Namma Kalvi

www.nammakalvi.org
,ay; bjhHpy;El;gk; ciueil cyfk;

braw;if Ez;zwpt[
4
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf

1. jiyg;g[f;Fk; Fwpg;g[f;Fk; bghUj;jkhd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLf;f.

jiyg;g[ : braw;if Ez;zwpt[
Fwpg;g[ : fz;fhzpg;g[f; fUtp mirt[ epfGk; gf;fk; jd; ghh;itiaj; jpUg;g[fpwJ.
jpwd;ngrpapy; cs;s tiuglk; nghf;Ftuj;jpw;Fr; RUf;fkhd tHpiaf; fhz;gpg;gJ.
m) jiyg;g[f;Fg; bghUj;jkhd Fwpg;g[fs; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sd.
M) Fwpg;g[fSf;Fj; bjhlh;gpy;yhj Fwpg;g[ bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,) jiyg;g[f;Fj; bjhlh;gpy;yhj Fwpg;g[fs; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
<) Fwpg;g[fSf;Fg; bghUj;jkpy;yhj jiyg;g[ tH=;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. [tpil: m]

2. ghuj !;nll; t=;fpapd; ciuahL bkd;bghUs; vJ>

m) Jyh M) rPyh ,) Fyh <) ,yh [tpil: <]

FWtpdh

1. tU=;fhyj;jpy; njitbadf; fUJfpd;w braw;if Ez;zwpt[ bghjpe;j ,uz;L mwptpay;

fz;Lgpog;g[fisf; Fwpg;gpL.
ŒŒ ,ae;jpu kdpjd; (Robo?nuhngh)
ŒŒ jpwd;ngrp (Smart Phone)
rpWtpdh

1. 
,d;iwa mwptpay; fz;Lgpog;g[fs; kdpjid nkk;gLj;Jfpd;wdth vd;gJ Fwpj;j
rpe;jidfis Kd; itj;J vGJf.
g[jpa fz;Lgpog;g[ :
,d;iwa fz;Lgpog;g[fs; mwpKfkhFk; nghJk; giHa ntiy tha;g;g[fs; g[jpa
totpy; khw;wk; bgWfpd;wd.
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140 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 4

kpd;dQf; fy;tpawpt[ :
thH;f;ifapy; Kd;ndWtjw;F vGjg;gof;fj; bjhpe;jhy; kl;Lk; nghjhJ
fy;tpawpt[ld; kpd;dQf; fy;tpawpita[k;/ kpd;dQr; re;ijg; gLj;jiya[k; mwpe;jpUg;gJ
thH;f;ifia vspjhf;fp tzpfj;jpy; btw;wpaila cjt[fpwJ.
ehd;fhtJ bjhHpw; g[ul;rp :
vjph;fhyj;jpy; braw;if Ez;zwpt[ gw;wpa mwpt[k; ehd;fhtJ bjhHpw; g[ul;rpapd;
bjhHpy; El;g=;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; mwpt[nk ek;ik tsg;gLj;j cjt[k;.
vjph;fhy Kd;ndw;wk; :
,g;nghJ cyfpy; ,=;bfhd;Wk; m=;bfhd;Wkhfg; gad;ghl;oy; ,Uf;fpd;w
braw;if Ez;zwpt[j; bjhHpy;El;gk;/ vjph;fhyj;jpy; cyfpd; xt;bthU JiwapYk;
mstpl Koahj Kd;ndw;wj;ijj; jUk;.
2. kdpjh;fspd; @isiag; nghd;wJ braw;if Ez;zwpt[ bfhz;l fzpdpapd; bkd;bghUs;.
kdpjidg; nghynt ngr/ vGj/ rpe;jpf;f ,j;bjhHpy; El;gk; nkk;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy;
kdpj Fyj;Jf;F Vw;gLfpw ed;ikfisg; gw;wp mwptpay; ,jH; xd;Wf;F `vjph;fhyj;
bjhHpy;El;gk;~ vd;w jiyg;gpy; vGJf.
vjph;fhyj; bjhHpy;El;gk;
caphpd=;fspy; kdpjiu cah;j;jpf;fhl;LtJ mth;fspd; rpe;jid Mw;wny!
me;jr; rpe;jidf;Fj; bjhHpy;El;gKk; Jiz bra;fpwJ. jpwd;ngrpfspy; ,a=;Fk;
cjt[ bkd;bghUs; fz;Qf;Fg; g[yg;glhj kdpjidg; nghy ek;Kld; ciuaho cjtp
bra;fpwJ.
bray;ghLfs; :
ŒŒ ehk; brhy;fpwth;fSf;Fj; bjhiyngrpapy; miHg;g[ tpLf;Fk;.
ŒŒ ehk; jpwf;f fl;lisapLfpw braypiaj; jpwf;Fk;.
ŒŒ ehk; nfl;gij cyhtpapy; njLk;.
ŒŒ ehk; tpUk;g[k; mHfhd ftpijfis ,izaj;jpy; njoj;jUk;.
ŒŒ ve;jf;filapy; vJ tpw;Fk; vd;W brhy;Yk;.
ŒŒ gog;gjw;F chpa E}y;fisg; gl;oaypLk;.
ŒŒ ehk; vLj;j xspg;gl=;fisg; gw;wp gl;oaypLk;.
vjph;fhyj;jpy; ek; beU=;fpa ez;gh;fs;/ FLk;gj;jpdh; Mfpnahiu tplt[k; cjt[
bkd;bghUs; ek;ik ed;F mwpe;jpUf;Fk;.

beLtpdh

1. xU FHe;ijiaj; J}f;ft[k; fPnH tpGe;j xU njdPh;f; nfhg;igia vLf;ft[k; bkd;bghUs;
mf;fiw bfhs;Skh> btWk; tzpfj;Jld; epd;W tpLkh> ,f;fUj;Jfis xl;or;
braw;if Ez;zwptpd; vjph;fhy btspg;ghLfs; gw;wp xU fl;Liu vGJ.
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Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 141

Ch;jpfis ,af;Fjy; :
ŒŒ vjph;fhyj;jpy; ehk; ,af;Fk; Ch;jpfisr; braw;if Ez;zwpt[ bfhz;L ,af;fg;gLk;.
ŒŒ ,j;jifa Ch;jpfs; Vw;gLj;Jk; tpgj;J Fiwa[k;.
ŒŒ nghf;Ftuj;J behpry; ,Uf;fhJ.
ŒŒ gaz neuk; Fiwa[k;.
ŒŒ vhpbghUs; kpr;rg;gLk;.
kdpjh;fsplk; nghl;o :
bkd;bghUs;fs;/ ftpijfs;/ fijfs;/ tpjtpjkhd vGj;J eilfs; nghd;wtw;iwf;
fw;Wf; bfhz;L kdpjh;fsplk; nghl;oapl;lhYk;; tpag;gjw;fpy;iy.
fy;tpj;Jiw :
fy;tpj;Jiwapy; ,j;bjhHpy; El;gj;ijg; gy tpj=;fspy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
rhj;jpaf; TWfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
gpw bray;ghLfs; :
ŒŒ tpLjpfspy;/ t=;fpfspy;/ mYtyf=;fspy; jw;nghJ kdpjd; mspf;Fk; nritia
nuhnghf;fs; bra;a[k;.
ŒŒ ek;Kld; ciuahLtJ/ Mnyhrid tH=;FtJ/ gaz Vw;ghL bra;J jUtJ/
jz;zPh; bfhz;L te;J jUtJ/ FHe;ijfSf;Fg; bghk;ik bfhz;L te;J jUtJ/
FHe;ijfSf;F ntof;iff; fhl;LtJ vd gytw;iwa[k; bra;a[k; epiy tUk;.
ntiy tha;g;g[fspy; khw;wk; :
ntiy tha;g;g[fspy; fzprkhd khw;wj;ij vjph;fhyj;jpy; braw;if Ez;zwpt[
bfhz;L tUk;.
nuhnghtplk; FHe;ij :
vjph;fhyj;jpy; nuhnghtplk; FHe;ijia xg;gilj;Jtpl;L mYtyfk; bry;Yk;
bgw;nwhiug; ghh;f;f Koa[k;.
njhHdha; nuhngh :
tajhdth;fSf;F cjtpfs; bra;Jk; mth;fSf;F cw;w njhHdha;g; ngr;Rf;
bfhLj;Jk; ngQk; nuhnghf;fis ghh;f;f Koa[k;.
capuhgj;ij tpistpj;jy; :
ŒŒ braw;if Ez;zwpt[s;s nuhnghf;fshy; kdpjh; bra;a ,ayhj mYg;g[j; jl;lf;Toa
fodkhd bray;fisa[k; bra;a Koa[k;.
ŒŒ kdpj Kaw;rpapy; capuhgj;ij tpistpf;ff; Toa bray;fisa[k; bra;a Koa[k;.
tzpf tha;g;g[fs; :
ŒŒ bgUepWtd=;fs; j=;fs; bghUs;fis cw;gj;jp bra;at[k; re;ijg;gLj;jt[k;/ g[jpa
tzpf tha;g;g[fisr; braw;if Ez;zwpt[ Vw;gLj;jpf; bfhLf;Fk;.
 142 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 4

TLjy; tpdhf;fs;

gyt[s; bjhpf

1. bghUj;jkhd tpil thpiriaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJ.

m) kpd;dQg; g[ul;rp ? 1. browser
M) bray;jpl;l tiut[ ? 2. Data
,) cyhtp ? 3. Computer Program
<) jut[ ? 4. Digital Revolution
m) 1/ 4/ 3/ 2 M) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3/ ,) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 <) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3 [tpil: ,]
2. bghUj;jhj ,iziaf; fz;lwpf.
m) bgg;gh; ? $g;ghd; rhg;l; t=;fp
M) thl;rd; ? I.gp.vk;. epWtdk;
,) ,yh ? ghuj !;nll; t=;fp
<) bgg;gh; ? g[w;Wnehiaf; fz;Lgpoj;jJ  [tpil: <]
3. rPd ehl;oy; Ntd;brs JiwKf efhpy; fl;lg;gl;l nfhapy;.
m) rptd; nfhapy; M) bgUkhs; nfhapy;
,) KUfd; nfhapy; <) gps;isahh; nfhapy; [tpil: m]
4. caphpd=;fspy; kdpjiu cah;j;jpf;fhl;LtJ mth;fspd;
m) rpe;jid Mw;wy; M) bry;tk;
,) thH;ehs; <) Mw;wy;  [tpil: m]
_______ fspy; xt;bthUtUf;Fkhd jdp egh; fzpdpfspd; tsh;r;rpa[k;/ ,izag;
5. 
gad;ghl;od; gpwg;g[k; ,d;iwa kpd;dDg; g[ul;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhapd.
m) 1970 M) 1960 ,) 1980 <) 1950 [tpil: ,]

6. ,t;t[yif kpFjpahf Msf;Toa xU bjhHpy; El;gk;

m) braw;if Ez;zwpt[ M) bkd;bghUs;
,) kPj;jpwd; Ez;zwpt[ <) KfE}y;/ g[ydk; nghd;wit  [tpil: m]
7. ,ay;ghd bkhHpeilia cUthf;Fjy; vd;Dk; bkd;bghUspd; bgah;
m) nth;L!;kpj; M) nth;LgPl;lh;
,) ntl;!;bthh;j; <) nth;y;L!;kpj; [tpil: m]
8. nth;L!;kpj; vd;gijj; jkpHpy; _______ vd;W miHg;gh;.
m) vGj;jhsp M) vGj;jhzp ,) vGj;njhtpak; <) Fuyhsp [tpil: m]
9. ,jHpaypy; braw;if Ez;zwpt[ bra;Js;s Fwpg;gplj;jFe;j khw;w=;fspy; xd;W
m) ,ay;ghd bkhHp eil M) fodkhd bkhHpeil
,) jha;bkhHp eil <) cyf bkhHpfs; ,izg;g[  [tpil: m]
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Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 143

10. 
2016 ,y; nehahsp xUthpd; g[w;W nehiaf; fz;Lgpoj;j I.gp.vk;. epWtdj;jpd;
fzpdpapd; bgah;
m) thl;rd; M) nth;L!;kpj; ,) !;Ot;!;kpj; <) bgg;gh; [tpil: m]

11. braw;if Ez;zwpt[f; fzpdpahd thl;rd; rpy epkpl=;fspy; _______ jut[fis myrp/
nehahsp xUthpd; g[w;Wnehiaf; fz;Lgpoj;jJ.
m) ,Ugjhapuk; M) ,uz;L ,yl;rk;
,) ,uz;L nfho <) ,UgJ nfho  [tpil: ,]

12. _______ cjtpahsh;fis `,=;fptid ahd; bgwnt vd;d jtk; bra;Jtpl;nld; vd;W
ghujpahh; bkr;RtJnghy; bkr;rpf;bfhs;syhk;.
m) bka;epfh; M) bgha; epfh;; ,) braw;if <) Kjd;ik [tpil: m]
13. ,t;t[yif ,Jtiu ________ Mz;L bfhz;oUf;fpwJ" ,dpnky; ________ jhd;
Msg;nghfpwJ.
m) bkd;bghUs;/ braw;if Ez;zwpt [ M) braw;if Ez;zwpt[/ bkd;bghUs;
,) Ez;zwpt[/ KfE}y; <) KfE}y;/ g[ydk;  [tpil: m]

14. braw;if Ez;zwptpd; kpFjpahd tsh;r;rpahy; ________ njit Toa[s;sJ.

m) bka;epfh; cjtpahsh;fspd; M) jut[ mwptpayhsh;fspd;
,) cjtpahsh;fspd; <) mwptpayhsh;fspd;  [tpil: M]

15. $g;ghdpy; rhg;l; t=;fp cUthf;fpa ,ae;jpu kdpjd;

m) thl;rd; M) bgg;gh;
,) nrhgpah <) nth;L!;kpj; [tpil: M]
16. cyf mstpy; mjpfk; tpw;gidahFk; nuhngh
m) thl;rd; M) bgg;gh; ,) ,yh <) nrhgpah [tpil: M]
17. bgg;gh; nuhnghf;fspd; @d;W tifapDs; bghUe;jhjijf; fz;lwpf.
m) tPl;Lf;Fg; gad;gLtJ M) tzpfj;jf;Fg; gad;gLtJ
,) gog;g[f;Fg; gad;gLtJ <) ehl;Lf;Fg; gad;gLtJ  [tpil: <]
18. ek;ik tsg;gLj;j cjt[td
i) vjph;fhyj;jpy; braw;if Ez;zwpt[ gw;wpa mwpt[.
ii) ehd;fhtJ bjhHpw;g[ul;rpapd; bjhHpy; El;g=;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; mwpt[.
m) i - rhp M) ii - rhp
,) ,uz;Lk; rhp <) ,uz;Lk; jtW  [tpil: ,]

19. ,e;jpahtpd; bghpa t=;fp

m) ,e;jpad; t=;fp M) ghuj; !;nll; t=;fp
,) fduh t=;fp <) gnuhlh t=;fp  [tpil: M]
 144 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 4

20. `,yh~ vd;w ciuahL bkd;bghUis cUthf;fpaJ

m) I.gp.vk;. epWtdk; M) ghuj !;nll; t=;fp
,) \hd;rd; nuhnghl;of;!; epWtdk; <) rhg;l; t=;fp  [tpil: M]
21. nrhgpah vd;Dk; ,ae;jpug; bgz;iz cUthf;fpa epWtdk;
m) I. gp. vk; M) rhg;l; t=;fp
,) ghuj !;nll; t=;fp <) \hd;rd; nuhnghl;of;!;  [tpil: <]
22. nrhgpah vd;Dk; ,ae;jpug; bgz;Qf;Ff; Foa[hpik tH=;fpa[s;s ehL
m) \h=;fh=; M) brsjp mnugpah ,) $g;ghd; <) mbkhpf;fh [tpil: M]

23. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.

i) thl;rd; - \hd;rd; nuhnghl;of;!; m) 4, 3, 2, 1
ii) bgg;gh; - ghuj !;nll; t=;fp M) 3, 4, 1, 2
iii) ,yh - rhg;l; t=;fp ,) 4, 2, 1, 3
iv) nrhgpah - I.gp.vk; epWtdk; <) 3, 1, 4, 2 [tpil: m]
24. \hd;rd; nuhnghl;of;!; epWtdk; mike;Js;s ,lk;
m) \h=;fha; M) nlhf;fpnah ,) rpl;dp <) epa{ahh;f; [tpil: m]

25. rhpahd Tw;wpidf; fz;lwpf.

