Sect 04 - Drillstring

WELL CONSTRUCTION 4.
0 DRILL STRING
SECTION 4.0
DRILL STRING AND OTHER DOWNHOLE TOOLS
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING SKG-10 1

AZA – May/04
WELL CONSTRUCTION 4.0 DRILL STRING

AZA – May/04
WHAT IS A DRILL STRING ?

The Drill String is the column/ string
of drill pipe that transmits fluid and
rotational power from the top drive to
the drill collars and bit for drilling a
hole
Drill string consists of:
• Drilling bit
• BHA - Drill collars, stabilizer,
HWDP, motor, jars
• Downhole measurement tools –
MWD, LWD
• Drill pipe

AZA – May/04
Drill string and Other downhole tools
Drill string configuration

> Drill pipe
> Drill collar
> Jars
> Heavy weight drill pipe
> Stabilizers
> Special Downhole tools
> MWD
> LWD
> PDM & TURBINE

AZA – May/04
TYPICAL DRILL STRING CONFIGURATION
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Dr
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a r
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AZA – May/04
Drill Pipe
The primary purposes of drill pipe are;
• To provide length to the drill string
• Transmit rotational energy from the kelly / TDS to the

bottom hole assembly and the drill bit.
• Drill pipe also serves as a conduit for the drilling fluid.

AZA – May/04
Factors that influence drill pipe selection
• Hole size,
• Well depth,
• Casing and cementing requirements,
• Subsurface pressures,
• Circulating system and drilling mud parameters,
• Hoisting capacity, pipe availability and contract provisions.

AZA – May/04

AZA – May/04

AZA – May/04
Reference Data for Drill pipe:
The American Petroleum Institute has established standards for

drill pipe manufacturing practices, dimensions, strengths and
performance properties. These standards appear in the following
publications:
• API Spec 5D, Specification for Drill Pipe;
• API Bul 5C2, Bulletin on Performance Properties of Casing,

Tubing and Drill Pipe;
• API RP 7G, Recommended Practice for Drill Stem Design

Operating Limits. (Dimensions, strengths, makeup torques,
inspection, etc.)
• DS-1, Detailed Inspection specification

AZA – May/04
Table 1., below, lists outside diameters and nominal weights for API
standard drill pipe. Note that these diameters and weights apply only
to the drill pipe in drilling operations. The engineer also must account
for the weight and diameter of the tool joints and upsets. This
information is available in API Spec 5D and API RP 7G.
OD, inches Nominal weights, lb/ft*

2-7/8 10.40
3-1/2 9.50 13.30 15.50
4 14.00
4-1/2 13.75 16.60 20.00
5 16.25 19.50 25.60
5-1/2 21.90 24.70
6-5/8 25.20 27.70
Table 1. Diameters and nominal weights of API-standard drill pipe.

AZA – May/04
There are four parameters used for measuring

drill pipe strength:
orsional yield strength, a measure of the pipe's

resistance to torque, or "twisting" force;
• Tensile yield strength, a measure of the pipe's

resistance to axial tension, or "pulling" force;
• Collapse resistance, a measure of the pipe's ability to

withstand external pressures;
• Internal yield, a measure of the pipe's ability to

withstand internal pressure.

AZA – May/04
Grade of Drill Pipe
The strength of a drill pipe joint depends on its dimensions and

configuration, and on the grade of steel used in its manufacture.
Table 2., below, lists some standard grades of steel used in drill
pipe, along with their minimum yield strengths.
Steel Grade Minimum Yield, psi

E 75,000
X-95 95,000
G-105 105,000
S-135 135,000
V-150 150,000
Table 2. Standard steel grades for drill pipe.
These grade apply to pipe body only, all tool joints are 120 K psi

AZA – May/04
API RP7G – Summary of Drill Pipe Classification
New - No wear and has never been used

Premium - Uniform wear and has a minimum wall
thickness (WT) of 80 %, compared to “new”
Class 2 - Min WT of 65% with all wear on one side so
long as the cross-sectional area is the same as
premium class or not more than 20% uniform
WT
Class 3 - Min WT of 55% with uniform WT
API also has established a color coding system.

