2. S. Seok and J.

Kim, Design, Fabrication, and Characterization of a

Wideband 60GHz Bandpass Filter Based Flexible PerMX polymer
Substrate, IEEE Trans Compon Packaging Manufacturing Technol 3
(2013), 1384–1389.
3. H.-L. Kao, F.-H. Chu, and C.-L. Tseng, Hairpin Bandpass Filter on
Liquid Crystal Polymer Substrate using Inkjet-Printed Technology,
IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium, Seattle, WA,
2013, pp. 1–4.
4. H.-L. Kao, C.-L. Cho, and L.-C. Chang, Inkjet-Printed Inter digital
Coupled Line Filter on Liquid Crystal Polymer Substrate, IEEE
Electron Device Lett 34 (2013), 1584–1586.
5. J.-S. Kim, J.-Y. Lee, and G.-B. Lee, A Novel Flexible Filter with Figure 1 Traditional dual mode BPF
Enhanced Coupling Effect using Mixed Coupling, 2010 Asia-Pacific
Microwave Conference, 2010, pp. 1150–1153. and higher cost. In the present work, a novel filter configuration
is proposed which overcomes the problem of large dimension,
C 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
V complex fabrication, and higher cost and is also capable of real-
izing two filter configurations, the BPF and the LPF.
In this work, a common compact filter section is utilized to
ULTRA-COMPACT SWITCHABLE realize both BPF and LPF operation employing the switches.
MICROSTRIP BAND-PASS FILTER– The planar structure provides easier fabrication and lower cost.
LOW-PASS FILTER WITH IMPROVED As common section is utilized for both BPF and LPF operation,
CHARACTERISTICS miniaturization is achieved automatically. In the proposed filter
Prashant Kumar Singh, Anjini Kumar Tiwary, and Nisha Gupta configurations, the “ON” mode of RF switch is realized by con-
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Birla necting conducting pads and “OFF” mode by removing the con-
Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835 215, Jharkhand, India; ducting pads at the switching position. The proposed filter
Corresponding author: prashantkrsingh@bitmesra.ac.in performs as BPF when all switches are in OFF mode and as
LPF with all switches are in ON mode. The BPF is designed for
Received 7 June 2016 wireless local area network (WLAN) (5.15–5.35 GHz) applica-
tion while the LPF is designed for 3 GHz as 3 dB cut-off fre-
ABSTRACT: A novel, ultra-compact switchable microstrip band-pass quency, which can select various bands such as GSM 900, GSM
filter–low-pass filter (BPF–LPF) showing wide stop band and good 1800, GPS, and WLAN operating around 2.4 GHz etc. The wid-
attenuation characteristics is proposed in this paper. Both BPF and LPF
er stop band is achieved extending up to 12 GHz showing an
operation utilizes a common geometrical filter section, and individual
filter operation is realized by means of the switches operated in “ON” insertion loss (S21) below 220 dB in out-of-band (stop band)
or “OFF” mode. The proposed filter is designed for the dual mode BPF region for both filter operation.
for wireless local area network (5.15–5.35 GHz) application with all
four switches in OFF condition and for the LPF at 3 GHz cut-off fre-
2. SWITCHABLE BPF–LPF
quency with all switches in ON condition. The insertion loss (S21) in the
stop band region is below 220 dB extending up to 12 GHz for both the The microstrip filter configurations are printed on the Rogers
filters. The proposed reconfigurable filter is ultra-compact having the (RO3010) substrate of relative dielectric constant (er) as 10.2,
circuit size of only 5.952 mm 3 8 mm 5 47.616 mm2. The simulation thickness (h) as 0.635 mm, and loss tangent (tan d) as 0.0022.
result is validated experimentally. V
C 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The filter configurations are simulated using full wave method
Microwave Opt Technol Lett 59:197–201, 2017; View this article online of moments (MoM)-based simulation software tool IE3D by
at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.30262
Zeland.