i) rPd ehl;oy; `fhz;ld;~ efUf;F 500 fy; tlf;nf R{td;brs vd;Dk; JiwKf efh;
cs;sJ.
ii) tzpfj;jpw;fhfj; jkpHh;fs; mof;fo R{td;brs efUf;Fr; brd;wjhy; rptd; nfhtpy;
xd;W m=;nf fl;lg;gl;lJ.
iii) rPd nguuruhd Fg;yha;fhdpd; Mizapd; fPH; rptd; nfhtpy; fl;lg;gl;lJ vd;gjw;fhd
jkpH;f; fy;btl;L m=;Fs;sJ.
iv) ,f;nfhapypy; nrhHh;fhyr; rpw;g=;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
m) i, ii - rhp M) ii, iii, iv - rhp ,) i, iii, iv - rhp <) ehd;Fk; rhp [tpil: <]
26. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) Fg;yha;fhd; - ,ae;jpug; bgz;
ii) thl;rd; - JiwKf efh;
iii) R{td;brs - g[w;Wnehiaf; fz;Lgpoj;j braw;if Ez;zwpt[f; fzpdp
iv) nrhgpah - rPd nguurd;
4, 3, 2, 1
m) M) 3, 4, 1, 2 ,)
4, 2, 3, 1 <) 2, 4, 3, 1 [tpil: m]
27. ,jHpaypy; ,ay;ghd bkhHpeilia cUthf;Fk; bkd;bghUs;
m) thl;rd; M) tHpfhl;o tiuglk;
,) nth;L!;kpj; (vGj;jhsp) <) bgg;gh; [tpil: ,]
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Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 145

28. jfty;fisf; bfhLj;jhy; / mHfhd rpy fl;Liufis cUthf;Fk; bkd;bghUs;

m) thl;rd; M) tHpfhl;o tiuglk;
,) nth;L!;kpj; (vGj;jhsp) <) bgg;gh; [tpil: ,]

29. 2016 y; I.gp.vk;. epWtdj;jpd; Ez;zwpt[f; fzpdp

m) thl;rd; M) tHpfhl;o tiuglk;
,) nth;L!;kpj; (vGj;jhsp) <) bgg;gh; [tpil: m]

30. 50f;Fk; nkw;gl;l kUj;Jtkidfspy; ,ae;jpu kdpjh;fisg; gzpakh;j;jpa[s;s ehL

m) ,e;jpah M) rPdh ,) mbkhpf;fh <) $g;ghd; [tpil: M]
31. braw;if Ez;zwpt[ vd;gJ xU
m) td;bghUs; M) bkd;bghUs; ,) ,ae;jpu kdpjd; <) fzpdp [tpil: M]
32. ``,=;fptid ahd; bgwnt vd;d jtk; bra;Jtpl;nld;~~ vd;W ghoath;
m) ghujpahh; M) ghujpjhrd; ,) ftpkzp <) ituKj;J [tpil: m]
33. `,yh~ bkd;bghUs; xU tpehof;F ciuahLk; thof;ifahsh;fspd; vz;zpf;if
m) gj;jhapuk; M) Mapuk; ,) Iahapuk; <) gj;J [tpil: m]

34. rhg;l; t=;fp cs;s ,lk;

m) ,e;jpah M) rPdh ,) mbkhpf;fh <) $g;ghd; [tpil: <]
35. bgg;gh; vd;gJ xU
m) td;bghUs; M) bkd;bghUs; ,) ,ae;jpu kdpjd; <) fzpdp [tpil: ,]
36. $g;ghdpy; tuntw;ghsuhft[k; gzpahsuhft[k; cs;s ,ae;jpu kdpjd;
m) thl;rd; M) ,yh
,) nth;L!;kpj; (vGj;jhsp) <) bgg;gh; [tpil: <]

37. $g;ghdpy;tPLfspYk; tzpf epWtd=;fspYk; czt[tpLjpfspYk; gad;ghl;oy; cs;s

,ae;jpu kdpjd;
m) thl;rd; M) ,yh
,) nth;L!;kpj;(vGj;jhsp) <) bgg;gh; [tpil: <]

38. fhz;ld; efh; mike;Js;s ehL

m) ,e;jpah M) rPdh ,) mbkhpf;fh <) $g;ghd; [tpil: M]
39. jkpH;f;fy;btl;L fhzg;gLk; gpw ehL
m) M!;jpnuypah M) rPdh ,) mbkhpf;fh <) $g;ghd; [tpil: M]
40. gz;ilaj; jkpHh; mof;fo tzpfj;jpw;fhfr; brd;W te;j rPd efh;
m) fhz;ld; M) Ntd;brs ,) Fg;yha;fhd; <) bga;$p=; [tpil: M]
41. rPdg;nguurh;
m) fhz;ld; M) Ntd;brs ,) Fg;yha;fhd; <) bga;$p=; [tpil: ,]
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146 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 4

42. rPdhtpy; rptd; nfhtpy; fl;oa rPdg;nguurh;

m) fhz;ld; M) Ntd;brs ,) Fg;yha;fhd; <) bga;$p=; [tpil: ,]
43. bghUj;Jf.
1. bgg;gh; ? m) fl;Liu cUthf;Fk; bkd;bghUs;
2. vGj;jhsp ? M) ,ae;jpu kdpjd;
3. ,yh ? ,) Ez;zwpt[f; fzpdp
4. thl;rd; ? <) thof;ifahsh;fSld; ciuahLk;
bkd;bghUs;
m) 1?M 2?m 3?< 4?, M) 1?< 2?m 3?M 4?,
,) 1?M 2?m 3?, 4?< <) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4? < [tpil: m]
44. !;khh;l;nghd; vd;gjw;F ,izahd jkpH;r;brhy;
m) jpwd;ngrp M) bjhiyngrp ,) miyngrp <) bry;ngrp [tpil: m]
45. ________ bjhHpw;g[ul;rpapd; bjhHpy;El;g=;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; mwpt[k; ek;ik tsg;gLj;j
cjt[k;.
m) @d;whtJ M) ehd;fhtJ
,) Ie;jhtJ <) ,uz;lhtJ [tpil: M]

FWtpdh

1. kpd;dQg; g[ul;rpf;fhd fhuz=;fisf; TWf.

ŒŒ 1980fspy; xt;bthUtUf;Fkhd jdpegh; fzpdpfspd; tsh;r;rp.
ŒŒ ,izag; gad;ghl;od; gpwg;g[.
,itna ,d;iwa kpd;dQg; g[ul;rpf;fhd fhuz=;fshFk;.
2. `nth;L!;kpj;~ Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
ŒŒ ,jHpaypy; bkhHpeilia cUthf;Fk; bkd;bghUspd; bgah; nth;L!;kpj;.
ŒŒ ,jw;F vGj;jhsp vd;W bgah;.
ŒŒ 
,jpy; jfty;fisf; bfhLj;jhy; kl;Lk; nghJk;" rpy behofspnyna mHfhd
fl;Liuia cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
3. `thl;rd;~ Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
ŒŒ 2016y; I.gp.vk;. epWtdj;jpd; braw;if Ez;zwpt[f; fzpdp thl;rd;.
ŒŒ rpy epkpl=;fspy; ,uz;L nfhoj; jut[fis myrp/ nehahsp xUthpd; g[w;Wnehiaf;
fz;Lgpoj;jJ.
4. braw;if Ez;zwpt[ ekf;F vg;go mwpKfkhfpwJ>
ŒŒ r@f Clf=;fs;.
ŒŒ kpd;dQr; re;ijfs;.
,tw;wpd; @yk; braw;if Ez;zwpt[ ekf;F mwpKfkhfpwJ.
 ,ay; 4 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 147

5. braw;if Ez;zwpt[ Fwpj;j bjhHpy;El;g tiuaiwiaf; TWf.

braw;if Ez;zwpt[ vd;gJ xU bray;jpl;l tiut[.
6. braw;if Ez;zwptpd; bghJthd gzp vd;d>
kdpjdhy; Koa[k; bray;fisa[k; mtd; fodk; vd;W fUJk; bray;fisa[k;
bra;af;ToaJ braw;if Ez;zwpt[.
7. 
rPdhtpy; kUj;Jtkidfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,ae;jpu kdpjdpd; bray;ghLfisf;
TWf.
ŒŒ kUj;JtkidfSf;F tUk; nehahspfspd; Fuiya[k; Kfj;ija[k; milahsk; fz;L
mth;fspd; nfs;tpfSf;Fg; gjpy; brhy;fpd;wd.
ŒŒ rPd bkhHpapd; btt;ntW tl;lhu tHf;Ffisa[k; Tl mit g[hpe;J bfhz;L gjpy;
mspf;fpd;wd.
8. `,yh~ vd;Dk; bkd;bghUs; Fwpj;J vGJf.
ŒŒ ghuj !;nll; t=;fp `,yh~ vd;Dk; ciuahL bkd;bghUis cUthf;fpa[s;sJ.
ŒŒ xU tpehof;Fg; gj;jhapuk; thof;ifahsh;fSld; ciuahLk;.
ŒŒ mth;fSf;fhd nritia ,izak; @yk; mspf;fpwJ.
9. ,yh (ELA) vd;gjd; M=;fpy tphpthf;fj;ij vGJf.
ELA - Electronic Live Assistant

10. braw;if Ez;zwptpd; rpwg;g[ ahJ>

ŒŒ braw;if Ez;zwpt[ bghjpe;j ,ae;jpu=;fSf;F Xa;t[ njitapy;iy.
ŒŒ braw;if Ez;zwpthy; ghh;f;ft[k; nfl;ft[k; g[hpe;J bfhs;st[k; Koa[k;.
rpWtpdh

1. `bgg;gh;~ Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

ŒŒ $g;ghdpy; rhg;l; t=;fp cUthf;fpa ,ae;jpu kdpjnd bgg;gh;.
ŒŒ ,J cyf mstpy; tpw;gidahFk; xU nuhngh.
ŒŒ tPl;Lf;F/ tzpfj;Jf;Fg;/ gog;g[f;F vd @d;W tif nuhnghf;fs; cs;sd.
ŒŒ ,it kdpjhpd; KfghtidfspypUe;J czh;t[fisg; g[hpe;J bfhz;L mjw;nfw;g
bray;gLfpd;wd.
ŒŒ bgg;giu tuntw;ghsuhft[k; gzpahsuhft[k; tPLfspYk; tzpf epWtd=;fspYk;
czt[ tpLjpfspYk; gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs;.
2. braw;if Ez;zwpt[ Fwpj;j bjhHpy; El;g tiuaiwiaf; Twp tpsf;Ff.
tiuaiw :
braw;if Ez;zwpt[ vd;gJ xU bkd;bghUs; my;yJ fzpdpr; bray;jpl;l
tiut[ vdyhk;.
 148 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 4

totikg;g[ :
xypg;gl=;fs;/ vGj;Jfs;/ fhbdhypfs;/ xypfs; nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J fw;Wf;
bfhs;Sk; bkd;bghUis Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; totikf;fpd;wdh;.
KobtLf;Fk; jpwd; :
,e;j bkd;bghUs; mwpitf; bfhz;L jdf;F tUk; g[jpa g[jpa NH;epiyfspy;
kdpjiug; nghy jhnd KobtLf;Fk; jpwDilaJ.
rpwg;g[ :
braw;if Ez;zwpt[ bghjpe;j ,ae;jpu=;fSf;F Xa;t[ njitapy;iy. braw;if
Ez;zwpthy; ghh;f;ft[k; nfl;ft[k; g[hpe;J bfhs;st[k; Koa[k;. kdpjdhy; Koa[k;
bray;fisa[k; mtd; fodk; vd;W fUJk; bray;fisa[k; bra;af;ToaJ braw;if
Ez;zwpt[.
3. bka;epfh; cjtpahsh; gw;wp tpthp.
cjt[ bkd;bghUs; :
jpwd; ngrpapy; ,a=;Fk; cjt[ bkd;bghUs; fz;Qf;Fg; g[yg;glhj kdpjidg;
nghy ek;Kld; ciuaho rpy cjtpfisr; bra;fpwJ.
bray;ghLfs; :
ŒŒ ,k;bkd;bghUs; ehk; brhy;Yfpwth;fSf;Fj; bjhiyngrp miHg;g[ tpLf;Fk;.
ŒŒ ehk; jpwf;ff; fl;lisapLfpw braypiaj; jpwf;Fk;;.
ŒŒ ehk; nfl;gij cyhtpapy; njLk;.
ŒŒ ehk; tpUk;g[k; mHfhd ftpijia ,izaj;jpy; njoj; jUk;.
ŒŒ ve;jf; filapy; vJ tpw;Fk; vd;Wk; brhy;Yk;.
ŒŒ gog;gjw;F chpa E}y;fisg; gl;oaypLk;.
ŒŒ ehk; vLj;j xspg;gl=;fisg; gw;wpf; fUj;Jiuf;Fk;.
vjph;fhyj;jpy; :
vjph;fhyj;jpy; ek; ez;gh;fs;/ FLk;gj;jpdh; Mfpnahiu tplt[k; ,J nghd;w bka;epfh;
cjtpahsh; ek;ik ed;F mwpe;jpUf;Fk;.
4. xspg;glf;fUtpapy; braw;if Ez;zwpt[ Fwpj;J RUf;fp tiuf.
ŒŒ rpy cah;tifj; jpwd;ngrpapd; xspg;glf;fUtp/ braw;if Ez;zwpt[j; bjhHpy;
El;gj;ijf; bfhz;oUf;fpwJ.
ŒŒ flt[r; brhy;Yk; ifnuifa[k; bfhz;L jpwd;ngrpiaj; jpwg;gJ gHikahdJ.
ŒŒ chpikahshpd; Kfj;ij milahsk; fz;L jpwg;gJ ,d;iwa bjhHpy;El;gk;.
ŒŒ glk; vLf;Fk; fhl;rpia milahsk; fz;L mjw;F Vw;g jd;idj; jftikj;Jf;
bfhs;fpwJ.
ŒŒ jpwd; ngrpapy; cs;s xspg;glf; fUtpapy; vLf;Fk; gl=;fis bkUTl;l
,j;bjhHpy;El;gk; cjt[fpwJ.
 www.nammakalvi.org
,ay; 4 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 149

gad;fs; :
fhbzhypfisj; bjhFf;Fk; bkd;bghUs;fspy; braw;if Ez;zwpt[j; bjhHpy;
El;gk; gad;gLfpwJ. neuk; tPzhtJ jtph;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
5. braw;if Ez;zwptpd; bghJthd TWfis tpsf;Ff.
ŒŒ ek;ik mwpahknyna ek; thH;f;ifiaa[k;/ tzpfj;ija[k; tsg;gLj;JfpwJ.
ŒŒ ,j;bjhHpy; El;gj;ijf; fz;L mr;rg;gLgth;fspd; mywy;fis ehk; vjph;bfhs;tnj
Kjy; miw Tty;.
ŒŒ xt;bthU g[jpa fz;Lgpog;g[fSk; mwpKfkhFk; nghJ g[jpa totpy; khw;wk;
bgWfpd;wd.
ŒŒ kdpj ,dj;ijj; jP=;FfspypUe;J fhg;ghw;wp/ cly; eyj;ijg; ngQfpwJ.
ŒŒ bfhoa neha;fisj; bjhlf;f epiyapnyna fz;lwpe;jy;/ kUj;Jtiug; nghy ghpe;Jiu
bra;jy; nghd;w nkw;fz;l bray;ghLfspy; braw;if Ez;zwpitg; gad;gLj;Jk;
Muha;r;rpfs; ele;J tUfpd;wd.
6. Kf;fhyf; fy;tpawpt[ Fwpj;J vGJf.
Ke;ija fy;tpawpt[ :
xU fhyj;jpy; thH;f;ifapy; Kd;ndWtjw;F vGjg; gof;fj; bjhpe;j fy;tpawpnt
nghJkhdjhf ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; ,d;W/ fy;tpawpt[ld; kpd;dQf; fy;tpawpita[k;
kpd;dQr; re;ijg;gLj;Jjiya[k; mwpe;jpUj;jy; ntz;Lk;. ,J thH;f;ifia vspjhf;ft[k;
tzpfj;jpy; btw;wpailat[k; cjt[fpwJ.
vjph;fhyf; fy;tpawpt[ :
vjph;fhyj;jpy; braw;if Ez;zwpt[ gw;wpa mwpt[k; ehd;fhtJ bjhHpw; g[ul;rpapd;
bjhHpy; El;g=;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; mwpt[nk ek;ik tsg;gLj;Jk;
7. rPd ehl;oy; mike;Js;s jkpH;f; fy;btl;L Fwpj;J vGJf.
Ntd;brs JiwKf efh; :
rPd ehl;oy; fhz;ld; efUf;F tlf;nf 500 fy; bjhiytpy; cs;sJ. Ntd;brs
JiwKf efh;.
jkpH; tzpfh; :
Ntd;brs JiwKf efUf;F jkpH; tzpfh; mof;fo te;J brd;wdh;.
rptd; nfhtpy; :
ŒŒ jkpHh;fspd; tut[ fhuzkhf rPdhtpy; rptd; nfhtpy; fl;Lk;goahf me;ehl;L kd;dh;
Fg;yha;fhd; Mizapl;lhh;.
ŒŒ ,k;kd;duJ Mizg;go ,f;nfhtpy; fl;lg;gl;lJ vd jkpH;f; fy;btl;L xd;W
,f;nfhtpypy; cs;sJ.
ŒŒ ,f;nfhapypy; nrhHh;fhyr; rpw;g=;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 150 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 4

