − 180° 2
𝑥 = 20 − [( ) / 3.6 ]
15
190° − 180° 2
𝑥 = 20 − [( ) / 3.6 ]
15
= 19.88 mm

13
For 271° to 360°,
360° − 𝛳 2
𝑥 = [( ) / 3.6 ]
15
360° − 280° 2
𝑥 = [( ) / 3.6 ]
15
= 7.90 mm

14
 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS

Graph for Convex

80

70

60

50
Displacement (mm)

40 Dome

Flat

30 Theoretical
Displacement

20

10

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Angle (˚)

Graph 1:Graph for Convex

15
 Graph for Simple Harmonic
25

20
Displacement (mm)

15

Dome
Flat
10
Theoretical

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Angle (˚)

Graph 3:Graph for Simple Harmonic

Graph for Constant Acceleration

25

20
Displacement (mm)

15

Dome
Flat
10
Theoretical

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Angle (˚)

Graph 2:Graph for Constant Acceleration

16
 Based on the graphs plotted for displacement versus angle of experiment for
the constant acceleration, convex and harmonic cams, it has almost the same shape as
the theoretical calculated ones, which is a sine wave graphs. When the cam rises, the
follower is driven away from the cam axis by the increasing radius of the cam profile
at the point of contact. When the cam falls, the follower continues to maintain contact
with the cam profiles whose radius is continually decreasing at the point of contact.

Meanwhile, based on the graphs plotted for displacement versus angle for the
convex and tangent cams, it do follows the theoretical shape. But the shape that we
get for both convex and tangent is not smooth. This is due to the errors that we get
while doing the experiment. The percentage error is big and this shows that this type
of cam is not an ideal cam.

The effect of using the flat and domed follower instead of the roller follower
is, the value of percentage error is the lowest among others follower. Besides, the
measured value of roller displacement is more accurate compared to theoretical
displacement. It gives that the roller follower is the best follower compared to dome
and flat.

In the case of the constant acceleration cam, the velocity increases linearly to a
maximum at middle section and then decreases to zero at the end of the section with
respect to time. This causes the acceleration to positive and uniform over the first half
of the section up to the point of maximum velocity where it instantaneously reverses
directions to become negative and uniform over the remaining half of the section.
The motion of the simple harmonic cam is in a way where the displacement is the
projection of a point on a circle to a reference line. For this kind of motion, the
maximum velocity occurs in the middle of the time section, whereas the acceleration
is greatest at both ends of the time section and least in the middle of the time section.
For the circular cam motion, there is no sudden change in the velocity profile. The
acceleration is also zero at the beginning and end of the time section. What this means
is circular motion is ideal for high-speed applications, since shock and vibration are
minimal or almost not present.

17
 The parabolic cam on the other hand has a smaller maximum acceleration
compared with harmonic cam but has sudden changes at the start, the middle and the
end of the rise motion. The harmonic cam has a gradual change in acceleration except
at the start and end of cam rotation. For velocity, it is the opposite, the parabolic cam
has a higher maximum velocity compared with the harmonic cam but at 180° the
velocity will sharply decrease which causes a discontinuity in the acceleration graph.

18
Conclusions
As a conclusion, the cam profile creates the motion for the cam follower. The designs
of the cams are very important in order for them to function properly. For example,
from the experiment we know that circular cam motion is ideal for high speed usage.

All the objective of this experiment has been achieved and, now we have a good
understanding about different kind of cam and their function.

From the graphs, it can be concluded that different cam how different the
displacement. For example convex can has lower displacement compare to constant
acceleration.

19
References
1. Lab Manual: Machine Design & CAD Laboratory.

2. Machine Design book

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam

20