Key words: microstrip switchable filter; radial stub; band-pass filter;
low-pass filter; wireless local area network

1. INTRODUCTION
The multifunctionality, wide out-of-band rejection and miniaturi-
zation are the most essential features of modern microwave/
wireless communication system. The traditional methods to
design microstrip filters are well documented [1]. Switchable
multifunctional BPFs [2–7] and band reject filters [8,9] have
been studied extensively in the past. Multifunctionality can be
achieved by diplexers or incorporating switches in the filters.
The diplexers are often employed in the design for band-pass
filter–low-pass filter (BPF–LPF) operation [10,11]. These
diplexers utilize two different sections for both LPF and BPF
resulting into larger dimension. The switchable BPF–LPF is
designed by merging the two output ports of the diplexer and
applying switches [12]. Again, the dimension is large as two dif-
ferent sections are utilized for the two different filter operations,
only output ports are merged. The compactness can be achieved
by using the low temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) technolo-
gy [13]. However, this results in complex fabrication procedure Figure 2 Modified dual mode BPF

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 59, No. 1, January 2017 197
TABLE 1 Filter Dimension Analogy Between Dual Mode BPF
and Modified Dual Mode BPF
Dimensional Parameters
Radial Angle
kg/2 line kg/4 line (deg) Radius
Figure 1 la lb h ro
Figure 2 2(l21l31l4) (l51l61l7) h ro
2.1. Modified Dual Mode BPF for WLAN Application
Initially the synthesis of BPF is discussed in this section fol-
lowed by transformation of the BPF into the LPF by switching
mechanism to realize a switchable filter. A dual mode BPF, can
be realized using dual mode resonator consisting of half wave-
length (kg/2) transmission line centrally loaded with a radial
stub [14], as shown in Figure 1. The microstrip line of length
kg/2 can be folded conveniently to realize a compact filter con-
figuration. The modified compact dual mode BPF is shown in
Figure 2. The analogy between the dimensions of the conven-
tional and modified filter configurations are listed in Table 1.
The line Y-Y0 in Figures 1 and 2 is the axis of symmetry.
The modified dual mode BPF is designed for WLAN band
(5.15–5.35 GHz). The compactness is achieved by folding the
open ended kg/2 transmission line and parallel coupled input/
output (I/O) kg/4 transmission lines, as elaborated in Table 1.
The dimensional parameter of 50 X line is shown by l1 3 w1.
The radius and spanning angle of the radial stub are ro and h,
respectively. The length of open ended transmission line can be
determined as:
c c
fc 5 pffiffiffiffiffi 5 pffiffiffiffiffi (1)
kg ere 4ðl2 1l3 1l4 Þ ere
Here, fc is transmission pole generated by transmission line, c is
speed of light in free space, kg is guided wavelength, and ere is
effective dielectric constant. The simulation is performed under
weak coupling condition to find the mode resonant characteristic
of modified dual mode BPF as shown in Figure 3. The dimen-
sional parameters used are as l1 5 1.65 mm, w1 5 0.59 mm,
w2 5 w3 5 s 5 0.3 mm, l2 5 1.4685 mm, l3 5 1.9 mm,
l4 5 2.736 mm, l5 5 0.5685 mm, l6 5 2.1 mm, l7 5 1.9235 mm,
h 5 135˚, ro 5 2.957 mm, and g 5 0.6 mm. Next, a parametric
Figure 3 Simulated mode resonant characteristic of modifed dual
mode BPF
198 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 59, No. 1, January 2017
Figure 4 Simulated mode frequencies and transmission zero (fz) loca-
tion. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
study is being carried out and simulations are extended further
by changing the radii of radial stub while keeping all other
parameters constant to obtain the mode frequencies and trans-
mission zero location against ro, as shown in Figure 4. It is clear
that with the change in ro, mode I frequency and transmission
zero (fz) location get changed, while Mode II frequency location
does not change effectively. This analysis shows that Mode I
and fz depend on the parameters of radial stub, while Mode II
depends on the parameters of open ended transmission line. The
radial stub can be seen as a series combination of inductor (Lr)
and capacitor (Cr) [15]. The resonant frequency of series LC cir-
cuit can be calculated as:
1
fz 5 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi (2)
2p Lr Cr
The mode analysis is carried out to achieve the proper
band pass region and to design the modified dual mode BPF
for WLAN application. The dimensional parameters of this
BPF is obtained as l1 5 1.65 mm, w1 5 0.59 mm, w2 5 w3 5
s 5 0.3 mm, l2 5 1.4685 mm, l3 5 1.9 mm, l4 5 2.736 mm,
l5 5 1.4685 mm, l6 5 1.5 mm, l7 5 1.6235 mm, h 5 135˚,
ro 5 2.957 mm, g 5 0.3 mm. Figure 5 presents the simulated
result of this BPF and Figure 6 shows enlarged view of the
band pass region shown as inset in Figure 5.