AZA – May/04

AZA – May/04
Drill Pipe Tool Joints
• Screw type connectors that join the individual

joints of drill pipe
• Several types are widely used:
• IEU (Internal External Upset)

• IF (Internal Flush)
• IU (Internal Upset)

AZA – May/04

AZA – May/04

AZA – May/04
HEAVY WEIGHT DRILL PIPE
• Used to increase bending

strength of the drill string
 particularly in deep wells
• HWDP usually has the
same nominal OD as the
Drill Pipe
 the reason was for easy
handling of the HWDP
• HWDP has one or more
upset at pipe body and
has long tool joints
• It is available with range 2
and 3

AZA – May/04

AZA – May/04
DRILL COLLARS
• DC are thick walled heavy steel pipe used to apply weight on the
bit
• Thick wall reduces the tendency of breaking
• The stiffness of the DC and hole helps to maintain a straight hole
• DC’s are available in 30 ft length of each joint
• Length of DC can be 100 - 900 ft depending on drilling
requirements
• The ID of DC is usually ranges from 2-1/4” or 2-7/8”
• The DC surface is made spiral grooved to reduce contact area
between borehole wall and the DC body

AZA – May/04
THE STABILIZERS
• It is a sub with essentially spiral
surface geometry
• Used in the DC string to assist in

keeping the DC straight and
centralized and normally
positioned at points of bending

AZA – May/04

AZA – May/04
SPECIAL DOWNHOLE TOOLS
MWD
• Allows directional survey measurements to be taken while
drilling
• The electromechanical devices located in the BHA
• MWD system comprises of three major components :
 power system
 battery such as
 lithium thionyl chloride or
 turbine - electric generated from rotor that is placed in
the fluid stream
 directional sensor
 telemetry system

AZA – May/04
MWD (continue)
• directional sensor - basically a compass to provide directional

survey of the well direction
• telemetry system - a way to transmit data to surface through

drill pipe by mud pulse

AZA – May/04

AZA – May/04
LWD
• Is an evolution of MWD tools which gather downhole

formation information while drilling
• The information gathered in real time is used for :

 correlation for picking coring & casing points
 overpressure detection in exploration wells
 logging to minimise ‘out of target’ sections
 formation evaluation to facilitate ‘stop drilling’ decision

AZA – May/04
Downhole motors
• Used to turn the bit independently of drill string rotation during
drilling operation
• It is placed above the bit in the string. Its main function is to
build and drop angle for directional well trajectory
• The 2 types of motors are :
 Turbine
 Positive displacement motor (PDM)
Turbine
Turbine motor consists of :
 multi stage vane type rotor and stator
 bearing section
 drive shaft
 bit rotating sub
AZA – May/04

Downhole motor
Turbine
• Turbine motor consists of :
 multi stage vane type rotor and stator
 bearing section
 drive shaft
 bit rotating sub
• Turbine is built in stages. Each stage consists of a stator
and rotor of identical profile
• The stator are stationary, locked to the turbine body and
deflect the flow of drilling mud onto the rotors which are
locked to drive the shaft
• The rotor are forced to turn; the drive shaft is thus forced
to turn, causing the bit sub and bit to rotate.

