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a m of “

Y R R KS t f n
“ AR V A h U V v L ‘

Co py ri ght 1 896 b y
. , WER N ER S CH OO L B O O K COM P A N Y
 CO N T EN T S
P A GE

IN T R OD U CT I O N
B I B L I OG R AP H Y
T R A D IT I O N A L H IS T OR Y 1 9 33
—

TH E ST O R Y OF SO H R A B 3 4—4 6

S OH R A B AN D RU S T U M : A N E P IS O D E 4 7 78
 IN T R O D U CT IO N
O p in ion s a red ivid d as to the relative m erits of the poet ical
e

a nd prose w ork s o f M a tt h w A rno l d b ut t here is a large and

1
e

growing num ber who look back with regret upon the hour
when he a bandon ed poetry for criticism even though t h at ,

g cious ty pe of cu lt ure whose essence is li ght and sweetness

ra

gained t here by its first professed apostle .

A rnol d p u bl ish ed his first vo l um e of verses in 1 84 9 wh en ,

he wa s t wen ty fi ve y ears of a ge
-
I t bore the ti t l e A S tray
.

R eveller and O ther Poem s and was followed within three years
,

b y Em pe d ocl es on Etna a nd O th er Poe m s Both of th ese .

vo l um es were signed f A an d i t w a s n ot u nt il the y ea r 1 85 3

‘
,

t h at the n a m e of M atthew A rnol d fi rst m ade i ts appearance on

t he l i st o f Engl and s poets A portion o f t he coll ect ion pu b
’
.

l ished i n t h at y e ar u nde r his own n am e was repri nted from the

e arl ie r v ol um es b u t i t a l so conta ined sev
, eral n ew poem s far ,

su perior t o an y th i n g t h at ha d h it h erto com e from hi s pen .

T h ere we re m any who from the fi rst recogn i ed in t h ese

, ,
z

verses the touch of a m aster h and N eith er t h ese n or the

.

su b sequ e n t vo l u m es ev er b ecam e popu l r i n the wi d e sen se

2
a

o f t h at word a nd A rno l d ha s rem ai ne d t o t h is d ay a poet o f t he

,

sch ool s worsh i pe d b y a ch ose n fe w who be l ong t o the i nne r

,

worl d o f c u lt u re a nd also i t i s t rue b y th at l arger circl e who

, , ,

m ol d t h e ir tastes accord ing to t he accepte d oracles o f li terary

cri ti c ism b u t nev
,
er winn in g his way li ke T enny son to the , ,

h earts of the people at large N ever for a m om ent was M atthew

.

A rnol d t he poet t osse d u po n the foam y crest of a li terary or

e m ot ion l fad su ch a s t h at wh ich in l ater y ears cau gh t u p for a
a

wh il e his own gospel of cu lture or th at which has m ade his ,

5
6 S O H R AB AN D R US TUM
na m esa ke S ir Edwin A rnold the darl ing o f an hour with
t he u ndiscrim i nat ing m u lt it ud e th at snaps i ts fi ngers at t he
m aledicti ons of the rev ie wers .

B ut am id al l the fl uctu at ions of popu lar and critical taste the

appreciat ion of A rnol d s poet ical work has st ead i ly i ncreased
’
,

and i t beg ins to appe ar as th oug h he had ach ieve d i n thi s fi el d ,

at l east one o f t h ose last ing rep utat ions th at g iv

, e a t r ue

im mort al ity It is b y no m eans im prob abl e t h at he m ay still b e

.

ad m iri ngly stu di ed wh en som e wh om we now consi der greater

poets h ave bee n relegated to that outer Lim bo of fam e wh ich

i s the h appy h unti ng ground o f the antiquari an and the b l u e
stock ing .

M atth ew A rnol d i s righ tly h eld to h ave been in his l iterary

cree d a cl assicist a nd i n hi s re l ig ion a nat ura l ist
, B ut his v iews .

u nderwent a certai n c h ange wh ich i s refl ected i n his p oe ti ca l

,

as well as his p rose work s a nd i n t he st y le as well a s t he S p iri t

,

of his poet ry Perhaps it wou ld b e truer to say that t wo

.

currents o f t hou gh t a nd t aste ran th roug h all his l ife one o f ,

wh ich pred om inated i n his earlier y ears and the oth er i n his
l a t er .

Reared b y the celebrated D r T hom as A rnold and educated .

,

u nder him a t R u gby he rev olte d agai nst t he C h ristiani ty e v

,
en

of so good a fath er a nd so b road a C h urch m an H e went .

t h rou gh O xford wh en the T ractari an m ovem ent was at its

heigh t and was broadened and sweetened by it without yield
,

i ng to its attractions ; and he was sti ll l ess i nfl uenced b y the

wave of scienti fic agnostic ism am id which he found him se lf
a fter he left the uni versity .

Between 1 85 3 and however the spirit of H ebraism , ,

as he ca lled it m eanin g t he ideal s t he worl d outlook as the ,

-
,

Germans say wh ich we inherit from the Hebrew prophets a nd

,

teache rs t h roug h the C hri stian rel ig ion reasse rt ed itsel f i n a

m easure and i n his best known essays ( e g

,
C ul t ure and . .
,

A narch y Literatu re and Dogm a pub l ished i n 1 869 and 1 87

, ,
 IN T R O D U CTIO N 7

his Hellenism glorification of the Greek ideals in thought

his
and a rt a nd con d uct has ceased to b e u nreserved and intol er
ant .

T he cha nge i n hi s theory o f poetic art i s clearly m arked In .

the preface t o the coll ecti on p ub l i sh ed i n 1 85 3 with wh ich ,

th ose to the secon d e d i t ion i n t he foll owing y ear an d to

M erope i n 1 85 9 were i n accord he urged a ret urn to cl assical
.