Figure 5 Simulation result of modified dual mode BPF (all four
switches OFF). [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
DOI 10.1002/mop
Figure 6 Enlarged view of inset in Figure 5. [Color figure can be
viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Figure 7 LPF transformed from dual mode BPF
The simulation result depicts the required band width (BW) of
0.2 GHz (5.15–5.35 GHz) for WLAN and a good wide stop band
with insertion loss (S21) below 20 dB extending up to 12 GHz.
2.2. BPF to LPF Transformation
To realize reconfigurable BPF–LPF configurations two switches
are inserted at the two requisite locations in the designed BPF
configuration. Two kg/4 resonators are also attached to the input/
Figure 8 Simulation result of LPF shown in Figure 7. [Color figure
can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 59, No. 1, January 2017
Figure 9 (a) Proposed switchable BPF–LPF with four switches. (b)
Equivalent circuit of proposed structure with all switches in ON condition
output ports of the transmission line using two more switches for
the purpose of widening the stop band region of the LPF. The
modified dual mode BPF can be switched to LPF by using two
switches as shown in Figure 7. The LPF is designed for 3 GHz
cut-off frequency. In LPF section, the radial stub connected with
coupled lines offers wide stop band characteristic [16,17]. How-
ever, this has little effect on BPF characteristic.
When the two switches are in “ON” mode, the P and Q arms
work as kg/4 resonator. This in turn creates extra transmission
zeroes in stop band region and enhances the stop band perfor-
mance. The simulation result for this LPF is shown in Figure 8.
Figure 10 Simulation result of proposed reconfigurable filter in LPF
mode. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
199
Figure 11 Fabricated prototype of proposed BPF. [Color figure can be
viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
The simulation result shows stop band only up to 8 GHz. A fur-
ther widening of stop band can be achieved by introducing two
kg/4 resonators at 50 X line for 8 GHz as shown in Figure 9,
which is the final proposed switchable BPF–LPF filter with four
switches. The dimensional parameters of kg/4 resonators are
l8 5 1.8 mm, w4 5 0.3 mm, w3 50.3 mm. These two resonators
are separated by a distance v 5 0.6 mm to minimize coupling.
Figure 9(a) depicts the proposed structure with all switches
in ON condition and its equivalent circuit model is shown in
Figure 9(b). The simulation result for the proposed structure in
BPF mode (all switches OFF) is same as shown in Figure 5.
The simulation result of the proposed structure in LPF mode (all
switches ON) is shown in Figure 10.
The calculation of equivalent circuit parameters, analysis, and
parametric study of radial stub connected with parallel coupled
line is well discussed [16,17]. The cut-off frequency can be
changed by changing the radius of radial stub or by changing the
length of coupled line or by changing the length of inductive line
connected in series with 50 X line. The first two options change
the characteristic of BPF. The length of inductive line can be
changed by changing the position of the switch (g 3 w3) in the
vertical upward direction, which does not affect the BPF
Figure 12 Comparison of simulation and measured result of proposed
BPF. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
200 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 59, No. 1, January 2017
Figure 13 Fabricated prototype of proposed LPF. [Color figure can be
viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
characteristic. As the switch position is moved upward, the series
inductance, Lb, increases and hence the cut-off frequency shifts
towards lower band. The simulation result shown in Figure 10
depicts the 3 dB cut-off frequency of 3 GHz having enhanced
and wide stop band with five transmission zeroes at fz1, fz2, fz3,
fz4, and fz5. The transmission zeros at fz1 and fz5 are due to the
effect of radial stub and coupled lines, respectively. The transmis-
sion zeros located at fz2 and fz4 can be controlled by the kg/4 res-
onators P and Q, respectively, while located at fz3 can be
controlled by the additional kg/4 resonator connected in shunt
with 50 X line towards left and right end. The insertion loss in
stop band region is below 220 dB extending up to 12 GHz.
