High Voltage

Review Article

ISSN 2397-7264
No-load performance study of 1200 kV Indian Received on 3rd July 2016
Revised on 1st October 2016
UHVAC transmission system Accepted on 1st October 2016
doi: 10.1049/hve.2016.0036
www.ietdl.org

Satyadharma Bharti ✉, Satya Prakash Dubey

Department of Electrical Engineering, RCET Bhilai, Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekananda Technical University, Bhilai, India
✉ E-mail: s.bharti@rungta.ac.in

Abstract: Major load centres of India are located at northern part and western–southern part of country, whereas most of
the generating units are concentrated at eastern and North-eastern parts. Economic transmission of bulk power over a
long distance is a basic requirement for which ultra-high voltage AC (UHVAC) transmission system is identified as a
feasible solution resulting in reduced transmission loss and reduced corridor width (right of way), protection of
precious flora and fauna. For this, Powergrid Corporation of India along with Central Power Research Institute had
made a call for indigenous development of UHVAC technology. As a result, 1200 kV UHVAC National Test Station is
developed in India at Bina. One 400/1200 kV bay is successfully charged, along with one 1200 kV single circuit and one
1200 kV double-circuit test transmission line. This study deals with the study of on-site acceptance test such as sweep
frequency response analysis, frequency-domain spectroscopy (FDS), along with inrush current measurement, voltage
withstand test, corona measurement, thermo-vision scanning conducted on-site at no load, to ensure the performance
of transmission system. A brief review of technical studies related to UHVAC technology developed throughout the
World is also presented. The power transmission at 1200 kV is a feasible and viable option but further research is
required in this area to make UHV transmission a global success.

1 Introduction Russia’s 787 and 1200 kV transmission system, Tokyo Electric

To transmit bulk quantum of electrical power economically from
power surplus region to power deficit region, over long distance,
research and test facilities are being built in several countries.
Initial work started in the 1970s and research and development
work is still continued to gather the vast amount of technical
information necessary to design transmission lines above 1000 kV
AC. Experimental lines and ultra-high voltage (UHV) test stations
were built in several countries [1]. This paper highlights the
glimpses of establishment of major UHV projects, in general, and
that of 1200 kV Indian project in particular. Table 1 indicates
installed capacity of electrical power generating units located at
various regions of India with gross installed capacity of
276782.62 MW, as on 31 August 2015. It also highlights that the
region-wise generation is not uniform.
Same is the case with electrical load distribution as well. This type
of non-uniform distribution exists in other countries also. For
countries such as India, China, Brazil etc., where economy is
increasing and for highly developed economic countries such as
North America, Japan and Europe; UHV transmission at a voltage
level above 1000 kV is a viable option for energy transmission.
About one fourth of power generated is lost as transmission and
distribution (T&D) losses which can be reduced by use of UHV
technology. Table 2 indicates percentage T&D losses and aggregate
technical and commercial (AT&C) losses for the past 4 years for India.
2 Brief history
The knowledge gained through major UHV transmission system
projects [3]: namely, American Electric Power’s 800 kV transmission
system, IREQ (Canada): Hydro Québec 765 kV transmission system,
Korea Electric Power Corporation 800 kV transmission system,
Brazil’s Project: Furnas’ 800 kV transmission system, Italy’s
1000 kV transmission system, Bonneville Power Administration
(USA) 1200 kV Lyons research & development (R&D) project,
Power Company (Japan) 1100 kV UHV transmission system,
China’s 1100 kV projects and India’s 1200 kV UHV AC systems
have proved the feasibility of UHV transmission. Fig. 1 shows
various stages of development of UHV transmission system.
Table 3 indicates the highest power frequency voltage Um
(kilovolts) of various UHV projects.
Above table excludes maximum operating voltages of 1600 kV
(USA) and 1800 kV (Russia) Pilot projects as that have since been
discontinued. The values used as a reference level for that specific
country. For power frequency voltages, 1 pu = Um/√3; and for
transient overvoltages and transient recovery voltages (TRVs),
1 pu = Um √2/√3.
3 Technical requirements for UHV sub-station
equipment
In October 2006, international council on large electric systems
(CIGRE) study committees (SC) A3 established the working Group
WG A3.22 ‘Technical Requirements for Sub-station Equipment
exceeding 800 kV’ in order to review the state of the art of technical
specifications for sub-station equipments (≥800 kV) in various
projects from all over the world. The WG provided the technical
background of all aspects of the available specifications and come up
with recommendations for the future standards of UHV sub-station
equipments. Table 4 indicates the specification of metal–oxide surge
arresters (MOSAs) characteristics for UHV systems.
Table 5 shows the switching overvoltage depending on the
suppression techniques from different UHV transmission lines in
Italy, Japan, China and India. The closing resistor value ranges
from 500 to 700 Ω.
Standard lightning impulse withstand voltage (LIWV), switching
impulse withstand voltage (SIWV) and insulation level for sub-
station equipment and power transformers, decided by IEC Technical
Committee 28: insulation coordination for UHV equipment for
highest voltages of 1100 and 1200 kV are given in Tables 6 and 7.

