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The aim of this paper is to review the current status of poultry production and its
future prospects in Bangladesh, covering both rural and commercial poultry
production. As an important sub-sector of livestock production, the poultry
industry in Bangladesh plays a crucial role in economic growth and
simultaneously creates numerous employment opportunities. The poultry
industry, as a fundamental part of animal production, is committed to supplying
the nation with a cheap source of good quality nutritious animal protein in terms of
meat and eggs. Two main systems of poultry production are common in Bangladesh
nowadays: commercial poultry production – where birds are kept in total
confinement, and traditional scavenging or semi-scavenging poultry production.
Approximately 20% of the protein consumed in Bangladesh originates from
poultry. With the exception the dip in production due to the recent Avian
Influenza outbreak, the growth of this industry in terms of standards of
commercialization, is very rapid. A gap still exists between the requirement and
supply of poultry meat and eggs within the recent frame-work of the informal
marketing system that is currently used. Among poultry species, the chicken
population is dominant over others, at almost 90%, followed by ducks (8%) and
a small number of quail, pigeons and geese. Free range ‘backyard’ and scavenging
poultry, that are traditionally reared by rural women and children, still play an
important role in generating family income, in addition to improving the family’s
diet with eggs and meat. Productive and reproductive performance of indigenous
birds is relatively very low (35-40 eggs and 1-1.5 kg meat per bird per year), but
This paper was first presented at the 5th International Poultry Show and Seminar, Dhaka,
Bangladesh, 1-3 March 2007
Introduction
In Bangladesh, the gap between supply and demand of poultry meat and eggs is evident
regarding availability in relation to the human population of the country, and current
production is inadequate. For example, each Bangladeshi person consumes 32 eggs/
annum in contrast to a minimum requirement of 104 eggs. The gap is economic in
the sense that people lack purchasing power due to low per capita income.
Statistics in Bangladesh reveal that there are about 160 million chickens and 36 million
ducks (Ahmmad, 2005). Despite rapid growth of commercial poultry farming, eggs and
meat are still produced at small holder farms under traditional scavenging system. The
traditional ‘backyard’ operations, universally known as ‘family poultry production’, has a
long historical background that makes it popular with the rural and certain urban
populations. Among the poultry species, chicken forms around 90% of the national
production followed by duck (8%) and a small number of pigeons, geese and quail.
Almost two decades ago, a variety of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) was introduced
to Bangladesh as a curiosity for egg and meat production, but its production and
expansion, unfortunately, were limited in and around the capital city of Dhaka, within
a specific group of enthusiasts. Almost each rural family usually keeps 10-20 chicken,
duck or pigeon that are traditionally maintained by the female members of the family, and
fed on household wastes and crop residues (Saleque, 2001; Rahman, 2003).
Commercial poultry farming has recently emerged in different areas of the country to
satisfy market demands for poultry meat and eggs by the mostly urban and municipal
populations. Although commercial poultry farming has expanded rapidly, it is unable to
satisfy the nation’s needs. Notwithstanding, the producers, particularly smaller farmers,
are facing numerous problems in farm operations and management.
This paper constitutes an update of the information available regarding the current
status and profiles the future prospects of poultry production in Bangladesh. For ease of
discussion, details will be dealt with in two major sections: rural poultry or family poultry
production and commercial poultry production. This is followed by a section dealing with
strategies and action plans for future development of the industry in Bangladesh. Finally,
some recommendations that could be considered by the relevant policy makers to achieve
the objectives of rural poultry development as well as concurrent development of fast-
growing commercial poultry sector are made.
these reasons that free range rural poultry keeping was deemed most suitable in
Bangladesh, as one of the developing countries, to provide rural women, landless
poor or marginal farmers with animal protein and earnings for life.
Table 1 Allotments of different poultry species as affected by farm size* (as per household).
hatchability. In hot and humid days, birds in mud-made houses often suffer from bad
ventilation that affects their productive performances.
