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Unit VII Mental Health and Mental Health
Unit VII Mental Health and Mental Health
Unit VII Mental Health and Mental Health
UNIT-VII. MENTAL HYGIENE & MENTAL HEALTH From the above discussion we can easily distinguish
between the mentally healthy and unhealthy person in the
Concepts of mental hygiene & mental health
Characteristics of mentally healthy person, Warning sign following ways –Mental health is not merely the absence of
of poor mental health , Promotive & preventive mental mental illness. On the other hand, it is a positive, active
health- strategies & services , Ego defence mechanisms &
quality of the individual daily life. A positive mental health
implications , Personal & social adjustments, Guidance &
counseling , Role of nurse shows an individual’s ability to cope with the present and to
adjust satisfactorily in future. mental health is a balance
MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL HYGIENE
between the body, mind, spirit and the environment in which
a person lives.
CONCEPT OF MENTAL HEALTH:
Mental health is, thus, a condition of psychological severity of the condition. Some general symptoms that may
maturity. It is a condition of personal and social functioning suggest a mental illness include:
• Sleeping more or less mental disease and defect of mental, educational and social
• Talking more or talking very fast, jumping between topics Definition: It is concerned with the principle and practice in
• Finding it difficult to control your emotions prevention of mental disorders. J.A. HADFIELD
Definition: Mental hygiene is defined as the science and arts
• Drinking more
of preserving and maximizing the mental health. English &
• Irritability and short temper
English
• Aggression
PROMOTIVE & PREVENTIVE MENTAL HEALTH
• Isolation
STRATEGIES & SERVICES: WHO’s comprehensive
• Suicidal thoughts
mental health action plan 2013-2020 was adopted by the 66th
CONCEPT OF MENTAL HYGIENE World Health Assembly. Dr Margaret Chan, the WHO
Director-General, described the new Comprehensive Mental
Mental hygiene is a Science which deals with the Health Action Plan 2013–2020 as a landmark achievement: it
process of attaining mental health and preserving mental focuses international attention on a long-neglected problem
health in the society. The term mental health is closely related and is firmly rooted in the principles of human rights. The
with the term mental hygiene as the main objective of mental action plan calls for changes. It calls for a change in the
hygiene is to attain mental health. In other words, mental attitudes that perpetuate stigma and discrimination that have
hygiene is a means of mental health. That is why we can say isolated people since ancient times, and it calls for an
that mental hygiene is the means and mental health is the end. expansion of services in order to promote greater efficiency
in the use of resources.
Mental hygiene deals with the principle of living which
The four major objectives of the action plan are to:
serve as a guide to human adjustments. It is a branch of
• Strengthen effective leadership and governance for
science specially designed to suggest measures for ensuring
mental health.
mental health.
• Provide comprehensive, integrated and responsive mental
Mental hygiene is the sciences of promoting mental health and social care services in community-based
psychiatric and psychology principal. It is an art which • Implement strategies for promotion and prevention in
includes healthy practice for the promotion, preservation and mental health.
Omprakash Swami (Author) - Associate Professor, Mahatma Gandhi Nursing College, Jaipur
A Text Book of Psychology for Nurses – Unit VII
these targets as well as other actions have been developed reduction of symptoms and ultimately of mental disorders. It
and are being collected via the Mental Health Atlas uses mental health promotion strategies as one of the means
project on a periodic basis. to achieve these goals. Mental health promotion, when
aiming to enhance positive mental health in the community,
PREVENTING SERVICES OF MENTAL HEALTH may also have the secondary outcome of decreasing the
incidence of mental disorders. Positive mental health serves
The potential and possibilities for prevention of
as a powerful protective factor against mental illness.
mental and behavioural disorders have increased substantially
components of a single concept of mental health.
in recent years. This paper provides a brief review of the
ROLE OF NURSE IN IMPROVING MENTAL
place of prevention within the overall public health strategy
HEALTH :
for mental and behavioural disorders.