‘
,

m odel s as the on ly remed y for the fantastic character and l ack

of sa n ity b y wh ich m od ern l iteratu re seem e d to him to b e
c haracteri e dz .

H e condem ned subj ectiv ism the h ab it of d wel lin g chi efl y

on m ent al sta tes a nd i nter ior cond it ions and e x pressly t a u gh t
—

th at t he h igh est art i s alwa ys o bj ect iv e a nd th at t he o nl y

,

l egi timate fiel d of poetry is the n arrative the description of ,

actions wort h y to b e d escri bed .

B ut in his Essays i n Critic ism i n 1 865 he takes a broad er

v ie w :
T he g and power of poetry is its i nterpretative power and
r ,

t h at i t d ev el ops i n two way s b y e xpre ss ing with m agi ca l

—

fel icity t he p h y siogn om y and m ov em e nt of the out er world

a nd e xp ressi ng wit h inspi red conv iction the ideas and

laws of the inward world of m an s m oral and spirit ual natu re

’
.
’ ’ 5

M eanwh i l e his art istic i ntu itio ns or his soul s crav ing for ex
’

pression had outru n his colder thought a nd one of the most sub ,

j ec ti ve o f h is l on g e r p oem s is a l so on e o f the earl i est E m pe d —

ocl es on Etna which for t hi s a nd other sins against the c l assic

,
o

standards was e xcl u d ed b y i ts au thor from t he collection of 1 85 3 .

say s t he Ed i nb u rgh R ev al l his poem s

7
A ft er iew , ,

w ith the exception of M erope wh ich he wrote rath er as a pro

,

fessor of poetry t h an a s a poet show t h at both artist ical ly and

8
, ,

m orally t he e xclusive d om ination of the cl assic spirit was

,

o verth rown .

Tak ing the poetry of M atth ew A rnold as a wh ole it is ,

d ivi sible into two groups : the obj ective poem s which portray ,
 S OH R AB AN D R U ST UM
acti ons or e vents; bj ective wh ich find their t h eme
and the su ,

in m ental processes or are the e x pressions of the sentim ents of

the so ul T o the l atter group wh ich is m uch the m ore n u mer
.
,

ou s b el ong hi s l yrical and m ed it ative v erses and t h ose ch a rm

, ,

ing el egiac poem s which som e prefer to any oth er works of

A rnol d s pen
’
.

T he obj ective or narrative poems t h em selves fall naturally

i nto t wo groups accord ing as t h ey are romantic or cl assi c i n
,

t h e ir su bj ect and styl e I n one it has b een sa i d he i s a

.
, ,

painter and in the other a scu lptor T o the rom antic a nd m ore .

ornate group b elong T rist am a nd I seult T he S ick K ing of ,

’

Bokhara and T he Forsa ken M erman A t the head of the .

cl assic grou p stand S ohra b a nd R ust um and B a ld er D ead

lo
.
,

A s A rnol d was a classi cist a nd not a rom anticist a nd his ,

own d ev eloped t h eory o f poetry m od i fied b ut never ab an d one d

, ,

m ade the port raya l of h eroic d eeds the nob l est fu nct ion o f the
a rt i t cannot b e disp uted th at S ohrab a nd R ust u m the m aste r
, ,

piece of his poem s of the c lassic and h eroic ty pe i s on the ,

whol e the m ost thorough ly representative of a l l his poet ical

com positions
ll
.

It has also h istorica l i nterest as the one poem wh ich m ore ,

t h an a n y oth er m ade good i ts a uth or s c l ai m to a n h onored

’
,

place am ong the bards o f m od ern England It occupied the .

fi rst pages of the collection of 1 853 and was prom pt ly recog ,

n i ed b y the critics a s a p rod uct ion of unusual m e rit a nd l ast ing

z

wort h A wri ter in the Westm inster Rev iew for the fi rst
.

u art er of 1 85 4 said of it
q
I t i s rem arkab l e for i ts success in every poi nt i n w hich
Em pedocles appears d eficient H om er has furni shed him his
.

m od el a nd taught him the great lesson t h at the l an gu age o n

,

such occasions ca nnot b e too si m ple a nd t he st y l e too l itt le

orn a m e nted Perhaps i t m y b e thought th at he has followed
. a

Hom er s manner even too cl osely

’
.

A s a pictu re of h u m an l ife i n H om er s m anner we ca n not

’

see why it shoul d not b e t hou gh t as good as ny o ne o f t he a

 IN T R OD U CTIO N 9

e pisodes in the E neid We are not com paring M r A rnold

. .

wit h Vi rgi l ; fo r it is one th ing to h ave written an ep ic a nd

an ot h er to h av e wri tten a sm all fragm ent ; b ut as a work ing u p
o f a singl e incid e nt i t m ay b e ranked b y the side of N isus and

Eury alus a nd deeper ch ord s of feeling are touch ed i n it than

,

Virgil has ever touched .

I t has been rema rked th at Soh rab and Rustu m is a lm ost t he

onl y poem i n wh ich M r A rnol d has real ized his own i d ea l of
.

poetical com position T he highest poetry he wrote is that

.
, ,

which d epict s nob le d eeds and m a kes it s appeal to the prim ary
a nd perm a nen t a flect ions It wo u l d b e d imcu l t for a poem to
.

a nswe r t h i s d escript ion m ore perfectly t h a n S oh rab an d R ustu m .

I t i s h ere th at we see i n i ts perfect ion the ex qu isi te a nd cl ear

cu t accu racy o f touch wh ich is the ch ief note of his sty l e ;
t h at su bord inat ion and fi ni sh of d et ail in which say s the ,

Lord Bishop of Derry he can only b e surpassed by the great

,
"3

classical wri t ers .

O ne of the m ost appreciative trib u tes th at has ever been paid

to t h i s
“
finest specim en of A rnold s H omeric m anner is from ’

the pen of R D S todd ard :

. .

