COMPLETE SOLUTIONS MANUAL FOR ZILL’S A FIRST COURSE IN DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH MODELING APPLICATIONS 77H EDITION AND ZILL & CULLEN'S DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH BOUNDARY-VALUE PROBLEMS ‘STH EDITION BROOKS/COLE eE—e Australia + Canada + Mexico + Singapore + Spain + United Kingdom + United StatesTable of Contents 2 Inteoduction to Differential Equations 1 2 First-Order Differential Equations 2 3 Modeling with First-Order Differential Equations n 4. Higher-Order Differential Equations 104 5 Modeling with Higher-Order Differential Equations 194 6 Series Solutions of Linear Equations 240 7 The Laplace Transform 308, 8 Systems of Linear First-Order Differential Equations 370 9 Numerical Solutions of Ordinary Differential Equations 430 10 Plane Autonomous Systems and Stability 458, 22 Orthogonal Functions and Fourier Series, 491 12 Partial Differential Equations and Boundary-Value Problems in Rectangular Coordinates 538 13 Boundary-Value Problems in Other Coordinate Systems 616 24 Integral Transform Method 654 15 Numerical Solutions of Partial Differential Equations 695 Appendix? Gamma function a7 Appendix Introduction to Matrices, 781 Introduction to Differential Equations Exercises 1.1 1. Second-order; linear 2. Thisd-order; nonlinear because of (dy/dz)*. 3. ‘The differential equation is first-order. Writing it in the form 2(dy/dzx) + y? = 1, we see that it is nonlinear in y because of y®. However, writing it in the form (y? ~ 1)(dr/dy) += 0, we see that 4. The differential equation is first-order. Writing it in the form u(du/du) + (1+ ue = ue we see that it is linear in v. However, writing it in the form (v+ uv ~ ue¥)(du/dv) + u = 0, we see that it js nonlinear in u 8. Fourth-order; linear 6. Second-order; nonlinear because of cos(r +) 7, Second-order; nonlinear because of y/1 + (dy/da?* 8, Second-order; nonlinear because of 1/8? 9, Third-order linear 10, Second-order; nonlinear because of #? LL. From y= 2/24 esi? 212 we obtain y= —fe#/2, Then 2y!+y 12, From y= § ~ fer we obtain dy/dt = 24e"*, so that B Ys oy 8 ay = ne 20 (8 Ser) a 5 13. From y = ecos2z we obtain y/ = Se cose — 2e™ sin2x and y" = Se cos 2x — 12e sin 2z, s0 that y" — 6y' + 13y = 0. 14. From y = ~ cos n{secr + tan2) we obtain y/ = ~1 + sin ln(sec + tanz) and yf = tanz+ coszin(secs + tanz). Then y+Exercises 1.1 15. Welting In(2X ~ 1) — In(X — 1) = ¢ dnd differentiating implicitly : we obtain ax 7X — WX 1) = (K-22. Exponentiating both sides of the implicit solution we obtain 2X a1 Cg . Sea ae mo ON 1a Kee =e (¢ -2) =f “YK SX Solving e! ~ 2= 0 we get t= In2, Thus, the solution is defined on (20, ]n2) oF on (In2, 00). “The graph ofthe schvion defined on (00, n2) is dashed, and the graph of the solution defined on (112,00) is soli. dou a3 16. implicitly differentiating che solution we obtain 2228 soy 4 ny = Pay —28y = z gxo dy ~2syde + ydy = 0 => days + (2? -y)dy =O. Using the quadratic formola to solve y?—224y— 1 = 0 for y, we get y= (022s fiated)/2 = 2s VeFT. Ths, two explicit solutions are yi = 2°+ VETFT and y= 2? - vztFT. Both solutions are defined on (90,00). The graph of yx(z) is solid and the graph of wp Is dashed. 