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 81

1. 
,d;iwa braw;if Ez;zwpt[g; gad;ghLfisr; bra;jpj;jhspnyh ,izaj;jpnyh
fz;L ml;ltizahfj; jUf.
Jiw gad;ghLfs;
kUj;Jtj; neha;fisf; fz;L gpof;fpd;wd. fz; mWit kUj;Jtj;jpy;
Jiw gad;gLfpwJ. rPd kUj;Jtkidapy; cs;s ,ae;jpu kdpjh;fs;
nehahspfspd; Kfj;ija[k; Fuiya[k; milahsk; fz;L gjpy;
brhy;fpd;wd.
,jHpay; Jiw nth;L!;kpj; vd;Dk; braw;if Ez;zwpt[ bkd;bghUs; ehk; bfhLf;Fk;
jfty;fisf; fl;Liuiar; rpy behofspy; cUthf;fptpLk;.
nghf;Ftuj;J me;j tHpapy; nghf;Ftuj;J behpry; mjpfk; " ,Jnt RUf;fkhd tHp
vd;W ekJ jpwd;ngrpapy; tHpfhl;o glk; cjtp bra;fpwJ.
tzpfj;Jiw g[jpa tzpf tha;g;g[fisr; braw;if Ez;zwpt[ ey;FfpwJ. bgU
epWtd=;fs; j=;fs; bghUs;fis cw;gj;jp bra;at[k; re;ijg;gLj;jt[k;
braw;if Ez;zwpt[ gad;gLfpd;wJ.
gpwJiwfs; tpLjpfs;/ t=;fpfs;/ mYtyf=;fspy; kdpjh; mspf;Fk; nritfis
nuhnghf;fs; mspf;Fk;. fy;tpj; Jiwapy; ,j;bjhHpy;El;gj;ijg; gy
tpj=;fspy; gad;gLj;Jk; rhj;jpaf; TWfs; cs;sd.
2. 
bfhLf;fg;gLfpd;w vy;yhtw;iwa[k; cs;sPL bra;J/ njitg;gLk; ntisapy;
btspapLtjpy;/ ,d;W @isf;F ,izahfj; bjhHpy;El;gKk; Kd;ndwpa[s;sJ.
,f;fUj;ija[k;/ glj;ija[k; xg;gpl;Lf; fye;JiuahLf.
egh; 1: 
bfhLf;fg;gLfpd;w vy;yhtw;iwa[k; cs;sPL
bra;J/ njitg;gLk; ntisapy; btspapLtjpy;
,d;W @isf;F ,izahfj; bjhHpy; El;gKk;
Kd;ndwpa[s;sJ vd;gijg; gw;wp cd; fUj;J vd;d>
egh; 2: 
,d;iwa njitfis tpiutpy; g{h;j;jp bra;a
bgUk;ghYk; braw;if Ez;zwpnt gad;gLfpwJ. ,t;t[yif kpFjpahf
Msf;Toa xU bjhHy;El;gk; braw;if Ez;zwpnt.
egh; 1: ,d;iwa kpd;dQg; g[ul;rpf;Fj; fhuzk; vd;d>
egh; 2: 
ve;j xU bjhHpy; El;gKk; xnu ehspy; te;J tpLtjpy;iy. 1980fspy;
xt;bthUtUf;Fkhd jdp egh; fzpdpfspd; tsh;r;rpa[k; ,izag; gad;ghl;od;
gpwg;g[nk ,k;khw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzk;.
egh; 1: nkny bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s glj;ijg; gw;wp cd;Dila fUj;J ahJ>
egh; 2: `fy;tprhh; g[ul;rp~ vd;gnj vd; fUj;J. ehk; xU E}iyj; njo vLj;J mjpy; ehk;
njLk; brhw;fisf; fz;L gpog;gjw;F fhy tpuak; Vw;gLk;. Mdhy; jpwd; ngrpnah
,ay; 4 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 151

fzpdpnah ehk; brhy;yr; brhy;yj; jd; mfz;l jut[fspy; cs;s nfhof;fzf;fhd

brhw;fSld; xg;gpl;Lr; rhpahd brhy;iy fhy; behof;Fk; Fiwthd neuj;jpy;
njh;e;bjLj;Jj; jpiuapy; fhz;gpf;fpwJ. fy;tprhh; jfty;fis clDf;Fld;
bjhpe;J bfhs;s ,j;bjhHpy; El;gk; kpft[k; gaDilajhf mika[k;. ed;wp-



,ay; bjhHpy;El;gk; ftpijg; ngiH

bgUkhs; jpUbkhHp
4 ? FynrfuhH;thh;

ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf

1. `cdjUns ghh;g;gd; monand~ ? ahh; ahhplk; TwpaJ>

m) FynrfuhH;thhplk; ,iwtd; M) ,iwtdplk; FynrfuhH;thh;
,) kUj;Jthplk; nehahsp <) nehahspaplk; kUj;Jth; [tpil: M]

FWtpdh
1. kUj;Jtj;jpy; kUe;Jld; md;g[k; ek;gpf;ifa[k; Mw;Wk; gh=;fpid vGJf.
kUj;Jth; clypy; Vw;gl;l g[z;izf; fj;jpahy; mWj;Jr; Rl;lhYk; mJ ed;ikf;nf vd;W
czh;e;J nehahsp mtiu nerpg;ghh;.

rpWtpdh

1. 
``khshj fhjy; nehahsd; nghy;~~ vd;Dk; bjhlhpYs;s ctik Rl;Lk; bra;jpia
tpsf;Ff.
clypy; Vw;gl;l g[z; :
kUj;Jth; clypy; Vw;gl;l g[z;izf; fj;jpahy; mWj;Jr; Rl;lhYk; mJ ed;ikf;nf vd;W
czh;e;J nehahsp mtiu nerpg;ghh;.
eP=;fhj Jd;gk; :
tpj;Jtf;nfhl;oy; vGe;jUspapUf;Fk; md;idna- kUj;Jtiug; nghd;W eP vdf;F
Jd;gj;ijj; je;jhYk;/ cd; moatdhfpa ehd; (nehahspiag; nghy) cd; mUisna
vg;bghGJk; vjph;ghh;j;J thH;fpnwd;.
 www.nammakalvi.org
152 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 4

TLjy; tpdhf;fs;

gyt[s; bjhpf

1. bgUkhs; jpUbkhHpapy; cs;s ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if vj;jid>

m) 105 M) 155 ,) 205 <) 255 [tpil: m]
2. tpj;Jtf;nfhL vd;Dk; Ch;/ _______ khepyj;jpy; _______ khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ.
m) nfus/ ghyf;fhL M) fh;ehlf/ khz;oah
,) me;jpu/ bey;Y}h; <) nfus/ jpUtde;jg[uk;  [tpil: m]

3. Fynrfu MH;thh; tpj;Jtf;nfhl;oy; cs;s ,iwtid ca;a te;j bgUkhid _______

cUtfpj;Jg; ghLfpwhh;.
m) md;idahf M) fhjypahf ,) njhHdhf <) je;ijahf [tpil: m]

4. thshy; mWj;Jr; RoDk; kUj;Jtd; ghy;

khshj fhjy; nehahsd; nghy; khaj;jhy; ? vd;Dk; mofspy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s eak;
m) nkhid M) vJif ,) cUtfk; <) me;jhjp  [tpil: M]

5. ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag; gpuge;jj;jpy; _______ jpUbkhHpahf cs;sJ bgUkhs; jpUbkhHp.

m) @d;whk; M) ehd;fhk; ,) Ie;jhk; <) Mwhk;  [tpil: ,]

7. bgUkhs; jpUbkhHpiag; ghoath;

m) jpUk=;ifahH;thh; M) FynrfuhH;thh;
,) ek;khH;thh; <) bgha;ifahH;thh;  [tpil: M]
8. Fynrfu MH;thhpd; fhyk; _______ E}w;whz;L.
m) Mwhk; M) VHhk; ,) vl;lhk; <) gj;jhk; [tpil: ,]
9. 
`thshy; mWj;J~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; bgUkhs; jpUbkhHpapd; ghlg;gFjpahf cs;s
Kjyhapuj;jpd; ghRuk;.
m) 681 M) 691 ,) 541 <) 641  [tpil: M]

10. `khshj fhjy; nehahsd; nghy; khaj;jhy;~ vd;Dk; mofspy; `khak;~ vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) bgha;ik M) epiyahik ,) tpisahl;L <) mw;g[jk;  [tpil: ,]
11. fhjy; nehahsd; nghd;wth;
m) FynrfuhH;thh; M) tpj;Jtf;nfhl;L ,iwtd;
,) kf;fs; <) kUj;Jth; [tpil: m]

12. kUj;Jtd; nghd;wth;

m) FynrfuhH;thh; M) tpj;Jtf;nfhl;L ,iwtd;
,) kf;fs; <) kUj;Jth; [tpil: M]
 ,ay; 4 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 153

13. ``eP Msh cdjUns ghh;g;gd; monad;~~ vd;wth;

m) FynrfuhH;thh; M) tpj;Jtf;nfhl;L ,iwtd;
,) kf;fs; <) kUj;Jth; [tpil: m]
14. khaj;jhy; kPshj; Jah; jUgth;
m) FynrfuhH;thh; M) tpj;Jtf;nfhl;L ,iwtd;
,) kf;fs; <) kUj;Jth; [tpil: M]

15. bghUj;jkpy;yhj xd;wpidj; njh;t[ bra;f.

m) ehyhapuj;jpt;ag; gpuge;jk; M) Kjyhapuk;
,) Ie;jhk; jpUbkhHp <) jpUg;ghit [tpil: <]

16. thshy; mWj;Jr; RLgth;

m) FynrfuhH;thh; M) tpj;Jtf;nfhl;L ,iwtd;
,) kf;fs; <) kUj;Jth; [tpil: <]
17. rhpahd brhw;bwhliuj; njh;t[ bra;f.
m) r=;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; mwptpay; fUj;Jfs; epiwe;Js;sd.
M) mwptpay; fUj;Jfs; r=;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; epiwe;Js;sd.
,) ,yf;fpaj;jpymwptpay;r=;f fUj;Jfs; epiwe;Js;sd.
<) r=;f mwptpay; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fUj;Jfs; epiwe;Js;sd. [tpil: m]
18. ``thshy; mWj;Jr; RoDk; kUj;Jtd; ghy;
khshj fhjy; nehahsd; nghy; khaj;jhy;~~ ,t;tofspy; mike;j movJifr; brhw;fs;
m) thshy; ? khshj M) nehahsd; ? khaj;jhy;
,) kUj;Jtd; ? nehahsd; <) thshy; ? nehahy; [tpil: m]

19. ``thshy; mWj;Jr; RoDk; kUj;Jtd; ghy;

khshj fhjy; nehahsd; nghy; khaj;jhy;~~ ,t;tofspy; mike;j Kuz; brhw;fs;
m) thshy; ? khshj M) nehahsd; ? khaj;jhy;
,) kUj;Jtd; ? nehahsd; <) thshy; ? nehahy; [tpil : ,]

FWtpdh

1. bgUkhs; jpUbkhHp E}y; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

ŒŒ ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag; gpuge;jj;jpy; Ie;jhk; jpUbkhHpahf cs;sJ bgUkhs; jpUbkhHp.
ŒŒ ,jpy; 105 ghly;fs; cs;sd.
2. Fynrfu MH;thh; Fwpj;J Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
bgah; ? Fynrfu MH;thh;
Ch; ? jpUt+;rpf;fsk; (nfusk;)
E}y;fs; ? bgUkhs; jpUbkhHp/ KFe;jkhiy.
g[yik ? tlbkhHp/ bjd;bkhHp
 154 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 4

fhyk; ? vl;lhk; E}w;whz;L

ghlg;gFjp ?ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag; gpuge;jj;jpy; Ie;jhk; jpUbkhHp 105 ghly;fs;
cs;sd.
3. ``eP Msh cdjUns ghh;g;gd; monad;~~ vd;W ahh; ahhplk; Twpdhh;>
Fynrfu MH;thh; jpUtpj;Jtf; nfhl;lk;khtplk; Twpdhh;.
4. ``thshy; mWj;Jr; RoDk; kUj;Jtd; ghy;
khshj fhjy; nehahsd; nghy; khaj;jhy;~~ ? khak; bra;jth; ahh;>
khak; bra;jth; :jpUtpj;Jtf; nfhl;lk;kh
5. ``thshy; mWj;Jr; RoDk; kUj;Jtd; ghy;
khshj fhjy; nehahsd; nghy; khaj;jhy;~~? ,t;tofspy; Rl;lg;gLk; `kUj;Jtd;~ kw;Wk;
`nehahsd;~ nghd;wth; ahth;>
ŒŒ kUj;Jtd; nghd;wth; : jpUtpj;Jtf; nfhl;lk;kh
ŒŒ nehahsd; nghd;wth; : Fynrfu MH;thh;
rpWtpdh

1. Fynrfuh; jpUtpj;Jtf; nfhl;L ,iwtdplk; ntz;LtJ ahJ>

kUj;Jtiu nerpj;jy; :
kUj;Jth; clypy; Vw;gl;l g[z;izf; fj;jpahy; mWj;Jr; Rl;lhYk; mJ ed;ikf;nf vd
czh;e;J nehahsp kUj;Jtiu nerpg;ghh;.
,iwtd; mUis vjph;ghh;j;jy; :
,iwtnd eP cd; tpisahl;lhy; vdf;F eP=;fhj Jd;gj;ijj; je;jhYk; nehahspiag;
nghy cd; mUis vjph;ghh;j;J thH;fpnwd;.

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 85

1. jkpHh; kUj;Jt Kiwf;Fk; etPd kUj;Jt Kiwf;Fk; cs;s bjhlh;g[ Fwpj;J

xg;gilt[ cUthf;Ff.

jkpHh; kUj;Jtk;:
ŒŒ jkpHh; kUj;JtKiw vd;gJ rpj;j kUj;Jtk; MFk;.
ŒŒ jhtuk;/ tpy=;F/ cnyhfk; mjhtJ g+;rg{j=;fs; vy;yhk; kdpj eyDf;fhf gad;gLtd
vd;gJ rpj;j kUj;Jtj;jpd; nfhl;ghL.
ŒŒ jkpHh;fs; nehiar; rhpgLj;j ,aw;if jUk; ,iy/ fha;/ fdpfspypUe;nj kUe;ijf;
fz;ldh;.
ŒŒ thjk;/ gpj;jk;/ rPjk; ,it @d;Wk; rkepiyapy; ,Ue;jhy; neha; ek;ik ehlhJ.
ŒŒ jkpHh; kUj;JtKiwapy; gf;f tpist[fs; VJkpy;iy. Fzkhtjw;F rpy ehl;fs;
MdhYk; kPz;Lk; me;neha; ek;ik jhf;fhJ.
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Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 155

etPd kUj;Jtk;:
ŒŒ mwptpay; tsh;r;rpf;F Vw;g/ kUj;Jtj;Jiwapy; gy;ntW khw;w=;fs; Vw;gLfpwJ.
mwptpay; Kiwapy; Rfkspj;jth;fspy; rpwe;jth; \pg;nghfpnul!;.
ŒŒ etPd kUj;Jt Kiwapdhy; gf;f tpist[fs; Vw;gLtjw;Fr; rhj;jpa TWfs; cz;L.
ŒŒ neha;fpUkpfs; cldoahf mHpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. nehia Fzg;gLj;j KoahJ. Mdhy;
,t;tif kUj;Jtj;Jiwapy; ftdf;Fiwt[ Vw;gl;lhy; caph; ,WjpahfptpLk;.
ŒŒ cjhuzkhf/ FUjp Vw;Wk;nghJ bjhlh;g[ilathpd; FUjp xnu ,dkhf ,Uf;f
ntz;Lk;. ,itbay;yhk; ghpnrhjid bra;J nehahspiaf; Fzg;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.



,ay; bjhHpy;El;gk; ftpijg; ngiH

ghpghly;
4 ? fPue;ijahh;

ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. ghpghly; moapy; `tpRk;g[k; ,ira[k;~ vd;Dk; bjhlh; vjidf; Fwpf;fpwJ>
m) thdj;ija[k; ghl;ila[k; M) thdj;ija[k; g[fiHa[k;
,) thdj;ija[k; g{kpiaa[k; <) thdj;ija[k; ngbuhypiaa[k; [tpil: <]

FWtpdh
1. caph;fs; cUthfp tsu Vw;w NHy; g{kpapy; vit vitbadg; ghpghly; tHp mwpe;jtw;iwf;
Fwpg;gpLf.
epyk;/ ePh;/ fhw;W/ Mfhak;/ beUg;g[.

beLtpdh
1. ek; Kd;ndhh; mwptpay; fUj;Jfis ,aw;ifa[ld; ,izj;Jf; TWtjhfj; bjhl=;Ffpd;w
gpd;tUk; brhw;bghHpitj; bjhlh;e;J epiwt[ bra;f.
ngud;gpw;Fhpa mitnahh; midtUf;Fk; tzf;fk;- ,d;W ,ay;/ ,ir/ ehlfk; vd;Dk;
Kj;jkpGld; mwptpaiy ehd;fhk; jkpHhff; TWfpd;wdh;. Mjpfhye;bjhl;L ,a=;fp
tUk; jkpH; bkhHpapy; mwptpay; vd;gJ jkpHh; thH;nthL fye;J fiue;J te;js;sij
,yf;fpa=;fs; @yk; mwpfpnwhk;. mz;lj;ij mse;Jk; g[tpapd; njhw;wj;ij Cfpj;Jk;
TWk; mwptpay; bra;jpfs; ,yf;fpa=;fspy; cs;sd.
 156 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 4

r=;f ,yf;fpakhd ghpghly; E}ypy; g{kpapd; njhw;wk; Fwpj;J brhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ŒŒ vJt[nk ,y;yhj bgUbtspapy; mz;lj; njhw;wj;Jf;Ff; fhuzkhd fU ngbuhypa[ld;
njhd;wpaJ.
ŒŒ cUtkpy;yhj fhw;W Kjyhd g{j=;fspd; mQf;fSld; tsh;fpd;w thdk; vd;Dk;
Kjy; g{j=;fs; cUthfpd.
ŒŒ me;j mQf;fspd; Mw;wy; fpsh;e;J gUg;bghUs;fs; rpjWk; goahfg; gy fhy=;fs;
fle;jJ.
ŒŒ gpd;dh; g{kp FspUk;goahfj; bjhlh;e;J bga;j kiHahy; g{kp bts;sj;jpy; @H;fpaJ.
ŒŒ kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; epiw bts;sj;jpy; ,g;bghpa g[tp @H;fp caph;fs; cUthfp thH;tjw;F
Vw;w NHy; njhd;wpaJ.
ŒŒ ,r;NHy; khw;wj;jpdhy; caph;fs; njhd;wp epiy bgw;W thH;fpd;wd.
ŒŒ g[tp cUthfpa epfH;it mwptpay; mwp+h;fs; fz;lwpa[k; Kd;ng ek; jkpHh; fz;lwpe;jdh;
vd;gJ jkpHUf;F fpilj;j kpfg;bghpa btw;wpa[k; bgUikf;Fhpa braYkhFk;.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ jUf.
1. CH;CH; ? mLf;Fj; bjhlh;
2. tsh; thdk; ? tpidj;bjhif
3. bre;jP ? gz;g[j;bjhif
4. thuh ? <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk;
5. njhd;wp/ @H;fp ? tpidbar;r=;fs;
6. fpsh;e;j ? bgabur;rk;
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; jUf.
fpsh;e;j = fpsh; + j;(e;); + j; + m
fpsh; ? gFjp
j; ? re;jp/ `e;~ MdJ tpfhuk;
j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
m ? bgabur;r tpFjp

TLjy; tpdhf;fs;

gyt[s; bjhpf

1. bghUj;jkhd tpil thpiriaj; njh;bjL.