Mental health nurses are responsible for planning and
Universal, selective and indicated preventive interventions providing support and medical and nursing care to
are people who have a range of mental health issues.
01. Primary prevention: prevention targets the general Mental health nurses support people with issues ranging
public or a whole population group that has not been from anxiety and depression to personality and
identified on the basis of increased risk. Selective eating disorders or addiction to drugs or alcohol.
prevention targets individuals or subgroups of the Mental helath nurse Dealing with the specific symptoms
population whose risk of developing a mental disorder is of mental illness, de-escalating stressful situations and
significantly higher than average, as evidenced by helping patients overcome challenges.
biological, psychological or social risk factors. Indicated Interacting with patients' families and other care staff -
prevention targets high-risk people who are identified as offering advice and information on patients' conditions.
having minimal but detectable signs or symptoms
Assessment and evaluation of the patient’s mental health
foreshadowing mental disorder or biological markers
Development of treatment care plan
indicating predisposition for mental disorder, but who do
Consultation with other health professionals about
not meet diagnostic criteria for disorder at that time.
02. Secondary prevention: seeks to lower the rate of treatment plan
established cases of the disorder or illness in the Provision of care and psychotherapy treatment
population through early detection and treatment of Maintenance of medical records
diagnosable diseases. Support and education to the patients and their family
03. Tertiary prevention: interventions that reduce disability
DEFENCE MECHANISM/MENTAL MECHANISM
enhance rehabilitation and prevent relapses and
recurrences of the illness. This paper focuses on primary Definition: when an individual is faced with problem,
prevention of mental disorders. difficulties or failure, he employs certain way or device to
The distinction between mental health promotion and mental achieve health, happiness and success. These are called
disorder prevention lies in their targeted outcomes. Mental defence mechanism. Defence mechanism enables a person to
health promotion aims to promote positive mental health by resolve conflict and reduce the stress and anxiety.
increasing psychological well-being, competence and
Defence mechanism can be divided into successful and
resilience, and by creating supporting living conditions and
unsuccessful mechanisms as given below:
environments. Mental disorder prevention has as its target the
Omprakash Swami (Author) - Associate Professor, Mahatma Gandhi Nursing College, Jaipur
A Text Book of Psychology for Nurses – Unit VII
Successful unsuccessful which could not reach the grapes and out of sheer
Repression Suppression frustration declares that grapes are sour. Or a boy when he
Rationalization Reaction Formation fails to qualify himself in the school football team
Intellectualization Displacement rationalizes his failure by saying that he does not want to
Compensation Denial play
Substitution Isolation B. Sweet Lemon: When an individual is not satisfied with
Sublimation Projection his achievement or the situation he is in, then he uses this
Regression form of rationalization. The individual who uses this method
Conversion tries to convince himself that what he has is exactly what he
Fixation wants. Examples: A teacher before joining the teaching
Fantasy profession tried his best to get a better job than teaching but
Introjections when he fails, he accepts teaching as a very good profession
Identification and thus rationalizes himself.
01. Repression 03. Intellectualization
According to Freud, repression is basic to all other forms It is related to rationalization, it is the far from an
of defence mechanism. Repression refer to the process by emotional or threatening situation by talking or thinking
which an individual strives to keep unacceptable, painful and about it in intellectual term. A nurse, doctor and paramedical
anxiety provoking need, urges and feelings associated with worker cannot afford to become emotionally attached to each
them in the unconscious layer of the mind. When we cast a patient. So the employed the defence or free from the
discomforting idea deliberately out of our mind, we called it emotional attachment by giving brief statement regarding the
suppression. Suppressed material is easily recalled and it situation.
available in the conscious mind. When this process takes Examples a patient who is serious ill, calmly tell the family
places unconsciously, we call it repression. member rather than saying I am so sorry.