T he episode wh ich it e m bod ies is he says one of the ,

”
,

nobl est t h at e v er fed t he i m agin ation a nd v e x e d the sou l o f the

poet I t i s one of those great h um an act ions t hat appea l to

.

t he great h u m an a ffections to t hose e lem ent al feel ings wh ich

,

su b sist perm anently i n the race and wh ich are ind epen d ent of ,

t i m e a nd pl ace .H e se le cted the m ost touch i ng situat ion in

t he nat ional e pic of Fird au si and recast i t i nto Engl i sh v erse
,

w it hout sacri fici ng its P ersian spirit H e reprod u ced his .

O ri gi nal wit h sch ol arl y as w ell a s poetical fi d el it y T o t hose .

who can read the recital of h eroic actions with out em oti on it
i s nau ght ; b ut t o t hose who are ca pab le of bei ng m ov ed w ith
fee l i ng a nd p assion the path et ic and t rag ic e l em ents of l i fe
—

it i s t he nob lest poem i n t he worl d It fu lfill s the ol d d efi n ition

.

of traged y in t h at it awakens pi ty a nd t error a nd i t fu lfill s

, ,

t he h ighe st de finit ion of poetry i n t h at it i s a dm irabl y pl anned

, ,

ord erly in it s d eve lopm ent tra nspa rently clear and v ivid l y
,

picturesque manly m aj estic di gni fi ed and more t han al l

, , , , , ,
IO S OH R AB AN D R U S TU M
vital with human interest Written in the grand style of
.

Homer there is a d ist inction in it which no other Engl ish nar

,

rative poem possesses .

A s im portant as position wh ich must be assign ed to

i s the
th is poe m considered i n i tse l f as a ge m of Engl ish l iterature
, ,

it d erives a v ery great add it iona l interest a nd v al u e from i ts

subj ect m atter wh ich i s tak en from one of t he rich est and at
, ,

the sa me t im e one of the l east fam il iar m ines of story and song ,

th at the worl d contains the l iterature of m ed ieval P ersi a

,
.

I ts very title rev eals its orig in i n the great n ation al ep ic of

I rfin t he S hah N am a or B ook of K ings of Fi rd ausi
, ,
It is ,
,
,

i n fact the l ast episod e of t he saga o f Ru st a m and S ohrab not

, ,

transl ated or ev en paraph rased b u t m a d e t he th e me of an,

or ig inal poe m i n the cl assic st y le I t is necessary to rem ark th at

.

the rev ie wer l ast quote d errs i n say in g t hat A rnol d has repro

d uced t he orig inal wit h schol arly as well as poet ic fi del ity .

A s m ay b e seen b y a com pari son wit h Fi rdausi s n arrat ive

’
.

( p. h e h a s d e parte d fr om t he o r ig i n a l t o a n u naccou n t ab l e

degree even as regard s the sett ing in tim e and place and the
, ,

personal i ncidents of the story N either has he avoided the .

sacri fice o f t he P ersian spi ri t ; on t he contrary he see m s e it he r ,

through lofty i ndiflere nce or o f set purpose t o h ave m ade no ,

seriou s e ffort to preserv e the local col or ing of t he epi so de B ut .

t h is ca n b e d e fend ed on the sam e principl e w h ich j ust ified t he

O l d M asters of Eu rope i n d epicti ng i nci dents of N ew T estam e nt
story i n the m id st of I tal ian or Fl em ish scenery T he poem i s .

to b e j ud ge d wh olly from t he stand poi nt of the l ite rateur and

not from t h at of the O ri ent al ist A better ad vised crit ic says :
.
“

Wd e doubt that the author of Sohrab and Rustum

o not
‘ ’

and B al d er D ead has d one wisel y to d isregard as accidental

‘ ’

the n ational pecu l iari t ie s of the l iteratures t hat h ave furni shed

hi s th emes and ob tain the ad vantages o f following the worl d s

’

greatest epica l m odel b y assum ing al l the conceptions o f the

heroic age to b e essentially sim il ar .
 I N T R O D U C TIO N I I

O n the her h and it is true that for al l those circum stances

ot ,

w h ich g ive the th em e it s rare beauty and pathos as well as for ,

t he general m ovem ent of the t rag ic ep iso de A rnol d has reli ed ,

wh oll y u pon the P ersian b ard .

T he story of Soh rab w a s h anded d own for m any centu ries i n

the fol k lore a nd the wr itten ch ronicles of Eastern P ersia b ut
-
,

t he m ed iu m b y w h ich it s d et ai l s h ave b een p reserv ed to the

knowl edge of modern tim es i s Firda u si s i m m ortal poem

’
.

Firdausi is often spoken of as the Hom er of Persia since he ,

was the fi rst an d great est of i ts poets and the a u thor of the ,

ep ic whi ch em bo di es the t rad it ions o f i ts pri m ev al age L ike .

Chaucer in Engl and D ante in Italy and L uth er in Germ any

, , ,

he i s in a sense the fath er of t he living la ngu age of hi s country ,

a nd the resem b l ance b et ween t he sp i rit o f hi s work a nd t h at of

the Goth ic rom ance has l ed m any t o com pare him with singul ar ,

fel icity t o A riosto i n wh ose O rl ando F uri oso t he m edieva l

, ,

ta les o f E urope an chi val ry fou nd at l ast a cl assic e x pression .

I t i s cu stom ary i n P ersia for poets to recei ve a speci al

soubri quet or n am e of honor and Fi rd a u si i s t he poetical t it l e 15
,

of A b u l K asim M ansu r ( 93 7 1 0 20 a nati v

—
e of T us in

K horassfin T he S u l tfin M ahm u d

.
“
of G h azn i e m pl o yed
17

him to put i nto v e rse the t rad it ional h istory of the kingd om of
P ersi a and he spent th irty years at his court wh ile engaged in
,

th i s col ossal task the resu lt of wh ich we h ave be fore us in the

,

B ook of Kings .