1. jz;bgay; ? bts;sj;jpy; @H;fpf; fple;j
2. Mh; jUg[ ? brwpe;J jpuz;L
3. gPL ? Fsph;e;j kiH
4. <z;o ? rpwg;g[
m) 1/ 3/ 2/ 4 M) 3/ 2/ 4/ 1 ,) 4/ 2/ 1/ 3 <) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2 [tpil: <]
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2. 
,Jtiuf;Fk; ekf;Ff; fpilj;Js;s ghpghly; E}ypy; cs;s ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if
vj;jid>
m) 24 M) 34 ,) 44 <) 54 [tpil: m]
3. vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fSs; xd;W
m) ghpghly; M) Ky;iyg; ghl;L
,) ehyoahh; <) @Jiu  [tpil: m]

4. `tpRk;gpy; CHp~ vdj; bjhl=;Fk; ghpghliy vGjpath;

m) ef;fPuh; M) kUjdhh;
,) fPue;ijahh; <) Xjyhe;ijahh;  [tpil: ,]
5. ghpghly; `` _______ ~~ vd;Dk; g[fGilaJ.
m) ew;ghpghly; M) g[fH; ghpghly;
,) X=;F ghpghly; <) cah; ghpghly;  [tpil: ,]
6. r=;f E}y;fSs; gz;nzhL ghlg;gl;l E}y;
m) ew;wpiz M) Ky;iyg;ghl;L
,) gl;odg; ghiy <) ghpghly;  [tpil: <]
7. ghpghlypy; vGgJ ghly;fs; ,Ug;gjhff; Twpa[s;sth;fs;
m) g[yth;fs; M) tuyhw;W Ma;thsh;fs;
,) ,yf;fpa Ma;thsh;fs; <) ciuahrphpah;fs;  [tpil: <]
8. vl;tpd; \g;gps; vd;gth;
m) mbkhpf;f kUj;Jth; M) gpbu+;R MSeh;
,) mbkhpf;f thdpay; mwp+h; <) nghh;r;Rf;fPrpa khYkp  [tpil: ,]
9. vl;tpd; \g;gps; _______ ,y; ek; ghy;tPjp nghd;W gy ghy;tPjpfs; cs;sd vd;W
epqgpj;jhh;.
m) 1921 M) 1821 ,) 1924 <) 1934 [tpil: ,]

10. ``mz;lg; gFjpapd; cz;ilg; gpwf;Fk;.

rpwpa Mfg; bghpnahd; bjhpapd;~~ ? vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;
m) ghpghly; M) fypj;bjhif
,) bgUkhs; jpUbkhHp <) jpUthrfk;  [tpil: <]
11. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) CH; CH; - <Wbfl;l vjph;kiwg; bgabur;rk; m) 4, 3, 2, 1
ii) tsh; thdk; - gz;g[j;bjhif M) 3, 4, 2, 1
iii) bre;jP - tpidj;bjhif ,) 2, 4, 1, 3
iv) thuh - mLf;Fj; bjhlh; <) 4, 2, 1, 3 [tpil: m]
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158 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 4

12. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.

i) tpRk;g[ - rpwg;g[ m) 3, 2, 4, 1
ii) CHp - a[fk; M) 4, 3, 2, 1
iii) CH; - thdk; ,) 1, 2, 3, 4
iv) gPL - Kiw <) 3, 4, 1, 2 [tpil: m]
13. `fpsh;e;j~ vd;Dk; brhy;iyg; gphpf;Fk; Kiw
m) fpsh;e;J + m M) fpsh; + j; + j; + m
,) fpsh; + e; + j; + m <) fpsh; + j;(e;) + j; + m  [tpil: <]
14. `tpRk;gpy; CHp CH; CH; bry;y~.. vdg; ghoath;
m) khzpff ; thrfh; M) fPue;ijahh;
,) Xjyhe;ijahh; <) mk;@tdhh;  [tpil: M]
15. Kjy; g{jk; vdg;gLtJ
m) thdk; M) epyk; ,) fhw;W <) ePh;  [tpil: m]
16. ``fU tsh; thdj;J ,irapy; njhd;wp/
cU mwpthuh xd;wd; CHpa[k;~~
? ,t;tofspy; ,lk;bgw;Ws;s ,yf;fpa eak;
m) vJif M) nkhid ,) ,iag[ <) me;jhjp [tpil: m]
17. Kjy; g{jk;
m) thdk; M) epyk; ,) ePh; <) fhw;W  [tpil: m]
18. ghpghlypy; g[tpf;Ff; Twg;gl;l ctik
m) beUg;gg[ ; ge;J M) cUtk; ,y;yhj fhw;W
,) bts;sk; <) CHp  [tpil: m]
19. ``tpRk;gpy; CHp CH; CH; bry;y~~ ? ,t;toapy; mike;Js;s bgUk;ghd;ik eak;
m) vJif M) nkhid ,) Kuz; <) ,iag[ [tpil: M]
20. beUg;g[g;ge;jha; te;J Fsph;e;jJ
m) g{kp M) fhw;W ,) jP <) ePh; [tpil: m]
21. ``tpRk;gpy; CHp CH; CH; bry;y~~ ? ,t;toapy; `tpRk;g[~ vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; bghUs;
m) thdk; M) fhw;W ,) a[fk; <) Kiw  [tpil: m]

22. ``tpRk;gpy; CHp CH; CH; bry;y~~ ? ,t;toapy; `CHp~ vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; bghUs;
m) thdk; M) fhw;W ,) a[fk; <) Kiw  [tpil: ,]

23. ``tpRk;gpy; CHp CH; CH; bry;y~~ ? ,t;toapy; `CH;~ vd;Dk; brhy;ypd; bghUs;
m) thdk; M) fhw;W ,) a[fk; <) Kiw  [tpil: <]
 ,ay; 4 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 159

24. bghUj;Jf.
1. tpRk;g[ ? m) a[fk;
2. CHp ? M) thdk;
3. CH; ? ,) Fsph;e;j kiH
4. jz;bgay; ? <) Kiw
m) 1?M 2?m 3?< 4?, M) 1?< 2?m 3?M 4? ,
,) 1?M 2?m 3? , 4?< <) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4?<  [tpil: m]
25. 1300Mz;LfSf;F Kd; jpUmz;lg;gFjp gw;wpf; Twpath;
m) khzpf;fthrfh; M) fPue;ijahh;
,) bgU+;rpj;jpudhh; <) fgpyh;  [tpil: m]
26. ``jz;bgay; jiy,a CHpa[k;~~ ,jpy; `Fsph;e;j kiH~ vd;Dk; bghUs; jUk; brhy;
m) jz;bgay; M) jiy ,) ,a <) CHp  [tpil: m]

FWtpdh

1. r=;f ,yf;fpa E}y;fs; @yk; ePtPh; mwpe;J bfhs;Sk; bra;jp ahJ>

ŒŒ <uhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh; thH;e;j jkpH; kf;fspd; thH;f;if Kiw/
ŒŒ mwpthw;wy;/
ŒŒ r@f cwt[/
ŒŒ ,aw;ifiag; g[hpe;J bfhs;Sk; jpwd;.
2. ghpghly; E}y; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
ŒŒ vl;Lj;bjhif E}y;fSs; xd;W ghpghly; ? mfk; g[wk; rhh;e;j E}y;.
ŒŒ ,e;E}y; ``X=;F ghpghly;~~ vd;Dk; g[fGilaJ.
ŒŒ r=;f E}y;fSs; gz;nzhL ghlg;gl;l E}y;.
ŒŒ ciuahrphpah;fs; vGgJ ghly;fs; ,Ug;gjhff; Twpa[s;sdh;.
ŒŒ 24 ghly;fns fpilj;Js;sd.
3. mz;lg;gFjp Fwpj;J khzpf;fthrfh; Fwpg;gpLk; bra;jp ahJ>
ŒŒ mz;lg;gFjpapd; cUz;il totk; xg;gw;w tskhd fhl;rpa[k; xd;Wld; xd;W
<h;g;g[ld; E}Wnfhof;Fk; nky; tphpe;J epd;wd.
ŒŒ fjputdpd; xspf;fw;iwapy; bjhpa[k; J}Rj;Jfs; nghy mit Ez;ikahf ,Uf;fpd;wd.
3. ghy;tPjp Fwpj;J vl;tpd; \g;gps; epUgpj;Jf; Twpa bra;jpia vGJ.
ŒŒ mz;lg; bgUbtspapy; ek; ghy;tPjp nghd;W vz;zw;w ghy;tPjpfs; cs;sd.
ŒŒ btspna vz;zw;w ghy;tPjpfs; cs;sd.
ŒŒ btspna epd;W mijg; ghh;j;njhbkdpy; rpWJ}rp nghyf; nfhof;fzf;fhd ghy;tPjpfs;
J}Rfshfj; bjhpa[k;.
5. g{kp bts;sj;jpy; @H;ff; fhuzk; vd;d>
bjhlh;e;J bga;j kiHahy; g{kp bts;sj;jpy; @H;fpaJ.
 160 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 4

6. ``kPz;Lk; gPL cah;g[ <z;o / mtw;wpw;Fk;

cs;sPL Mfpa ,Uepyj;J CHpa[k~~ ? bjhlh; bghUs; tpsf;Ff.
kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; epiwbts;sj;jpy; @H;Fjy; ele;j ,g;bghpa cyfj;jpy;/ caph;fs; cUthfp
thH;tjw;F Vw;w NHy; njhd;wpaJ/ mr;NHypy; caph;fs; njhd;wp epiy bgWk;goahd
CHpf;fhyk; te;jJ.
7. ``tpRk;gpy; CHp CH~~ vd;gjpy; tpRk;g[/ CHp/ CH; Mfpa brhw;fspd; bghUs; ahJ>
1. tpRk;g[ ? thdk;/ 2. CHp ? a[fk;/ 3. CH; ? Kiw

rpWtpdh

1. 
mz;lg; bgUbtsp Fwpj;J khzpf;fthrfh; kw;Wk; vl;tpd; \g;gps; Mfpnahh; @yk;
mwpag;gLk; bra;jp ahJ>
khzpf;fthrfh; Tw;W :
ŒŒ mz;lg; gFjpapd; cUz;il tot[k;/ xg;gw;w tskhd fhl;rpa[k; xd;Wld; xd;W
<h;g;g[ld; E}W nfhof;Fk; nky; tphpe;J epd;wd.
ŒŒ ``mz;lg; gFjpapd; cz;lg; gpwf;fk;~~ vd;Dk; jpUthrfg; ghlypy; nkw;fz;l bra;jpia
1300 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; khzpf;fthrfh; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
vl;tpd; \g;gps; Tw;W :
ŒŒ mz;lg; bgUbtspapy; ek; ghy;tPjp nghd;W vz;zw;w ghy;tPjpfs; cs;sd.
ŒŒ btspna epd;W mijg; ghh;j;njhbkdpy; rpW J}rp nghyf; nfhof;fzf;fhd ghy;tPjpfs;
J}Rfshfj; bjhpa[k;.
ŒŒ nkw;fz;l bra;jpia mbkhpf;f thdpay; ty;Yeh; vl;tpd; \g;gps; 1924y; epqgpj;jhh;.
2. ``kPz;Lk; gPL cah;g[ <z;o / mtw;wpw;Fk;
cs;sPL Mfpa ,Uepyj;J CHpa[k;~~ ? ,l+;Rl;og; bghUs; tpsf;Ff.
,lk; Rl;ly;:
``kPz;Lk; gPL cah;g[ <z;o/ mtw;wpw;Fk; cs;sPL Mfpa ,Uepyj;J CHpa[k;~~ ?
,t;to ghpghlypy; fPue;ijahh; ghlypy; ,lk;bgWfpd;wJ.
bghUs; tpsf;fk;:
kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; epiwbts;sj;jpy; @H;Fjy; ele;j ,g;bghpa cyfj;jpy;/
caph;fs; cUthfp thH;tjw;F Vw;w NHy; njhd;wpaJ/ mr;NHypy; caph;fs; njhd;wp
epiybgWk;goahd CHpf;fhyk; te;jJ.
3. ghy;tPjpfs; fz;Lgpog;gpy;/ ``vl;tpd; \g;gpSf;F Kd;ndho khzpf;fthrfh;~~ vd;gij
epqgpf;f.
vl;tpd; \g;gps;:
ek; ghy;tPjp nghd;W gy ghy;tPjpfs; cs;sd. btspapy; epd;W ghh;j;jhy; / rpW J}
rp nghy nfhof;fzf;fpy; ghy;tPjpfs; J}Rfshfj; bjhpa[k;.,jid 1924 ,y; mbkhpf;f
thdpay; ty;Yeh; vl;tpd; \g;gps; epqgpj;jhh;.
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khzpf;fthrfh;:
1300 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; jpUthrfj;jpy; khzpf;fthrfh; jpUmz;lg;gFjpapy;/
``mz;lg; gFjpapd; cz;ilg; gpwf;fk;
........................ .............................
rpwpa Mfg; bghpnahd; bjhpapd;~~
? vd;w mofs; ghy;tPjpfs; gw;wpa fUj;Jfisf; TWfpd;wJ. ,y;yj;Js; EiHa[k;
fjputdpd; xspf; fw;iwapy; bjhpa[k; J}Rj; Jfs;nghy ghy;tPjpfs; Ez;ikahf
,Uf;fpd;wd.
ghy;tPjpfs; fz;Lgpog;gpy;/ ``vl;tpd; \g;gpSf;F Kd;ndho khzpf;fthrfh;~~
vd;gij mwpaKofpd;wJ.

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 3

fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. ghpghly; ,irg;ghly; MFk;. ghlg;gFjpapd; ghliy ,ira[ld; gho kfpH;f.
2. ghpghly; fhl;Lk; bgUbtog;g[f; fhl;rpiag; gl=;fshf tiue;J bghUj;jkhd bra;jpa[ld;
tH=;Ff.
,e;j mz;lg; bgUbtspapy; ek; ghy;tPjp nghd;W vz;zw;w ghy;tPjpfs;
cs;sd. ,g;ghy;tPjpfs; J}Rfs; nghd;W njhd;Wk; ,g;gpug+;rk; cUthf bgUbtog;g[f;
bfhs;ifna fhuzk;. ,e;j bgUbtog;g[f; bfhs;iff;F Kd; vJt[nk ,y;yh bgUbtsp
kl;Lnk ,Ue;jJ.
,d;iwa mwptpay; bfhs;iffspd;go ,e;j gpug+;rkhdJ fpl;lj;jl;l gjpdhd;F
gpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd; epfH;e;j bgUbtog;g[k; vd;w xU rk;gtj;Jlnd njhw;wk;
bgw;wjhf ek;gg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW bgUbtog;g[ rk;gtj;jpid mog;gilahff; bfhz;L
gpug+;rj;jpd; njhw;wj;jpid tpsf;Fk; Kiwapid bgUbtog;g[f; bfhs;if vd;fpnwhk;.
,ij ghpghly; vJt[nk ,y;yhj bgUbtspapy; mz;lj; njhw;wj;Jf;F fhuzkhd fU
ngbuhypa[ld; njhd;wpaJ vd;fpwJ.
 162 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 4

bgUbtog;gpw;Fg; gpd; cUtkpy;yhj fhw;W Kjyhd g{j=;fspd; mQf;fSld;

tsh;fpd;w thdk; vd;Dk; Kjy; g{j=;fs; cUthfpd. me;j mQf;fspd; Mw;wyhy;
gUg;bghUs; rpjwpd. ,jdhy; beUg;g[g; ge;J nghy g{kp cUthfpaJ. bjhlh;e;J
bga;j kiH bts;sj;jhy; g{kp @H;fpaJ. gpd;dh; ,g;g[tp caph;fs; thH;tjw;F Vw;w
NH;epiyia cUthf;fpj;je;jjhYk; NHy; khw;wj;jhYk; caph;fs; njhd;wp epiybgw;wd
vd ghpghly; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. ,g;gpug+;rkhdJ tphptile;J bfhz;nl bry;fpd;wJ
vd;gjid 1929Mk; Mz;L mbkhpf;f tpz;btsp Muha;r;rpahsuhd vl;tpd; \g;gps;
fz;lwpe;Js;shh;.