AZA – May/04
SPECIAL DOWNHOLE
TOOLS
Downhole motor
Turbine or PDM power

section

AZA – May/04

Positive Displacement Motor (PDM)
• It’s a hydraulically driven downhole motor that uses
Moineau principal to drive the drill bit, independently of drill
string rotation
• It’s made of several sections :
 by pass valve or dump-valve
 motor section
 universal joint section
 bearing section with drive sub
Bypass valve
• Allows fluid to fill the string while tripping in the hole and
drain while tripping out
• While mud is being pumped, the valve closes to cause the
fluid to move through the tool
• he valve is spring loaded which closes under pressure
to seal off port to the annulus
AZA – May/04

Bypass valve (continue)
• When pressure is not applied, the spring forces the
piston up. The fluid can then channel through the port to
the annulus
Motor Section
• The motor section consists of a rubber stator and
coated steel rotor
• The rotor-stator have a certain pitch length and the
ratio of the numbers of lobes and stator and rotor are
the same
• As mud is pumped through the motor; it fills the cavities
between the dissimilar shapes of rotor and stator
• When the rotor turns, the stator rubber flexes or
displaced
• he rotation of the rotor shaft is transmitted to the bit
AZA – May/04

Connecting Rod Assembly
• Since the rotor is spiral shaped, it does not rotate
concentrically
• Connecting rod assembly is used to convert the
motion and transmitted to the bit via drive sub
Universal Joint Section

• Universal joint - consists of a two universal joints, each
grease-filled and sealed with oil-resistant reinforced
rubber sleeve which protect them from DF
contamination
• Flex rod development in connecting rod assembly is
the use of flexible steel or Titanium flex rod

AZA – May/04
Bearing section
• PDM utilises three sets of bearing attached to drive

• shaft, two sets of radial bearings( Upper & lower) ,
and one set of axial thrust bearing
• Radial bearings ( upper & lower) function is to support

the concentrically rotating drive shaft against lateral
loads
• The axial thrust bearing section supports the on & off

bottom loading and hydraulic thrust

AZA – May/04

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WELL CONSTRUCTION 4.

DRILL STRING AND OTHER DOWNHOLE TOOLS

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING SKG-10 1

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING SKG-10 2

WHAT IS A DRILL STRING ?

Drill string consists of:

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING SKG-10 3

Drill string and Other downhole tools

Drill string configuration

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING SKG-10 4

TYPICAL DRILL STRING CONFIGURATION

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING SKG-10 5

The primary purposes of drill pipe are;

• To provide length to the drill string

• Transmit rotational energy from the kelly / TDS to the

• Drill pipe also serves as a conduit for the drilling fluid.

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING SKG-10 6

Factors that influence drill pipe selection

• Casing and cementing requirements,

• Circulating system and drilling mud parameters,

• Hoisting capacity, pipe availability and contract provisions.

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING SKG-10 7

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING SKG-10 8

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING SKG-10 9

Reference Data for Drill pipe:

The American Petroleum Institute has established standards for

• API Spec 5D, Specification for Drill Pipe;

• API Bul 5C2, Bulletin on Performance Properties of Casing,

• API RP 7G, Recommended Practice for Drill Stem Design

• DS-1, Detailed Inspection specification

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING SKG-10 10

OD, inches Nominal weights, lb/ft*

Table 1. Diameters and nominal weights of API-standard drill pipe.

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING SKG-10 11

There are four parameters used for measuring

orsional yield strength, a measure of the pipe's

• Tensile yield strength, a measure of the pipe's

• Collapse resistance, a measure of the pipe's ability to

• Internal yield, a measure of the pipe's ability to

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING SKG-10 12

Grade of Drill Pipe

The strength of a drill pipe joint depends on its dimensions and

Steel Grade Minimum Yield, psi

Table 2. Standard steel grades for drill pipe.

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING SKG-10 13

API RP7G – Summary of Drill Pipe Classification

New - No wear and has never been used

API also has established a color coding system.

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING SKG-10 14

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING SKG-10 15

Drill Pipe Tool Joints

• Screw type connectors that join the individual

• Several types are widely used:

• IEU (Internal External Upset)

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING SKG-10 16

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING SKG-10 17

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING SKG-10 18

HEAVY WEIGHT DRILL PIPE

• Used to increase bending

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING SKG-10 19

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING SKG-10 20

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING SKG-10 21

• Used in the DC string to assist in