Principles of General Chemistry, 2nd ed. By M.

Silberberg
Chemistry, 8th ed. by W. Whitten, R. Davis, R., M. L. Peck, and G. Stanley. Forces of Attraction or
Attractive Forces
Intermolecular - are electrostatic in nature

Forces of Attraction a. Intramolecular forces

- are forces that exist within each molecule
- influence the chemical properties of the substance

b. Intermolecular forces
- are forces that exist between molecules
- influence the physical properties of the substance

Chemistry 8ed, Whitten

etal, TB/C 2007

Forces of Attraction or Forces of Attraction or

Attractive Forces Attractive Forces

Intermolecular Forces of Intermolecular Forces of

Attraction (IMFAs) Attraction (IMFAs)

Ion - ion interactions Coulomb’s law determines:

• The melting and boiling points of ionic
• The force of attraction between two compounds.
oppositely charged ions is governed by
Coulomb’s law. • The solubility of ionic compounds.

Example:
Arrange the following ionic compounds in the
expected order of increasing melting and boiling
points.
NaF, CaO, CaF2

5 6

1
Intermolecular Forces of Intermolecular Forces of
Attraction (IMFAs) Attraction (IMFAs)
−
Na + F − < Ca 2 + F2 < Ca 2 + O 2 -
table of melting points
• Answer: Ionic substances containing multiply Melting Points of Some Ionic Compounds
charged ions, (eg Al3+ , Mg2+ , O2- , S2- ) usually Compound Mp (o C) Compound Mp (o C) Compound Mp (o C)
have higher melting/boiling points than singly
charged ions NaF 993 CaF2 1423 MgO 2800
NaCl 801 Na2S 1180 CaO 2580
• For a series of ions of similar charge, the closer NaBr 747 K2 S 840 BaO 1923
approach of smaller ions results in stronger
interionic attractions and consequently higher
melting/boiling properties

Intermolecular Forces of Intermolecular Forces of

Attraction (IMFAs) Attraction (IMFAs)
Dipole - dipole interactions Hydrogen bonding
• The force of attraction between two
Also a force of attraction between two polar
molecules BUT ONLY APPEARS IN
polar molecules. MOLECULES HAVING A HYDROGEN ATOM
Example: BrF (a polar molecule)
ATTACHED TO N, O, F (the three
electronegative atoms).

9 10

Intermolecular Forces of Intermolecular Forces of

Attraction (IMFAs) Attraction (IMFAs)
London Forces or Dispersion Forces
Similar effects occur in a group of I2
- This is the only attractive force in nonpolar molecules.
molecules
- Occurs only in extremely short distances

Consider He atoms; in a group of He atoms, the

temporary dipole in one atom induces other atomic
dipoles.

11 12

2
Intermolecular Forces of Intermolecular Forces of
Attraction (IMFAs) Attraction (IMFAs)

London dispersion forces are most important
Ion – Dipole
when POLARIZABILITY is high:
an ion and a polar molecule interaction

Must have high # of electrons (SQUISHY
Ion – Induced Dipole

MOLECULE)
an ion and a nonpolar molecule interaction

Appearance of π delocalized bonds (that actually
makes the molecule FLAT due to sp2 and sp3
Dipole – induced dipole
hybrid)

a polar molecule and a nonpolar molecule

Overall molecule is LARGE interaction

Molecule covers a larger area

Intermolecular Forces of Intermolecular Forces of

Attraction (IMFAs) Attraction (IMFAs)

In general, • A molecule will always have MORE THAN
ONE TYPE OF IMFA when it interacts with
the trend for IMFA strength is: similar molecules!!

ion-ion> ion-dipole> H-bonding > dipole-
dipole> ion - induced dipole > dipole -
induced dipole > London forces
• When comparing properties, it is best to look
at the OVERALL NET EFFECT OF THE
EXISTING IMFA for the molecule as it acts in
the ENTIRE SUBSTANCE (not just between
two molecules)!!

Principles of General Chemistry, 2nd ed. By M. Silberberg

trend of boiling points for some Chemistry, 8th ed. by W. Whitten, R. Davis, R., M. L. Peck, and G. Stanley.

compounds:
The Condensed
Phases:
Solids and Liquids

17

3
Kinetic Molecular Description Kinetic Molecular Description
of Solids and Liquids of Solids and Liquids

Schematic representation of the three
 Solids and liquids are condensed states.
states.
common states of matter.

The atoms, ions, or molecules in solids and liquids
are much closer to one another than in gases.

Solids and liquids are highly incompressible.

 The intermolecular attractions in liquids

and solids are strong.
strong.

Kinetic Molecular Description Properties at Liquid State

of Solids and Liquids

If we compare the strengths of
interactions among particles and the
degree of ordering of particles, we
see that
Viscosity

is the resistance to flow.

for example, compare how water pours out of a
glass compared to molasses, syrup or honey.

Gases< Liquids < Solids

22

Properties at Liquid State Properties at Liquid State

Surface Tension
Capillary Action

is a measure of the
unequal attractions
is the ability of a
that occur at the liquid to rise (or
surface of a liquid.
fall) in a glass tube

the molecules at the or other container
surface are attracted
unevenly

23 24

4
Properties at Liquid State Properties at Liquid State

Water exhibits a capillary rise.

Cohesive forces are the forces that hold
Mercury exhibits a capillary fall.
liquids together.

Capillary action also affects the meniscus of liquids.

Adhesive forces are the forces between a
liquid and another surface.

Capillary rise implies that the:

▪ Adhesive forces > cohesive forces

Capillary fall implies that the:
▪ Cohesive forces > adhesive forces

25 26

Properties at Liquid State Properties at Liquid State

Evaporation Vapor Pressure

is the pressure exerted by a liquid’s vapor on

is the process in
its surface at equilibrium.
which molecules
escape from the
surface of a liquid 0oC 20oC 30oC normal boiling point
and become a gas. diethyl ether 185 442 647 36oC

is temperature ethanol 12 44 74 78oC
dependent. water 5 18 32 100oC

27 28

Properties at Liquid State Properties at Liquid State

Vapor Pressure as a function of temperature.
Boiling Points and Distillation

The boiling point is the temperature at which
the liquid’s vapor pressure is equal to the
applied pressure.

The normal boiling point is the boiling point
when the applied pressure is exactly 1 atm.

Distillation is a method we use to separate
mixtures of liquids based on their differences
in boiling points.

29 30

5
Comparing Liquids
“let all things be done decently
IMFA strength leads to & in order”
order”
- 1 Corinthians 14:40 -
 Higher boiling point
 Lower vapor pressure (also means
lower evaporation rate)
 Stronger surface tension
questions?
 Higher viscosity (more viscous liquid)