,ay; bjhHpy;El;gk; tphpthdk;

tpz;izj; jhz;oa
4 jd;dk;gpf;if
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
beLtpdh
1. ``mwptpayhsh; !;Ogd; \hf;fp=;Fld; tpz;btspg; gazk; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; fw;gidf;
fij xd;W vGJf.
,yf;fpa=;fspy; epytpa mwptpay; nfhl;ghLfisa[k; ek;gpf;iffisa[k; mwpa[k;
bghUl;L ehDk;/ vk; tFg;g[ khzth;fSk;/ Mrphpah;fs; rpynuhL !;Ogd; \hf;fp=;Fld;
tpz;btspg; gazk; nkw;bfhz;nlhk;.
nguz;lg; bgUbtog;g[/ fUe;Jisfs; gw;wpajhd !;Ogd; \hf;fp=;fpd; Muha;r;rpfs;
Kf;fpakhdit. ,g;nguz;lk; bgUbtog;gpdhy; cz;lhdnj vd;gjw;fhd rhd;Wfisf;
fzpjtpay; mog;gilapy; v=;fSf;F tpsf;fpdhh;. `,g;g[tpapd; gilg;gpy; flt[s; nghd;w
xUth; gpd;dzpapy; ,Ue;jhh;~ vd;gij kWj;jhh;. `gpug+;rj;ij ,af;f itf;Fk; Mw;wyhff;
flt[s; vd;w xUtiuf; fl;likf;f ntz;oajpy;iy~ vd;whh;.
tpz;btspapy; ghy;tPjpapy; v=;fs; tpz;btsp Xlk; Rw;wpf; bfhz;oUe;jJ. mg;nghJ
\hf;fpd;/ `ekJ ghy;tPjpapy; nfhof;fzf;fhd tpz;kPd;fs; xspUfpd;wd. mtw;Ws;
+hapWk; xd;W. xU tpz;kPdpd; Ma[s; fhy Kotpy; cs;nehf;fpa <h;g;g[ tpir TLfpwJ.
mjdhy; tpz;kPd; RU=;fj; bjhl=;FfpwJ. tpz;kPd; RU=;fr; RU=;f mjd; <h;g;ghw;wy;
cah;e;J bfhz;nl brd;W mstw;wjhfpwJ vd;W tpsf;fpdhh;.
``rpy neu=;fspy; cz;ikahdJ g[idit tplt[k; tpag;g{l;Ltjhf mikfpwJ.
mg;go Xh; cz;ikjhd; fUe;Jisfs; gw;wpaJk; vd;gij mwpe;J bfhz;nlhk;.
 ,ay; 4 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 163

vg;gobadpy;/ fUe;JisapDs; bry;Yk; ve;j xd;Wk; jg;gpj;J btspna tu KoahJ.

fUe;Jisapd; <h;g;g[ vy;iyapypUe;J fjph;tPr;Rfs; btspg;gl;Lf; bfhz;oUe;jd.
fUj;Jis cz;ikapnyna fUg;ghf ,y;iy vd;gij nehpy; fz;nlhk;. mg;nghJ
\hf;fp=;/ fUe;JisapypUe;J xU fl;lj;jpy; fjph;tPr;Rk; mQj;Jfs;fSk; frpaj; bjhl=;fp
,Wjpapy; btoj;JtpLk; vd;whh;.
Kd;dh; mz;lbtspapy; fhzg;gLk; fUe;Jis mHpt[ Mw;wy; vd;W fUjg;gl;lJ.
Mdhy; fUe;Jis vd;gJ gilg;gpd; Mw;wy; vd;W v=;fsplk; \hf;fp=; tpsf;fpdhh;.
tpz;btsp Xlk; g{kpf;F jpUk;gpf; bfhz;oUe;j nghJ gy totpyhd tpz;fw;fs;
kw;Wk; bjhiytpy; J}Rfs; nghd;w ghy;tPjpfisa[k; fz;L mjidg; gw;wpa rpy
fUj;Jf;isf; ngrpf; bfhz;nl g{kpia te;jile;njhk;. v=;fis tuntw;f gyUk; To
te;jpUe;jdh;. mth;fs; v=;fisg; ghuhl;o thH;j;Jfisj; bjhptpj;jdh;. ,e;epfH;t[fs;
midj;Jk; vk; thH;tpy; kwf;f Koahjitahfnt ,Uf;fpd;wd.

TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. bghpahh; mwptpay; bjhHpy;El;gf; fHfk; epWtg;gl;l Mz;L
m) 1978 M) 1988 ,) 1972 <) 1982 [tpil: M]
2. bghpahh; mwptpay; bjhHpy;El;gf; fHfj;jpYs;s fhl;rpf; Tl=;fs;
m) 8 M) 9 ,) 10 <) 15  [tpil: ,]
3. bghpahh; mwptpay; bjhHpy;El;gf; fHfj;jpYs;s g{=;fhf;fs;
i) ghpzhk tsh;r;rpg; g{=;fh
ii) g[jpa g[Jg;gpf;fj;jf;f Mw;wy; g{=;fh
iii) ,ae;jputpay; g{=;fh
m) i, ii - rhp M) ii, iii - rhp ,) i, iii - rhp <) @d;Wk; rhp [tpil: <]

4. bghpahh; mwptpay; bjhHpy;El;gf; fHfj;jpd; nfhsu=;fk;

i) ,e;jpahtpnyna Kjd; Kjyhf 360 ghif miutl;l thdj;jpiua[ld; mikf;fg;gl;l
jdpj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ.
ii) mikf;fg;gl;l Mz;L 2009.
m) i - rhp M) ii - rhp
,) ,uz;Lk; rhp <) ,uz;Lk; jtW  [tpil: ,]

5. !;Ogd; \hf;fp=;fpd; glj;jpd; fPnH njhd;wpa bjhlh;fs;

i) khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;gj; jftikj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; jpwnd g[j;jpf; Th;ik.
ii) mwpahik mwpthw;wypd; kpfg; bghpa vjphpay;y. mJ mwptpd; khiana.
iii) cly; Cdj;ij bty;Yk; Mw;wy; jd;dk;gpf;iff;F cz;L.
m) i, ii - rhp M) ii, iii - rhp ,) i, iii - rhp <) @d;Wk; rhp  [tpil: M]
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164 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 4

6. jw;fhyj;jpd; _______ vd;W g[fHg;gLgth; !;Ogd; \hf;fp=;.

m) tpobts;sp M) ek;gpf;if kdpjd;
,) Id;!;ild; <) mhp!;lhl;oy;  [tpil: ,]
7. !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; ,=;fpyhe;J kUe;Jtkidapd; mDkjpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L _______ taJ
_______
m) 1963/ 21 M) 1965/ 23 ,) 1961/ 19 <) 1959/ 17 [tpil: m]

8. !;Ogd; \hf;fp=;fpw;F Vw;gl;l neha;

m) fhyuh M) bjhG neha; ,) gf;fthjk; <) fha;r;ry; [tpil: ,]
9. !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; @r;Rf;FHha;j; jl=;fyhy; ngRk; jpwid ,He;j Mz;L
m) 1963 M) 1983 ,) 1985 <) 1973  [tpil: ,]
10. gf;fthjk; vd;Dk; euk;g[ neha;g; ghjpg;g[ld; !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; nkYk; ,a=;fpa Mz;Lfs;
m) 23 M) 21 ,) 43 <) 53  [tpil: <]

11. rhpahd Tw;Wfisf; fz;lwpf.

i) !;Ogd; \hf;fp=;fpd; mj;jid cWg;g[fSk; braypHe;j epiyapy; ,a=;fpait
fd;dj;jpd; jirairt[k; fz;rpkpl;lYk; kl;Lnk.
ii) fd;dj; jirairt[ @yk; jd; fUj;ijf; fzpdpapy; jl;lr;R bra;J btspg;gLj;jpdhh;.
iii) !;Ogd; \hf;fp=;fpd; Ma;t[fSf;Fj; Jizahfr; braw;if Ez;zwpt[f; fzpdp
bray;gl;lJ.
m) i, ii - rhp M) ii, iii - rhp
,) @d;Wk; rhp <) @d;Wk; jtW  [tpil: ,]

12. !;Ogd; \hf;fp=;fpd; Muha;r;rpfspy; Kf;fpakhdit

i) nguz;l bgU btog;g[ gw;wpa Ma;t[.
ii) fUe;Jisfs; gw;wpa Ma;t[
iii) gf;fthjk; gw;wpa Ma;t[
m) Kjy; ,uz;Lk; rhp M) i, iii - rhp
,) @d;Wk; rhp <) @d;Wk; jtW  [tpil: m]
,g;nguz;lk; bgUbtog;gpdhy; cUthdnj vd;gjw;fhd rhd;Wfis _______
13. 
mog;gilapy; !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; tpsf;fpdhh;.
m) g[tpapay; M) fzpjtpay; ,) g[s;spapay; <) thdpay; [tpil: M]

14. 
,g;g[tpapd; gilg;gpy; flt[s; vd;w xUth; gpd;dzpapy; ,Ue;jhh; vd;gij !;Ogd;
\hf;fp=;
m) Vw;Wf; bfhz;lhh; M) Ma;t[f;F cl;gl;lJ vd;whh;
,) kWj;jhh; <) cyfk; KGtJk; gug;gpdhh;  [tpil: ,]
 ,ay; 4 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 165

15. 
gpug+;rj;ij ,af;f itf;Fk; Mw;wyhff; flt[s; vd;w xUtiuf; fl;likf;f
ntz;oajpy;iy vd;W Twpath;
m) !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; M) nth;l;!;bthh;j;
,) mhp!;lhl;oy; <) fhh;y; khh;f;!;  [tpil: m]

16. fUe;Jis vd;w brhy;iya[k; nfhl;ghl;ila[k; Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpath;

m) !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; M) $hd; tPyh;
,) nth;L!;kpj; <) thl;rd;  [tpil: m]
17. !;Ogd; \hf;fp=;fpd; Kd;ndhofs;
i) $d;!;ild; ii) epa{l;ld; iii) fphpnfhh; bkz;ly;
m) i, ii - rhp M) ii, iii - rhp
,) @d;Wk; rhp <) @d;Wk; jtW  [tpil: m]
18. epa{l;ld;/ !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; Mfpnahh; fzf;fpay; Jiwapd; Y}fhrpad; nguhrphpah; vd;w
kjpg;g[ kpFe;j gjtpia tFj;j gy;fiyf;fHfk;
m) bfhyk;gpah M) Mf;!;nghh;L
,) nfk;gphpl;$; <) ouhd;!;nghh;L  [tpil: ,]

19. <h;g;giyfs; Fwpj;j Kot[fisf; fzpjr; rkd;ghLfs; @yk; nfhl;ghLfshfr; brhd;dth;

m) Id;!;ild; M) $hd; tPyh;
,) !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; <) rhh;y!; lhh;tpd;  [tpil: m]

20. Id;!;ild; fhyj;jpy; ________ vd;Dk; nfhl;ghl;il ahUk; Vw;Wf; bfhs;stpy;iy.

m) E = mc2 M) F = cm2 ,) E = cm2 <) F = mc2  [tpil: m]

21. Id;!;ild; <h;g;giyfs; ,Ug;gjhff; Twpaij cyfk; ______ Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd;

fz;L bfhz;lJ.
m) 100 M) 200 ,) 150 <) 250 [tpil: m]

22. 
!;Ogd; \hf;fp=; tpsf;fpa fUe;Jis nfhl;ghl;il cyfk; vspjpy; g[hpe;J bfhs;sf;
fhuzk;
m) fzpjr; rkd;ghLfs; @yk; nfhl;ghLfshfr; brhd;djhy;
M) tpz;kPd; ,af;fj;njhL xg;gpl;Lf; Twpajhy;
,) gUg;bghUs;fnshL xg;gpl;Lf; Twpajhy;
<) bgUbtog;igr; rhd;W fhl;oajhy;  [tpil: M]

23. mbkhpf;fhtpd; cahpa tpUjhd mjpgh; tpUjpidg; bgw;wth;

m) !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; M) md;id bjurh
,) b\yd; b\y;yh; <) fphpnfhy; bkz;ly;  [tpil: m]
 166 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 4

24. !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; bgw;Ws;s tpUJfisf; fz;lwpf.

i) My;gh;l; Id;!;ild; tpUJ ii) cy;Bg; tpUJ
iii) fhg;sp gjf;fk; iv) mog;gil ,aw;gpay; ghpR
m) i, ii - rhp M) i, ii, iii - rhp ,) i, iv - rhp <) ehd;Fk; rhp  [tpil: <]

25. fyPypnahtpd; epidt[ ehspy; gpwe;J/ Id;!;ildpd; gpwe;j ehspy; ,we;jth;

m) epa{l;ld; M) b\yd; bfy;yh;
,) !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; <) fphpnfhh; bkz;ly;  [tpil: ,]

26. !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; vGjpa E}y;fSk; `fhyj;jpd; RUf;fkhd tuyhW~ vd;w E}y; ______
bkhHpfspy; bkhHpbgah;f;fg;gl;lJ.
m) 30 M) 40 ,) 50 <) 70 [tpil: M]

27. !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; vGjpa `fhyj;jpd; RUf;fkhd tuyhW~ btspte;j Mz;L

m) 1972 M) 1976 ,) 1982 <) 1988 [tpil: <]
28. 
bgUbtog;g[/ fUe;Jis Mfpait gw;wpa mhpa cz;ikfisg; bghJkf;fspilna
gug;gp/ xU nfhog; gofSf;F nky; tpw;gidahd E}y;
m) fhyj;jpd; RUf;fkhd tuyhW M) +hyj;jpd; RUf;fkhd tuyhW
,) \hf;fp=;fpd; jj;Jt=;fs; <) bgUbtog;g[k; fUe;Jisa[k; [tpil: m]

29. ``fLk; gfl;L ahid beLe;njh;f; nfhij

jpU khtpay; efh;f; fUt{h; Kd;Jiw~~ vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;
m) mfehD}W M) g[wehD}W ,) fypj;bjhif <) ghpghly; [tpil: M]

30. ``jpU khtpay; efh;f; fUt{h; Kd;Jiw~~ vd;gjpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; khtl;lk;.

m) fqh; M) bguk;gY}h; ,) j+;rht{h; <) jpUr;rp  [tpil: m]
31. _______ ,y; eilbgw;w ghuh xypk;gpf; tpisahl;Lg; nghl;ofspd; bjhlf;f tpHh ehafh;
vd;w rpwg;ig !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; bgw;whh;.
m) 2010 M) 2005 ,) 2007 <) 2012 [tpil: <]

32. !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; g=;nfw;w bjhiyf;fhl;rpj; bjhlh;fs;

i) mLj;j jiy Kiw ii) Ke;ija jiy Kiw
iii) bgUbtog;g[f; nfhl;ghL iv) rpWbtog;g[f; nfhl;ghL
m) i, ii - rhp M) i, iii - rhp
,) iii, iv - rhp <) ehd;Fk; rhp  [tpil: M]
33. !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; R{lhd fhw;W epuk;gpa gY}dpy; thdpy; gwe;J jdJ _______ MtJ
gpwe;j ehisf; bfhz;lhodhh;.
m) 40 M) 50 ,) 60 <) 70 [tpil: ,]
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Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 167

34. !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; _______ vd;w tpkhdj;jpy; g{$;$pa <h;g;g[ tpirg; gazj;ij
nkw;bfhz;L vilaww jd;ikia czh;e;jhh;.
m) nghap=; 725 M) nghap=; 726
,) nghap=; 727 <) nghap=; 729 [tpil: ,]

35. mwpt[j; njlypy; cly;/ cs;sj; jilfisj; jfh;j;j khnkij

m) !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; M) vord;
,) epa{l;ld; <) nkhp fpa{hp  [tpil: m]
36. 
jiy tpjpjhd; thH;f;ifiaj; jPh;khdpf;fpwJ vd ek;g[gth;fisg; ghh;j;jhy; vdf;Fr;
rphpg;g[jhd; tUfpwJ. tpjpjhd; jPh;khdpf;fpwJ vd;why; rhiyiaf; flf;Fk; nghJ Vd;
,Ug[wKk; ghh;j;Jf; flf;fpwhh;fs;> vd;W Twpath;
m) mhp!;lhl;oy; M) bgh;dhl;&h
,) !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; <) blkhjdp!;  [tpil: ,]

37. mwpittpl kpft[k; Kf;fpakhdJ fw;gidj;jpwd; vd;W Twpath;

m) Id;!;ild; M) epa{l;ld; ,) !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; <) vord;  [tpil: m]
38. 
thH;f;if vt;tst[ fodkhdjhf ,Ue;jhYk; btw;wpf;fhd tHp mjpy; ,Uf;fnt
bra;fpwJ. epr;rak; vd; Muha;r;rpapy; ehd; bty;ntd;. mjd; @yk; kdpj ,dk; bjhlu
tHp tFg;ngd; vd;W Twpath;
m) Id;!;ild; M) epa{l;ld; ,) !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; <) vord; [tpil: ,]

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 89

1. ``mwpittpl kpft[k; Kf;fpakhdJ fw;gidj; jpwd;. Vbddpy; mwpt[ vd;gJ ehk; jw;nghJ
ehk; mwpe;Jk; g[hpe;Jk; itj;jpUg;gtw;nwhL Koe;J tpLfpwJ. fw;gidj; jpwndh ,e;j
xl;L bkhj;jg; nguz;lj;ija[k; msg;gJ ,d;W ehk; mwpe;jpUg;gij kl;Lkd;W" ,d;W
ehk; mwpe;J bfhs;sg; nghtija[k; cs;slf;fpaJ~~ ? Id;!;ild;.

