AS 2084—1987

Australian Standard

NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING—
EDDY CURRENT TESTING OF
METAL TUBES
This Australian standard was prepared by Committee MT/7, Non-destructive Testing
of Metals and Materials. It was approved on behalf of the Council of the Standards
Association of Australia on 17 February 1987 and published on 4 May 1987.

The following interests are represented on Committee MT/7:

Australian Atomic Energy Commission
Australian Institute for Non-destructive Testing
Australian Pipeline Industry Association
Australian Welding Institute
Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia
Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation
Confederation of Australian Industry
Department of Defence
Department of Industrial Relations, N.S.W.
Electricity Supply Association of Australia
Institute of Australian Foundrymen
Metal Trades Industry Association of Australia
Ministry of Employment and Training, Victoria
National Association of Australian State Road Authorities
National Association of Testing Authorities, Australia
Pipeline Authority
Railways of Australia Committee
Society of Automotive Engineers—Australasia

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amendments thereto.
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are welcomed. Noti fi cati on of any inaccuracy or ambiguity found in an Australi an Standard should be made
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This standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 85281.

 AS 2084—1987

Australian Standard

NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING—
EDDY CURRENT TESTING OF
METAL TUBES

First publi shed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977

Second editi on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1987

PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

(STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA)
1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140
ISBN 0 7262 4591 7
AS 2084—1987 2

PREFACE

This edition of this standard was prepared under the direction of the Association’s
Committee for Non-destructive Testing of Metals and Materials by its subcommittee
on surface methods as a result of a request from industry. It was considered that the
existing standard endeavoured to cover too broad a field, viz., non-ferrous tube, ferrous
tube, welded tube and bar, and was insufficiently specific with regard to geometry and
manufacturing details of the reference standards, calibration procedures, and to
frequency limitations. In view of differing and specific requirements for the above
products, it was felt by the subcommittee that the standard should cover a related
group of products, and this standard covers metal tubes only. If a requirement for eddy
current testing of rod and bar arises in the future, a further standard will be prepared.

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 3 AS 2084—1987

CONTENTS

Page
SECTION 1. SCOPE AND GENERAL
1.1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 PRINCIPLE OF TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5 SAFETY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

SECTION 2. EQUIPMENT
2.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . 5
2.2 TEST COILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . 5
2.3 DRIVING MECHANISM . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . 5
2.4 CALIBRATION STANDARDS . . . . . . ... .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . 5
2.5 EQUIPMENT TEST SENSITIVITY . . . . .. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . 5
2.6 END EFFECT SUPPRESSION . . . . . . . ... .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . 6

SECTION 3. METHODS OF TEST

3.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2 COPPER AND COPPER ALLOY TUBE . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3 FERROUS TUBE . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.4 STAINLESS STEEL TUBE . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

SECTION 4. EVALUATION OF TEST DATA

4.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2 TEST EVALUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

SECTION 5. PRESENTATION OF TEST DATA

5.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.2 RECORD OF TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.3 TEST REPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

