SANTOS, NOELLE CLARISSE V.

PROPRA2 – DAR1
ECUADOR
• Ecuador, country of northwestern South America.
• Ecuador is a patchwork of ethnic identities, a complex
legacy of its indigenous and colonial past.
Republic of Ecuador
• Capital: Quito
• Population 16.5 million
• Area 272,045 sq km (105,037 sq miles)
• Major languages Spanish, indigenous languages
• Major religion Christianity
• Life expectancy 73 years (men), 79 years (women)
• Currency US dollar
• UN, World Bank
CAPITAL: Quito

Quito, Ecuador's capital, sits high in the Andean foothills at an altitude of 2,850m.
Constructed on the foundations of an ancient Incan city, it’s known for its well-
preserved colonial center, rich with 16th- and 17th-century churches and other
structures blending European, Moorish and indigenous styles. These include the
cathedral, in the Plaza Grande square, and ultra-ornate Compañia de Jesús
Jesuit church.
TIMELINE: A CHRONOLOGY OF KEY EVENTS
Key events
• 1450s - Incas of Peru conquer the Caras people, whose kingdom
had its capital in Quito.
• Image copyright Getty Images Image caption Bananas, seen
loaded at the harbour at Guayaquil circa 1955, are still a major
export for Ecuador 1531 - Spanish troops led by Francisco Pizarro
land on Ecuadoran coast en route to Peru, where they defeat the
Incas.
• 1534 - Spaniards conquer Ecuador, which becomes part of the
Spanish Vice-Royalty of Peru.
• 1809 - Ecuadoran middle class begins to push for independence.
• 1822 - Antonio Jose de Sucre, a follower of the independence
leader Simon Bolivar, defeats Spanish royalists at the battle of
Pichincha; Ecuador becomes part of independent Gran Colombia,
which also encompasses Colombia, Panama and Venezuela.
War, economic boom and instability
• 1830 - Ecuador leaves Gran Colombia and becomes fully independent.
• 1941 - Peru invades part of the Amazonian mineral-rich province of El Oro.
• 1942 - Ecuador cedes some 200,000 square kilometres of disputed territory to Peru under the terms of the Rio
Protocol.
• 1948-60 - Growth in banana trade brings prosperity.
• Explosive energy
• Image copyright Getty Images Image caption Some of Ecuador's Andean peaks are volcanic, and active
Some of Ecuador's Andean peaks are volcanic, and active
• 1963 - President Carlos Arosemena Monroy deposed by military junta, which implements agrarian reform.
• 1966 - Interim government takes over from military junta, which was forced to step down following violent
demonstrations and harsh retaliation; newly elected constituent assembly chooses Otto Arosemena Gomez
as head of state
• 1968 - Former President Jose Maria Velasco elected president for the fifth time and, two years later, assumes
dictatorial power in response to declining support.
• 1972 - Oil production starts and Ecuador emerges as a significant oil producer; General Guillermo Rodriguez
Lara becomes president after overthrowing President Velasco.
• 1979 - New constitution heralds return to democracy.
• 1981 - Brief border war with Peru.
Economic deterioration
• 1982 - A deterioration of the economy due to falling oil prices leads to strikes,
demonstrations and a state of emergency.
• 1987 - President Leon Febres Cordero kidnapped and beaten up by the army in protest at
policies of privatisation and public expenditure cuts.
• 1992 - Indigenous peoples granted title to 2.5 million acres in Amazonia; Ecuador leaves
the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries to increase its oil output.
• 1996 - Abdala Bucaram Ortiz elected president.
• 1997 - Fabian Alarcon becomes president after mr Bucaram is deposed by parliament on
grounds of mental incapacity.
• 1998 - Jamil Mahuad elected president.
• 2000 - Vice-President Gustavo Noboa becomes president after Mr Mahuad is forced to
leave office by the army and indigenous protesters; Ecuador adopts the US dollar as its
national currency in an effort to beat inflation and stabilise the economy.
• 2002 - Protests by indigenous peoples bring oil production to a near standstill. The protesters
demand that more of the oil revenues should be invested in their communities.
Gutierrez Elected
• 2002 November - Leftist and former coup leader Lucio Gutierrez wins presidential elections. He takes office in
January 2003.
• Exiled former leader
• Image copyright Getty Images Image caption Abdala Bucaram: Exiled former president returned briefly in
2005 Abdala Bucaram served briefly as president before being ousted in 1997 on grounds of mental
incapacity
• Nicknamed El Loco, "the crazy one"
• His Roldosista Party backed 2004 replacement of Supreme Court
• 2005 April - Anti-government protests mushroom after a reformed, pro-government Supreme Court drops
corruption charges against two former presidents. Congress votes to oust President Gutierrez. Alfredo Palacio
replaces him.
• 2005 August - Protesters, demanding that oil revenues should be spent on infrastructure, bring oil production