3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The proposed BPF–LPF filter configuration is finally fabricated
and tested. The testing is performed using PNA series vector
network analyzer. The reconfigurability aspect from band-pass
mode to low-pass mode in the proposed configuration is realized
using either connecting the conducting pad or by removing it
completely, which can be replaced by RF switch such as PIN
Figure 14 Comparison of simulation and measured results of proposed
LPF. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
DOI 10.1002/mop
TABLE 2 Comparison of Results
LPF
Cut-Off S21 in Pass Centre
Frequency (GHz) Band (dB) Frequency (GHz)
[10] 1.5 <0.25 2.4
Diplexer
[11] 0.6 <1 2.4
Diplexer
[12] 1.5 <0.37 2.4
Reconfigurable
Proposed work 3 < 0.8 5.25
diode using proper biasing. Figure 11 shows the fabricated pro-
posed filter structure without the conducting pads (all switches
OFF), which works as dual mode BPF for WLAN (5.15–
5.35 GHz) application. Figure 12 depicts the comparison of sim-
ulation and measured results of proposed BPF. A good agree-
ment between the two is evident.
Figure 13 shows the fabricated structure with conducting
pads (all switches ON) connected at proper locations, which
realizes LPF characteristic for 3 GHz cut-off frequency and Fig-
ure 14 depicts the comparative simulation and measured result
for this LPF.
Table 2 shows the comparison of the characteristics of some
similar filter configurations available in literature and the pro-
posed filter. As seen, the proposed filter configuration outper-
forms several other similar filter configurations reported earlier
in the literature. Novelty is achieved in the sense that common
section is utilized for LPF operation in a lower band with all
switches ON and BPF operation for WLAN band with all
switches OFF. As the common structure is utilized both in BPF
and LPF configurations, compactness is achieved in twofolds.
To the best of the knowledge of the authors, this type of planar
reconfigurable BPF–LPF filter is not reported earlier.
4. CONCLUSION
A novel planar reconfigurable BPF–LPF filter is proposed pos-
sessing ultra-compact circuit size of only 47.616 mm2. The basic
structure of the filter is common to both the configurations while
reconfigurability is achieved by means of the switches. In both
the cases the out-of-band (stop band) characteristic is very good
and insertion loss is below 220 dB extending up to 12 GHz. The
BPF is designed for WLAN (5.15–5.35 GHz) application and the
LPF is designed for 3 GHz cut-off frequency. The simulation and
experimental results are in good agreement.
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C 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
V
STABILITY OF COAXIAL CABLE
TRANSMISSION AND MEASUREMENT
SYSTEM USING OPTICAL FIBER LINK
TECHNOLOGIES
Yuanfeng She,1 Michitaka Ameya,1 Masanobu Hirose,1
Satoru Kurokawa,1 Jiro Hirokawa,2 and Makoto Ando2
1
Electromagnetic Fields Section, National Metrology Institute of
Japan (NMIJ), National institute of advanced industrial science and
technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058563, Japan; Corresponding
author: yuanfeng.she@aist.co.jp
2
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute
of Technology, Mekuro-ku, Tokyo 1528552, Japan
Received 7 June 2016
ABSTRACT: This article measured the stability of the transmission of
the coaxial cable and introduced a measurement system using the opti-
cal fiber link technologies in the millimeter-wave band. The radiation
patterns of two antennas have been measured by the proposed optical
201