APPENDIX A. INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED WITH THE

ENQUIRY AND ORDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
AS 2084—1987 4
STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA
Australian Standard
for
NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING—EDDY CURRENT TESTING OF METAL TUBES
SECTION 1. SCOPE AND GENERAL
1.1 SCOPE. This standard sets out methods
employing external search coils for eddy current
testing of ferrous and non-ferrous tubular products for
discontinuities or damage.
1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS. The following
standards are referred to in this standard:
AS 1470 Code of General Principles for Safe
Working in Industry
AS 1929 Non-destructive Testing—Glossary of
Terms.
1.3 DEFINITIONS. For the purpose of this
standard the definitions in AS 1929 apply.
1.4 PRINCIPLE OF TEST. The test consists in
locating discontinuities by the use of eddy currents
induced in the product under test by an applied
electromagnetic field. It is intended for use with
either an encircling coil or an external probe coil
technique.
The test is performed by passing the product
lengthwise through or near to an exciter coil
energized with alternating current having one or more
frequencies which induce eddy currents in the
product. The electrical impedance of this coil or
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search coil is modified by the proximity of the
product to the coil. The extent of this modification is
determined by the distance between the coil and the
product under test, by product dimensions, electrical
conductivity and magnetic permeability.
Damage or discontinuities in the product arising from
physical, metallurgical, mechanical or dimensional
changes will alter the apparent impedance of the coil.
Changes in coil response characteristics (caused by
local differences in the induced eddy current field in
the product during its passage either through a test
coil or past a probe) will produce electrical signals
which are amplified and modified either to activate a
signalling device (e.g. bells or lamp), or to initiate a
mechanical marker which will indicate the position of
discontinuities on the product by paint spots, or to
initiate a sorting or other device.
Signals can be produced by discontinuities located on
the exterior or interior surfaces of a tube, or within
the walls of a tube by the selection of appropriate
equipment test conditions.
1.5 SAFETY. In carrying out tests in accordance
with this standard, the safe working procedures laid
down in AS 1470 shall apply.
 5 AS 2084—1987
SECTION 2. EQUIPMENT
2.1 GENERAL. Test equipment shall be capable of
inducing adequate eddy currents in the product under
test, and detecting the changes in eddy current
response resulting from discontinuities. Electrical
signals produced in this manner shall be processed to
actuate an audio or visual indicating device or a
mechanical marking or sorting device or counting or
computing devices as required.
The equipment may include a detector, phase
discriminator, filter circuits, modulation circuits, end-
effect suppression devices, magnetic saturation
devices, recorders, and signalling, counting, and
computing devices, as required for the particular
application.
2.2 TEST COILS. The test coil assembly may
encircle the product or be of the stationary or rotating
probe type placed either in contact with or displaced
from the test product by a set distance (see Fig. 1).
Test coils should be selected to yield the largest
practical fill factor.
2.3 DRIVING MECHANISM. A mechanical
device shall be provided to pass the product through
the test rig at an essentially constant rate. It shall
operate with minimum vibration of the test coil or
product and maintain the product in proper register or
concentricity with the test coil.
Where required the mechanical device shall be
capable of rotating the product or the probe coil (see
Fig. 1). The longitudinal speed of product past
rotating probes and the rotational speeds of the
rotating probes determine minimum length of
discontinuity which can be detected.
2.4 CALIBRATION STANDARDS.
2.4.1 General. The material used when adjusting
the sensitivity setting of the apparatus shall be
selected from a typical production run and shall be
representative of the purchaser’s order. Product shall
be passed through the encircling coil or by the probe
coil with the instrument sensitivity high enough to
determine the nominal background noise inherent in
the material to be tested. The calibration standard
shall be selected from samples exhibiting low
background noise, and shall be replaced when
damaged.
2.4.2 Artificial discontinuity calibration standard.
Artificial discontinuities shall be located in each of
four successive planes at 0°, 90°, 180° and 270° in
the product, and be spaced to provide adequate signal
resolution. For welded tubing, one of the artificial
discontinuities shall be placed in the weld if visible.
When the physical situation of the test location does
not permit the use of a long standard piece, a
reference standard with a single artificial
discontinuity shall be used.
Dimensions of an artificial discontinuity used in
calibration standards should be readily and accurately
reproducible.
2.4.2.1 Round bottom transverse notch. The notch
shall be made using electric discharge machining or
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using a suitable jig with a 6.35 mm diameter straight,
round file. With the latter method the outside surface
of the sample shall be stroked in a straight line
perpendicular to the axis of the product. The notch
depth shall be in accordance with the requirements of
Section 2 of this standard and shall not vary from the
prescribed depth by more than ±0.012 mm when
measured at the centre of the notch.
2.4.2.2 Vee shaped transverse notch. The notch
shall be made using electric discharge machining or
using a suitable jig with a 60° included angle straight
triangular file. With the latter method, the outside
surface of the sample shall be stroked in a straight
line perpendicular to the axis of the product. The
notch depth shall be in accordance with Section 2 of
this standard and shall not vary from the prescribed
depth by more than + 10% (minimum value
0.05 mm), –0 mm, when measured at the centre of
the notch.
2.4.2.3 Square shaped longitudinal groove. The
groove shall be made using a notching saw or electric
discharge machining. The longitudinal groove may be
situated externally or internally and shall not exceed
a length of 25 mm. Groove depth shall be in
accordance with Section 2 of this standard (minimum
value 0.3 mm), and shall not vary from the prescribed
depth by more than ± 15% (minimum value 0.05 mm).
Groove width shall not be more than three times the
depth of the groove (maximum value 1.5 mm).
2.4.2.4 Drilled holes. The hole shall be drilled
radially through the wall of the tube using a suitable
drill jig. Care shall be taken to avoid distortion while
drilling. The diameter of the drilled hole shall be in
accordance with requirements of Section 2, and shall
not vary by more than ± 0.025, –0 mm of the hole
diameter specified.
2.4.2.5 Ot her art if i ci al disconti nui ti es.
Discontinuities of other contours may be used in the
calibration standard by agreement between supplier
and purchaser.
2.4.3 Percent maximum unbalance calibration
standard. This method of standardization shall be
used only with speed-insensitive equipment, and
equipment specifically designed or adapted to
accommodate the use of this calibration method.
Maximum unbalance of differential coils is obtained
by placing the squared end of the product in only one
of the differential encircling coils and using an
accurately calibrated attenuator to obtain the (100%)
maximum unbalance signal. A percentage of the
maximum unbalance signal shall define the test
acceptance level at a specific operating frequency and
this percentage shall be in accordance with the
requirements of Section 2, or as agreed on between
supplier and purchaser.
2.5 EQUIPMENT TEST SENSITIVITY.
Sensitivity of the test equipment shall be adjusted to
provide clearly discernible indications given by the
artificial discontinuities in the reference standard.
Equipment settings, including frequency, phase shift
and sensitivity (or gain), should be selected to
provide optimum signal-to-noise ratio.
AS 2084—1987 6