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Table 1 Region-wise installed capacity of India (in megawatts) as on 31 August 2015 [2]
Region Thermal Nuclear Hydro Renewable energy sources Total

northern region 46274.76 1620.00 17796.77 7511.89 73203.42

western region 78344.42 1840.00 7447.50 13005.62 100637.54
southern region 37093.76 2320.00 11398.03 15245.11 66056.90
eastern region 28772.87 0.00 4113.12 434.54 33320.53
North-eastern region 2008.70 0.00 1242.00 262.38 3513.08
islands 40.05 0.00 0.00 11.10 51.15
All India 192534.56 5780.00 41997.42 36470.64 276782.62

Table 2 T&D and AT&C losses (%) [2] Table 6 LIWV and SIWV of IEC TC28: insulation coordination

Loss Year 2010–2011 2011–2012 2012–2013 2013–2014 Highest voltage, kV 1100 1200

T&D losses 23.97 23.65 23.04 21.46 (P) Standard LIWV 1950, 2100, 250, 2100, 2250, 2400,
AT&C losses 26.35 26.63 25.38 22.70 (P) 2400, 2550 2550, 2700
Standard SIWV 1425, 1550, 1675, 1800 1675, 1800, 1950
(phase to Earth)
Note: As per PFC for utilities selling directly to consumers, P: provisional

Table 3 Highest power frequency voltage Um (kilovolts) of various UHV Table 8 summarises analytical results of DC time constants
projects world wide calculated using various tower designs with different
multi-sub-conductor bundle used in different projects. The
Project Italy Russia Japan China India
constants were obtained by a ratio of positive-sequence inductance
Um, kV 1050 1200 1100 1100 1200
to positive-sequence resistance of the lines. Special case time
constants, in excess of the standard value of 45 ms, were added in
the International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) 62271-100
based on a survey conducted by CIGRE WG 13.04. The special
case time constant is 75 ms for rated voltages 550 kV and above
Table 4 Specification of MOSAs characteristics for UHV systems
which corresponds to the medium value of the constants, surveyed
Italy Russia Japan China India for 800 kV lines.
Surveys of network conditions for capacitive current switching:
rated voltage 750 kV 800 kV 826 kV 828 kV 850 kV Capacitive current switching under normal service and 1LG
switching impulse – 1570 kV 1400 kV 1400 kV 1500 kV conditions was evaluated according to practical conditions of a
protection level 1.6 pu 1.6 pu 1.56 pu 1.53 pu
(30/60 µs) at 2 kA at 2.8 kA at 1.0 kA transmission tower, multi-sub-conductor bundle, normal current
lightning impulse 1750 kV 1764 kV 1620 kV 1620 kV 1700 kV and line length. Typical tower designs and network conditions
protection level were investigated by working group (WG) A3.22 and are
(8/20 µs)at 20 kA 2.04 pu 1.8 pu 1.8 pu 1.8 pu 1.74 pu summarised in Table 9.
at 15 kA
Fig. 2 shows typical voltage and current behaviour in the case of
capacitive current switching under 1LG conditions based on

Fig. 1 Highest voltage of AC power transmission [1]