Example: a child may feel angry with his mother because This is helpful a defence mechanism to separate yourself
she had punished him. When he feel too guilty about his from professional crises and anxiety
anger, he may repress it and may still be unconsciously Another examples: when a person who has just been
angry. It will be happened when the accidentally breaking diagnosed with a terminal ill might focus on the disease
of his mother favourite thing or bed wetting by the child.. information in order to avoid distress and remain distant from
02. Rationalization the reality of the situation.
In this defence mechanism we make excuses giving a 04. Compensation
reason different from the real one for what we are doing. it is When we replace a loss or to make up for a defect. Just
a defence mechanism in which person justified his failure by as nature compensate for disease in our bodies when a blind
using the socially unacceptable behaviour by providing person develops extraordinarily keen hearing. So we develop
socially approved reasons. personality traits to compensate for various inadequacies.
There are generally two types of rationalization. These are: When people are frustrated in their desires in one direction,
a. Sour Grapes : When an individual fails to attain his goals they compensate for it by attaining success in other direction.
after repeated efforts, he may say that he did not want it any Example: A student who fails in his studies may
way. He adjusts to the frustration by denying the existence of compensate by becoming the college champion in athletics.
any desire in him to attain the original goals. examples: A fox A plain girl who cannot compete with her more beautiful
Omprakash Swami (Author) - Associate Professor, Mahatma Gandhi Nursing College, Jaipur
A Text Book of Psychology for Nurses – Unit VII
sisters may compensate by studying hard and come first in Denial is the unaccepted of real thing, we use denial when
her class. death in the family, serious illness or life threatening
05. Substitution situation. A people often practice denial, at least for a period
A mechanism in which original goals are substituted by of time, when he knows he has a fatal illness but cannot
others. For example, a student who has not been accepted accept his death.
for admission in a medical college may satisfy herself by Examples : very old people will not easily accept that their
admission in nursing courses. mental and physical powers are on the decline as they
06. Sublimation advance in age.
It is the channeling of a strong and socially unacceptable , backward students do not find any reliability in the
drive into a form that is acceptable to society. In the intelligent tests.
sublimation sexual desire are very important. Denial is quite harmful if practiced in moderation, but can
For example: An unmarried women show repressed lead to serious difficulties in health and life style if
sexual desires, by working as a nursery school teacher. practiced to excess.
A young person who has fail in love may start write 5. Isolation
poetry about love. Separation of the idea of an unconscious impulse from its
Unsuccessful defence mechanism appropriate affect, thus allowing only the idea and not the
1. Suppression associated affect to enter awareness, as in the ability to
It is a intentional pushing away from awareness of express traumatic experience without the associated
certain unwelcome idea, memories and feelings. We push disturbing emotion, with passage of time.
backward according to our wish and remember these ideas For example, a solider humorously describes how he was
we required. seriously wounded in the war.
For example: a student worry about study so that that 6. Projection:
They postponed weakened programme. Projection relives tension and anxiety by transferring the
2. Reaction formation: it is a strongly rejected or oppose to responsibility for unacceptable idea, impulses, wishes or
other. Such a tendency is called as reaction formation. thoughts to another person.
Example: the mother of an unwanted child may feel guilty For example: student who believe that everybody cheat in
and so become over-indulgent or over protective of the child examinations may also cheat in a same way.
to assure herself that she is a good mother The surgeon who did the mistake in operation theatre may
People who extreme friendly, over polite have a insist that it happened because the theatre nurse and ward
unconscious feeling of anger and hatred towards many boy did their task badly.
people. 7. Regression
3. Displacement Some people do not meet the problem of life, its strains
Means to replace the actual object of feelings which are and stress, in a mature way. They revert and retreat to an
often aggression, with another object. infantile or childish level of behaviour, and thus avoid the
Examples: A person who is angry with his boss, but cannot painfulness of suffering a conflict or tension. This mode of
show it for fear of losing the job may fight his wife and behaviour is called regression. It always implies a form of
children on return from the office or kick his dog. behaviour which is less mature then what is expected of the
4. Denial individual
Omprakash Swami (Author) - Associate Professor, Mahatma Gandhi Nursing College, Jaipur
A Text Book of Psychology for Nurses – Unit VII
Example, a student may fall ill just to avoid such frustrating We use defense mechanisms to protect ourselves from
situations as an examination or appearance before a group. feelings of anxiety or guilt, which arise because we feel
He may suffer from stomach trouble or vague aches or threatened, or because our id or superego becomes too
headache. These modes of behaviour save the student from demanding.