FEEDING PRACTICES
Feeding rural poultry is mainly based on the scavenging and byproducts. Most rural
families provide a small amount of feed twice a day; once in the morning when the birds
leave their night shelter and again in the evening when the birds return home. Generally,
these feeds include rice polishing, rice bran, broken rice/wheat, kitchen wastes like rice,
rice-gruel, vegetables, fish wastes etc. During the scavenging period, domestic fowl
consume various types of feed materials that are available around the farmer’s
homestead areas. Indigenous ducks, which usually scavenge in the nearby ponds,
river, lakes or any other low lying areas, mainly eat various types of aquatic insects
and weeds, shell or snails. Depending on seasonal variations, a variety of insects,
cockroaches, earthworms, beetles etc. are consumed by domestic birds. While
scavenging, domestic fowl and ducks consume considerable amounts of xanthophylls
and similar ingredients through their feed selection. As a consequence, this type of
feeding has an impact on the egg content (specially micro-ingredients) and the yolk
colour of the eggs produced by rural chicken or ducks are usually vivid, deep yellow,
which is much favoured by Bangladeshi consumers. Some Bangladeshi consumers have
a misconception that eggs with pale yolk are produced from diseased and unhealthy hens
and those eggs are neither tasty nor nutritious (Sikder et al., 1998).
Native chickens mostly rely on scavenging with minimum or no supplemental feeding.
There have been reports that the scavengeable feedstuffs consumed by native chicken
vary from 9-27 g/bird/day (Huque et al., 1992; Sonaiya et al., 2002), which is insufficient
to fulfil their nutrient requirements. Furthermore, such feedstuffs are generally low in
crude protein (8%) but high in crude fibre (9%), and probably imbalanced in terms of
calcium and phosphorus (Huque, 1999). As a consequence, nutrient deficiencies are a
common feature in scavenging birds, and may be one of the vital factors that cause low
productivity. Chowdhury et al. (2006) reported low productivity of Desi chickens that are
raised solely on scavenging feed resources.
To overcome such problems, birds should be provided with adequate amounts of
locally available feed ingredients as a supplement to satisfy nutrient requirements. If
scavenging poultry production is to become a sustainable enterprise in the future in rural
areas of developing countries, there is every possibility of feed shortages. To face this
challenge, women and unemployed youths in rural areas, who are usually resource-poor
and illiterate but possess keen perception in judicial utilization of scarce resources, could
be trained with basic knowledge of the collection, processing, storage and supply of
locally available unconventional ingredients for feeding the rural poultry.
300 eggs during their production period (52-60 weeks) and attain a body weight of 1.2-
1.5 kg at the point of lay, under proper nutrition and management conditions. Some
general and selective productive characteristics of indigenous chicken and ducks are
shown in Table 2.
The average egg mass of indigenous chickens is very low (35-37 g/egg), only two-
thirds of the egg weight of exotic strains. Recently, Hasan et al. (2006) found
significantly higher body weight in Naked neck birds in comparison with their normal
feathered counterparts under scavenging condition, when the birds were provided with
supplemental feed. A recent report shows that indigenous (Desi) chickens of Bangladesh
may be more productive with improved diets when reared in confinement as compared to
those who derived feed only from scavenging (Chowdhury et al., 2006).
chickens* ducks**
* Sazzad et al. (1990); Barua (1992); Huque et al. (1992); Huque and Ukil (1994).
** Sarkar (2005); Islam et al. (2003).
Table 3 Growth of industrial poultry (layers and broilers) during the period of 2000-2005*.
Particulars Year
The indigenous birds are often undervalued and criticised for their low productive
performance, but several reports indicate that a small changes in the traditional husbandry
practices of rural birds may increase tangible production potential. Sonaiya (1995)
explained that the productivity of scavenging chickens could be improved by
management systems and quality and quantity of feed supply. Weaning of chicks i.e.
separation of chicks from broody hens at early stage, supplementation of balanced diet to
the broody for rapid regain of her body weight to start the next clutch quickly, creep
feeding of chicks in confinement during their juvenile are further examples of some
common interventions in contrast to traditional management systems, to increase the
overall production potentialities of Desi hens and reduce the chick mortality (Moreki et
al., 1997; Sarkar et al., 2005; Sarkar and Bell, 2006). These authors commented that the
low productivity of indigenous birds is not due to their inherent genetic characteristics
rather it results from the system of management. It was finally concluded by Sarkar and
Bell (2006) that the egg production of Desi chicken layers could more than double if
some changes are made in their husbandry practices. It is notable that very limited
research has been focused on the genetic improvement of indigenous birds by
selective breeding along with adequate nutrition and appropriate management.
Duck production is mostly observed in low-lying areas of the country. There are two
types of ducks: local varieties and improved breeds. Among the local varieties, the non-
descript types represents almost 90% of total duck populations. Other more distinguished
breeds include the Nageswari, Muscovy, Sylhet Mete, Desi Black and Desi White.