Table 5 Switching overvoltage level and measures for overvoltage suppression

Country Italy Japan China India

highest voltage, kV 1050 1100 1100 1200

suppression of switching overvoltage MOSA MOSA MOSA MOSA
closing and opening closing and opening closing and opening closing and opening
resistor 500 Ω resistor 700 Ω resistor 600 Ω resistor 600 Ω
switching overvoltage insulation 1.7 1.6/1.7 1.7 1.7
design level, pu

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Table 7 Insulation level for sub-station equipment and power transformers
Country Italy Russia/India Russia Japan China

highest voltage, kV 1050 1200 1200 1100 1100

type of arrester MOSA MOSA gapped arrester MOSA MOSA
power transformer SIWV, pu 1800 (2.10) 1800 (1.84) 2100 (2.14) 1425 (1.59) 1800 (2.00)
LIWV, pu 2250 (2.62) 2250 (2.30) 2250 (2.60) 2250 (2.17) 2250 (2.51)
other equipment SIWV, pu 2250 (1.95) 2250 (1.84) 2250 (2.14) 2250 (1.73) 2250 (2.00)
LIWV, pu 2250 (2.62) 2250 (2.45) 2250 2.96) 2250 (2.51) 2250 (2.67)

Table 8 DC time constant of short-circuit currents in EHV/UHV 1200 kV single-circuit transmission lines of 400 km length in India.
transmission lines The breaking current is 1474 Arms (14% larger as compared with
normal condition) and the maximum TRV peak is 2454 kV (10%
Maximum voltage, kV Conductors DC time constant, ms
higher as compared with normal condition) which corresponds to a
Size, mm2 Bundle voltage factor of 1.25. Fig. 3 shows the initial part of TRV in the
case of capacitive current switching for no load 1200 kV line
Canada, 765 686 4 75 breaking in India. The ITRV is suppressed within a few
USA, 800 572 6 89 milliseconds and the transient does not exceed 1/4 cycle (5 ms)
South Africa, 800 428 6 67 after the interruption.
Brazil, 800 603 4 88
China, 800 400 6 75 Table 10 summarises the results of capacitive current switching
Russia, 1200 400 8 91 under normal service and 1LG conditions. For line-charging
Italy, 1050 520 8 100 current switching by circuit breakers with rated voltages 800, 1100
China 1100 500 8 120 and 1200 kV, the capacitive voltage factor (kc) is covered by, or is
Japan, 1100 810 8 150
India, 1200 774 8 100 close to, 1.2 under normal service conditions and is <1.3 under
1LG fault conditions.

Table 9 Survey of network condition for capacitive current switching

Items Japan China pilot China India

maximum voltage, kV 1100 1100 1100 1200

nominal voltage 1000 1000 1000 1100
nominal current on the line, A 8000 3150/4000 4000 5000
short-circuit current, kA 50 50 50 50
shunt reactor at line ends none 960, 720 MVA 720 MVA × 2 660 MVA × 2
maximum line length, km 210, 250 358 327 400
circuit double double double single
multi-conductor bundle 810 mm2 × 8 500 mm2 × 8 630 mm2 × 8 774 mm2 × 8
bundle spacing, mm 400 400 400 450
line spacing 15.5–16.5 m × 2 22.2 m × 2 30–36m × 2 15 m
height of grounding wire, m 120 62.3 97 77
height of the line 72.5–107.5 50 50–92 38–61

Fig. 2 Analytical results of no load 1200 kV line breaking with 1LG condition (India) [1]

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Fig. 3 Initial part of TRV for no load 1200 kV line [1]

Table 10 Summary of capacitive current switching (CIGRE WG A3.22 survey) [1]

Highest voltage Power Line Without fault conditions With fault (1LG) conditions
frequency, length,
Hz km Capacitive breaking TRV peak Capacitive breaking TRV peak
current current

Circuit Line CB Line CB Line CB Line

breaker terminal, A terminal, kV terminal, kV terminal, A terminal, A terminal, kV terminal, kV
(CB)
terminal, A