facing the real problems We all have thoughts, feelings, and memories that can be
8. Conversion difficult to deal with. In some cases, people deal with
A mental mechanism in which an emotional conflict is such feelings by utilizing what are known as defense
expressed as a physical symptom for which there is no mechanisms.
demonstrable organic basic. These defense mechanisms are unconscious
Example: A student very anxious about his exams may psychological responses that protect people from threats
develop a headache. and things that they don't want to think about or deal
9. Fantasy or Daydreaming with.
Normally everyone uses imagination in some form to
fulfill the shortcoming of his life. Thus fantasy is a common PERSONAL & SOCIAL ADJUSTMENTS:
method of adjustment that reduces conflict and tension. Day Adjustment means the modification to compensate
dreaming is another frequently used form of fantasy. for or meet special conditions. Webster-1951
Example: Teenagers fantasize about adventure, romance Adjustment is the interaction between a person and
and being successful in future while old people relive their his environment. How one adjusts in a particular situation
youth in their fantasies. Excessive daydreaming may result depends upon one’s personal characteristics and the
in the loss of contact with fact of life and may lead to a circumstances of the situations. Arkoff-1968
psychotic disorder called schizophrenia An adjustment is a small change that is made to
10. Identification something such as a machine or a way of doing something.
It is an adjustment mechanism which enables one to
achieve satisfaction from the successes of other people, AREA OF ADJUSTMENT: Adjustment in the case of
groups or organization. individual consisted of personal as well as environmental
Example: Boys often identify themselves with their father, components. These two aspects of adjustment can be further
and girls with their mothers. Student often identify subdivided into smaller aspects of personal and
themselves with their favourite teachers and try to modify environmental factors.
their behaviour accordingly. Broadly speaking there are three areas where an individual
need to be adjusted to live a balance life. These are: Family
Implication of Ego Defence Mechanism:
and home, School, and Society.
The defense mechanism has a profound impact on the Here we will discuss two areas: (1) Family and home, and (2)
The idea of a defense mechanism is a psychological 01. Adjustment at Family and Home:
approach to coping with a particular problem or An individual is not born adjusted or maladjusted, it is
It is a construct of the conscious in dealing with an issue influenced and directed by the factors of environment in
that potentially resides in the sub-consciousness. which he found himself that adjustment or
maladjustment gradually develop.
Omprakash Swami (Author) - Associate Professor, Mahatma Gandhi Nursing College, Jaipur
A Text Book of Psychology for Nurses – Unit VII
The family is the oldest and the most important of all the It is the interaction of the child's personal characteristics
institutions that man has devised to regulate and integrate and their experiences that ultimately determines how a
his behavior as he strives to satisfy his basic needs. child adjusts to school (Margetts, 2002).
if family relationship has been good, not only during
childhood but also during adolescence, the person will CHARACTERISTICS OF ADJUSTMENT
MECHANISM
develop into a well adjusted individual. One of the
important roles of family is presumed to be the
Adjustment mechanism is almost used by all people.
socialization of the child.
They are ideas which are inferred from the behavior of
Home is first social institution where a child needs to be
the individuals.
adjusted. When a child becomes aware of other
All mechanisms are used to protect or enhance the
individuals who comprise his social environment at
persons self esteemed against dangers.
home he tends to regard them as a mean through which
They increase satisfaction and help in the process of
he may attain personal satisfaction.
adjustment if used within limit.
From the very beginning he imitates the speaking and
The danger is always within the person. He fears his own
eating habits of his family and gradually reflects attitudes
motives.
learned in the home toward elders.
