9/14/16

OVERVIEW OF ENERGY AND METABOLISM

Biochemistry
1. The food we eat, (carbohydrates/’glucose’/sugar,
5. Bio-Energetics & ATP lipids/fat, proteins), are our only source of energy
for doing the biological work of cells.
2. All molecules (nutrient molecules included) have
5.1) ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration stored (potential) energy in the bonds between their
atoms.
3. The energy that runs most biological systems on
earth comes from solar energy
4. Plants trap solar energy via the metabolic reactions
of Photosynthesis by producing these molecules
Prof. Dr. Klaus Heese

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Intestine
When a person eats,
blood glucose rises.

MAINTAINING Pancreas
2
High blood glucose stimulates

BLOOD Insulin
the pancreas to release insulin.

GLUCOSE 3 Insulin stimulates the uptake of

glucose into cells and storage

HOMEOSTASIS Liver
as glycogen in the liver and
muscles. Insulin also stimulates
the conversion of excess
glucose into fat for storage.

Fat cell Muscle

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As the body's cells use
glucose, blood levels decline.

Pancreas 5 Low blood glucose stimulates

the pancreas to release
Glucagon glucagon into the bloodstream.

6 Glucagon stimulates liver

cells to break down glycogen
Glucose and release glucose into the
Insulin blood. a

Glucagon
Liver
Glycogen

a The stress hormone

epinephrine and other hormones 7 Blood glucose begins to
also bring glucose out of storage. rise.

THREE BASIC USES OF NUTRIENTS

ALL LIVING THINGS FROM BACTERIA TO
ABSORBED BY THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
HUMANS CONDUCT METABOLISM
Metabolism is the ability to acquire and use energy from
1. Energy for immediate use by cells to conduct their the environment.
normal metabolic processes (Muscle contraction,
secretions, active transport) Metabolic processes are all the chemical reactions
that occur in cells, tissues, organs, and organ
systems.
2. Synthesize structural or functional molecules to
repair and replace cells. Two Kinds of Metabolic Reactions:
(Mitosis and Cytokinesis)
1. Catabolism = breakdown of large molecules into
simple ones to produce energy (release energy).
3. Storage as glycogen or fat for later use as energy
(nutrient reserves)
2. Anabolism = build large molecules from simple
molecules (requires energy input).

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TWO BASIC KINDS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS METABOLIC TURNOVER AND CELLULAR ATP
FOUND IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM PRODUCTION

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF ATP

WHAT IS ATP?
Adenine Base
Energy used by all Cells

Adenosine Triphosphate

Organic molecule containing high-

energy Phosphate bonds
3 Phosphates Ribose Sugar

HOW DO WE GET ENERGY FROM ATP?

WHAT DOES ATP DO FOR YOU?

It supplies YOU with ENERGY!

By breaking the
high- energy
bond between
the last two
phosphates in
ATP

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WHAT IS THE PROCESS CALLED? HOW DOES THAT HAPPEN?

HYDROLYSIS (adding H2O)
An Enzyme!

H2O

HOW IS ATP RE-MADE? THE ADP-ATP CYCLE

The reverse of the previous process
occurs.
ATP
Another Enzyme is ATP-ase Synthetase
used!

ATP Synthetase

WHEN IS ATP MADE IN THE BODY?

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

During a Process called: l Includes pathways that require

Cellular Respiration oxygen
l Glucose is oxidized and O 2 is reduced
l Glucose breakdown is therefore an
oxidation-reduction reaction
or: oxidative phosphorylation
l Breakdown of one glucose results in
36 to 38 ATP molecules

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OVERALL EQUATION FOR WHAT TYPE OF PROCESS IS CELLULAR

RESPIRATION?
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
• An Oxidation-Reduction Process or
C6H12O6 + 6O2 RedOx Reaction
• Oxidation of GLUCOSE --> CO 2 + H 2O
(e - removed from C 6H 12O 6)
YIELDS
• Reduction of O 2 to H 2O (e - passed
to O 2)
6CO2 + 6H20 + e- + 36-38ATP’s

WHAT CARRIES THE ELECTRONS? ARE THERE ANY OTHER ELECTRON

CARRIERS?

• NAD+ (nicotinadenine lYES! Another

dinucleotide) acts as Coenzyme!
the energy carrier
l FAD+ (Flavin
• NAD+ is a coenzyme
adenine
• It is reduced to NADH dinucleotide)
when it picks up two
electrons and one lReduced to
hydrogen ion FADH2

OTHER CELLULAR RESPIRATION FACTS WHAT ARE THE STAGES OF

CELLULAR RESPIRATION?

• Metabolic pathway that breaks down

carbohydrates • Glycolysis
• Process is exergonic as high-energy • The Krebs Cycle
glucose is broken into CO2 and H2O
• The Electron Transport Chain
• Process is also catabolic because larger
glucose breaks into smaller molecules

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SUMMARY OF GLUCOSE METABOLISM Glycogenesis:

The process by which glycogen is synthesized from
glucose; in which glucose molecules are added to
chains of glycogen for storage.

Glycogenolysis:
(also known as "Glycogenlysis") is the break down of
glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate and glucose for ATP
production.

Gluconeogenesis (abbreviated GNG) is a metabolic

pathway that results in the generation of glucose from
non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as pyruvate,
lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids; the
process by which protein or fat is converted into
glucose.