``thH;f;if vt;tst[ fodkhdjhf ,Ue;jhYk; btw;wpf;fhd tHp mjpy; ,Uf;fnt
bra;fpwJ. epr;rak; vd; Muha;r;rpapy; ehd; bty;ntd;. mjd; @yk; kdpj ,dk; bjhlu
tHp tFg;ngd;~~ ? !;Ogd; \hf;fp=;.
,t;tpUthpd; Tw;Wfisg; ghlg;gFjp czh;j;Jk; fUj;JfnshL xg;gpl;L ciuahLf.
egh; 1: 
mwpittpl kpft[k; Kf;fpakhdJ fw;gidj; jpwd; vd mwptpay; mwp+h;
Id;!;ild; Twpa[[s;shnu. mijg; gw;wpa fhuzk; vd;dthf ,Uf;Fk;>
egh; 2: mwpt[ vd;gJ ehk; jw;nghJ mwpe;Jk; g[hpe;Jk; itj;jpUg;gnjhL Koe;J tpLfpwJ.
fw;gidj; jpwndh ,e;j xl;L bkhj;jg; nguz;lj;ija[k; mse;J tpLfpwJ.
,d;W ehk; mwpe;jpUg;gij kl;Lkd;W " ,dp ehk; mwpe;J bfhs;sg; nghtija[k;
cs;slf;fpaJ.
egh; 1: Id;!;ildJ E=Mc2 nfhl;ghl;il ahUk; Vw;Wf; bfhs;shjjw;fhd fhuzk;
,Jthf ,Uf;Fnkh>
 168 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 4

egh; 2: Mk;! Id;!;ild; <h;g;giyfs; Fwpj;j Kot[fisf; fzpjr; rkd;ghLfs;

@yk; nfhl;ghLfshfr; brhd;dhh;. mtuJ nfhl;ghLfis mwpt[j;jpwDld;
fw;gidiaa[k; nrh;j;J ahUk; Vw;Wf; bfhs;stpy;iy 100 Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd;
<h;g;giyfs; ,Ug;gij cyfk; fz;L bfhz;lJ.
egh; 1: `thH;f;if vt;tst[ fodkhf ,Ue;jhYk; btw;wpf;fhd tHp mjpy; ,Uf;fnt
bra;fpwJ~ vd;W !;Ogd; \hf;fp=; Twpaijg; gw;wp c=;fSila fUj;J vd;d>
egh; 2: Mk; \hf;fp=;fpd; Tw;Wf;F mtnu rpwe;j cjhuzkhf ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;.
egh; 1: vg;go>
egh; 2: 
1963 Mk; Mz;L gf;fthjk; vd;Dk; euk;g[ nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l nghJ
mtUf;F taJ 21. kUj;Jth;fs; ,th; rpy ehl;fs; kl;Lnk capnuhoUg;ghh;
vd;wdh;. Mdhy; kUj;Jt cyfnk kpuz;L nghFk;go 53 Mz;Lfs; ,a=;fpdhh;.
1985 ,y; @r;Rf;FHy; jl=;fshy; ngRk; jpwid ,He;jhh;. v+;rpaJ fd;dj;jpd;
jirairt[k; fz; rpkpl;lYk; kl;Lnk.
egh; 1: \hf;fp=;fpd; cly;eyf; Fiwtpw;Fk; jd;dk;gpf;iff;Fk; cs;s bjhlh;g[ ahJ>
egh; 2: \hf;fp=; mtUila fd;dj;J mirt[fs; @yk; jd; fUj;ij jl;lr;R bra;J
btspg;gLj;jpdhh;. fUe;Jis gw;wp Muha;r;rp bra;J jd; nfhl;ghLfis
tpz;kPd; ,af;fj;njhL xg;gpl;L cyfk; g[hpe;J bfhs;Sk; tifapy; tpsf;fpdhh;.
1988Mk; Mz;L ,th; ,aw;wpa `fhyj;jpd; RUf;fkhd tuyhW~ vd;w E}y;
ehw;gJ bkhHpfspy; bkhHp bgah;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. me;E}y; xU nfho gofSf;F
nky; tpw;gidahfp cs;sJ.
egh; 1: fUe;Jis bgUbtog;g[ Mfpad gw;wpa mhpa cz;ikfs; me;E}ypy; cs;sd.
mwpt[j; njlypy; cly;/ cs;sj; jilfisj; jfh;j;j khnkij !;Ogd; \hf;fp=;.
egh; 2: 
cz;ikjhd;. mth; Twpa jj;Jtj;jpw;S mtnu rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf
thH;e;jpUf;fpwhh;. ,j;jifa mwp+h;fisg; gw;wpa bra;jpfis tpsf;fpa
j=;fSf;F kpf;f ed;wp!
2. fUe;Jis rhh;e;j bra;jpia mwptpay; ,jH; xd;wpw;Ff; FW=;fl;Liuahf vGJ.
Kd;Diu :
ekJ ghy;tPjpapy; nfhof;fzf;fhd tpz;kPd;fs; xsph;fpd;wd. mtw;Ws; ek; +hapWk;
xd;W tpz;kPd;fspd; Ma[s; fhy Kotpy; epfGk; epfH;t[fisg; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy;
fhz;nghk;.
tpz;kPd; RUf;fk; :
xU tpz;kPdpd; Ma[s; fhy Kotpy; cs;nehf;fpa <h;g;g[ tpir TLfpwJ. mjdhy;
tpz;kPd; RU=;fj; bjhl=;FfpwJ. tpz;kPd; RU=;fr; RU=;f mjd; <h;g;ghw;wy; cah;e;J
bfhz;nl brd;W mstw;wjhfpwJ.
$hd; tPyh; fUj;J :
fUe;Jis vd;w brhy;iya[k; nfhl;ghl;ila[k; Kjd; Kjypy; btspapl;lth;
$hd;tPyh;. RU=;fpa tpz;kPdpd;; <h;g;bgy;iyf;Fs; bry;fpw vJt[k; Vd; xspa[k; Tl
 ,ay; 4 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 169

<h;f;fg;gLk;. ,t;thW cs;brd;w vJt[k; btsptu Koahjjdhy; ,jidf; fUe;Jis

vd;whh; $hd; tPyh;.
\hf;fp=; fjph;tPr;R :
rpy neu=;fspy; cz;ik bgha;iaa[k; kp+;Rtjhf mikfpwJ. fUe;Jisg; gw;wpa
cz;ikfSk; mg;gona. \hf;fp=; nkw;bfhz;l fUe;Jis Muha;r;rp Kot[ \hf;fp=;
`fjph;tPr;R~ vd miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
fUe;Jisf; nfhl;ghL :
fUe;JisapDs; bry;Yk; ve;j xd;Wk; jg;gpj;J btspna tu KoahJ. fUe;Jisapd;
<h;g;g[ vy;iyapypUe;J fjph;tPr;Rfs; btspg;gl;Lf; bfhz;oUf;fpd;wd. fUe;Jis
cz;ikapnyna fUg;ghf ,Ug;gjpy;iy. fUe;Jisapy; ,Ue;J xU fl;lj;jpy; fjph;
tPr;Rk; mQj;Jfs;fSk; frpaj; bjhl=;fp ,Wjpapy; fUe;Jis btoj;J kiwe;J tpLk;.
,f;nfhl;ghLfis \hf;fp=; nfhl;ghLfshf btspaplhky; tpz;kPd; ,af;fj;njhL
xg;gpl;L tpsf;fpajhy; cyfk; fUe;Jisf; nfhl;ghl;il vspjpy; g[hpe;J bfhz;lJ.
Kot[iu :
mz;lbtspapy; fhzg;gLk; fUe;Jis mHpt[ Mw;wy; vd;W fUjg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;
\hf;fp=;/ fUe;Jisg; gilg;gpd; Mw;wy; vd;W epqgpj;jhh;.



,ay; bjhHpy;El;gk; fw;fz;L

,yf;fzk; ? bghJ
4
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf

1. Fynrfu MH;thh; `tpj;Jtf; nfhl;lk;kh~ vd;W Mz; bja;tj;ij miHj;Jg; ghLfpwhh;.

g{idahh; ghy; nrhw;iwf; fz;lJk; tUfpwhh;.
Mfpa bjhlh;fspy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s tGtikjp Kiwna
m) kug[ tGtikjp/ jpiz tGtikjp
M) ,l tGtikjp/ kug[ tGtikjp
,) ghy; tGtikjp/ jpiz tGtikjp
<) fhy tGtikjp/ ,l tGtikjp [tpil: ,]
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170 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 4

FWtpdh
1. 
tUfpd;w nfhil tpLKiwapy; fhw;whiy kpd; cw;gj;jpia nehpy; fhz;gjw;F
Muy;tha;bkhHpf;Fr; bry;fpnwd; ? ,j;bjhlh; fhy tGtikjpf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf
miktJ vt;thW>
cWjpj;jd;ik nehf;fp fhytGtikjpf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf mikfpwJ.
2. ``rPrh; vg;nghJk; vd; brhy;ngr;irf; nfl;ghd;. g[jpath;fisg; ghh;j;Jf; fj;Jthnd jtpu
fof;fkhl;lhd;~~ vd;w ,skhwd; jd;Dila tsh;g;g[ ehiag; gw;wpg; bgUikahff;
Twpdhh;. ,jpy; cs;s jpiz tGf;fisj; jpUj;jp vGJf.
rPrh; vg;nghJk; vd; brhy; ngr;irf; nfl;Fk;. g[jpath;fisg; ghh;j;Jf; Fiuf;Fnk jtpu
fof;fhJ.

rpWtpdh
1. new;wput[ bga;j kiH vy;yhk; bjhl;oia epiwj;jpUe;jJ. thiHj; njhg;gpy; Fl;oa[ld;
epd;w khL fj;jpaJ" je;ij vd;dplk;/ ``,yr;Rkp Tg;gpLfpwhs; ngha; ghh;~~ vd;whh;. `,njh
brd;Wtpl;nld;~~ vd;wthnw m=;Fr; brd;nwd;. Js;spa Fl;oiaj; jltpf;bfhLj;J/
``vd;dlh tpisah ntz;Lkh>~~ vd;W nfl;L mtid mtpH;j;Jtpl;nld;. vd; j=;if
m=;nf te;jhs;/ mtsplk; ePa[k; ,tDk; tpisahL=;fs;~~ vd;W Twpndd;. mtpH;j;J
tplg;gl;l ,yr;Rkp bjhl;oapypUe;J ePiuf; Foj;jhs;.
,g;gj;jpapYs;s tGf;fisj; jpUj;jpa[k; tGtikjpfisg; gl;oaypl;Lk; vGJ.
jpUj;jg;gl;l tGf;fs; :
ŒŒ new;wput[ bga;j kiH bjhl;oia epiwj;jJ.
ŒŒ thiHj; njhl;lj;jpy; fd;Wld; epd;wpUe;j khL fj;jpaJ.
ŒŒ Js;spa fd;iwj; jltpf;bfhLj;j....
ŒŒ tGtikjp
tGtikjpj; bjhlh;fs; tGtikjp tif
ŒŒ new;W bga;j kiH bjhl;oia epiwj;jpUe;jJ. (epiwe;jJ) fhy tGtikjp
ŒŒ ,yl;Rkp Tg;gpLfpwhs;. (khl;ilf; Fwpf;fpwJ) jpiz tGtikjp
ŒŒ ,njh brd;Wtpl;nld;. (brd;W tpLfpnwd;) fhytGikjp
ŒŒ vd;dlh tpisahl ntz;Lkh> (khl;ilf; Fwpf;fpwJ) jpiz tGtikjp
ŒŒ mtid mtpH;j;J tpl;nld;. (gR khl;ilf; Fwpf;fpwJ) ghy; tGtikjp
ŒŒ ,yl;Rkp bjhl;oapypUe;j ePiuf; Foj;jhs;. (khl;ilf; Fwpf;fpwJ) jpiz tG
 ,ay; 4 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 171

TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. bghUj;jkhd tpil thpiriaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf.
m) jd;ik tpidfs; ? 1. ele;jha;/ te;jPh;
M) Kd;dpiy tpidfs; ? 2. ePh;/ eP=;fs;
,) glh;f;if tpidfs; ? 3. te;njd; te;njhk;
<) Kd;dpiy bgah;fs; ? 4. te;jhd;/ brd;whd;
m) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 ,) 3/ 1/ 4/ 2 <) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3 [tpil: ,]
2. bghUj;jkhd tpil thpiriaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf.
m) kUjd; ? 1. gyh;ghy;
M) bgz;fs; ? 2. xd;wd;ghy;
,) ahid ? 3. Mz;ghy;
<) gRf;fs; ? 4. gytpd;ghy;
m) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 M) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4 ,) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3 <) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2 [tpil: M]
3. ghy; vd;gJ ________ cl;gphpt[ MFk;.
m) jpidapd; M) jpizapd; ,) fhz;lj;jpd; <) glyj;jpd; [tpil: M]
4. cah;jpizapd; gphpt[fs;
m) ,uz;L M) @d;W ,) ehd;F <) Ie;J [tpil: M]
5. mBwpizapd; gphpt[fs;
m) ,uz;L M) @d;W ,) ehd;F <) Ie;J [tpil: m]
6. ,lk; _______ tifg;gLk;.
m) ,uz;L M) @d;W ,) ehd;F <) MW [tpil: M]

7. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) ehd;/ ahd;/ ehk;/ ahk; - jd;ik tpidfs; m) 2, 1, 4, 3
ii) te;njd;/ te;njhk; - jd;ikg; bgah;fs; M) 4, 3, 2, 1
iii) eP/ ePh;/ ePtph;/ eP=;fs; - Kd;dpiy tpidfs; ,) 2, 4, 3, 1
iv) ele;jha;/ te;jPh/; brd;wPhf
; s; - Kd;dpiyg; bgah;fs; <) 3, 4, 2, 1 [tpil: m]

8. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) mtd; - jd;ik tpid m) 4, 3, 2, 1
ii) gwe;jd - Kd;dpiy tpid M) 3, 4, 1, 2
iii) ele;jha; - glh;f;if tpid ,) 4, 2, 1, 3
iv) te;njd; - glh;f;ifg; bgah; <) 3, 4, 2, 1 [tpil: m]
 172 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 4

9. ,yf;fz Kiwa[ld; gpiHapd;wpg; ngRtJk; vGJtJk; ________ vdg;gLk;.

m) tG M) tHhepiy ,) tGtikjp <) tHhepiy [tpil: <]

10. ,yf;fz Kiwapd;wpg; ngRtJk; vGJtJk; ________ vdg;gLk;.

m) tG M) tHhepiy ,) rhpahdJ <) tGtikjp [tpil: m]

11. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.

i) brHpad; te;jJ - fhy tG m) 4, 3, 2, 1
ii) fz;zfp cz;lhd; - ,l tG M) 3, 4, 1, 2
iii) eP te;njd; - ghy; tG ,) 4, 2, 1, 3
iv) new;W tUthd; - jpiz tG <) 2, 1, 3, 4 [tpil: m]
12. xU tpuiyf; fhl;or; rpwpanjh> bghpanjh vd;W nfl;gJ ________ tG.
m) tpil M) tpdh ,) kug[ <) fhy [tpil: M]
13. 
fz;zd; v=;nf ,Uf;fpwhh; vd;w tpdhtpw;Ff; fz;zho igf;Fs; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W
TWtJ ________ tG.
m) ghy; M) tpdh ,) tpil <) kug[  [tpil: ,]

14. bjd;id ku=;fs; cs;s gFjpiaj; bjd;de;njhl;lk; vd;W TWtJ ________ tG.
m) ghy; M) tpdh ,) tpil <) kug[ [tpil: <]

15. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.

i) vd; mk;ik te;jhs; - ghy; tGtikjp
ii) fj;J=; Fapnyhir vd;wd; fhjpy; tpH ntz;Lk; - fhy tGtikjp
iii) FoauRj; jiyth; ehis jkpHfk; tUfpwhh; - kug[ tGtikjp
iv) thlh uhrh kfisg; ghh;jJ
; j; jha; miHg;gJ - jpiz tGtikjp
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 2/ 3/ 1/ 4 ,) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 <) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 [tpil: m]