The fear and danger are manifested in adjustment
02. Adjustment at school
mechanism.
As the children start school they face many challenges.
The overall effect of adjustment mechanism is to cripple
Personal challenges occur as children take new identity
the individual's functioning and development through
at school. Children face the challenges to adjust to the
falsifying some aspects of his impulses so that he is
strange building, new teachers, new academic
deprived of accurate self knowledge as a basis for action.
activities, and they need to mix with the new and more
diverse group of children. Characteristics of a well adjusted person:
At school, daily schedule is more structured, with more
formal rules. Children are faced with large groups of A well-adjusted person is supposed to possess the
assembly and playtime, and they are confronted with the Awareness of his own strengths and limitations. A well
challenges of making new friends. Successful adjustment adjusted person knows his own strengths and weaknesses. He
to school largely depends on past experiences at home tries to make capital out of his assets in some areas by
When children exhibit a range of social skills associated Respecting himself and others. The dislike of one-self is a
with cooperation, initiating interactions or assertion, and typical symptom of maladjustment. An adjusted individual
self control, they are more likely to adjust easily to has respect for himself as well as for others.
school. Difficulties are likely to arise when children are: An adequate level of aspiration. His level of aspiration is
non compliant; disorganized; distractible; or when they neither too low nor too high in terms of his own strengths and
are anti social and have difficulty considering the rights abilities. He does not try to reach for the stars and also does
of others (Margetts, 2002). not repent over selecting an easier course for his
Omprakash Swami (Author) - Associate Professor, Mahatma Gandhi Nursing College, Jaipur
A Text Book of Psychology for Nurses – Unit VII
Satisfaction of basic needs. His basic organic, emotional and Increasing trial or improving efforts: They are help in
social needs are full satisfied or in the process of being getting permanent solution of the problem in a particular
satisfied. He does not suffer from emotional cravings and situation.
social isolation. He feels reasonably secure and maintains his Adopting compromising means: For maintain harmony
self-esteem. between his self and the environment one may adopt
Absence of critical or fault-finding attitude. He appreciates following posture
the goodness in objects, persons or activities. His observation He may altogether change his direction of efforts by
is scientific rather than critical or punitive. He likes people, changing the original goal.
admires their good qualities, and wins their affection. He may seek partial substitution of goal like selection
Flexibility in behavior. He is not rigid in his attitude or way for the provincial civil services in place of the IAS.
of life. He can easily accommodate or adapt himself to He may satisfy himself by an apparent substitute for
changed circumstances by making necessary changes in his the real thing.
behavior. Withdrawal and submission: one may learn to manage
The capacity to deal with adverse circumstances. He is not with one’s environment by just accepting defeat and
easily overwhelmed by adverse circumstances and has the surrendering oneself to the powerful forces of
will and the courage to resist and fight odds. He has an environment and circumstances.
inherent drive to master his environment rather than to 02. Indirect methods: In which a person tries to seek
passively accept it. temporary adjustment to protect him for the time being
A realistic perception of the word. He holds a realistic vision against a psychological danger. These are purely psychic or
and is not given to flights of fancy. He always plans, thinks mental device-way of perceiving situation as he wants to see
and acts grammatically. them and imaging that thing would happen according to his
A feeling of ease with his surroundings. A well-adjusted wishes. A few important defence mechanism includes:
individual feels satisfied with his surroundings. He fits in repression, regression, compensation , rationalization,
well in his home, family, neighbourhood and other social projection etc
surroundings. If a student, he likes his school, school-mates,
teachers, and feels satisfied with his daily routine. When he PERSONAL ADJUSTMENT:
Guidance is based upon a philosophy of human development. Though guidance we can recognize these
uniqueness, goodness, worth and dignity all of which can be differences and provide help according to their specific
nurtured. The guidance processes are based on the belief that need.
given certain conditions, an individual’s potential to make a 03. Principle of holistic development: The child grows
choice and make a decision can be utilized for maximum as a whole and even if one aspect of personality is in
benefit to the individual and society. focus, the other areas of development which are
indirectly influencing the personality have also to be
MEANING OF GUIDANCE kept in mind.