M any sovereign s of the S assani a n d y n asty had inte rested 19

them se lves in t he co llect ion of m ateria ls for such a h istory the ,

nati on al record s h av ing b een d estroyed or d ispersed d u ring the

d isorders of the preceding period beginni ng w ith the over ,

t h row of the ol d m onarch y b y A l ex and er the G reat U nd er .

the di rect ion of Y ezd egird I V the m ost learned of the

20
,

m ob eds or p ri ests of the nati onal rel igi on u nder t he ch ief

21
, ,

e d itorsh i p of D ani shb er D ehkan made a final com pil ation of

22
,

t he ann als of the ki ng d om down to the re ign of K hosru P arviz

1 2 S O H R AB AN D R U S TU M
( A D 59
. 1 . dly had t his been done when the i nva
H ar

sion of the A rabs too k place and the A nnals fe ll into t hei r h and s
,

with m uch other spoil a fter the battle of Cadesia i n A D 63 6 , . .

T he book w as sent b y the conquerors as a present to the k ing

of A by ssini a who cau se d copies of i t to be m ad e and di strib uted
,
”

am on g his fri ends i n vari ous parts of A sia ; and t h us i n course

of t im e i t fou nd its wa y b ack to P ersia a gai n .

For Several centuries after the M oham m ed an conquest P ersi a

was subj ect to the a u t hority of the Ca l iphs who attem pt ed to ,
“

destroy al l the monum ents both of i ts ancient pol itical i nd e

p e n d e nce a nd of i ts a nc ient re l i gi on ; b ut t h e ir a ut h ori t y b eca m e

grad ually weakened and the local governors one after another
acqu ired the position of independent sov ere ign s .

Partly from a pure love of learning and partly from a desire

to strength en t hem sel ves in the favor of t he people who had ,

accepted M ohamm ed anism w ithout forgetti ng th ei r a ncest ral

glories m any of these began to pick u p the broken thread s

,

of the nat ional t rad iti on .

U nder such ausp ices t he ol d C hronicl e of the K ings was

,

t ransl ate d from the P a hlavi into one after another of t he

”5

m ode rn Persian di al ects ; a nd with t he ai d of a comm ission of

learned M azdeans ( for a rem nant of the people still remained
fa ith ful to t he ir ol d creed ) it was continu ed b y order of one ,

of t he S am a nian k ings down to the death of the l ast of t he

“
,

S assanidae ( 65 1
A growing love of elegant li teratu re l ed in the tenth century
to several attem pts at the v ersi ficat io n of e pisodes from t h ese

ch ro nicles .T he S ul té n M ahm u d ru led i n the ol d kingdom of

the h ero Rustam and his pol itical astuteness a nd sincere love
,

of l etters l ed hi m in spite o f his T uran ia n e xtract ion to surp ass

, ,

al l oth e rs i n his zea l for the carry in g out o f the great p roj ect

of prepa ring a new h istory of I ré n i n m etri cal form T o t h is .

end he spared no pai ns a nd e x pense i n coll ect ing m ateri als

supplementary to the prose h ist ory alread y i n hand ; oflering

 I N T R O D U CTIO N I
3

li be ral rewards to every one who wo uld sell or lend to his

l i brari ans a ny manuscript which wou ld b e usefu l in the great
w ork .M an y especi ally im port ant contri but ions were received
from som e of the noble families of A fgh anistan that claim ed ’7

d escent from pri nces and h eroes of the ol d en d ay s .

For e x am pl e the fam ily records of the roy al house of S ei

,

t o w hich Rustam and S ohrfib belonged were found to be

28
st é in , ,

st i l l e xtant a nd i n the possession of a m em ber of th at fam il y

, ,

S erv A zad of M erv who gladly put them at the d isposal of

,
”

the poet l aureate .

F irdausi recorded with scru pulous care the trad it ional data
a florded b y a st ud y and com pari son of the weal t h of h istorica l
'

m ateri als be fore him ; a nd his epic was at the sam e t im e such
a m ast erp iece of poet ical geni u s t h at i t i m m ed i at el y repl aced in ,

t he esteem of a people i n whom the lov e of the beaut ifu l pre

dom inated over every other taste the prose h istories upon which,

it was base d Copies of these alm ost ceased to b e m ade and

.
,

in t he lapse of cent uries t he m ost i m portant of th em h ave bee n

wholly lost or i f th ey e x ist at a l l at the present d ay are hi dden
, , ,

i n ob scu re pl aces wh ich h ave not y et y ielde d up t h eir treasures

to Eu ropean m n uscript collectors T he S h a h N ama is t h ere fore
a .

the m ost preciou s repository of the h istorica l t rad ition s o f

Persia T he va l ue of these traditions i s attested b y their gen
.

eral a gree m ent wh en properl y u nd e rstood wit h the i nform ation

, ,

on the su bj ect obt ai nable from ot h er sources .

T he P ersi ans a l ways ca ll t hem sel ves I ranians and th eir ,

country I ran ; the word P ersia appl y i ng p roperly onl y to t he

present prov ince of Farsistfin the Persia P roper of antiquity

, .

T he P ersi a n t rad itions sim il arly are or profess to b e t he tra , ,

ditions of the who l e I rani an race wh ich i s sp read o ve r m od ern

,

Persia A fghanistan Southern T urkestan and B el uchistan

, ,
3°
.
31

M od ern Persia i nclud es the ancient M edi a as well a s Farsi stfin

32
, ,

or P ersi a proper b ut does not e x tend over t he regi on around

,

the O xus river a nd the H i nd u K u sh M ou ntains which was

”3 1 72
,
I4 S OH R A B AN D R U S TU M
one of the rliest
ea homes Persian people and which
of the ,

m ay be said to correspond roughly w ith the ancient B actria .