17. Diferentiating P = eet/(1-+exe) we obtain ap _(i+ad)ae-aet-aet a (Fae) aet_{(t+ae!) -ae! = ae eae) 8) ~ pa - p), Tad Tat 18, Doering =e? [at ae on btn yao met [oat rez mane [PoP at — 2oyze 2Exercises 1.1 Substituting into the differential equation, we have ee [ean taae? 420” [Pas te yl + 2ry = 2 2s ab 2 a en) 42a and PH = (ey deni dene” 19, From y = cie™* +eqze™ we obtain so that (dey + don — Bea ~ dep + 4eyJe™ + (dex — Ben + don}ze™ 20. From y= e127! + cpr + eyeing + 42° we obtain Ba eo? cnt Beart sqsostesinetée a PY arya eee 48, and so that by [Bey + dey + ey bey)a™? + (e+ 2c oon + on) +(e teslelne + (16-8 +4)2? = 122" 21. (a) From 4 = 2? we obtain df = 22, s0 20, ~ 26, = 2(2x) 20? =0 From dy = 2? we obtain 6 = ~2z,s0 26h 26 Thus, dy and dp are solutions of the difetial equation on (~00, 20) ae lr, 2<0 (b) From v-{2 2S) we obtain -{2 FSF so that ey ~2y=0, on 5, Thus, y'(x) 22, The function y(2) is not coutinuous at 2 = 0 sinee Ii does not exist at 2 = 0. 23. (a) The domain of the function, found by solving 2 +3 > 0, is [-3, 00), 3 (22) -2(-24) =024. 25. 26. a7. Exercises 1.1 (b) From pf = 1+ (243)-1/? we have (yra)y! yt 2-2 fet VES Halt + (1+ (2-3) ~ [e+ 2VEF3] 42-2 =2aF5+2-2-2VeF3+2-2=0 Since y(x) is not differentiable t x = ~3, is a solution ofthe diferential equation on (3,20). (a) An interval on which tans is continuous is ~*/2 < 5t < m/2, so 5tan5t will be a solution on {—m/10, 3/10). (b) For (1~sin)-¥/ to be continuous we must have L—sint > O orsint < 1. Thus, (1~siné)-!/? ‘will be a solution on (x/2, 57/2). (a) From y=" we obtain y/ = me", Thun y +2y =D implies (m+2e™ = 0. me™ +26 2. Thus y rt we obtain yf = me™ and "= mBe™. Then y" — Sy + 6y = 0 implies mem! — 5me™ + 62 = (mm — 2}(m —3)e™" = 0, Since e™ > 0 for all t, m = 2 and m= 3. Thus y = e* and (a) From y= t” we obtain of = mt”! and y/" = m(m — 1)t"-®. Then ty +24 tm(m — 1)e™2 4 met f(a ~ 1) + Qmfe™2 = (m2 + myeml Since &™ > 0 for all f, m= -* is a solution (b) From = e* are solutions implies 0. and m= —1. Thus y= 1 and y = ¢# are solutions. a mm +e Since &*-! > 0 for t > 0, m (b) From y = # we obtain y = mi"! and y” = m(m — 1)0"-?. Then Py!" — Tty/ + 1Sy = implies Palm ~ 1}e"-3 — Tema™# 4. 15E™ = [mlm — 1) — Tm + 15]e” (me? — 8m + 15)t™ = (m— 3)(m ~ 5)" = 0. Since #* > 0 for #> 0, m=3 and m=5. Thus y = ¢? and y = #5 are solutions. From +52 we obtain 34 3e% and y ie 2 18st 1 Botte we and Fh = Be + 30d Then Bt Sy = (o% + 30%) +(e + Set) a a = 224 18e = 26% 4 18 = andExercises 1.1 Sat By = Se + Se) + 3(—e-™ + Be) = 26 + 306! 28. From x = cos2t + sia2t + Je! and y = — cos2t ~ sin2t — Jet we obtain de ie &y SE x asin 2 + 2005: and! = 2sin2t — 200821 - : GF = ~Bsin 2+ 2eos2t + Gh = Bsin2t ~ 20062 ét i ey Gams tt—dsinde + Zeb and Fh = 40828 + sin Then ay +e! = 4(—cos2t — sin2t — Bet) +e! Le ee = ~deos2t— Asin 2+ Pet = 0 +ie=G and : = A(cos2e + sin 24+ Ze) — et Le ey = 4c0s2t-+ asin at — bet = EY eos 2t + s- Ge 29. (y’)? +1 =0 has no real solution, 30, The only solution of (9)? + 9? since if y #0, 4? > O and (y/)? + y? > y? > 0. 1. The fret derivative of f(t) = ef is ef. The fst derivative of s(t) =e! jo keM, The dierentel equations are y' = y and y' = Ay, respectively. 