04. The principle of cooperation: No individual can be
To guide means to indicate, to point out, and to
forced into guidance. The consent and cooperation of
show the way. It means more than to assist. A man falls on
the individual is a pre-requisite for providing guidance.
the street; we assist him to get up but we do not guide him
05. The principle of extension: Guidance service should
unless we help him to go in a certain direction.
not be limited to a few persons, who give observable
The synonyms of ‘to guide’ are – to lead, to conduct, to
evidence of its need, but it should be extended to all
regulate, to direct, to steer, to show, to channel, to point.
persons of all ages, who can benefit from it directly or
DEFINITION OF GUIDANCE
indirectly.
Guidance involves the difficult art of helping boys and girls 06. The principle of adjustment: principal of adjustment
to plan their own future wisely in the full light of all the related to an individual whole life span. it is chiefly
factors that can be mastered about themselves and about the concerned with an individual’s physical or mental
world in which they are to live and work.” Secondary health, with his adjustment at home, school, society
Education Commission, 1952. and vocational area.
“Guidance is assistance made available by personally and 07. Principle of individual needs: The individual and his
adequately trained men or women to an individual of any age needs are of utmost significance. Recognition of
to help him manage his own life activities, develop his own individual freedom, worth, respect and dignity is the
points of view, make his own decisions and carry his own hallmark of guidance. Freedom to make a choice and
burdens.” Crow and Crow. take a decision needs to be respected and encouraged.
“Guidance helps an individual to develop his personality and 08. The principle of responsibility: Parents and teachers
enables him to serve the society to the best of his capabilities have great responsibility in the execution of the work
and talents.” Woodworth. of guidance. guidance should be centred on a qualified
person.
PRINCIPLES OF GUIDANCE
09. The principle of expert opinion: serious guidance
01. Principle of all-round development of the problems should be referred to persons who are trained
Omprakash Swami (Author) - Associate Professor, Mahatma Gandhi Nursing College, Jaipur
A Text Book of Psychology for Nurses – Unit VII
observe the set rules and regulations; learn to respect
Goals of Counselling:
authority as well as conforming to societal norms
governing moral behavior. Listening carefully to the patient is the main goal.
07. Health guidance: should help the students to acquire
healthy habits in the following areas. To make the patient to ventilate his emotions properly
Good feeding habits. Each student should know the and help him to be aware of his own emotions and
harmful eating habits for example over-reliance on junk Identify the need of the patient. E.g., parents need
foods, anorexic and bulimic habits, drugs and risk taking counselling for their children’s behaviour problems.
Exercise and rest, which help to improve the individual’s problems should be identified by the patient himself.
physique and body strength. Unhealthy person may Make the patient to accept himself with his problem and
develop a various types of illness. help him to adjust with it till it gets over
08. Marital guidance: The person is helped to make the To focus on his strengths by studying the case and
right choice of partners, how to live with a spouse and produce positive attitude in him and ultimately help him
Omprakash Swami (Author) - Associate Professor, Mahatma Gandhi Nursing College, Jaipur
A Text Book of Psychology for Nurses – Unit VII
07. Principle of individuality: Counsellor should Treat Emotional Abuse: allows one person to gain power and
each and every patient as unique and respect his control over another through words and gestures which
problem as well. gradually undermine the other’s self respect.
08. Principles of non-emotional involvement:
Relationship Issues: Some relationships are unable to
Counsellor should not getting emotionally involved
contain some of life’s pressures and stresses; illness,
with the patient and avoid getting carried away with
redundancy, retirement or debt all take their toll.
his feelings.
Trauma: A traumatic event involves an experience or
TECHNIQUES/APPROACHES TO COUNSELLING: enduring event(s) that overwhelm our ability to cope or
understand the ideas and emotions involved with that
Approaches of counseling based on the
experience.
counselling process and role of the counsellor.