“

T he B actri ans M ed es and Persians recognized themse l ves

,

as bel ongi ng to a si ngle race wh ich th ey cal l ed the Aryan

, a nd ,

we now k now th at th ere was a tim e when th ei

form ed an und ivi ded people and occupied a land in Central A s i a ,

known to them as I rfin From thence some of their t r i b e s

.

wandered over the mountains into the fert il e plains of the I n d u s

riv er and becam e the ancestors of the Ary an H ind us
”
, w hi l e ,

others went westward to t he reg ion arou nd

the C aspian S ea ( M ed ia ) and st ill oth ers establi shed themsel ves
on t he shores o f t he P ersian Gu l f ( P ersi a ) .

Iran wheth er i n t he origi na l local se nse of t he country b e

.

tween the J ax art es and the H ind u K ush or in t he broa ,

m od ern one of the wh ole territory in southwe

pied by peoples of the Aryan race has from the beginning ,
”0

its h istory been harrassed at frequent interv als b y i nvasion s

M ongoloi d peopl es pouring d own across the O xus from t he
"
,

north ern steppes or the m ou ntai ns of M ongol ia

” ”
.

T his region is call ed b y the Persian trad ition Tu ran and t he ,

confl ict between I ran and T u ra n is t he d om i nant t h eme of t he

heroic legends wh ich F ird au si records .

Th is confl ict had som eth ing m ore th an a local im port I t is .

a part ,and a very i m port ant part of t he t rem endous stru gg l e

,

w h ich has been goi ng on for several t housand s of years betwee n

t wo great worl d races a nd t wo rival civi l izat ions 0 11 t he .

one h a nd i s the C aucasian stock e special l y t he A ry an or I ndo

,

European race to wh ich the European nati ons be long ; on t he

,

oth er is the M ongol i an or U ral o A l taic race often ca ll ed wit h

-
, ,

reference t o th i s very cycl e of trad i t ion T uranian T he Aryan ,

.

and S em it ic trib es seem to h ave wrested from T urani an abor

i gines m ost of the l and wh ich they h ave occu p ied B ut i n .

return the Turanian hordes h ave a gain and agai n swept over

sou th ern A si a and Eastern Europe and d uring a l arge port ion
,
 I N T R O D U CTIO N I 5

of the historic period have held sway over some of the noblest
of the Caucasi an races A mong the T uranian invasions b est
.

known to Eu ropean history are those of the Scyths who ,

“

possessed them selves of A sia M inor in the seventh century

B C ; t he H u ns
. . who inva ded Europe in the fifth centu ry of
,
“

the C hri sti an e ra ; the Turks who began the conquest of the
,

Levant i n the eleventh centur y and ultimately reared the ,

present O ttoman Empire on the ruins O f the Byzantine ; the

M ongols ,
in t he t h irteenth century who und er Ge ng his Khan
“
,

esta bl ish ed one of the v a stest em p ires t h at ever e x isted

“
and ,

the Tartars i n the fourteent h century under Tim u r whose

“ “
, ,

de scendants founded the m agn ificent Indian em pire From .

“

the fi fteenth century t o the eighteenth the ascendancy of the

T u ranian tribes was fi rm ly estab l ished through out the whole
co nt inent of A sia and t he adj acent port ions of A frica and

E urope ; b ut n ow the t ide has tu rned a gain .

T he conquest of I ndi a b y the French and British and of ,

S iberi a by the Ru ssi ans and the gradual closing in of these

,

and oth er C h ri sti a n powers arou nd the constant ly d i m inished

terri tory of the T u rk ish a nd C h inese em pires is b ut anot her ,

ch apter in the sa m e ol d story of the never endi ng contests of -

I rfin and T fi ré n for po lit ical suprem acy .

T he m ost profound st udents of the S hah N am a h ave recog

n ized i n it a n um b er of i nd epende nt cycles o f h istory and
“

legend the m ost i m portant and interesting o f which i s the

,

Cycle of Seistan which consists of the h istory of Rustam king

, ,

0 of the S acae a nd his a ncestors

, .

T h is cycl e i s the h eart of the whole epic and its most adm ira ,

h b l e ele ment is the ta le o f the b rief and u nfortunate l ife of

n Sohrab T he Persians them sel ves esteem the story of Rustam
.

a nd S ohré i b m ore than any ot her portion of the poem and the ,

sce ne of the d eath of S oh rab in wh ich it cu lm in ates i s the

, ,

sam e w h ich Fi rd a usi s m ost i m port ant ri val A nsar i once ren
’
, ,

1 dared into verse as a specim en of his powers in the com petition

I 6 S O H R AB AN D R US TU M
b etween the seven chi ef poets of M ahmu d s court for the great
’

com mission which , a fterwards awarde d to the newcom er

Firdausi , was so bri ll iantly accomplished by him in the produc
ti on of ama
the S h ah N .

European criti cs a gree with the A siatic in their estim ate of

th is part of the e pic T he elegant French essayist S ainte
.
,

Beuve says of it :
,
“

T he m ost brated episode of the poem and one which is

cele ,

of a nat u re to interest u s st il l has for its subj ect the m eeting ,

of t he hero Rustam a nd his son S oh rab T his is a beaut iful .

and touchi ng story wh ich has traverse d the worl d and fl owered
, ,

out i n n um berless b a llads in every l an d M any poets have .

handled it in their own way or invented it anew down to , ,

O ssian in hi s poem of C arthon and V oltai re i n his H enriade

"o
.
,

Voltaire assured ly had not read Firdausi but he had the sam e ,

i dea t h at of a fat her e ncounteri ng his son i n a com b at and ki ll

,

ing him be fore recogni ing him T he thought of V ol taire i s

z .

wholly phi losophic a nd h um ane ; he wishes to inspire a horror

for civil war Fird ausi in his recita l drawn from trad ition is
.

far from hav in g had so e xpl icit an i ntent ion ; b ut i t is sa fe to

say t hat if a fter readi ng t h is d ram at ic a nd tou ch in g e pisod e
, ,

this ad v ent ure fu ll of co lors at fi rst and pe rfum es a nd fi nally , ,

of tears one ch ances to open the e ig ht h canto o f the H enriade

, ,

one feel s how great is t he h ei g h t from w h ich the ep ic has fallen

am ong m od em s ; and an i m p ression is e x peri ence d such as
woul d b e prod uced b y passi ng from the Ganges river to a pond
at V ersailles .