to a halt. A state of emergency is declared in two oil-producing provinces. The protest ends after oil
companies agree to help mend roads and pay local taxes.
• 2006 June - Ecuador prompts US ire by cancelling the operating contract of the US oil firm Occidental
Petroleum after it allegedly sold part of an oil block without government permission.
Correa Elected
• 2006 November - Socialist candidate Rafael Correa wins
presidential election.
• 2007 October - President Correa's Alianza PAIS party wins 80 of
the 130 seats in elections for a new constituent assembly, and
a large majority in subsequent congressional elections in
November.
• 2008 March - Diplomatic crisis after a Colombia cross-border
strike into Ecuador kills senior Farc rebel Raul Reyes. Ecuador
cuts ties with Colombia briefly.
• 2008 April - Defence Minister Wellington Sandoval and top
military chiefs resign amid continuing row over Colombian raid
on Farc rebels inside Ecuador.
New constitution
• 2008 September - The new constitution backed by President is
approved by 64% of voters in a referendum.
• 2008 December - President Correa says Ecuador will officially
default on billions of dollars of "illegitimate" foreign debt.
• 2009 April - President Correa wins his first term under the 2008
constitution - his second overall.
• 2009 July - Government refuses to extend US military's use of
Manta air base on Pacific coast for drug surveillance flights.
• 2010 July - New law further increasing state control over oil
industry comes into effect. Under the new legislation, the
Ecuadorean state will own 100% of oil and gas produced.
Crisis of 2010
• 2010 September - President Correa declares a state of emergency after being taken
hostage by mutinous policemen. He is later freed by elite army soldiers.
• Image copyright AFP Image caption President Correa won a 2011 referendum that gave
him more power 2011 February - US oil giant Chevron is fined £5.3 billion for polluting the
Amazon.
• 2011 April - Ecuador expels US ambassador after Wikileaks publishes diplomatic cable
alleging widespread corruption in the Ecuadorean police force.
• 2011 May - Voters approve a wide-ranging package of reforms proposed by President
Correa in a referendum. Critics say the changes enhance the president's powers even
further.
• 2011 July - The owners of opposition paper El Universo and a journalist are found guilty of
libelling the president and sentenced to three years in jail and a $40 m fine. They are later
pardoned.
• 2012 March - Thousands of indigenous people stage a two-week march from the Amazon
to protest against mining projects.
• 2012 June - Founder of Wikileaks Julian Assange takes refuge in Ecuador's London embassy
and appeals for political asylum, in order to escape extradition to Sweden on rape
charges. Asylum granted the following month, causing a diplomatic row with Britain.
Correa re-elected
• 2013 February - President Rafael Correa wins another four-year term - his second under the
2008 constitution, which limits him to two terms.
• 2013 June - Parliament approves a law which creates an official body with powers to
sanction media and redistribute broadcasting frequencies. Opponents describe it as a
gagging law.
• 2013 August - President Correa says he is authorising oil exploration in a pristine part of the
Amazon rainforest because rich nations had failed to fund conservation.
• 2015 December - Parliament scraps presidential term limits.
• 2016 April - More than 400 people die and 2,500 are injured in 7.8-magnitude earthquake
on Pacific coast. Billions of dollars worth of damage is caused.
• 2017 May - Lenin Morena takes office as president after winning election.
• 2017 July - Row erupts over a border wall which Ecuador has built along a canal in the city
of Huaquillas as a flood defence. Peru says it could increase the risk of flooding.
• 2018 February - Ecuadoreans vote in a referendum to prevent presidents from holding
more than two terms in office.
Ecuador is home to 2 of the
original UNESCO World
Heritage sites
• The first is Quito, Ecuador’s capital
city, and the second is the
Galapagos Islands.
 This archipelago of
unique islands is one
of the most bio-
diverse places on
earth and shelters
many plant and animal
species found nowhere
else in the world!
• Quito has the highest elevation of
any capital city in the world (9350
feet above sea level).
• Ecuador, named for “sitting on the Equator”, is the only country
named for a geological feature.
• Ecuador has 4 distinct
geographical areas – the
Amazon jungle, the Andes
mountains, the coastal region,
and the Galapagos.
• The sun sets at the same time
every day
• The summit of Mount Chimborazo is the closest point on earth to
the sun
• Ecuador is the world’s biggest exporter of
bananas
The Panama
hat should
be called
The Ecuador
hat
 Steps in
becoming
an
Architect
 Career Requirements