The threshold setting (reject level) shall be adjusted
to automatically trigger the appropriate device when
each of the appropriate artificial discontinuities of the
reference standard passes through the coil assembly
at the same speed as that required for the
performance of the test on the product.
All artificial discontinuities should provide a trigger
signal, regardless of their orientation to an encircling
coil, or when oriented to be in register with the
position of a probe.
2.6 END EFFECT SUPPRESSION. When testing
discrete lengths of product an end effect suppression
device shall be used to suppress the signal produced
at each end of each length. The portion of the tube
for which the signal is suppressed may be determined
by ascertaining the minimum distance from each end
that an artificial discontinuity can be detected.

Fig. 1. GEN ER AL AR RA NG EMEN TOF EN CIRC LING-COIL OR PROBE -COIL

FOR EDD Y CUR RE NT TESTING ON TUBU LAR PRODU CTS

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 7 AS 2084—1987
SECTION 3. METHODS OF TEST
3.1 GENERAL. Test equipment shall be warmed up
for at least the minimum time recommended by the
manufacturer to achieve stability. All equipment
settings shall be checked to ensure that they are
functioning correctly. A coil assembly of appropriate
or specified size shall be selected in relation to the
dimension of the product under test.
NOTE: Fill factor or li ft -off is an import ant consideration since
dimensional variati ons in the air gap can signif icantl y change
electr ical response.
The tube shall be electrically centred within the
encircling coil, or be properly registered in relation to
the probe coil.
Test equipment shall be calibrated using one of the
standards described in Clause 2.4.2 in accordance
with Clause 2.5 at the beginning and at the end of
testing of each product batch, at the beginning and
end of each-shift or whenever improper functioning
of the apparatus is suspected, and at least every 4 h
during testing.
Tubes may be tested at the finished size after final
heat treatment, or at the finished size prior to final
heat treatment, at the option of the supplier.
By agreement between purchaser and supplier, tubes
may be accepted containing clearly marked defect
indications.
Where appropriate and when specified by the
purchaser, the length of the end effect shall be
determined and reported by the supplier.
If test frequency is required to be calculated, the
following formula shall be used:
where
δ = standard depth of penetration (or thickness of
material to be tested), in millimetres
µ = relative magnetic permeability*
σ = electrical conductivity, in percent I.A.C.S.
f = test frequency.
* Relative magnetic permeability of a material at
magnetic saturation equals 1.
3.2 COPPER AND COPPER ALLOY TUBE.
3.2.1 Coil type. An encircling test coil shall be used
in the differential mode.
3.2.2 Test frequency. The frequency selected shall
ensure sufficient penetration depth for the detection
of internal defects. For a single frequency tester, this
shall be in accordance with Table 3.1 or the formula
given in Clause 3.1.
3.2.3 Calibration standard. Calibration standards
shall consist of drilled holes or round bottom
transverse notches, with dimensions as given in
Tables 3.2 and 3.3.
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3.2.4 Magnetic saturation. Some copper alloys
may exhibit ferromagnetic effects. In such cases a
saturating magnetic field should be applied to the
product during the test.
3.3 FERROUS TUBE.
3.3.1 Coil type. Encircling or probe coils shall be
used.
3.3.2 Test frequency. A suitable test frequency
shall be calculated using the formula given in
Clause 3.1. The test range shall be within the range
of 0.5 to 500 kHz.
3.3.3 Calibration standard. Calibration standards
shall consist of one or more of the following:
(a) Square grooves, with dimensions as given in
Table 3.4, designated ES.
(b) Vee shaped filed notches, with dimensions as
given in Table 3.4, designated EF.
(c) Drilled holes, with diameters as given in
Table 3.5, designated ED.
3.3.4 Permeability effects. When testing
ferromagnetic materials, a magnetizing device should
be used to reduce the effects of permeability upon the
tests.
NOTE: Demagneti zing may be necessary subsequent to eddy
curr ent testi ng.
3.4 STAINLESS STEEL TUBE.
3.4.1 Coil type. An encircling test coil shall be used
in the differential mode.
3.4.2 Test frequency. A suitable test frequency
shall be selected in accordance with Table 3.1 to
ensure sufficient penetration depth for the detection
of internal defects, or it shall be calculated by the
formula given in Clause 3.1.
3.4.3 Calibration standard. Calibration standards
shall consist of one or more of the following:
(a) Drilled holes not larger than 0.79 mm diameter.
(b) Round bottom external transverse notches, with
dimensions as given in Table 3.6.
(c) Longitudinal external notches, with dimensions
as given in Table 3.6.
3.4.4 Permeability effects. Some stainless steel
alloys may exhibit ferromagnetic effects. In such
cases a magnetizing device should be used to reduce
the effects of permeability upon the tests.
NOTE: A demagneti zing operation may be necessary subsequent
to eddy current testing.
AS 2084—1987 8