M r A rnol
. d s poem based on th is crowning ep isode of the
’

Irani an epic will serve we tru st t o wh et the appetite o f the

, ,

stu d ent for the read ing of the P ersian sagas t hem se lves w h ich ,

have been rendered in various forms into several of the princi

pa l E u ropea n l an g u a ges .

N o person of cul t ure can any longer aflord to b e i gnorant of

the S hah N am a now th at it i s so read il y accessib le for it is one
, ,

of the great epic poem s of the worl d b e l ong ing to the same ,

class wi th the N ibel ungenlied of Germ any t he M ahabha

” “
r ata ,
 B IB L IO GRA PH Y
T r ansl ati ons f
o S hah N a ma
J m Atkins n P
a es D wn t t h d th f R
o . t m — E gli lrose . o o e ea o us a n sz
J li M hl P C mpl t f m P i d i ti n I n h 1 87 6 7 8
. .

u us o . rose . o e e, ro ar s e o .
- *
re e —

S h k V th d th f R t m — G m n 1 865
, .

c ac D wn t
. erse . o o e ea o us a . er a
F R ii k t nd E F B y P C m pl t wi th h l ly
.
,

. c er a . . a er . ro se . o e e, sc o ar
nn t ti n
a G m n
o a B li n 1 890
o s — er a . er , .

It l Pi
a o V zzo C m pl t I t l i n T in 1 886 89
. e rse . o e e — a a . ur ,
— .

P a rap h n d A
r a ses a b i d g m n t f S t i N m r e s o ra t a a:
D H ld
as b h v n I n J GO
e en uc B li n 1 820 o ra . . rre s. er , .

T h B k f K i ng
e oo St i o t ld f m Fi d i H l n Z im m ns or es re o ro r aus . e e er .

N wY k 1 883
e or ,
.

Col l t l H i t i l S on
a er a s or ca r ees
T h Z nd A v t
e e S - d B k f th E t v l
es a . I V XX I II acre oo s o e as , o s .
,

X XX I L nd n 1 880
,
: o o ,

P hl vi T xt S d B k f th E t v l V XVIII XXIV
a a e s . a cre oo s o e as , o s .
, , :
L nd n 1 880 84
o o ,
-
.

R ecord f th P t (In ipti n )

s o e nd i v l V pp 1 44
as scr o s , sec o ser e s, o .
,
.

1 7 6 L nd n . o o .

En y l p d i B it nni
c c o e ti l P i (b d n l i h i t i n ;
a r a c a , ar c e ers a ase o c ass c s or a s
b y N dl d k n f th g t t nd m t
e e, o nt th i ti )
e o e re a e s a os rec e au or es .

P B y t h C m t d G bi n
erse s .
( nt in i g pi e xt t o e e o eau co a n co ou s e rac s
f m h i t i l li t
ro t i n m d n P i n nd A bi l n
s or ca e ra u re o er ers a a ra c a
g g ) ua es .

T h K i ng
e fP i B y M i k h nd ( P
s o i n hi t i n )
e rs a . r o e rs a s or a .

Hi t y fPs or i Si J m
o M l lm
e rs a . r a es a co .

G o
e pyh
ra nd E th no
a l gy o :
E th nd i t Inh bit nt (G g pl i ni v l l ) A i
e ar a s a a s eo ra ze u erse e . s a .

Eli e R e l N w Y k
s e c us . e or .

En y l p di B i t nni
c c o e ti l A i M ng l S i b i T n k
a r a ca , ar c es : s a, o o s, er a , r s.
e tc .

R apnla r T reati ses on P ersi a n L i teratu re :

T he R ose ar en o f ersi aG d o ui se S P . L t u ar t C t ll L nd
os e o . o on , 1 888 .
 T H E T R A D IT IO N A L H IST O R Y O F IR AN
FR O M T H E B EGIN N IN G T O T H E D EA T H O F R U S T A M
A CCO R D IN G T O T H E S H A H N AM A ”

T he first to sit h u ponof I ran was K aiumers

the t rone who ,
"1

l ived in the mountains and clad hi m sel f and his people in t iger
S kins b ut tau gh t t h em the fi rst rud im ents o f c iv
,
il i at ion a nd z ,

was m aster of the whole worl d Th en t he E vil Spirit A b ri

.
,

m an sent out his son a m ighty D iv to destroy K a iu m ers

, , ,
”
.

S iétm ak so n of K ai um ers
”
,
l ed a great arm y against the,

Divs b ut he was defeated and slain

, .

T h ereupon the king sent fort h his other son H ushang and he , ,

was victorious Shortly after this K aiumers d ied and H u

.

shang ascended the th rone H e reigned fort y years and taught

“
.
,

m en the use of fi re and the arts of agricultu re and irrigation

, .

H e was succeeded b y T ahu m ers who i ntroduced the art s ,

“

of spinni ng and weav ing a nd conquered the D i vs

, som e of ,

whom purchased their l ives b y im parting to him the art of

writing .

A fter a rei gn of thi rt y y ears T ahum ers d ied and was suc ,

ceed ed b y hi s son J emshid who re ign ed for seve n h undred

,
“

y e ars a
,
nd w h ose sway w a s ac k n ow l ed ged b y D i v s a nd a ng e l s ,

and even b y the bi rds and beasts H e d ivided m en into four .

classes priests warriors husbandm en and artificers ; and in

, , ,

his d ay s the worl d was h appy and d eath and sorrow unknown .

