TheUni

ver
sit
yWi
ts
Ra
jveerdes
ai
====================================================
=====
I
nthehi
stor
yoft
hegr
owt
hofEngl
is
hdr
ama
,pa
rti
cul
arl
yEngl
is
htr
agedy,Senec
a,
t
heLa
tindr
ama
tis
twhowr
otei
nthef
irs
tcent
uryAD,exer
cis
edenor
mousi
nfl
uenc
e.
Hi
sinf
luenc
ewa
sfel
tinCa
mbr
idgebet
ween1550a
nd1560,a
ndhi
sappea
lwa
sso
gr
eatt
hathi
sten t
ragedi
es wer
etr
ans
lat
ed i
nto Engl
is
h by 1581.When t
he
uni
ver
sit
ieswer
era
gingwi
thSenec
anbl
aze,Ma
rlowe,Peel
eandGr
eenes
tudi
eda
t
t
heuni
ver
sit
ies
.Thes
eyoungmen,a
nds
omeoft
hei
rfol
lower
s,whoknewea
chot
her
wer
eres
pons
ibl
efort
heemer
genc
eoft
heEl
iza
bet
hans
choolofdr
ama
,andt
hei
r
pl
aysha
dsever
alf
eat
uresi
ncommon.Thes
epl
aysc
hos
eher
oict
hemesl
iket
hel
ives
ofMa
hometa
nd Ta
mbur
lai
ne,a
nd t
hes
ethemeswer
etr
eat
ed her
oic
all
y– wi
th
s
plendi
ddes
cri
pti
ons
,el
abor
ates
peec
hes
,vi
olenti
nci
dent
sandemot
ions
.Thes
tyl
eof
t
hepl
ayswa
sma
rkedbys
tronga
nds
onor
ousl
ines
,gr
andepi
thet
s,a
ndpower
ful
dec
lama
tion.Forobvi
ousr
eas
ons
,bl
ankver
sewa
sthemedi
um s
otha
tthehi
gh
emot
ions c
oul
d be s
ust
aina
bly expr
ess
ed.Senec
a bei
ng t
he gui
ding s
tar
,the
dr
ama
tis
tsopt
edt
owr
itet
ragedi
esa
ndnegl
ect
edt
owr
itec
omedi
es,c
ons
ider
eda
l
owerf
orm ofdr
ama
tica
rt.Na
tur
all
y,r
ealhumourwa
sla
cki
ng,a
ndeveni
fpr
esent
s
omewher
eitwa
scoa
rsea
ndboor
ish.Comedyha
dada
ywhenLyl
yappea
redi
nthe
f
iel
d,a
ndhi
sCampas
pe(
1584)
,Endymi
on(
1592)a
ndTheWomani
ntheMoonea
re
f
orer
unner
sofSha
kes
pea
re’
sroma
nti
ccomedi
esl
ikeTheTwel
ft
hNi
ghtorAsYou
Li
keI
t.
01.Geor
gePeel
e(c
.1558-
98)whowa
sbor
ninLondonwa
seduc
ateda
tBr
oadga
te
Ha
ll,Oxf
ord,wher
ehec
ompl
etedhi
sdegr
eei
nar
tsi
n1579.Peel
ewa
sana
ctora
s
wel
lasawr
iterofpl
ays
,andf
ors
omet
ime,hewa
samemberofLor
dAdmi
ral
’s
Compa
ny.Peel
e ha
slef
tbehi
nd s
ome ha
lfdoz
en pl
ays
,ri
chi
n poet
ic bea
uty
pa
ral
lel
edbynoneexc
eptMa
rlowe’
s.TheAr
rai
gnmentofPar
i c
s(.1584)i
ssuppos
ed
t
obehi
sea
rli
erwor
k.Aki
ndofr
oma
nti
ccomedy,i
tcont
ainsa
nel
abor
atet
ribut
eto
t
heQueena
nds
howsgr
eats
kil
lint
heva
ria
tionofmet
re.Les
smus
ica
ltha
nDavi
d
andBa
ths
heba(
1599)
,itha
ssomes
tri
kingpa
ssa
gesofmel
odi
ousbea
uty.Davi
dand
Bat
hsheba c
ont
ainsma
ny l
inesofgr
eatbea
uty– ‘
nott
he s
weepi
ng bea
uty of
Ma
rlowe,butagent
lera
ndmor
eins
inua
tingc
har
m.’Peel
e’sot
herwor
ksi
ncl
ude
Edwar
dI(
1593)
,ani
ncoher
entc
hroni
clepl
ay;TheOl
dWi
ves
’Tal
e,ac
levers
ati
re
ont
hepopul
ardr
amaoft
heda
y;TheHunt
ingofCupi
d,a
nea
rli
erpl
aynow l
ost
.