16. khwd; vd;ghd; jd;idg; gw;wpg; gpwhplk; TWk;nghJ/ ``,e;j khwd; xU ehSk; bgha;
Twkhl;lhd; vd;W TWtJ
m) ghy; tGkikjp M) jpiz tGtikjp
,) ,l tGtikjp <) kug[ tGtikjp [tpil: ,]

17. bghUj;Jf.
1. tPud;/ mz;zd;/ kUjd; ? m) bgz;ghy;
2. kfs;/ murp/ jiytp ? M) gyh;ghy;
3. kf;fs;/ bgz;fs;/ Mlth; ? ,) xd;wd;ghy;
4. ahid/ g[wh/ kiy ? <) Mz;ghy;
m) 1?M 2?m 3?< 4?, M) 1?< 2?m 3?M 4? ,
,) 1?M 2?m 3?, 4?< <) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4?< [tpil: M]
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Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 173

18. bghUj;Jf.
1. brHpad; te;jJ ? m) jpiz tHhepiy
2. brHpad; te;jhd; ? M) jpiz tG
3. fz;zfp cz;lhd; ? ,) ghy; tHhepiy
4. fz;zfp cz;lhs; ? <) ghy; tG
m) 1?M 2?m 3?< 4?, M) 1?< 2?m 3?M 4? ,
,) 1?M 2?m 3?, 4?< <) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4? < [tpil: m]
19. bghUj;Jf.
1. eP te;njd; ? m) ,l tHhepiy
2. eP te;jha; ? M) ,l tG
3. new;W tUthd; ? ,) fhy tHhepiy
4. new;W te;jhd; ? <) fhy tG
m) 1?M 2?m 3?< 4?, M) 1?< 2?m 3?M 4?,
,) 1?M 2?m 3?, 4?< <) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4? < [tpil: m]
20. bghUj;Jf.
1. vd; mk;ik te;jhs; vd;W khl;ilf; TWtJ ? m) ghy; tGtikjp
2. thlh ,uhrh/ thlh fz;zh vd kfisj; jha; miHg;gJ ? M) ,ltGtikjp
3. ,e;j khwd; xU ehSk; bgha; Twkhl;lhd; vd khwd;
gpwhplk; brhy;tJ ? ,) fhy tGtikjp
4. FoauRj; jiyth; ehis jkpHfk; tUfpwhh; ? <) jpiztGtikjp
m) 1?M 2?m 3?< 4?, M) 1?< 2?m 3?M 4?,
,) 1?M 2?m 3?, 4?< <) 1?m 2?, 3?M 4? < [tpil: M]

FWtpdh
1. jpiz vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
jpiz ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit: cah;jpiz/ mBwpiz.
2. ghy; vd;why; vd;d> mjd; tiffisf; TW..
ghy; vd;gJ jpizapd; cl;gphpt[. ghy; Ie;J tifg;gLk;. mit:
Mz;ghy;/ bgz;ghy;/ gyh;ghy;/ xd;wd;ghy;/ gytpd;ghy;.
3. cah;jpizf;Fhpa ghy;fs; vj;jid> mit ahit>
cah;jpizf;Fhpa ghy;fs; @d;W. mit: Mz;ghy;/ bgz;ghy;  gyh;ghy;
4. mBwpizf;Fhpa ghy; gphpt[fs; vj;jid> mit ahit>
mBwpizf;Fhpa ghy; gphpt[fs; ,uz;L. mit: xd;wd;ghy;/ gytpd;ghy;.
5. cah;jpizf;Fhpa ghy; gFg;g[fisf; TW.
ŒŒ tPud;/ mz;zd;/ kUjd; ? Mz;ghy; (xU Miz kl;Lk; Fwpf;Fk;)
ŒŒ kfs;/ murp/ jiytp ? bgz;ghy; (xd;Wf;F nkw;gl;l egiuf; Fwpf;Fk;)
ŒŒ kf;fs;/ bgz;fs;/ Mlth; ? gyh;ghy; (xd;Wf;F nkw;gl;l egiuf; Fwpf;Fk;)
 174 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 4

6. mBwpizf;Fhpa ghy; gFg;g[fisf; TW.

ŒŒ mBwpizapy; xd;wid kl;Lk; Fwpg;gJ xd;wd;ghy;. v.fh: ahid/ g[wh/ kiy
ŒŒ mBwpizapy; gytw;iwf; Fwpg;gJ gytpd;ghy;. v.fh: gRf;fs;/ kiyfs;.
7. ,lk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
,lk; @d;W tifg;gLk;. mit: jd;ik/ Kd;dpiy/ glh;f;if.
8. tG ? tHh epiy ,tw;wpw;fpilna cs;s ntWghLfisf; TW.
tG epiy tHh epiy
,yf;fz Kiwapd;wpg; ngRtJk; ,yf;fz Kiwa[ld; gpiHapd;wpg;
vGJtJk; tGepiy. ngRtJk; vGJtJk; tHh epiy.
9. tG vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
tG VG tifg;gLk;. mit:
jpiz tG/ ghy; tG/ ,l tG/ fhy tG/ tpdh tG/ tpil tG/ kug[ tG.
10. tGtikjp vd;why; vd;d>
,yf;fz Kiwg;go gpiHa[ilaJ vdpDk;/ ,yf;fz Mrphpah;fshy; VnjDk; xU
fhuzk; fUjp/ gpiHad;W vd Vw;Wf; bfhs;sg;gLtJ tGtikjp.
11. tGtikjp vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
tGtikjp Ie;J tifg;gLk;. mit:
jpiz tGtikjp/ ghy; tGtikjp/ ,l tGtikjp/ fhy tGtikjp/ kug[ tGtikjp.
12. jpiz tGtikjpf;Fr; rhd;W je;J mjw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; TW.
v.fh : ``vd; mk;ik te;jhs;~~ vd;W khl;ilg; ghh;j;Jf; TWtJ jpiz tG.
fhuzk; : ctg;gpd; fhuzkhf mBwpiz cah;jpizahff; bfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
13. ghy; tGtikjpf;Fr; rhd;W je;J mjw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; TW.
v.fh : ``thlh uhrh/ thlh fz;zh~~ vd;W jd; kfidg; ghh;j;Jf; TWtJ ghy; tGtikjp.
fhuzk; : ctg;gpd; fhuzkhf bgz;ghy; Mz;ghyhff; bfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
14. ,l tGtikjpf;Fr; rhd;W je;J mjw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; TW.
v.fh : khwd; vd;ghd; jd;idg; gw;wp gpwhplk; TWk;nghJ/ ``,e;j khwd; xU ehSk;
bgha; Tw khl;lhd;~~ vdf; TWjy;.
fhuzk; : jd;ikapidg; glh;f;if ,lj;jpy; TWtjhy; ,ltGtikjp Mapw;W.
15. fhy tGtikjpf;Fr; rhd;W je;J mjw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; TW.
v.fh : FoauRj; jiyth; ehis jkpHfk; tUfpwhh;. (tUthh; vd;gnj rhp)
fhuzk; : FoauRj; jiyth; ehis tUthh; vd mikjy; ntz;Lk;. tUifapd; cWjpj;
jd;ik fhuzkhf fhy tGtikjpahf Vw;Wf; bfhs;fpnwhk;.
16. kug[ tGtikjpf;Fr; rhd;W je;J mjw;fhd fhuzj;ijf; TW.
v.fh : ``fj;J=; Fapnyhir vd;wd; fhjpy; tpH ntz;Lk;~~?ghujpahh;. (Fapy; Tt[k; ? kug[)
fhuzk; : g hujpahh; ,e;jpa kf;fisr; Rje;jpug; nghuhl;lj;jpw;F jl;obaGg;g[k;
tifapy; Fapy; fj;Jk; vd;W Twpajhy; tGthapDk; kug[ tGtikjpahf
Vw;Wf;bfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
 ,ay; 4 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 175

17. tPud;/ mz;zd;/ kUjd; Mfpa brhw;fs; vt;tifj; jpiz kw;Wk; ghy; vdf;Fwpg;gpLf.
1. jpiz : cah;jpiz 2. ghy; : Mz;ghy;
18. kfs;/ murp/ jiytp Mfpa brhw;fs; vt;tifj; jpiz kw;Wk; ghy; vdf;Fwpg;gpLf.
1. jpiz : cah;jpiz 2. ghy; : bgz;ghy;
19. kf;fs;/ bgz;fs;/ Mlth; Mfpa brhw;fs; vt;tifj; jpiz kw;Wk; ghy; vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.
1. jpiz : cah;jpiz 2. ghy; : gyh;ghy;
20. ahid/ g[wh/ kiyMfpa brhw;fs; vt;tifj; jpiz kw;Wk; ghy; vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.
1. jpiz : mBwpiz 2. ghy; : xd;wd;ghy;
21. gRf;fs;/ kiyfs; Mfpa brhw;fs; vt;tifj; jpiz kw;Wk; ghy; vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.
1. jpiz : mBwpiz 2. ghy; : gytpd;ghy;
22. tHh epiy vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mitahit>
tHhepiy VG tifg;gLk;. mitahtd:
1. jpiz tHhepiy 2. ghy; tHhepiy 3. ,ltHhepiy 4. fhytHhepiy
5. tpdhtHhepiy 6. tpiltHhepiy 7. kug[tHhepiy
23. ``ehd; njh;tpy; njh;r;rpaile;J tpl;nld;~~ vd;W njh;t[ Kot[fs; btsptUk; Kd;g[ TWk;
tGtikjp ahJ>
fhy tGtikjp" ek;gpf;ifapd; mog;gilapy; Twg;gLtJ.

rpWtpdh

1. @tplg; bgah;fisg; bgah;'tpid mog;gilapy; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; gl;oaypLf.

,lk; bgah;'tpid vLj;Jf;fhl;L

jd;ikg; bgah;fs; ehd;/ ahd;/ ehk;/ ahk;
jd;ik
jd;ik tpidfs; te;njd;/ te;njhk;
Kd;dpiyg; bgah;fs; eP/ ePh;/ ePtph;/ eP=;fs;......
Kd;dpiy
Kd;dpiy tpidfs; ele;jha;/ te;jPh;/ brd;wPh;fs;.....
glh;f;ifg; bgah;fs; mtd;/ mts;/ mth;/ mJ/ mit......
glh;f;if glh;f;if tpidfs; te;jhd;/ brd;whs;/ goj;jdh;/ ngrpdhh;fs;/
gwe;jJ/ gwe;jd.......
2. brHpad; te;jJ
fz;zfp cz;lhd;
eP te;njd;
new;W tUthd;.
xU tpuiyf; fhl;or; `rpwpanjh> bghpanjh> vd;W nfl;ly;.
 www.nammakalvi.org
176 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 4

fz;zd; v=;nf ,Uf;fpwhh;> vd;w tpdhtpw;Ff; fz;zho igf;Fs; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W

tpilaspj;jy;. bjd;id ku=;fs; cs;s gFjpiaj; bjd;de;njhl;lk; vd;W TWjy; ?
,j;bjhlh;fspy; cs;s tG vt;tif tG vdt[k; tGit ePf;fpa[k; gl;oaypLf.
tG tif tG tHhepiy
jpiz brHpad; te;jJ. brHpad; te;jhd;.
ghy; fz;zfp cz;lhd;. fz;zfp cz;lhs;.
,lk; eP te;njd;. eP te;jha;.
fhyk; new;W tUthd;. new;W te;jhd;.
tpdh xU tpuiyf; fhl;or; ``rpwpanjh> ,U tpuy;fisf; fhl;o `vJ rpwpaJ>~
bghpanjh>~~ vd;W nfl;ly;. vJ bghpaJ vd;W nfl;ly;.
tpil `fz;zd; v=;nf ,Uf;fpwhh;> vd;w fz;zd; v=;nf ,Uf;fpwhh;> vd;w
tpdhtpw;Ff; fz;zho igf;Fs; tpdhtpw;F fz;zd; tPl;ow;Fs;
,Uf;fpwJ vd;W tpilaspj;jy;. ,Uf;fpwhh; vd;W tpilaspj;jy;.

kug[ bjd;id ku=;fs; gFjpiaj; bjd;id ku=;fs; cs;s gFjpiaj;

bjd;de; njhl;lk; vd;W TWjy;. bjd;de;njhg;g[ vd;W TWjy;.

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 92

1. fPH;f;fhQk; bjhlh;fspy; tGtikjpia ,d=;fz;L vGJf.

m) mikr;rh; ehis tpHhtpw;F tUfpwhh;.
fhy tGtikjp.
m) mtDk; ePa[k; mYtyiug; ghh;f;f Maj;jkhF=;fs; (jahuhF=;fs;)
kug[ tGtikjp.
,) ``,e;jf; fz;zd; xd;iwr; bra;jhd; vd;why; midtUk; Vw;gh;~~ vd;W Twpdhd;.
,ltGtikjp.
<) rpwpa tajpy; ,e;j kuj;jpy;jhd; C+;ry; fl;o tpisahLnthk;.
fhy tGtikjp.
c) 
bry;td; ,sntyd; ,e;jr; rpWtajpnyna tpisahl;Lj; Jiwapy; rhjid
g[hpe;jpUf;fpwhh;.
ghy;tG.
2. milg;g[f; Fwpf;Fs; cs;sthW khw;Wf.
m) je;ij/ ``kfnd ehis cd;Dila njhHd; mHfid miHj;J th~~ vd;W brhd;dhh;.
(Mz;ghw; bgah;fis bgz;ghw; bgah;fshf khw;wp vGJ)
jha;/ ``kfns- ehis cd;Dila njhHp mHfpia miHj;J th~~ vd;W brhd;dhh;.
 ,ay; 4 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 177

M) 
mf;fh new;W tPl;Lf;F te;jJ. mf;fh g[wg;gLk;nghJ mk;kh tHpaDg;gpaJ.
(tGit tHhepiyahf khw;Wf)
mf;fh new;W tPl;ow;F te;jhs;. mf;fh g[wg;gLk;nghJ mk;kh tHpaDg;gpdhh;(dhs;).
,) ``,njh Koj;JtpLntd;~~ vd;W braiy Kof;Fk; Kd;dh; Twpdhh;. (tHhepiyia
tGtikjpahf khw;Wf)
``,njh Koj;Jtpl;nld;~~ vd;W braiy Kof;Fk; Kd;dh; Twpdhh;.
mtd; cd;dplKk; vd;dplKk; bra;jpia ,d;Dk; Twtpy;iy. (glh;f;ifia
<)  
Kd;dpiyahf/ Kd;dpiyiaj; jd;ikahf/ jd;ikiag; glh;f;ifahf khw;Wf)
eP vd;dplKk; mtdplKk; bra;jpia ,d;Dk; Twtpy;iy.
c) FHe;ij mGfpwhd; ghh;. (tGit tHhepiyahf khw;Wf).
FHe;ij mGfpwJ ghh;.

bkhHpia Ms;nthk; gf;fk;: 95

bkhHp bgah;f;f.
Malar : Devi, switch off the lights when you leave the room.
Devi : Yeah, we have to save electricity.
Malar : Our nation spends a lot of electricity for lighting up our streets in the night.
Devi : Who knows? In future our country may launch artificial moons to light our night time sky!
Malar : I have read some other countries are going to lunch these types of illumination satellites
near future.
Devi : Superb news! If we launch artificial moons, they can assist in disaster relief by beaming
light on areas that lost power.

kyh; : njtp/ eP miwia tpl;L btspna bry;Yk; Kd; tpsf;if mizj;JtpL.

njtp : Mk;/ ehk; kpd;rhuj;ijr; nrkpf;f ntz;Lk;.
kyh; : ek; ehL bjU tpsf;Ffis vhpa itg;gjw;F epiwa kpd;rhuj;ijr; bryt[
bra;fpwJ.
njtp : ahUf;Fj; bjhpa[k;> tU=;fhyj;jpy; ek; ehL braw;if epyhit epWtp ,utpy;
thdj;jpy; tpsf;Ffis vhpa itf;fyhk;.
kyh; : tU=;fhyj;jpy; epiwa ehLfs; ,t;tifahd braw;iff;nfhis epWt
,Ug;gjhf ehd; thrpj;Js;nsd;.
njtp : ey;y bra;jp! ehk; braw;if epyit epWtpdhy; mJ nguHpt[ kw;Wk; kpd;rhuk;
,y;yhj rkaj;jpy; xspa{l;o epthuz cjtpfis bra;a tHp bra;fpwJ.

ty;ypd xw;iw ,l;Lk; ePf;fpa[k; vGJf.