H e was the aut h or of the calend ar a nd inst itu ted t he great ,

feast of N euroz or N ew Y ear s D ay wh ich is ob served to the

’
, ,

present hour H e also built great cities with the aid of the
.
,

Divs whom hi s fathers had subj ugated one of wh ich was P er ,

sepol is .
20 S O H R AB AN D R U S TU M
A t last Jemshid s heart was li fted up i n pri de , and he caused
’

his own im age to be worshi ped as Go d ; and t h erefore m any of

the k ings a nd nobl es who were su bj ect to him rose i n rebell ion

and hrough their instrumental ity he was delivered into the

t
hands of King Zohak the son of M irt as who ruled over
,
"7
,

T hasis i n the desert of A rab ia .

A fter Zo hak had seate d h imse lf upon the throne of I ran he op

pressed the people and favored iniquity and ca used two m en to
, ,

b e sl aughtered every d ay to feed t he serpe nts th at grew ou t of his

S h ou l d ers wh e re he had once bee n k isse d b y the Sp irit of E vi l
, .

B ut after a th ousa nd y ears God raise d u p a d el iverer for I rén ,

who was Feridfi n the grandson of J em shi d

,
"8
T he revol t .

a gainst the ty ranny of Zo hfik was b egu n b y a b l ack sm it h of

I spahéi n called Kava the father of seventeen sons six tee n of

, ,

whom had bee n sl ain to feed the serpents on the shoulders of

Zohak H e took the leathern apron wh ich he wore in the
.
“

pract ice of his trade and raising it aloft on the point of a spear
,

l ed fort h the people to M t A lborz to i nv ite Ferid u n to deliver

.

his peopl e and ascend the th rone of his ancestors Feri d u n .

t here u pon l ed the I rani an arm y across t he T i gri s captured the ,

tyrant s capital cit y i n his absence and afterwards d efeated him

’
,

and m ad e hi m p risoner b indi ng him upon M t Dem avend to

,
.

d ie of e xposu re and starvation .

Feridu n ru led for five h undred yea s and the land prospered r
,

under his wise and gent l e sway H e took severa l w ives who.

were of t he race of J em shid l ike h im sel f a n d had th ree sons

7°
, ,

am ong wh om he at l ast d iv ided his em pi re g ivi ng to S el m ,

the lands o f R fi m and K haver in t he wes t to T fi r the l ands

71 ” 73
,

of T fi rfin a nd C h i na t he l an d of Iran togethe r

" ” "
a nd to I n)
, ,

w ith his own im peri al d ign ity B ut T ur a nd Selm revol ted

.

aga inst th eir y ou nger brot h er wh il e t he ir fat h er was sti l l ali ve

a nd d em and ed t h at he shoul d resign the i m peri al t hrone At .

last T fi r took advantage o f a friend ly conference to assassinate

B ut the d aughter of In] married a hero of the race of
77
In] .
 T R A D ITIO N A L H S I TO R Y or I R AN 21

J emshi d , a nd t heir son M inuchir 78

succee d ed to hi s fat her s
’

dignities Then T d r and Selm gath ered togeth er their armies

.

a nd i nva d ed I ran b u t a ft er a long st ru ggl e M inuchir over

,

t hrew t h ein and both the reb el k i ngs fell b y hi s h and

,
.

N ow about th is t im e the P alad i n S aim who had h itherto

” ”0 ‘

been ch ildless had a son born to him beautifu l both in face

, ,

a n d l im b and was great l y rej oice d t h ereat

, B ut wh en he .

fo u nd th at the h ai r of t he chi l d was wh ite l ike th at of a n aged

m an he was fill ed w ith rage feari ng t he m ock ery o f his
, ,

e nem i es and com m and e d t h at the ch il d S h oul d b e cast fort h

,

ou t of his h ou se .

T he i nfant was l aid at the foot of M t A l borz ) and wh en .

“

the S i m fi rgh w ho d we lt on it s su m m it sa w t he ch il d she

209
, ,

sei ed it i n he r t a lons a nd carr ied it t o her nest

z A t fi rst she .

intend ed it as food for her y ou n g o nes b ut her h eart bei ng ,

m oved w ith com passion S he t ol d t he m not to h u rt it b ut to

t reat it a s a b roth er a n d t o S h are wi t h it th eir fee d A fter the .

ch i l d ha d grow n u p i nto a st rong an d b ea ut i fu l y outh S am ,

heard of him and being repentant for his crim e sent forth his
, , ,

a rm y t o resc he hi m T h e y cou l d not scal e the heigh ts b u t the

.
,

S imurgh told the young m a n that the t im e had com e for him
to go b ack t o his fathe r S am t he ch a m p ion of the worl d ,
T he .

y o u th w a s l o a t h t o e x ch a n g e t he n e st o f hi s k i n d fo t e r pare nt s -

ev en for t he spl end ors o f his fa t h er s co u rt b ut the S i m fi rg h

’

insi sted u po n w hat S he k ne w to b e for his good S o she gave .

hi m a feath e r f om her w ing w it h i nstru ct io ns t o b u rn it i f a t

r ,

an y t im e he S h o u l d n eed her assista nce and t h e n t ook him up ,

and carried him t o hi s sorro w ing fath e r s S id e

’
.

S am rece ived hi m w ith g reat d el igh t a nd cl oth ed him w ith ,

r ich robes ; a nd he call ed his nam e 2 5 1 wh ich m eans the A ged

When the S hah M inuchir heard o f the adventure he sent for

, .

the y outh a nd l oad ed hi m with prese nts and b ad e his fat her h av e ,

hi m carefu lly i nstructed in al l the arts and v irtues of t he prince

and t he h ero .
22 S OH R AB AND R U S TU M
2 51 ma de such rapid progress under the instructions of his
father s sages t hat he soon beca me famous for his wisd om and
’

his strengt h and when sam went fort h to fight the S hah s
,
’

battles he left his k ingdom of Zfib ul istfin under the care of ’“

his son who administered it to the ad m iration and del ight of

,

al l his su bj ects .