Productive performance of non-descript ducks is very low compared to imported
breeds (Table 2), although Desi Blacks and Whites are believed to be better
producers. Some improved breeds, although lacking in numbers, such as the Indian
Runner, Khaki Campbell, Jinding and Pekin are also found in some rural areas of the
country which have been either bought from government farms or distributed to farmers
by Non-government organizations (NGOs).
The outcome of the “Bangladesh Poultry Model”, as critically analyzed by Riise et al.
(2005a), was surprising with Sonali hens. According to their report, there was no
evidence that women achieved higher incomes through use of crossbred Sonali birds,
but the women, however, sustained a basic income from a small flock of local birds.
Replicability and applicability of the “Bangladesh Poultry Model” in other developing
countries faces many new challenges, and modalities of the model have created
controversy in the international arena (Sarkar et al., 2005). Therefore, it may be time
to rethink the long-term feasibility of such poultry model before applying it in developing
countries as a tool for poverty alleviation.
MARKETING SYSTEMS
More than 95% of eggs and live poultry are sold by farmers either at their gates or at
the village market within their vicinity (Latif, 2001). Two-step transactions are usually
observed in the marketing channels; first is the assemblers who accumulate live birds and
eggs from local market and, the second is the retailers in urban or semi-urban areas, who
collect the products from assemblers and sell to the customers. In some parts of the
country, assemblers occasionally move from door to door for buying the eggs or live
birds. Traditionally, assemblers draw the attention of the farmers with loud shouts, and
then the small poultry holders, women or children who have products to sell respond
quickly.
Assemblers either sell the products to wholesalers or transport the accumulated
products to the retail market in urban or semi-urban areas. In addition to profit
margin, rural assemblers/middlemen, who spend their time and money for the
business, also bear the cost of transportation; sometimes incurring and encountering
physical losses during the collection and moving the birds or eggs (Hossain, 1999;
Chowdhury and Das, 2001). Selling live birds and eggs is also practiced by the
retailers, who also move from door to door in the urban and semi-urban areas and
draw attention of the consumers with shouts.
At the level of the village market, a small portion of eggs and birds are sold directly to
the resident consumers. Experience from other developing countries showed the
existence of middlemen in the chain of free-range local poultry market, where they
appear to benefit sometimes more than the smallholder poultry keepers (Kitalyi, 1998;
Mlozi et al., 2003; Gondwe et al., 2005). Emphasising the significance of indigenous
poultry marketing, Riise et al. (2005b) commented that the major challenges for
improving family poultry production at village level lies in the organizational aspects,
not in the technical. The meat and eggs that are produced in the farm must reach the
consumers through good marketing channels. Unfortunately, rural poultry (live birds and
eggs) are not moving to the market in an organized way. Problems still exists in
assembling, storage, transportation, distribution and marketing, so some losses
inevitably occur and sometimes the quality of products suffer.
of the world’s poultry farming. The genetic diversity comprised in poultry, as one of the
main farm animal species, is an important resource in domestic animals systems. For
several reasons, within the different species used for food production, only a few breeds
are selected and are best suited for high-output systems. In this route, many breeds are
not represented in food-producing livestock systems. These breeds may face extinction
unless new uses and/or selective advantages for these breeds are found. This is an
ongoing existent threat for the genetic diversity within species. The issue is how to
maintain the utilisation and conservation of these genetic resources, and gain insight
into the applications of population, molecular and quantitative genetics that can be used
to take appropriate decisions in utilisation and conservation programmes.
commercial poultry farming in Bangladesh is facing two main problems in feeding their
birds: first, the limited number of feed ingredients and second, the high cost of such
ingredients and consequently formulated feeds, the case that initiated importation. At the
start of commercial poultry in Bangladesh during the 1980’s, small farms used to utilize
locally available feed ingredients for feed formulation, but later the status of feed supply
changed and both farmers and feed millers became accustomed to being dependent
regularly on imported feedstuffs (Huque, 2001). The conventional feed ingredients
generally used in poultry diet are corn, wheat or wheat bran, rice polish, soybean
meal, fish meal, meat and bone meal, oyster shell, and some feed additives. Sesame
and mustard oil cakes, though formerly common ingredients, are no longer extensively
used. Among the grains, yellow corn is considered as unique because of its high energy
content and its abundance of xanthophylls. Although government has taken various steps
to increase the country’s corn production, its current harvest (356,000 tons) lags far
behind actual necessities (1,400,000 tons) and thus the poultry industry depends mostly
on imported corn. However, a recent report declared that some 10-15% of corn in the
USA will be converted into ethanol (Lyons, 2006) which may have an impact on corn
prices by doubling that paid in previous years (the current local price is Tk 16.00 per kg).