TABLE 3.1
MAXIMUM TEST FREQUENCIES TO ACHIEVE ADEQUATE SIGNAL
PENETRATION FOR TUBES OF DIFFERENT WALL THICKNESS

TABLE 3.2
DRILLED HOLE SIZES FOR COPPER AND COPPER ALLOY TUBE
Dril l size
Diameter mm
mm Copper and copper all oy
Level 1 Level 2
> 5 ≤ 10 0.05 0.80
> 10 ≤ 20 0.60 0.90
> 20 ≤ 30 0.70 1.00
> 30 ≤ 40 0.90 1.1
> 40 ≤ 50 1.10 1.3
> 50 ≤ 60 — 1.5
> 60 ≤ 80 — 1.7
> 80 ≤ 100 — 2.0
> 100 ≤ 120 — 2.4
> 120 ≤ 140 — 2.8
> 140 ≤ 160 — 3.2

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 9 AS 2084—1987

TABLE 3.3
ROUND BOTTOM NOTCH DEPTH FOR COPPER TUBE—LEVEL 1
Specif ied thickness Notch depth
mm mm
0.7 0.21
0.8 0.24
0.9 0.27
1.0 0.30
1.2 0.36
1.4 0.42
1.6 0.48
NOTE: This table has been calculated on the basis of using notch
depths of 30% of the specifi ed thickness, and may be extended to
cover other wall thicknesses.

TABLE 3.4
GROOVE AND NOTCH SIZES FOR FERROUS TUBE
Depth of groove or notch as a percentage of Designation of cali bration standards
specif ied thickness of tube Square groove Filed vee notch
10 — EF10
12 — EF12
15 ES15 EF15
20 ES20 EF20
25 ES25 EF25
30 ES30 EF30
40 ES40 —
50 ES50 —

TABLE 3.5
DRILLED HOLE SIZES FOR FERROUS TUBE
Diameter of drill ed hole Designation of
mm cali bration standard
0.50 ED05
0.65 ED06
0.80 ED08
0.90 ED09
1.0 ED10
1.2 ED12
1.6 ED16
2.0 ED20
2.5 ED25
3.2 ED32