800 kV South Africa 50 440 969 801 1559 1392 1009 901 1703 1520
765 kV Canada 60 210 491 472 1442 1388 487 469 1575 1517
400 1000 867 1465 1289 1015 880 1627 1411
800 kV Korea 60 39 94 93 1569 1567 92 92 1639 1636
155 378 369 1577 1542 382 374 1659 1624
800 kV USA 60 300 815 753 1527 1413 889 822 1688 1410
800 kV Brazil 60 266 643 606 1485 1400 670 632 1629 1535
331 817 745 1526 1392 860 784 1638 1489
1100 kV Japan 50 210 665 647 2187 2131 686 668 2321 2276
250 798 768 2188 2107 85 796 2343 2259
1100 kV China pilot 50 281 850 812 2082 1987 877 897 2253 2063
358 1105 1024 2090 1938 1151 1143 2292 2030
1100 kV China 50 151 443 434 2115 2076 450 446 2203 2177
future 327 994 925 2149 1999 1025 962 2234 2105
1200 kV India 50 400 1293 1175 2225 2021 1474 1339 2454 2229

4 No-load performance study of 1200 kV National

Test Station, Bina, India
Fig. 4 shows the schematic single line diagram of general Table 11 Basic specifications for 1200 kV transformer [5]
arrangement plan at 1200 kV National Test Station, Bina. Major
Rated power HV/intermediate voltage 333/333/111 MVA
equipment and accessories connected at National Test Station, (IV)/low voltage (LV)

Rated no-load voltage, kV HV/IV/LV 1150/√3/400/√3/33

Rated frequency and number of 50 Hz, single phase
phases
% impedance HV–IV 18% ± 10% tol.
HV–LV 40% (MIN.)
IV–LV 20% (MIN.)
insulation levels 2250/1300/250/95
(i) full wave lightning impulse 1800
voltage (kVp) HV/IV/LV/neutral
(ii) switching impulse voltage (kVp) <100 pC at 1.5Um/√3
HV
(iii) long duration alternating current
(ACLD) partial discharge (PD) level
type of cooling, cooling equipment oil forced air forced or oil
directed air forced, 4 × 33.3%
OFAF coolers
temperature rises top oil/ winding by 40/45
resistance °C
Fig. 4 Schematic single line diagram of National Test Station, Bina