Being a common human-food item, persistent competition between human and animals
for wheat prevails at all times and therefore, it is less commonly used in poultry diets.
This condition, however, is further aggravated due to seasonal availability of feed
ingredients, fluctuation in prices and natural problems like drought and flood.
Scientists in Bangladesh need to make more effort in the utilization of agricultural
by-products and non-conventional feed ingredients and try to enhance and enrich
those using nutritional biotechnological tools.
Since feed cost is the prime input in commercial poultry production, representing 65-
70% of the total cost of poultry production, attention should be directed in the utilization
of low cost, good quality feed ingredients to reduce the feed cost. In recent years, poultry
nutritionists in Bangladesh have encouraged exploring the possibility of using some
locally grown non-conventional feed ingredients in the rations. As a consequence,
poultry nutritional research is being carried out to evaluate and incorporate some
cheaper non-conventional feed ingredients in diet formulations. Table 4 shows a list
of such common non-conventional poultry feed ingredients and their chemical
compositions. These ingredients could be used as sources of energy, protein, vitamins
or xanthophylls. Until now, feasibility of these ingredients in poultry diets has been
evaluated on the basis of their proximate compositions, calcium and phosphorus and in
some cases amino acid profile. Information regarding detailed chemical compositions like
vitamins or trace mineral constituents, presence or absence of anti-nutritional factors and
their quantification in raw or processed feeds and their safe inclusion levels have not yet
been extensively assessed.
unemployed youths regularly. A good number of trained people have engaged themselves
in poultry production. A section of people in Bangladesh, particularly the younger
generation who had little or no chance to receive a university education, are now
becoming increasingly involved in small commercial farming to maintain their
livelihood. Those who are involved in activities other than poultry production need to
buy poultry meat and eggs by their own earnings, but the amount undoubtedly depends
on how much an individual is paid. Currently, more the 5 million people are engaged
directly or indirectly in poultry sector most of which can enjoy the benefits of purchasing
poultry meat and eggs at a subsidised rate from their respective farms. It is believed that
this figure will increase if the development in this sector is enhanced. Table 3 shows a
gradual increase in the production of parent stock and commercial stock in the country.
Efforts have also been directed to increase people’s buying power. Various poverty
reduction/alleviation programmes are now in operation by the Government and NGOs.
But the effectiveness of such programmes depends on the development of strong
monitoring systems.
to be given to the level of maternal antibodies required and the appropriate time of
vaccination. Stresses associated with transportation and handling of day-old chicks,
nutritional and environmental conditions particularly temperature, humidity and
vaccination during rearing period, immune status of parent stock, health condition of
the birds to be vaccinated, quality control of vaccines during storage and transportation
may be factors that contribute to the vaccine failure. However, maintaining strict hygienic
measures and biosecurity can reduce the overall infection load in the farm and shrinks
risks to least possible (Islam, 2003). ‘Biosecurity’ is now a common word familiar to
most farmers. But the measures taken at small holders production units is very weak
since most of the farms are within the vicinity of the farmers’ homestead.
chicken could be developed from the native stock by selective breeding backed
with the appropriate nutritional and management practices. Regional research
institutes for indigenous poultry particularly in the Asia and Africa where
majority of the indigenous poultry are located could be established. To achieve
such an aim, funding agencies, however, need to come forward.
3. Irregular production and supply of chicks may be one of the constraints for why the
rural poultry is not yet emerged as smallholder enterprises. Therefore, when a
suitable breeding stock is developed from the native birds, a promising approach
should initiate by the relevant sectors of the Government and NGOs to form a
“Rural Poultry Network” involving some enthusiastic farmers at the village level
who would maintain the breeding stock and would ensure the regular flow of fertile
eggs to rural farmers.
4. The government should teach and train rural poultry farmers, women in particular,
on basic techniques of brooding and rearing of chicks, proper nutrition and feed
requirements in different phases of life as well as disease prevention and
management etc, to reduce the losses and maximize the returns under this
system of poultry production which in turn might have its impact on the
national economy.
5. Although the reasons of recent outbreak of Avian Influenza in Bangladesh is still
unknown, concerned authorities should be more attentive to the quarantine of the
imported chicks, regular inspection of all imported feed ingredients and other
possible sources of infection.
6. Smallholder farmers should come forward to form a “market group” to ensure a fair
price of their products by minimizing role of middlemen in the existing marketing
channels.
7. Biotechnological applications for poultry feeds and nutrition should be considered
to augment environment-friendly poultry production. In addition, efforts should be
taken to ensure safety standards of poultry meat and eggs for human consumption.