OVERVIEW:
OVERVIEW
DIAGRAM OF THE PROCESS
Occurs
across
Glycolysis
Cristae
Fat

Occurs in
Cytoplasm
Occurs in
Matrix

GLYCOLYSIS SUMMARY GLYCOLYSIS SUMMARY

Takes place in the Cytoplasm

Anaerobic (doesn’t use Oxygen)
Requires input of 2 ATP
Glucose split into two molecules of
Pyruvate or Pyruvic Acid
• Also produces 2 NADH and 4(2) ATP
• Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA and CO 2 is
removed

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ATP PRODUCTION FROM CARBOHYDRATES ATP PRODUCTION FROM CARBOHYDRATES

Glycolysis

Substrates required: Glucose, 2 ATP, 4 ADP, Formation of Acetyl-CoA

and 2 NAD+
Substrates required: 2 Pyruvic Acid
Intermediate Reactants: Glucose-6-phosphate, 2 NAD+
Fructose-1,6 bisphosphate 2 Coenzyme A

Products: 2 molecules of Pyruvic Acid Products: 2 Acetyl-CoA

2 ATP (4) 2 NADH
2 NADH 2 CO2

FERMENTATION A LITTLE KREBS CYCLE HISTORY

Ø Occurs when O 2 is NOT present • Discovered by Hans

(anaerobic) Krebs in 1937
• He received the
Ø Called Lactic Acid fermentation in Nobel Prize in
physiology /
muscle cells (makes muscles tired) medicine in 1953 for
his discovery
Ø Called Alcoholic fermentation in yeast
• Forced to leave
(produces ethanol) Germany prior to
WWII because he
Ø Nets only 2 ATP was Jewish

ATP PRODUCTION FROM CARBOHYDRATES ATP PRODUCTION FROM CARBOHYDRATES

Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle

Substrates required: 2 Oxaloacetic Acid

Products: 2 Oxaloacetic Acid
2 Acetyl-CoA
6 NADH
6 NAD+
2 FADH2
2 FAD
2 GTP
2 GDP
4 CO2
Intermediate Reactants: Citric Acid

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OVERVIEW OF THE KREBS CYCLE OVERVIEW OF THE KREBS CYCLE

ATP
NETS: 3NADH, 1ATP, 1FADH2, & 2CO2

KREBS CYCLE SUMMARY KREBS CYCLE SUMMARY

Ø Requires Oxygen (Aerobic) Ø Each turn of the Krebs Cycle also

Ø Cyclical series of oxidation reactions that give produces 3NADH, 1FADH 2, and 2CO 2
off CO2 and produce one ATP per cycle
Ø Therefore, for each Glucose
Ø Turns twice per glucose molecule
molecule, the Krebs Cycle produces
Ø Produces two ATP 6NADH, 2FADH 2, 4CO 2, and 2ATP
Ø Takes place in matrix of mitochondria

WHERE DOES CELLULAR RESPIRATION TAKE PLACE?

REVIEW OF MITOCHONDRIA STRUCTURE

It actually takes place

lSmooth outer
in two parts of the cell: Membrane
lFolded inner
Glycolysis occurs in membrane
lFolds called Cristae
the Cytoplasm
lSpace inside cristae
Krebs Cycle & ETC called the Matrix

take place in the

Mitochondria

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ATP PRODUCTION FROM CARBOHYDRATES ATP PRODUCTION FROM CARBOHYDRATES

Electron Transport Chain
A series of Oxidative Phosphorylation reactions Electron Transport Chain
Oxidation = the removal of electrons from a
molecule and results in a decrease in the
Substrates required: 10 NADH
energy content of the molecule. Because most
biological reactions involve the loss of 2 FADH2
hydrogen atoms, they are called 6 O2
dehydrogenation reactions.
Reduction = the opposite of oxidation; the
addition of electrons to a molecule, and results Products: 32 ATP
in an increase in the energy content of the 6 H20
molecule.

OVERVIEW OF ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN SUMMARY

• 34 ATP produced
• H2O produced
• Occurs across Inner Mitochondrial
membrane
• Uses coenzymes NAD+ and FAD+ to
accept e- from glucose
• NADH = 3 ATP’s
• FADH2 = 2 ATP’s

Overview of Cellular Respiration

SUMMARY OF ATP PRODUCTION

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PROTEIN METABOLISM
Deamination: removal of the amino group (NH2)
leaving a acetyl molecule
Transamination: Adding an animo group to
pyruvic acid to produce any of the
nonessential amino acids
Protein Synthesis: Production of protein
molecule using an RNA model.
Protein catabolism: breaking down a protein
into individual Amino Acids.
OVERVIEW:
THE ROLE OF THE LIVER IN LIPID METABOLISM
METABOLIC OVERVIEW: THE ABSORPTIVE STATE
9/14/16
LIPID METABOLISM
• Lipoproteins: surrounding triglycerides with
apoproteins to make them more transportable
in water
• Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL’s)
• Low-density lipoproteins (LDL’s)
• High-density lipoprteins (HDL’s)
Lipolysis: break down lipids
Beta Oxidation: breaking a fatty acid into 2 carbon compounds
Lipogenesis: formation of lipids from non-lipids
SUMMARY OF THE INTERCONNECTION BETWEEN
TISSUES AND METABOLISTIC REACTIONS
METABOLIC OVERVIEW: THE POSTABSORPTIVE STATE