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Fig. 5 Inrush-current measurement
Bina are autotransformers, SA, capacitive voltage transformer (CVT)
circuit breaker, bus post insulators, isolators, support structures etc.
About 35 companies including Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd.,
Crompton Greaves Ltd., Vijai Electricals, LAMCO, OBLUM,
AREVA, SIEMENS, ABB etc have successfully contributed in the
developing National Test Station [4].
Brief technical parameters of the 1200 kV auto transformer is
given in Table 11. About 1200 kV test transmission lines consists
of two segments one is 1.1 km single-circuit line and the other is
0.8 km long double-circuit line. In the first 1200 kV bay, 400 kV
is stepped up to 1200 kV level through a bank of three
single-phase-auto transformers. The first bay has been terminated
at the single circuit (S/C) line, which is interconnected with the
double circuit (D/C) line. Power flow through these lines is
planned from Satna III 400 kV line [6–8].
Milestones of this test station are as follows:
(i) On completion of successful pre-commissioning tests,
equipments are being charged successively from January 2012
onwards.
Fig. 6 Frequency response analysis (FRA) tests [9]
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Fig. 7 FDS curve obtained from one UHV transformer [9]
(ii) First phase transformer along with associated equipments were
charged on 27th January 2012.
(iii) After completion of stringing on 1200 kV S/C line, it was
charged from 1200 kV bay on 29th February 2012.
(iv) Other two phase transformers and associated equipments were
charged on 26th May 2012.
(v) 1200 kV D/C line was also charged on 13th October 2012.
(vi) 1200 kV National Test Station was dedicated to nation on 26th
December 2012.
After successful charging of the first bay, commissioning tests
were carried out to ensure its performance to confirm the integrity
of equipment and system in grid.
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Fig. 8 1200 kV single-circuit and double-circuit test lines at the test station, Bina [10]
4.1 Inrush-current of transformers
Inrush currents were recorded by waveform recorder at the moment
of charging of the 1200 kV system as shown in Fig. 5. The
inrush-current values recorded from 400 kV side are 1.16, 1.16
and 2.71 kA for R, Y and B phases, respectively [9].
During the operation & maintenance (O&M) period, tests planned
on the transformers are monitoring of winding and oil temperature
and earthing leakage current measurement on tank on weekly basis.
Breakdown voltage test, moisture content measurement (ppm),
Fig. 9 A single-phase 400/1200 kV autotransformer at the site [8]
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particle count measurement and Tan ∂ are planned on a monthly
basis. Thermograph imaging, partial discharge measurement by
ulta-high-frequency method, noise level measurement and neutral
leakage current measurement are scheduled with 6 months interval.
dissolved gas analysis (DGA) monitoring and bushing capacitance
and Tan delta measurement are scheduled on half yearly and yearly
basis, respectively. To check the ageing of insulation furan
measurement and frequency-domain spectroscopy (FDS) will be
carried out on regular intervals. In near future, a comprehensive
online monitoring system is going to be installed to monitor the
transformers continuously. Corona performance was assessed from
the corona images taken from camera.
Sweep frequency response analysis (SFRA) was carried out to
assess the mechanical integrity of transformer. Comparison of SFRA
results obtained from one transformer from factory and site are
depicted in Fig. 6. The matching of the signatures confirms that no
mechanical damage happened during transportation and installation.
FDS is carried out transformers to measure the moisture content of
the pressboard and paper insulation used in transformer. In FDS, the
tan ∂ value of the insulation system was measured over a range of
frequency from 0.0001 to 1000 Hz [9].
The obtained response curve is shown in Fig. 7.
The analysis of the above curve at National Test Station Bina
revealed that the moisture content is only 0.2%, which is well
below the acceptable level of 0.5%.
Figs. 8 and 9 show the photographic images of 1200 kV UHV line
(both single and double circuits) and a typical 400/1200 kV
autotransformer of National Test Station Bina, India.
Winding and oil temperature measurement: Being working at no load,
transformer has not indicated any undue temperature rise. Thermo-vision
scanning of all equipments, hardware, clamps and connectors: thermal
images of UHVAC transmission system accessories were taken. It was
found that performance of all parts is within safe limits. Vector group
test was carried out after forming three-phase bank with the help of
three single-phase transformers. Voltage withstand test gave
satisfactory result. The voltage profile for 3 days observation period
from 30th May to 3rd June 2012 is shown in Fig. 10.
Apart from UHV transformer testing, on-site testing of major
equipments and switchgears was also done. Tan delta and capacitance
measurement of 1200 kV circuit breaker was done along with dew
point measurement of SF6 gas. Operating timings of circuit breaker
were measured including pre-insertion resistor timings. Dynamic
contact resistance measurement was also conducted for 1200 kV dead
tank type gas insulated switchgeat (GIS) circuit breakers. On-site
testing of 1200 kV knee type isolator, 1200 kV capacitive voltage