8. With regard to prevent ‘vaccine failure’ it is important to check the antigenic
specificity of a particular vaccine to a particular antigen in an authentic and
reputed poultry diagnostic laboratory/centre before the implementation of
vaccination programme.
9. The government should allow tax holiday on imported feed materials in the interest
of flourishing the developing poultry industry.
10. Initiatives should be taken on urgent basis for the approval of the national poultry
policy that has already been formulated. This should be implemented to organise
production and marketing to ensure a steady and secure supply of poultry products
to the population throughout the year.
Conclusions
There is no denying of the fact that poultry production should be encouraged both at
smallholder and industrial levels. It seems that the situation for poultry production will
remain problematic, with new challenges appearing regularly. Rural poultry production
should be backed by proper inputs until and unless meat and egg-type strains with native
genetics are developed or industrial production is in a position to meet the requirements
for meat and eggs within the country.
Any plan for poverty alleviation or reduction through poultry rearing must be prepared,
implemented, monitored and modified, if necessary, in the light of national poultry
policy. Quality control systems for live poultry and poultry products need to be well
developed with due emphasis on safety standards before broadening the horizon of export
markets. Experts from government, research institutes, universities, NGOs and other
relevant sectors should work in a collaborative manner in order to allow sustainable
production and fight challenges jointly when they would appear from time to time. As
local funding is limited, industrialists need to be found who are willing to fund
universities and research institutes in order to undertake poultry studies of national
and international importance.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Dr Piet Simons, Secretary, World’s Poultry Science
Association for his interest on this article and to Dr Ahmed Abdel-Ghany, Professor
of Poultry Breeding and Genetics, Animal Production Department, College of
Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt for his kind comments on an
initial draft. Mr. S.C. Ghosh, Director General of the Department of Livestock
Services, Bangladesh deserves special thanks for a useful discussion.
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Khesari (Lathyrus sativus) 907.8 2963 283.4 12.0 49.6 - - 18.0 200.0G Chowdhury et al. (2005)
150.0L
Duck weed (Lemna minor) 885 2887 280 36 115 6.0 7.2 338 150.0L Dhar et al. (2007)
Azolla (Azolla pinnata) 905.8 1814 285.4 16.1 123.8 14.3 3.1 169.2 200.0L Khatun et al. (1999)
Ipil-ipil leaf 953 1876 258 53 99 10.2 2.4 104 - Dhar et al. (2007)
(Leucaena leucocephala)
Silk worm pupae (Bombyx mori) 947.0 2281 554.0 193.0 37.0 - - 69.0 - Chowdhury (2003)
Snail meat (Pila globosa) 892.1 2131 539.0 28.0 18.0 85.0 6.5 188.0 80.0B Ali and Lesson (1995)
Papaya skin (Carica papaya) 910.0 2127 252.0 21.0 67.0 - - 10.0 12.0B Kamaruzzaman et al. (2005)
Carrot meal (Daucus carota) 895.0 2510 188.3 35.0 80.0 - - 35.0 80.0L Sikder et al. (1998)
Marigold flower (Tagetes spp.) 883.0 3322 125.0 67.0 200.0 5.0 5.0 67.0 40.0L Chowdhury et al. (2007)
Orange skin (Citrus spp.) 874.0 1353 56.0 37.0 200.0 4.5 3.0 30.0 40.0L Chowdhury et al. (2007)
Broiler offal 850.0 2910 583.5 180.0 30.0 24.5 178.0 55.0 80.0B Hossain et al. (2003)
Broken rice 874.0 3154 98.0 20.0 10.0 1.3 2.3 20.0 - Chowdhury (2003)
Sweet potato meal 944.0 3522 27.0 16.0 34.0 - - 28.0 - Chowdhury (2003)
Cassava 969.0 3186 55.0 73.0 119.0 - - 88 - Chowdhury (2003)
Potato peelings 907.0 2395 111.0 3.0 45.0 1.1 4.0 91.0 - Chowdhury (2003)
Rain tree pod 951.0 2596 77.0 11.0 87.0 - - 39.0 - Chowdhury (2003)
Kabli bran 962.0 1126 56.0 3.0 484.0 - - 38.0 - Chowdhury (2003)
Anchor bran 956.0 1729 99.0 7.0 338.0 - - 46.0 - Chowdhury (2003)
Hatchery waste 966.0 2453 411.0 134.0 9.0 23.6 6.6 430.0 - Chowdhury (2003)
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