Peel
e’spoet
ica
lwor
ksi
ncl
ude Pol
yhymni
a(1590)
,apoem i
n bl
ank ver
se,The
Honouroft
heGar
ter(
1593)
,TheFal
lofTr
oy,a
ndat
humbbook1.
5”x1”.
02.Rober
tGr
eene(
1558-
92)t
oowa
sas
tudentof St
.John’
sCol
lege,Ca
mbr
idge,
a
ndl
aterofCl
areHa
ll,Oxf
ordwher
efr
om het
ookhi
sM.
A.degr
eei
n1583.Hel
ived
al
echer
ousl
if
e,a
ndhi
sli
fe,whi
chha
dmuc
hpr
omi
se,c
amet
oanendnea
rlyi
nthe
bud.Gr
eenewa
s,f
irs
tofa
ll,as
tor
ytel
lera
ndapa
mphl
eteerwhot
urnedt
odr
amaf
or
t
hel
ucr
eitof
fer
ed.Hi
spl
aysa
ref
ouri
nnumber
:Al
phons
us,Ki
ngofAr
agon,(
1587)
;
Fr
iarBac
onandFr
iarBungay(
1589)
,Or
landoFur
ios
o(c
.1591)a
ndTheSc
ott
ish
Hi
stor
ie of J
ames t
he Four
th (
1592)
. Al
phons
us i
s model
led on Ma
rlowe’
s
Ta
mbur
lai
ne;Or
landoFur
ios
o(c
.1591)ha
sit
ssour
cei
nan Engl
is
htr
ans
lat
ion of
Ar
ios
to;a
ndTheSc
ott
ish Hi
stor
ieofJ
ames
,theFour
th,s
tagedi
n 1592,i
snota
hi
stor
ica
lpl
ay,butha
sfori
tthemea
nima
gina
ryi
nci
dentofKi
ng’
sli
fe.Fr
iarBac
on
andFr
iarBungay,t
hef
ines
tofGr
eene’
swor
ksi
sat
aleofl
oveofama
idwi
tht
wo
men.Thoughi
tla
cksi
ncompl
ica
tionst
hati
tcoul
dha
ve,t
hec
hiefmer
itoft
hepl
ayl
ies
i
nthel
ivel
ymet
hodofpr
esent
ingt
hes
tor
y.I
tca
n,t
oagr
eatext
ent
,bec
all
eda
doc
umentofEl
iza
bet
hanl
if
e.Gr
eenewr
otet
hir
ty-
fivepr
osepi
eces
.Theya
rea
lso
i
mpor
tantwor
ksi
ntha
ttheyr
evea
lthea
uthor
’ser
rat
icener
gy,hi
squi
ck,ma
lic
ious
wi
t,a
ndhi
spower
fuli
magi
nat
ion.“Gr
eenei
swea
kinc
rea
tingc
har
act
ers
,andhi
s
s
tyl
eisnotofout
sta
ndi
ngmer
it,buthi
shumouri
ssomewha
tgeni
ali
nhi
spl
ays
,and
hi
smet
hodsl
essa
ust
eret
hant
hos
eofot
hert
ragedi
ans
.”