Degree Level Bachelor's degree; master's for advancement

Completion of a 5-year bachelor's program
Degree Field(s) accredited by the National Architectural Accrediting
Board (NAAB)
Varies by state (bachelor's and internship typically
License/Certification
required); voluntary certifications available
Internships/hands-on training (typically required for
Experience
licensure)
Strong communication, analytical, critical-thinking,
Key Skills organizational, and visualization skills; proficient
with specialized tools and technology
 Bachelor's Degree Programs

• State architecture boards determine the requirements for

becoming an architect; however, most boards require
completion of a 5-year Bachelor of Architecture program
accredited by the National Architectural Accrediting Board
(NAAB).
 Attend an Internship Program

Architects complete training or internship programs prior to obtaining licensure.

Obtain State Licensure

• Architects must hold licensure from

the states in which they practice.
While conditions for obtaining
licensure vary, most states require
completion of an approved
bachelor's degree program and an
internship.
Earn Professional Certification
• This certification is available to licensed architects who submit transcripts,
documentation of ARE passage and proof of acceptable experience.
 Maintain Certification
Architects may have to renew licensure regularly by earning
continuing education credits.
 • Many architects pursue
advanced education in master's
Consider a degree programs, which may last
Graduate Degree 1-5 years depending on the
students' previous architectural
education.
Specialize and
Gain Experience
to Advance
Career
TOP ARCHITECTURAL
OFFICES IN ECUADOR
PAREDES +
PAREDES
ARQUITECTOS
ULA ARQUITECTOS
Safdie Architects
a3arquitectos
Jannina Cabal &
Arquitectos
A+X Arquitectos
DXavi
Rama Estudio
Al Borde
Estudio Felipe Escudero
TOP ARCHITECTS IN
ECUADOR
Felipe Asadi
• A series of gabled, brickwork volumes
arranged around a grassy courtyard form
this house in Guayaquil
Felipe Lopez
• The glazed ends of this house in Ecuador,
by local architect Emilio López, are larger
than the building's middle portion to make
the most of ocean and forest views.
Gabriel Rivera
• Existing trees were protected during the
design and construction of this family home
on the outskirts of Quito
Enrique Mora
Alvarado
• More than 900 bamboo poles were used
to construct this home, designed by
architect Enrique Mora Alvarado for a
site in a remote Ecuadorian rainforest
 Javier Miera

• This wooden observation platform by

architects Javier Mera, Jorge
Andrade and Daniel Moreno sits high
above a three-kilometre-wide lake
inside an active volcano in the
Ecuadorian Andes
 Shigeru Ban
• Shigeru Ban has travelled to
Ecuador to help with disaster
relief, following a major
earthquake that has caused the
death of over 650 people
Felipe Escudero
• Curved board-marked concrete walls
wrap around the front of this residence in
Quito, Ecuador
Danilo Tacuri
Espinosa Carvajal
 • This wooden observation platform by
Daniel architects Javier Mera, Jorge Andrade and
Daniel Moreno sits high above a three-
Moreno kilometre-wide lake inside an active
volcano in the Ecuadorian Andes