82 Any function of the form y = ce! or y = ce~ is its own second derivative. The corresponding SAO) = ONAL) ~ vf Teal) where we assume that ¥1(0)vs(0) — ;(0)ya(0) # 0. For the first-order differential equation integrate (zx). For the second-order differential equation integrate twice. In the latter case we get y = f(/ f(t)dt)at + ot + c2 Solving for y/ using the quadratic formula we obtain the two differential equations Lp é 1 (a-a/iaai), (+2 Tra) andy’ 0 the differential equation cannot be put in the form dy/dt = f(t,y). ‘The differential equation yy'—ty = 0 has normal form dy/at = t. These are not equivalent beceuse 1y=(isa solution ofthe fist differervial equation but not a solution ofthe second, Differentiating we get v= c1 + ext? and y”" = Goat. Then cy = y"/6t and cy = y’ ~ ty"/2, 90 0) Coy te v= (v-£)e+ (Bean fev and the differential equation is #%y" — 3ty' + 3y = 0. When g(t) = y= 0 8a solution ofa near equation (a) Solving (10 ~ 5)/82 = O we see that y = 2s & constant solution (b) Solving y? + 2y—3 = (y-+3)(y— 1) =0 we soe that y = —3 and y = I are constant solutions, () Since 1/(y ~ 1) = 0 has no solutions, she differential equation has no constant solutions (A) Setting y' = 0 we have 1/’ = 0 and 6y = 10. Thus y = 5/9 is 2 constant solusion, ‘One solution is given by the upper portion of the graph with domain approximately (0,26). The other solution is given by the lower portion of the graph, also with domain approximately (0,26) ‘One solution, with domain approximately (co, 16) is the portion of the graph in the second quadrant together with the lower part of the graph in the fist quadrant. A second schution, with domain approximately (0,1.6) is the upper part of the graph in the first quadrant, The third solution, with domain (0,0), is the part of the graph in the fourth quadrant. 6Exercises 1.4 43. Differentiating (2? + y*)/2y y(S2? + 30% ate sayy — ay - tyr ay v4 ‘any — 24 — apy = -30'y + ay ty vin 2rty _ yy! — 2x8) Depot ™ a7) 44. A tangent line will be vertical whore of i8 undefined, or in this ease, where 2(2y? gives 2 = 0 and 2y° = 23. Substitming v= 29/2 into 2° + y? = Say we get 0. This 8) 20, ‘Tis, there are vertical tangent limes at x = 0 and ¢ = 22, or at (0,0) and (229,249). Since 2/3 = 1.59, the estimates of the domains in Problem 42 were close. 45. Since > 0 for all xin J, ¢{2) 6 an increasing function on J, Hence, it can have no relative extrema on I 46. (a) When y = 5, y’ = 0, s0. y= 5 is a solution of y' = 5—y. (b) When y > 5, y’ < 0, and the solution must be decreasing. When y < 5, y/ > 0, and the solution must be ineressing. Thus, none ofthe curves in color can be sontions. (e) ” 0. pets 47. (a) y= and y= a/?. (b) Since dy/dz = yla— by} > for 0 < y < a/b, y= d(x) is increasing on this interval. Since dye < 0 for y <0 or y> aft. y= O(c) is decreasing on these intervals, 7Exercises 1.1 (c) Using implicit differentiation we compute (a 48, The fomily of parabolas is plotted using ¢; = +1, +4, +10. The ellipses are plotted using cz = 1, 2, 3. It appears from the figure that the parabolas and ellipses intersect at right angles. To verify ‘this we note that the first differential equation can be written in the form dy/dx = y/2r and the second in the form dy/dr = —22/y. ‘Thus, at a point of intersection, the slopes of tangent lines are negative reciprocals of each other, and the two tangent lines are perpendicular. 