Stress: Too much stress can put your health at risk and
Three types of counseling techniques leave you unable to function. It is the second major cause
01. Directive or counsellor centered: the counsellor is active of illness at work, after back problems.
and direct the individual in making decision and finding Terminal Illness: Counselling can be a valuable
solutions to problems. The counselor does not force the resource for everyone close to the individual, and for the
individual but directs the process of thinking of individual themselves.
counselee by informing, explaining, interpreting and Work related issues: Counselling can help unravel
through advising. Final decision has to be taken by the patterns of relating to people, and show us how to
counselee examine our own issues, helping towards a more
02. Non-directive or client centered counselling: In the fulfilling career.
directive counselling, counselee is guided to use his own Anger Management: Understanding what the trigger
inner resources to solve the problem. In this approach, points are and re-examining our thoughts around them
the counselee plays an important role. can be among the first steps to managing anger.
03. Eclectic counselling: In this counselling, the strategy Anxiety: Anxiety is a problem which feeds on itself and
arises out of the appropriate knowledge of individual is often covered up and dealt with in isolation. Anxiety
behaviour and a combination of directive and other can take many forms including phobias, social anxiety,
approaches. panic attacks, and insomnia.
Characteristics of eclectic counselling Depression: Depression is a state of low mood and
Objective types and coordinating methods are use in aversion to activity that can affect a person’s thoughts,
eclectic counselling behaviour, feelings and physical well-being. Depressed
At the beginning client-active methods are used. people may feel sad, anxious, empty, hopeless, helpless,
Principle of low expenditure is emphasized. worthless, guilty, irritable, or restless.
Make them possible to client himself find out solution of Bereavement Counselling: This focus on working
a problem. through the stage of grief. In this counselling talking
about the loss and is usually helpful and allows a person
AREA OF COUNSELLING:
to adjust to their new life with all its changes, good and
bad. However keeping things bottled up, or denying the
sadness can prolong the pain.
Omprakash Swami (Author) - Associate Professor, Mahatma Gandhi Nursing College, Jaipur
A Text Book of Psychology for Nurses – Unit VII
Low self-esteem: Counselling can often help those development and personality.
suffering from low self-esteem and help develop a sense Guidance helps a person It has been used by individuals,
of self, to ensure a more fulfilling life. discover and develop his institutions, families,
psychological, vocational and rehabilitation agencies and other
educational potential in order to organizations. It utilizes
be happier and more useful in psychological methods in the
society. Each person is
collection of case
responsible for his decisions but
history data through personal
when he is young he
interview, testing and aptitude.
will need some one to guide him
through life.
It assists clients towards an A counselor’s basic concern
appropriate course of action. It should go beyond treating
may be used as therapeutic aid dysfunction. It should deal with
in the treatment of minor a client’s self awareness which
emotional disturbances and should help him towards
disorders.
personal growth & development.
Advice or instructions given by Advice given by a counselor
someone more experienced or based on personal or psychology
qualified related problems of the
individuals.
Anyone who has good Need to be done with a
experience and knowledge can professional counselor with a
give guidance to others recognized license to practice as
a counselor.
Deals with education and career Deals with personal and socio-
relater issue psychological issues
Has a broader scope such as Essentially covers personal and
educational guidance, career psychological assistance
guidance, financial guidance,
Difference between guidance and counseling:
health guidance, etc
Guidance Counseling
*************************************
Guidance is defined as the act of Counseling is a psychological
guiding, giving leadership, specialty that deals with research
supervision, direction or and applied work in supervision,
professional guidance for future training, career development,
actions. It is usually provided to prevention, and health. It focuses
students in preparation for a
on a person’s strengths, assets,
vocation.
environmental interactions,
educational background, career
Omprakash Swami (Author) - Associate Professor, Mahatma Gandhi Nursing College, Jaipur