transformers and 850 kV SAs were also done. Various protection
systems of transformer: namely, differential, restricted Earth fault, over
current, over excitation etc. were also checked [10].
135
Fig. 10 Voltage profile of 1200 kV National Test Station from 30th May to 3rd June 2012 [10]
Fig. 11 Voltage distribution on whole string and near HV end [11]
Mr. H.K. Agarwal et.al. share the approach and experience they
underwent through their paper ‘Design & development of 1200 kV
transmission line & sub-station insulator hardware fittings, clamps &
connectors’ [11] in which shop floor manufacturing facilities are
discussed along with steel forging, aluminium casting, corona
control/grading ring tube bending and testing facilities. Calculation
was done for conductor surface voltage gradient for line and
sub-station and both the values were found to be well below
negative corona onset value of 20 kV/cm. Studies were conducted
to determine voltage distribution along insulator string with
octagonal bundle conductor for 700 and 1100 mm ring diameters
outer corona control/grading rings. Voltage distribution pattern on
whole string and near HV end indicated in Fig. 11.
5 Conclusion
No-load performance analysis is carried out and it is found that all
the major equipments and accessories are working safely. The
India’s first 1200 kV UHVAC test station has opened new avenues
for the research to make UHVAC transmission a global success.
From the above comparative study of UHVAC system of many
countries, the conclusion can be drawn that the power transmission
at 1200 kV is a feasible and viable option.
6 References
1 CIGRÉ Brochure 362 WG A3.22: ‘Technical requirements for substation
equipment exceeding 800 kV – field experience and technical specifications of
Satyadharma Bharti received degree of B.E.
Electrical Engineering in 1990, and Master
of Technology in 2007. He is Pursuing
Ph.D. from CSVTU, Bhilai, India. Currently,
136 This is an open access article published by the IET and CEPRI under the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs License
substation equipment up to 1200 kV’, December 2008, ISBN: 978-2 85873-049-0
2 Executive summary: ‘Power Sector August 2015’, Government of India, Central
Electricity Authority, New Delhi. Available at http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/
monthly/executivesummary/2015/exe_summary-08.pdf
3 Daochun, H., Yinbiao, S., Jiangjun, R., et al.: ‘Ultra high voltage transmission in
China: developments, current status and future prospects’, Proc. IEEE, 2009, 97,
(3), pp. 555–583
4 Powergrid: ‘Proc. of the Brainstorming Session on Development of 1200 kV
UHVAC Transmission System’, oorganized by POWERGRID in association
with ABB, AREVA, BHEL, CROMPTON GREAVES, SIEMENS., Hotel Taj,
New Delhi, 16–17 January 2008
5 Tiwari, R.K., Gupta, S.K., Singh, R.K., et al.: ‘Bharat heavy electricals limited’.
Critical Technical Aspects during Design, Manufacturing and Testing of India’s
First 1200 kV UHVAC Transformer. CIGRE 2012, Bhopal, 2012, pp. A2–112
6 Agrawal, S.K., Tamoli, D.P., De Bhowmick, B.N., et al.: ‘1200 kV National Test
Station: taking Indian power system to next orbit, 21, rue d’Artois, F-75008 PARIS
1200 kV UHVAC Indigenous Development New Delhi, 2013
7 Central Board of Irrigation and Power New Delhi, 2013, Water and Energy
international, vol 70, no. (1 and 4) ISSN No. 09744711
8 Jha, I.S., Agrawal, S.K., De Bhowmick, B.N., et al.: ‘India’s powergrid R&D
efforts. Transmission and distribution world magazine’, January 2013. Available
at http://www.tdworld.com/transmission/indias-powergrid-rd-efforts, downloaded
on 03 July 2016
9 Shirasaka, Y., Kobayashi, T., Li, G., et al.: ‘Reliability of UHV transformers, on
behalf of CIGRE SC A2, AG A2.5 (UHV AC & DC transformers) session 1.1,
transformers, New Delhi, 2013
10 Sundaran, A., Rao, S.B.R., Suresh Kumar, B.N.V.R.C., et al.: ‘Establishment of
1200 kV National Test Station in India CIGRE science and Engineering, 2016,
4, pp. 6–11
11 Design & development of 1200 kV transmission line & sub-station insulator
hardware fittings, clamps & connectors, article has released at April 2013 issue
of ‘Engineering Review’ journal. Available at http://supremeco.com/design-
development-of-1200-kv-transmission-line-sub-station-insulator-hardware-
fittings-clamps-connectors-article-has-released-at-april-2013-issue-of-engineering-
review-journal/, downloaded on 30 September 2016 website
he is Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical
Engineering, Rungta College of Engineering & Technology Bhilai.
His research interests include High voltage Engineering, Electrical
Machines and Power system.
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 Satya Prakash Dubey has received his
Bachelor of Electrical Engineering from
Government Engineering College (now
National Institute of Technology) Raipur,
India, in 1995. He completed his Master in
Engineering (Power Apparatus & Electrical
Drives) from Indian Institute of Technology,
High Volt., 2016, Vol. 1, Iss. 3, pp. 130–137
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Roorkee, India in 2000. He obtained Ph.D. Degree from Birla
Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India in 2006. Currently,
he is Professor in the department of Electrical Engineering R.C.E.T.
Bhilai, India. His current Research include Power Converters, active
filtering, power conditioning, AC and DC drives, neural network and
fuzzy logic-based controller design for electrical Drives, Genetic
Algorithm technique for inductor capacitor filter design.
137