49. In Mathematica use Clearly] y(x}:= x Exp[5x| Cos(2x} yes) yee] — 20 yr ]x) + 158 yr 50. In Mathematica use — 580 y'[x] + 841 y[x] // Simplify Clear{y] ylx_]= 20 Cos{S Log{x]]/x ~ 3 Sin|5 Log|x]}/x ybd 28 yr x] + 2x72 yrefx] + 20 x y'lx] — 78 ylx] // SimplifyExercises 1.2 — Exercises 1.2 ——_______________ >. The solution Is ee 3 ~eysint + cacost we obtain ¢, = ~1 and c2 =8. The solution is 2 = ~wast + 8sint 4 oy sin¢ + epco8t we obtain y= 0 and ~c) = 1. The Solution is z ~ —cost 5. Using x= ~cysint + ercost we obtain Led at ea ta+ Bano 8 1 8 Solving we find cs = YS and ca = 4. The solution is 8. Using 2! = cr sin# + epcost we obtain Solving we find ¢) = ~4 and ey = 3, The solution is = = ~ cost + Ssine 7. From the intial conditions we obtain the system tea) ce Solving we get cy = § and cy =~}. A solution oft initial-value problem is y = fet — fer 8. From the initial on tons we obtain the system qet ae ae~ met =e, Solving we get cy = J and cy = —Je2. A solution ofthe initial-value problem is 9. From the initial conditions we obtain ‘Solving we get c = 0 and cy = Se". A solution of the initial-value problem is y oExercises 1.2 10, From the initial conditions we obtain Solving we get ¢; = cz = 0. A solution of the initial-value problem is y = 0. 11. Two solutions are y =O and y = 3° 12. Two solutions are y = O and y= 22, (Also, any constant multiple of 2? is a solution.) 13. For f(y) = fr we nave 3 = 2y 19. (Thus the differential equetion will have a unique solution in any rectangular region ofthe plane where» 0 eet on ie 14. Por f(z,3) = 29 we tare 2 = 1 FE, thus the dferetial equation will havea una aclution fas) = Ai wince Fo BE a . sn any rogion where > O and y > Dot where 2 < and'y <0 15. or fea) «2 vedne f=, taste diel cut i be ie hn ny region where 2 #0. af 26, For flay) <2 + y we have ZT = 1. Thus the difeental equation will havea unique solution in the entire plane arty ZELS. Thus the differential equation will have a unique @-ey solution in any region where y < ~2, -2 2 af | =a ay we have F = EY, Tus the differential equation will have a unique have 5 > agar Ts 2 qua i 18. For f(z.y solution in any tegion were y # 2 af 2% ¥ a we have SF PFU Ba OO By yt solution in any region not containing (0,0) 19. For (2,9) ‘Thus the differential equation will have a unique V2 vepme a ; 20, For flay) = #2 & 7 Ga solution in any cegon whore y <2 of where y > 2 ‘Thus the diferential equation will have a unique 21, The differential equation has a unique solution 2% (1,4), 22. The differential equation is not gusranteed to have a unique solution at (5,2). 23. The differential equation is not guaranteed to have @ unique solution at (2,—3) 10Exercises 1.2 24, The differential equation is not guaranteed to have a unique solution at (—1, 1). 