03.ThomasKyd(
1558-
94)
,oneoft
hei
mpor
tantuni
ver
sit
ywi
ts,wa
sthes
onofa
London Not
arya
nd wa
seduc
ated a
tMer
cha
ntTa
ylor
’sSc
hool
.A dr
ama
tis
tand
t
rans
lat
or,hea
chi
evedgr
eatpopul
ari
tywi
thhi
sfi
rstwor
k,TheSpani
shTr
agedy,
whi
chwa
str
ans
lat
edi
ntoGer
mana
ndDut
ch.Thehor
rif
icpl
otoft
hepl
ay,s
tuf
fed
wi
thmur
der
,fr
enz
yands
uddendea
th,ha
sga
inedt
hepl
ayl
ast
ingi
mpor
tanc
eand
popul
ari
ty.Whi
let
hepl
aybea
rsr
esembl
anc
esofMa
rlovi
anl
ines
,‘t
her
ear
etouc
hes
ofs
tyl
etha
tdi
mlyf
ores
hadow t
hegr
eatt
ragi
call
inesofSha
kes
pea
re.
’Theonl
yot
her
pl
ayofKydt
hats
til
lsur
vivesi
sCor
nel
ia(
1593)
,at
rans
lat
edver
sionofawor
koft
he
Fr
enc
hSenec
an,Ga
rni
er,‘
buthi
sha
ndha
sbeens
oughti
nma
nypl
aysi
ncl
udi
ng
Sol
imanandPer
seda(
1588)
,theFi
rstPar
tofJ
eroni
mo(
1592)
,ana
ttempt
,af
tert
he
s
ucc
ess of The Spani
sh Tr
agedi
e, t
o wr
itea
n i
ntr
oduc
tor
y pl
ayt
oit
,and
Sha
kes
pea
re’
sTi
tusAndr
oni
cus
’.

04.Themos
timpor
tantf
igur
eamongt
heuni
ver
sit
ywi
ts,t
hatc
oul
dbepl
acedi
nthe
r
ankofSha
kes
pea
re,i
sChr
ist
opherMa
rlowe(
1564-
93)
.Thegr
eat
esta
mongt
hepr
e-
Sha
kes
pea
ria
ndr
ama
tis
ts,Ma
rlowewa
seduc
ateda
tCa
nter
bur
yandCa
mbr
idge.He
l
edadi
ssol
utel
if
e,a
ndc
oul
dbea
rres
tedbutf
orhi
sunt
imel
ydea
thi
naf
ighti
na
t
aver
n.

Ma
rlowewr
oteonl
ytr
agedi
es,a
ndt
heya
llwer
ewr
itt
enwi
thi
nfi
veyea
rs(
1587-
92)
.