TABLE 3.6
NOTCH DIMENSIONS FOR STAINLESS STEEL TUBE
Type of notch Level 1 Level 2
External tr ansverse Depth not to exceed 121 /2% Depth not to exceed 20% of
Round bott om of the specifi ed thickness of the specifi ed thickness of the
the tube or 0.10 mm, tube or 0.10 mm, whichever is
whichever is greater greater
External longit udinal width Depth not to exceed 121 /2% Depth not to exceed 20% of
(machined) 0.79 mm or less of the specifi ed thickness of the specifi ed thickness of the
Length to be compatible wit h the tube or 0.10 mm, tube or 0.10 mm, whichever is
test equipment whichever is greater greater

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AS 2084—1987 10
SECTION 4. EVALUATION OF TEST DATA
4.1 GENERAL. This standard does not define
levels of acceptance, although the methods outlined
are used to determine appropriate quality levels for
products tested. Levels of acceptance should be stated
in the relevant product specification, or determined
by agreement.
By agreement between purchaser and supplier, tubes
may be accepted containing clearly marked defect
indications.
4.2 TEST EVALUATION. A tube which passes
through the test system without producing a defect
indication shall be accepted as passing the eddy
current test.
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A tube which produces a defect indication, may, at
the option of the supplier, be set aside for
reconditioning and testing. The product shall be
accepted upon eddy current retest, if it does not
produce a defect indication.
Tubes with some types of discontinuity, e.g. dents,
ripples or chatter, die stop or clamp marks, may be
accepted as passing the eddy current test, subject to
adequate evidence of signal discrimination.
Alternatively, such tubes may be accepted subject to
adequate identification of the reason for rejection by
the eddy current tester and agreement with the
purchaser that this does not constitute a reason for
rejection.
 11 AS 2084—1987

SECTION 5. PRESENTATION OF TEST DATA

5.1 GENERAL. When required (see Paragraph A1 (n) Any other information the purchaser requires
of Appendix A), tests carried out in accordance with for assessment of test results.
this standard shall be the subject of either a record of (o) Date and place of test.
results (see Clause 5.2) or written test report (see
Clause 5.3. (p) Time of calibration and result of check.
(q) Report number and date of issue.
5.2 RECORD OF TEST. The record of the test
(r) Identification of testing personnel.
shall be capable of providing the following
information:
(a) Name of laboratory or testing authority. 5.3 TEST REPORT. The test report shall include
at least the following information:
(b) Identification of the component.
(a) Name of laboratory or testing authority.
(c) Number of the product standard.
(b) Identification of the component.
(d) Number of this Australian Standard, i.e.
AS 2084, the specific technique selected from (c) Number of the product standard.
that method and any departures from that (d) Number of this Australian standard, i.e.
method. AS 2084, the specific technique selected from
(e) Equipment identification. that method and any departures from the
method.
(f) Description of the reference calibration
standard and identification. (e) Description of the reference calibration
standard and frequency of tests.
(g) Coil assembly identification.
(f) Whether the product has been demagnetized, if
(h) Equipment settings, including test frequency applicable.
and test speed used.
(g) The quantity of tubes accepted.
(j) Type of test coil used (see Clause 2.2 and
Fig. 1) and the extent of examination, e.g. full (h) The quantity of tubes not accepted.
cross-section of the tube, or the weld region (j) Any other information the purchaser requires
only. for assessment of test results.
(k) Whether the product has been demagnetized, if (k) Date and place of test.
applicable. (l) Report number and date of issue.
(l) Quantity of tubes accepted. (m) Identification of officer responsible for test
(m) Quantity of tubes not accepted. report.

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AS 2084—1987 12

APPENDIX A
INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED WITH THE ENQUIRY
AND ORDER

A1 GENERAL. The following list details minimum relevant information which must
be supplied to make possible adequate calibration of the test equipment, interpretation
of indications given by the test, and preparation of a test report, if required:
(a) Product description and identification.
(b) Relevant product standard number.
(c) Acceptance level for discontinuities, if not specified in this standard or in (b)
above.

A2 TESTING AUTHORITIES. The National Association of Testing Authorities,

Australia (NATA) operates the Australian laboratory accreditation system. Facilities
for the tests in this standard are afforded by laboratories registered by NATA and are
recommended.
In its assessment of non-destructive testing laboratories, NATA recognizes the
qualifications granted by the Australian Institute of Non-destructive Testing as
evidence of a person’s general knowledge of the non-destructive testing technique, e.g.
radiographic, ultrasonic methods.

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