25. (a) A one-parameter family of solutions is y = or. Since y’ =e, 2y' = ze = y and y(0) = ¢-0=0. (b) Writing the equation in the form y' = y/z we see that R cannot contain any paint on the y-axis, ‘Thus, any rectangular region disjoint from the y-axis and containing (o,yo) will determine an interval around ro and a unique solution through (z0, ya). Since 29 = 0 in part (a) we are not, guaranteed a unique solution through (0, 0). (c) The piecewise-defined function which satisfies y(0) entiable at x = 0. is not a sclution since itis not differ. 26. (a) Since A tan(e +c) = sex%(2-+.0) =1.+tan%(e +c), we se that y = tan(a-+ 6) satisfies the diferettial equation (b) Solving (0) = tanc = 0 we obtain ¢ = 0 and y = tanz. Since tanz is discontinuous at 2 = r/2, the solution is not defined on (2,2) because it contains -tn /2 (c) The largest interval on which the solution can exist is (—7/2,/2} 1 js a solution of the differential 21. (a) Since £(- 1) me , we see that y equation, (b) Solving y(0) = -I/e = 1 we obtain € = ~1 and y = 1/(0 1). Solving ¥(0) = ~ wwe obtain ¢ =] and y = -1/(1 +1). Being sure to include ¢ = 0, we see thet the interval of existence of y = 1/(1.~1) is (00,1), while the interval of existence of y = ~1/(1 + ) is (ie) {e) Solving y(0) = —1/e = yy we obtain ~liye and 1 — Theo Since we must have ~1/yp +t 7 0, the largest interval of existence (which must contain 0) is either (oo, 1/yo) when yy > 0 oF (2/30, 0e) when yo < 0 (4) By inspection we see that y = 0 is a solution on (00, 60) 28. (a) Differemiating 32° — y# = ¢ we get Gx ~ 2yy' = O or yy = 30 nExercises 1.2 (b) Solving 32? ~ y? = 3 for y we get y=dulz)=Y5@—1, L<2<0o, yedlz)=-y5@?=), 1 0, for y > 2 ~ 1, we see that solutions above the line y= x —1 are increasing. From y/ < 0, for y < 7 — 1, we see that solutions are decreasing below the line y= 2-1. From y” = 0, for y ‘that solutions have possible infection points on the line y = x. Actually, y= 2 is easily seen to be a solution of the differential equation, so the solutions do not have infection points. From y/" > 0 for y > 7 we see thet solutions above the line y = x are coucave up, From y"" < 0 for y < x we see that solutions below the line y are concave down, Exercises 1.3 ap oka Let bbe the rate of births and d the rate of deaths. Then b the differential equation is dP/dt = kP ~ kyP. 3. Let bbe the rate of births and d the tate of deaths. Then b= kyP and d = kyP?, Since dP/dt = bd, the differential equation is dP/dt = kyP ~ kyP?, 4, Let P(t) be the number of owls present at time t. Then dP/dt = k(P — 200 + 101). 5. From the graph we estimate Ty = 180° and Tm = 75°. We observe that when T = 85, dT/dt = From the ciffeential equation we then have aT /dt T-T, 5-3 6. By inspecting the graph we take Ty, to be Tm(t) — 30.cos mt/'12. Then the temperature of the body at time tis determined by the differential equation »P and d= kyP. Since dP/dt = b~d, k 01 Da gfr-(o-a0aeds)], 190 1. The mane fstodens wih he B65 andthe umber no ted s 1000 2, 0 det = x(1000 - z). By anlgy with frente equation modding he pedo tate we ssme ht te ae shih she echlga!inosin doped rpc ote uber fpr wo he doped he innrton nd ln ote mob f peal), who ar ote doped Mone pene wh ns doped the inno since int te poplin ten +4 = ad te Fa kaeti—2), 20) <1 13