Amonghi
spl
ays
,Edwar
dIIi
shi
sbes
twor
k,wi
thawel
l-c
ons
truc
tedpl
ot,t
hought
he
c
har
act
eri
sat
ion i
ssi
mpl
e.I
nthi
s pl
ay,t
he ma
ter
ialdr
awn f
rom Hol
ins
hed’
s
Chr
oni
clesi
snea
tlyc
ompr
ess
ed.I
tsher
oca
nnotc
lai
mtobet
rul
ytr
agi
c,buti
nthe
Mur
derSc
enehea
rous
esdeeppa
thos
.Tambur
lai
net
heGr
eat(
1587)
,dea
lingwi
th
one‘
inhuma
nfi
gur
e’(
Alber
t),c
annotbec
all
edt
oha
vedr
ama
ticexc
ell
enc
e.Thepl
ot
i
sepi
sodi
candl
acksc
ohes
ion.TheSec
ondPar
tofTambur
lai
net
heGr
eat(
1588)i
s
i
nfer
iort
oit
spr
edec
ess
or.TheJ
ew ofMal
ta(
1589)pr
ojec
tsaMa
chi
avel
li
anvi
ll
ain.I
n
s
pit
eofagoodopeni
ng,t
hepl
aydet
eri
ora
teswi
tht
hei
ntr
oduc
tionoft
hes
econd
vi
ll
ain,I
tha
mor
e.Doc
torFaus
tus(
1592?)ha
sagoodbegi
nni
nga
nda
nendi
ng,but
t
he c
omi
csc
enesa
ppea
ring i
nsi
de a
re notenough c
har
ming.The c
onver
sat
ions
bet
weent
hegooda
ndt
heevi
langel
sremi
ndusoft
hemedi
aeva
lMi
rac
lepl
ays
.The
Tr
agedyofDi
do,QueenofCa
rt c
hage(.1593)wr
itt
eni
ncol
labor
ati
onwi
thNa
sh
demons
tra
tess
ub-
sta
nda
rddr
ama
tica
rt,a
ndTheMas
sac
reatPar
is(
1593)wa
slef
t
unf
ini
shed.Ma
rlowe’
spl
aysr
epr
esent‘
apoet
icvi
si
on,t
het
ypi
cal
lyRena
iss
anc
eques
t
f
orpower– l
’mourdel
’mpos
sibl
e– c
ombi
ned wi
tht
heques
tforbea
uty.
’In
Tambur
lai
ne,t
hes
hepher
dseekst
he“s
weetf
rui
ti
onofa
nea
rthl
ycr
own”,i
nThe
J
ew ofMal
ta,Ba
raba
sseeks“i
nfi
nit
eri
chesi
n al
it
tl
eroom”,whi
let
heques
tin
Doc
torFaus
tusi
sfori
nfi
nit
eknowl
edge.I
fnott
hef
irs
texper
iment
erwi
thbl
ank
ver
se,Ma
rlower
ais
edi
ttoac
ert
ain hei
ght
.’Hi
sver
sei
snot
abl
efori
tsbur
ning
ener
gy,i
tss
plendourofdi
cti
on,i
tss
ens
uousr
ichnes
s,i
tsva
riet
yofpa
ce,a
ndi
ts
r
espons
ivenes
stot
he dema
ndsofva
ryi
ng emot
ions
.’Ma
rlowe’
scont
ribut
ion t
o
Engl
is
hpl
ayma
ybes
aidt
oha
vebeen:
(
a)Hegl
ori
fi
edt
hema
tteroft
hedr
amabyhi
ssweepofi
magi
nat
iona
sref
lec
ted
i
nthes
tor
ies
.
(
b)He vi
tal
ized t
he ma
nner a
nd ma
tter of t
he dr
ama
,asr
efl
ect
ed i
n
c
har
act
eri
zat
ion.
(
c)Hec
lar
ifi
eda
ndga
vec
oher
enc
etot
hedr
ama
,asr
efl
ect
edi
nhi
sbl
ankver
se.
05.The ‘
uni
ver
sit
ywi
ts’i
ncl
ude a
not
herpl
aywr
ight
,ThomasNas
h(1567-
1601)
.
Af
terc
ompl
eti
nghi
seduc
ati
ona
tCa
mbr
idge,hewenti
n1586t
oLondont
oea
rnby
wr
iti
ng.Het
ooka
nac
tivepa
rti
nthepol
it
ica
landper
sona
lques
tionsoft
heda
y,a
nd
hi
saggr
ess
ivemet
hodt
ookhi
m behi
ndt
heba
rs.Hef
ini
shedMa
rlowe’
sTheTr
agedy
ofDi
do,buthi
sonl
ysur
vivi
ngpl
ayi
sSummer
’sLas
tWi
llandTes
tament
,as
ati
ric
al
ma
sque.Na
sha
lsowr
oteTheUnf
ort
unat
eTr
avel
lerorTheLi
feofJ
ackeWi
lt
on
(
1594)
,apr
oset
alet
hatha
senoughi
mpor
tanc
eint
hegr
owt
hEngl
is
hfi
cti
on.