fhfj;jpw;F fhJ cz;lh> mjw;F fhJ nfl;Fkh>
vy;yh gwitfSf;Fk; fhJ cz;L. brtp Jisfs; ,wFfshy; @o ,Uf;Fk;.
kw;wgo ghY}l;ofspy; cs;sJnghy; g[wbrtpkly; ,Uf;fhJ. fhfj;jpw;F fhJ cz;L.
 178 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 4

fhJ nfl;Fk; gwitfSf;F ghh;j;jy;/ nfl;ly; czh;t[ ed;whf tsh;r;rpg; bgw;W ,Uf;Fk;.
Ritj;jy; czh;t[f; Fiwthft[k; Efh;jy; czh;t[ ,y;iybad;nwf; Twyhk;.
a[nufh- a[nufh- ? mwptpay; btspaPL.
tpil :
fhfj;jpw;F fhJ cz;lh> mjw;Ff; fhJ nfl;Fkh>
vy;yh gwitfSf;Fk; fhJ cz;L. brtpj;Jisfs; ,wFfshy; @o ,Uf;Fk;.
kw;wgo ghY}l;ofspy; cs;sJnghy; g[wr;brtpkly; ,Uf;fhJ. fhfj;jpw;Ff; fhJ cz;L/
fhJ nfl;Fk; gwitfSf;F ghh;j;jy;/ nfl;ly; czh;t[ ed;whf tsh;r;rp bgw;W ,Uf;Fk;.
Ritj;jy; czh;t[f; Fiwthft[k; Efh;jy; czh;t[ ,y;iybad;nwf; Twyhk;.
bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,Ur;brhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jp xU bjhlh; mikf;f.
m) ,aw;if ? braw;if
v.fh : 
ghij bjhpahj ,aw;iff; fhLfspy; gazpf;fr; braw;iff; fUtpfs;
gad;gLfpd;wd.
M) bfhL ? nfhL
uhftd; jd; ez;gd; bfhLj;j mst[nfhiyf; bfhz;L nfhL tiue;jhd;.
,) bfhs; ? nfhs;
 nfhs;fspd; ,af;fk; gw;wp ,g;g[j;jfj;ijg; goj;J mwpe;J bfhs; vd mwptpay;
Mrphpah; vdf;F xU g[j;jfk; bfhLj;jhh;.
<) rpW ? rPW
rpW bghe;Jf;Fs; ,Ue;J ghk;g[ rPWtijf; fz;nld;.
c) jhd; ? jhk;
uhkd;/ ``jhd; jhd; Fw;wthsp~~ vd;W jhnk xg;g[f; bfhz;lhd;.
C) tpjp ? tPjp
fz;zdpd; jiytpjp mtid tPjpapy; epWj;jpaJ.
gj;jpiag; goj;Jg; gjpy; jUf.
gUg;bghUs;fs; rpjWk;goahfg; gy CHpf;fhy=;fs; fle;J brd;wd. g[tp cUthd
nghJ beUg;g[g; ge;J nghy; tps=;fpa CHpf;fhyk; njhd;wpaJ. gpd;dh; g[tp FspUk;goahfj;
bjhlh;e;J kiH bghHpe;j CHpf;fhyk; fle;jJ. mt;thW bjhlh;e;J bga;j kiHahy;
g[tp bts;sj;jpy; @H;fpaJ. ,g;go kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; rpwg;ghfpa Mw;wy; kpFe;J brwpj;J
jpuz;L ,g;goahf (bts;sj;jpy; @H;Fjy;) ele;j ,e;jg; bghpa cyfj;jpy;/ caph;fs;
thH;tjw;F Vw;w NHyhfpa cs;sPL njhd;wpaJ. caph;fs; njhd;W epiybgWk; goahf
,g;bghpa g[tpapy; CHpf;fhyk; fle;jJ.
tpdhf;fs; :
1. gj;jpapy; cs;s mLf;Fj; bjhlh;fis vLj;J vGJf.
2. g[tp Vd; bts;sj;jpy; @H;fpaJ>
3. bga;j kiH ? ,j;bjhliu tpidj;bjhifahf khw;Wf.
4. ,g;gj;jp czh;j;Jk; mwptpay; bfhs;if ahJ>
5. caph;fs; thH;tjw;F Vw;w NHyhf ePtph; fUJtd ahit>
 www.nammakalvi.org
,ay; 4 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 179

tpilfs; :
1. kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk;.
2. bjhlh;e;J bga;j kiHahy; g[tp bts;sj;jpy; @H;fpaJ.
3. bga;kiH.
4. gUg;bghUs;fs; rpjWjy; (bgU btog;g[f; bfhs;if).
5. epyk;/ ePh;/ fhw;W.

fl;Liu vGJf.
jiyg;g[ ? tpz;btspa[k; fy;gdh rht;yht[k;
Fwpg;g[r; rl;lk;
ŒŒ Kd;Diu
ŒŒ gpwg;g[
ŒŒ fy;tp
ŒŒ tpz;btspg; gazk;
ŒŒ bfhyk;gpah tpz;fy epfH;t[
ŒŒ tpUJfSk; m=;fPfhu=;fSk;
ŒŒ Kot[iu

Kd;Diu :
`MQf;Fg; bgz; rhprkk;~ vd;w fUj;ij bka;g;gpf;Fk; tz;zk; tpz;btspapy;
fhy;gjpj;j ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; bgz;kzp vd;w bgUikf;Fhpath; fy;gdh rht;yh. mtiug;
gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
gpwg;g[ :
ŒŒ 01.07.1961 md;W ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s \hpahdh khepyj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;.
ŒŒ bgw;nwhh; ? gdhu!; yhy; rht;yh (je;ij)/ rd;nahfpjh njtp (jha;).
fy;tp :
fh;dypy; cs;s muR gs;spapy; Muk;gf; fy;tp.
1982 ? rz;ofhpy; cs;s ``g+;rhg; bghwpapay; fy;Y}hpapy; tpkhd Ch;jpapay; Jiwapy;
,s=;fiyg;gl;lk;.
1984 ? mbkhpf;fhtpy; cs;s ``blf;rh!; gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpy; KJfiyg; gl;lk;~~.
1988 ? tpz;btsp bghwpapay; Jiwapy; Kidth; gl;lk;.
tpz;btspg; gazk; :
ŒŒ ehrh Muha;r;rpf; Tlj;jpy; ``Xbrh;brl; nkbjhl;!; ,d;f; ,y;~~ Jizj;jiytuhf
bghWg;ngw;whh;.
ŒŒ 1995y; ehrh tpz;btsp tPuh; gapw;rpf; FGtpy; nrh;e;jhh;.
ŒŒ 1997 Mk; Mz;L bfhyk;gpa tpz;btsp Ch;jpahd STS - 87y; Kjy; tpz;btsp
gazj;ijj; bjhl=;fpdhh;.
 180 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 4

bfhyk;gpah tpz;fy epfH;t[ :

ŒŒ 16.01.2003y; mbkhpf;fhtpd; bfd;do epiyaj;jpypUe;J bfhyk;gpah tpz;fyk;
v!;.o.v!; ? 107 (STS - 107) tpz;zpy; brYj;jg;gl;lJ.
ŒŒ ,e;j tpz;fyj;jpy; rht;yh cl;gl VG ngh; gazpj;jdh;.
ŒŒ gjpdhW ehl;fs; Ma;it Koj;Jtpl;L jpUk;gpa nghJ/ mbkhpf;fhtpd; blf;!h!; thd;
gug;gpy; mt;tpz;fyk; btoj;Jr; rpjwpaJ.
ŒŒ rht;yh cl;gl VG ngUk; gypahfpdh;.
tpUJfSk; m=;fPfhu=;fSk; :
ŒŒ ,sk; bgz; tp+;+hdpfis Cf;Ftpf;f jkpHf murh=;fk; ``fy;gdh rht;yh~~ tpUjpid
2004 Mk; Mz;oypUe;J tH=;fp tUfpwJ.
ŒŒ ehrh !;ng!; gpisl; bkly;.
ŒŒ ehrh o!;o=;Ftp&;l; rh;tP!; bkly;.
ŒŒ epa{ahh;f;fpy; cs;s xU bjUtpw;Ff; ``fy;gdh nt~~ vdg; bgah; Nl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Kot[iu :
ŒŒ bgz;zpdj;jpw;nf bgUik nrh;e;jth; fy;gdh.
ŒŒ 
``fdt[fisf; fz;L me;j fdt[fis edthf;Ftjw;F tplh Kaw;rpnahLk;
KGkdnjhLk; bray;gl;lhy; btw;wp epr;rak;~~ vd;w cz;ikia cyfpw;F czh;j;jpr;
brd;w tPug;bgz;iz ehKk; nghw;Wnthk;.

eak; ghuhl;Lf.
epyhita[k; thdj;J kPida[k; fhw;iwa[k;
neh;g;gl itj;jh=;nf
Fyht[k; mKjf; FHk;igf; Foj;bjhU
nfhy btspgilj;njhk;
cyht[k; kdr;rpW g[s;spid v=;fQk;
Xl;o kfpH;e;jpUnthk;
gyhtpd; fdpr;Ris tz;oapy; Xh; tz;L
ghLtJk; tpag;ngh> ? ghujpahh;
jiyg;g[ : ,aw;if
Mrphpah; : ghujpahh
jpuz;l fUj;J :
thiHf;F mHF FUj;J
bra;a[Sf;F mHF jpuz;l fUj;J
epyh/ tpz;kPd;/ fhw;W Mfpa ,tw;iwbay;yhk; brk;ika[w;w Vw;gLj;jp itj;J/
mtw;wpbyy;yhk; njha;e;Js;sJ. jpUtUshfpa mKjurk;. me;j mKjurj;ijg; gUfp/
mHfpa cd;dj epiyf;F ahk; cs;shndhk;. cyt[fpd;w kdkhfpa rpWgwitia
v=;bf=;Fk; brYj;jpf; fspg;gilnthk;. gyhr;Ris Vw;wg;gl;l tz;oia xU tz;lhdJ
hP=;fhuk; bra;J tl;lkpLtJ Mr;rhpafukhdjh vd;d>
,ay; 4 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 181

bjhil eak; :
bjhilaw;w ghl;L
eilaw;Wg; nghFk;
bra;a[spy; vJif/ nkhid/ ,iag[/ Kuz; Mfpa cWg;g[fshy; bjhLf;fg;gLtJ
bjhil.
nkhid eak; :
nkhidaw;w ghl;L
nridaw;w ehL
bra;a[spy; monjhWk; my;yJ rPh;njhWk; Kjy; vGj;J xd;wp tUtJ nkhid
vdg;gLk;.
rhd;W: Fyht[k;/ FHk;igf;/ Foj;bjhU
vJif eak; :
tPuj;Jf;F mHF nt=;if
ghl;Lf;F mHF vJif
Kjy; vGj;J msbthj;J ,Uf;f ,uz;lhk; vGj;J xd;wptUtJ vJif vdg;gLk;.
rhd;W:
mo vJif:
epyhita[k;
Fyht[k;
cyht[k;
gyhtpd;
mzp eak; :
nfhtpYf;F kzp mHF
bra;a[Sf;F mzp mHF
,g;ghly; ,ay;g[ etpw;rp mzp ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ.

bkhHpnahL tpisahL gf;fk;: 96

bjhliug; goj;J tpiliaf; fz;lwpf.

(nrhW/ fw;wy;/ fU/ g{tpy;/ vGj;J)
1. E}ypd; gad; goj;jy; vdpy;/ fy;tpapd; gad; fw;wy;.
2. tpijf;Fj; njit vU vdpy;/ fijf;Fj; njit fU.
3. fy; rpiy MFbkdpy;/ bey; nrhW MFk;.
4. Fuypy; ,Ue;J ngr;R vdpy;/ tpuypy; ,Ue;J vGj;J.
5. kPd; ,Ug;gJ ePhpy;/ njd; ,Ug;gJ g{tpy;.
 www.nammakalvi.org
182 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 4

Fwpg;igg; gad;gLj;jp tpil jUf.

Fwpg;g[ vjph;kiwahd brhw;fs;
kPshj; Jah; kPz;l ,d;gk;
bfhLj;Jr; rpte;j bfhLf;fhJ rpte;j
kiwj;Jf; fhl;L kiwf;fhJ fhl;L
mUfpy; mkh;f bjhiytpy; epy;
bghpathpd; mikjp rpwpathpd; rphpg;g[
g[aYf;Fg; gpd; g[aYf;F Kd;

mfuhjpapy; fhz;f.
mtph;jy; ? xsp bra;jy;/ gPuy;/ tphpjy;/ ghlk; bra;jy;.
mHy; ? cl;lzk;/ vUf;F/ fs;sp/ nfl;il ehs;/ bfhLntyp/ brt;tha;/ jP/ eufk;/
btg;gk;/ bghwhik/ mGjy;.
cth ? mkhthrp/ ,sik/ ,isnahd;/ fly;/ epiwt[/ g{uiz/ ahid/ thypgd;/
cfhkuk;.
f=;Fy; ? ,ut[/ ,Us;/ guzp ehs;.
fdyp ? fs;sp/ bfhLntyp/ fhpad;/ beUg;g[/ Nhpad;.

fhl;rpiaf; fz;L ftpDw vGJf.

khl;ow;F......
@f;fzh=;fapW nghLk;
khdplg; gpwtpfns-
,njh......
cdf;F
@f;fzh=;fapW nghl
te;Jtpl;lhd;
jpwd;ngrp ehafd;~~

bray;jpl;lk;
braw;if Ez;zwpitg; gad;gLj;Jk; tzpf epWtd=;fs; rpy ,a=;fp tUfpd;wd. braw;if
Ez;zwpitg; gad;gLj;Jk; nuhnghf;fis cUthf;Fk; epWtd=;fs; rpy cyfpdpy;
,Uf;fpd;wd. mtw;iwg; gw;wpa gl=;fSld; Fwpg;g[ vGjp tUf.
bra;jp ?1 :
ŒŒ $g;ghdpy; rhg;l; t=;fp cUthf;fpa ,ae;jpu kdpjnd bgg;gh;.
ŒŒ ,J cyf mstpy; tpw;gidahFk; xU nuhngh.
ŒŒ tPl;Lf;F/ tzpfj;Jf;F/ gog;g[f;F vd;W @d;W tif nuhnghf;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd.
,ay; 4 X
Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 183

ŒŒ ,it kdpjdpd; KfghtidfspypUe;J czh;t[fisg; g[hpe;J bfhz;L mjw;nfw;g

bray;gLfpd;wd.
ŒŒ bgg;giu tuntw;ghsuhft[k;/ gzpahsuhft[k; tPLfspYk; tzpf epWtd=;fspYk;
czt[ tpLjpfspYk; gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs;.
bra;jp ? 2 :
ŒŒ 2016,y; I.gp.vk;. epWtdj;jpd; braw;if Ez;zwpt[f; fzpdpahd thl;rd;/ rpy
epkpl=;fspy; ,uz;L nfhoj; jut[fis myrp/ nehahsp xUthpd; g[w;Wnehiaf;
fz;Lgpoj;jJ.
bra;jp ? 3 :
ŒŒ \h=;fh=; efuj;jpd; \hd;rd; nuhnghl;of;!; epWtdk; cUthf;fpa nrhgpah vd;Dk;
,ae;jpug; bgz;Qf;F brsjp mnugpahtpy; Foa[hpik tH=;fpapUf;fpwhh;fs;.
ŒŒ ,jDila ciuahly;fSk;/ KfghtidfSk; kdpjh;fisg; nghd;wpUe;jd.
fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
? Nanotechnology
kPEz; bjhHpy;El;gk; tpz;btspj; bjhHpy;El;gk; ? Space
Technology
caph;j;bjhHpy;El;gk; ? Biotechnology tpz;btspf; fjph;fs; ? Cosmic Rays
g[w Cjhf; fjph;fs; ? Ultraviolet Rays mfr;rptg;g[ fjph;fs; ? Infrared Rays

epw;f mjw;Fj; jf
bjhiyf;fhl;rp epfH;t[fisna ghh;j;Jf; bfhz;oUf;Fk; jk;gp"
jpwd; ngrpapnyna tpisahof; bfhz;oUf;Fk; j=;if"
fhbzhyp tpisahl;Lfspy; @H;fpapUf;Fk; njhHd;"
vg;nghJk; r@f Clf=;fspy; ,a=;fpago ,Uf;Fk; njhHp"
,th;fs; ve;neuKk; elg;g[yfpy; ,Uf;fhky; fw;gid cyfpy;
kpjg;gth;fshf ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;! ,th;fis bewpg;gLj;jp
eilKiw cyfpy; bray;gl itf;f eP=;fs; bra;a[k;
Kaw;rpfisg; gl;oay; ,Lf.
tpil :
ŒŒ FG kdg;ghd;ikia tsh;f;Fk; tpisahl;Lfshfpa fgo/ g{g;gwpf;f thhp=;fsh>
nghd;w tpisahl;Lfis tpisahlr; bra;ayhk;.
ŒŒ nfhyp/ gk;guk; nghd;w tpisahl;Lfis tpisahlr; bra;ayhk;/
ŒŒ bgz;fs; ghz;o/ gy;yh=;FHp/ fH=;F Kjypa tpisahl;Lfis tpisahLtjhy;
clYk; kdKk; g[j;Jzh;t[ bgWk;.
ŒŒ cyf epfH;t[fisf; fye;Jiuahly; @yk; bjhpe;J bfhs;tjhy; me;epfH;t[fisg; gw;wp
nkYk; bjhpe;J bfhs;s Mh;tk; Vw;gk;.
ŒŒ nkw;fz;l epfH;t[fs; midj;Jk; kdpjh;fSf;fpilna eilbgWk; epfH;t[. nkw;fz;l
bra;fspy; <LgLk; nghJ bjhiyf;fhl;rp/ jpwd; ngrp/ fhbzhyp tpisahl;Lfs;/
Clf=;fspy; ,a=;fpago ,Uf;Fk; bray;fs; midj;Jk; Fiwa[k;.
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