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 Oscillations in Electric Circuits
IUCEE GENTLE

Sudha Balagopalan

Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Principal, Vidya Academy of Science and Technology

IUCEE
15th OCTOBER 2014

Sudha Balagopalan (VAST) GENTLE IUCEE 2014 1 / 20

Outline

1 Transients- a Revision
Learning Fundamentals
Damping ratio, frequency of oscillation

2 Oscillatory transients in RLC circits

Linking circuit components to oscillations
DC Transient circuits

Sudha Balagopalan (VAST) GENTLE IUCEE 2014 2 / 20

Outline

1 Transients- a Revision
Learning Fundamentals
Damping ratio, frequency of oscillation

2 Oscillatory transients in RLC circits

Linking circuit components to oscillations
DC Transient circuits

Sudha Balagopalan (VAST) GENTLE IUCEE 2014 3 / 20

Transients in RLC Circuits

Reaction of a Capacitor and Inductor to DC

Second order system
Damping Ratio ξ & Natural Frequency of oscillation ωn
Over, under & critically damped
Oscillations depend on the eigen values
Lyapunov’s 1st theorem on Stability?
System data thro’ λ
Lyapunov’s 1st theorem on Stability?
Characteristic Equation
Cayley Hamilton Theorem
State Transition Matrix. Controllability? Observability?

Sudha Balagopalan (VAST) GENTLE IUCEE 2014 4 / 20

Second order systems

Because of inter-relationships between R, L & C

While the resistor eats up all the energy supplied
The Inductor is reluctant to accept current flow thro’ it, i.e.
current lags the applied voltage
If sharing the same voltage, capacitor current leads- charges
or discharges instantaneously
This dynamism of give and take between L and C is what
makes the response oscillatory.

Sudha Balagopalan (VAST) GENTLE IUCEE 2014 5 / 20

Second order systems- How

Second order differential equations describe the

dynamism wrt time
While the resistor gives a voltage current
relationship v = iR
di
The Inductor equates applied voltage to vL = L dt
Capacitor converts the current thro’ it to vC = C1 idt
R

This integro-differential equation yields a second order

differential equation.

Sudha Balagopalan (VAST) GENTLE IUCEE 2014 6 / 20

Outline

1 Transients- a Revision
Learning Fundamentals
Damping ratio, frequency of oscillation

2 Oscillatory transients in RLC circits

Linking circuit components to oscillations
DC Transient circuits

Sudha Balagopalan (VAST) GENTLE IUCEE 2014 7 / 20

Understanding of an RLC circuit

For the oscillatory current to be critically damped; the energy in

the circuit is immaterial

Sudha Balagopalan (VAST) GENTLE IUCEE 2014 8 / 20

Damping of an oscillatory circuit

The second order differential equation is converted to ’s’

domain using LT for the given circuit
2
L ddt 2i + R dt
di
+ C1 i = V0 → s2 + s 2L
R 1
+ LC = Vs0
q
−R R 2 1
Solving for the unforced system s1,2 = 2L ± ( 2L ) − LC
Quadratic equations give 3 types of solutions and depend
on the relative values of R,L and C.
Critically damped refers to two identical real frequencies
R
= 2L as solution.

Sudha Balagopalan (VAST) GENTLE IUCEE 2014 9 / 20

Damping Ratio of a critically damped circuit

Please note that circuit components, the preponderance of

R over the LC components, decide damping.
2 di
In ddt 2i + RL dt 1
+ LC i, the natural undamped frequency is
q
1
ωn = LC and damping ratio ξ = 2ωRn L
R
Significance of a double root at s = σ ± jω = − 2L means
that the bounce is absent.
The roots are real & negative. This means that on the ’s’
plane they are on the LHS.
Critically damped pointer movement desired in indicating
instruments.

Sudha Balagopalan (VAST) GENTLE IUCEE 2014 10 / 20

Outline

1 Transients- a Revision
Learning Fundamentals
Damping ratio, frequency of oscillation

2 Oscillatory transients in RLC circits

Linking circuit components to oscillations
DC Transient circuits

Sudha Balagopalan (VAST) GENTLE IUCEE 2014 11 / 20

Understanding of another RLC circuit
For the parallel RLC circuit the capacitor charges to 2V in the
first phase

Sudha Balagopalan (VAST) GENTLE IUCEE 2014 12 / 20

 R
When 2L is more than ωn 2
Over-damped non-oscillatory circuit

R 6 6
2L
= 10
64
is more than ωn 2 = 1080
Thus the complex frequency s = σ ± jω has 2 real negative
values
Thus the solution of the circuit equation has two decaying
exponentials, with a dominant role for one of them.
The dominant root is nearer to the origin on the ’s’ plane.
Band pass filters can be designed based on such an
understanding

Sudha Balagopalan (VAST) GENTLE IUCEE 2014 13 / 20

Another interesting and simple RLC circuit
An underdamped circuit with transient response

Sudha Balagopalan (VAST) GENTLE IUCEE 2014 14 / 20

 R
When 2L is less than ωn 2
Under-damped Oscillatory circuit

R
2L
= 12 is less than ωn 2 = 11
Thus the complex frequency s = σ ± jω has 2 complex roots
They are complex conjugate roots, with negative real parts,
and an oscillatory component
Thus the solution of the circuit equation has decaying
exponentials, with the same attenuating factor
But the exponential with jωn = j1 is a cosine and sine
combination
The damping
p has√resulted in a damped frequency
ωd = 1 − ξ = 232

Sudha Balagopalan (VAST) GENTLE IUCEE 2014 15 / 20

Outline

1 Transients- a Revision
Learning Fundamentals
Damping ratio, frequency of oscillation

2 Oscillatory transients in RLC circits

Linking circuit components to oscillations
DC Transient circuits

Sudha Balagopalan (VAST) GENTLE IUCEE 2014 16 / 20

Understanding of a simple RLC circuit

The dual acting inductor and capacitor

Sudha Balagopalan (VAST) GENTLE IUCEE 2014 17 / 20

Another interesting and simple RLC circuit

The intricate position of the switch

Sudha Balagopalan (VAST) GENTLE IUCEE 2014 18 / 20

Another interesting and simple RC circuit
The resistor is also affected by the dynamic capacitor

Sudha Balagopalan (VAST) GENTLE IUCEE 2014 19 / 20

Summary

Transients lie at the heart of electrical engineering.

To understand transients means you can relate to the inner
workings of any RLC equipments, devices and systems
Transients are situations that lie between two steady states,
and are often utilized in certain situationsbut often scary not
only because of theory but also because of dangers they
pose in practical systems.

View publication(VAST)
Sudha Balagopalan stats GENTLE IUCEE 2014 20 / 20