06.Bor
nint
hes
ameyea
r(1558)a
sThoma
sNa
sh,ThomasLodge(
1558-
1625)wa
s
educ
ateda
tbot
hOxf
orda
ndCa
mbr
idgewher
ehes
tudi
edl
aw.He,howev
er,ga
veup
hi
slega
lst
udi
esa
ndt
ookt
owr
iti
ng,a
ndwhi
lewr
iti
ng,hea
ctedt
oo.Na
shpr
oduc
ed
ver
yli
tt
lei
nqua
nti
ty,a
ndi
tisa
ssumedt
hathec
oll
abor
atedwi
thSha
kes
pea
rei
n
Henr
yVI
.TheWoundesofCi
vil
eWar
,aki
ndofc
hroni
clepl
ay,i
scons
ider
edt
obe
Lodge’
sown wor
k.Hea
lsowr
otepr
oser
oma
nces
,themos
tfa
mousofwhi
chi
s
Ros
alynde: Euphues Gol
den Legac
ie(
1590) whi
ch wa
sthe c
hief s
our
ce of
Sha
kes
pea
re’
sAsYouLi
keI
t.
07.J
ohnLyl
y(1554-
1606)wa
smor
efa
mousa
sawr
iterofpr
oset
hanadr
ama
tis
t
pr
oper
.Thepl
aysofLyl
ywer
ewr
itt
ena
ftert
hepubl
ica
tionofEuphues
,theAnat
omy
ofWi
t(1579)a
ndwer
eac
tedby‘
thec
hil
drenofPa
ul’
sbef
oreherma
jes
ty.
’Hi
sbes
t-
knowndr
ama
sinc
ludeAl
exanderandCampas
pe,pl
ayedonNew Yea
r’sEvei
n1581;
SaphoandPhao(
1584)
;Endymi
on(
1591)wr
itt
ena
roundt
hef
riends
hipbet
weent
he
Queena
ndt
heEa
rlofLei
ces
ter
,andMi
das(
1592)
.Hea
lsowr
otet
woot
herpl
ays–
TheWomani
ntheMoona
ndLove’
sMet
amor
phos
is.Lyl
y’spl
aysmi
ghtl
acks
tage
ef
fec
tiv
enes
s,butt
heydi
spl
ayt
hedr
ama
tis
t’ss
uper
iorc
ult
urea
ndaf
ines
ens
eof
s
tyl
e.Hi
spl
aysha
vemor
eki
nshi
pwi
thma
squest
hant
hedr
ama
,andt
hedel
ight
ful
s
ongst
hata
rei
nter
pol
atedi
nthepl
aysenha
ncet
hei
rcha
rm byagr
eatmea
sur
e.Hi
s
di
aloguesa
rer
eal
lya
dmi
rabl
eatt
imes
,ha
ppyi
ncl
ear
-cutphr
asesa
nda
llus
ivenes
s.
Af
tera
lls
aida
nddone,t
hef
ameofLyl
yres
tsonhi
spr
osewor
kEuphuesa
ndt
hepl
ay,
Endymi
on.

Theuni
ver
sit
ywi
tswer
e‘anew s
choolofpr
ofes
siona
lli
ter
arymen.Oft
hisl
it
tl
e
c
ons
tel
lat
ion,Ma
rlowei
sthec
ent
rals
un,a
ndr
oundr
evol
veda
smi
nors
tar
s,Lyl
y,
Gr
eene,Peel
e,Lodge,a
ndNa
sh.
’Int
hei
rha
nds
,El
iza
bet
hanper
iods
awt
hedr
ama
i
nit
sadol
esc
enc
e,s
truggl
ingha
rdt
oma
tur
ityt
hatwa
sac
compl
is
hedbySha
kes
pea
re.