O nce whi le Zfil was m aking t he tour of the k ingd om he

visited M ihrab king of Kab u l one of his father s tributaries
, ,
’
,

who though of the race of the serpent k ing Zohak was him
,
-
,

self a good and worth y m an Wh ile in Kabul he became

.

enam oured of R fi d a b a d aug hter of M i hrab and after havi ng

, , ,

wit h great difi culty overcome the opposition of his father a nd

the S hah of I rfin to such an al l iance m arried her and carried , ,

her back with j oy to Seista n That which had finally m oved

.

the S h ah to give his consent was the pred iction of his astrol
ogers th at the son of Zal and K u d ab a wou ld be t he greatest

hero who had ever li ved and would raise the glory of I rfin to
,

the skies When the wonderful child was born his m other
.

nam ed him Rustam whi ch m eans D el ivered and t here was

, ,

g re a t rej oicin g t hrou g h out the l an d .

T he boy soon began to S how the qual ities of a h ero in an

u nex am pl e d d egree ; and wh en he was only ten y ears o l d he

ove rcam e a m ad e l eph ant b efore w h ich a ll the warri ors of t he

court of ZAb u listfin sh rank i n d ism ay .

I n the m eantim e the S h ah M inuchir d ied and was succeed ed

by his son N aider whose cruelties were such that the people
‘

,
82

be gged sam king of S eistém to overthrow the oppressor and

‘
‘

, ,

set the imperi al crown u pon his own head H e refused to l ift .

u p his h an d aga inst the roy al h ouse b ut went to t he S h ah a nd ,

b y hi s pray ers and e xhortations restored him t o t he path of d ut y .

B ut Poshang of the race of T ur h earing th at the Iran ians

, ,

were d iscontented with the governm ent of N ader b ade his son ,

A frasi ab m ake read y a great h ost for the invasion of their l and .

While he was engaged i n preparat ions for this enterprise he ,

 TR AD IT IO N AL H STI OR Y OF I R AN 23

was encouraged b y the news th at S am was dead and th at 2 5 1

was i n Sei stan occu pied in b uild i ng a tom b to his fath er s ’

memory T he two hosts m e t i n b attle in the plai ns of D ehstfin

.
”

and hree d ays the T uranian arm y gained the victory

after t .

A fré siétb cut 0 3 the h ead of N ad er t he S h ah a nd proclaim ed ,

him sel f the Lord of Irfin .

Then the peopl e sent m essengers to Zétl in S eistétn and ,

begged for his counsel and assistance B y his advice they .

ch ose Zav of the b lood of Feridfi n t o

“ 85
t he son of T ham asp
, , ,

fill the vacant throne U nder Zav the I ranians d rove out the .

m en of T fi ré n and the O x us was estab l ished as the bou ndary

,

between the two lands A fter a few years Zavdied and Gar .

shé isp his son re igned i n his stead

86
H is reign was al so .

short and after his d eat h Posh ang

, see ing th at the th rone ,

of I ré tn was again e m pty sent A fréis iétb his son to take ,

87

possession of the land Wh en the people looked for assistance .

,

accord i ng to t h e i r wo nt to the k ing o f Sé ista i n Zéil pl aced his

’

, ,

son R u stam who had now grown to m an s estate at the head

“ ’
, ,

of the a rm y When they reached the shores of the river

.

a sh ort d ist ance b eyond wh ich t he invad in g arm y was

38
R ai ,

enca m ped Rustam went b y ZAl s advice to the foot of M t

, ,
’
,
.

A l borz wh ere l ived the y oung pri nce K ai K ob ad of the

, ,

race O f Ferid fi n a nd i nv ited him to com e and assum e the i m

,

perial crown S o K ai K ob éid w ith his knights accompanied

.
,
89
,

him to t he I rani an cam p and was crowned there wit h great ,

S pl end or a m i d t he rej oicings of t he wh ol e p eopl e Soon the .

two arm ies engaged and the I ran ians ga ined the v ictory , ,

ch iefl y th ro ug h t he p rowess of R ust am who from th at d ay ,

forward was surn am ed T ehem ten wh ich m e ans the T he ,

Strong lim bed -

Then a new t reaty was m ad e re estab l ish ing ,
-

the ol d bou nd ary al ong the O x us .

A fter reigning a hund red y ears K ai K ob éid resigned his

crown to K ai Kil ns A nd the heart of K ai K au s was l ift ed
”
.

up wi t h prid e l ike th at of J em shid and he d eterm ined to under ,

24 S OH R A B AN D R U S TU M
ta ke the conquest of M azinderan the land of the Divs 2 51 1
,
’u
.

and the other nob les tri ed to d issuad e him from the proj ect for ,

t hey said t h at no m an coul d ex cel the sk ill of the D ivs who

dwe lt there and even Jemshid in his pri de had not dreamed of
,

conqu ering t hem B ut he woul d not heed t hei r warnings and

.
,

prepared his arm y and m arched into M azinderfin T hey .

destroyed t he first city which they reached sparing neither ,

wom en nor ch il d ren because they were of the accu rsed race
, ,

a nd possessing t hem sel v es of the gold and j ewel s and oth er

spoi l th at t h ey found th ere i n ab u ndance T hen the k ing of .

Maz inderfin besought the assistance of the Wh ite D iv and the ,

”

latter b y his m agic art s smote the Sh ah and all his arm y with
bl ind ness and sent them as captives to the k ing of M a ind erfin
,
z .

K ai K AGS i n his m ise ry fou nd m ea ns to send a m essenger

across t he borders of I ré n t o 2 51 1 k ing of S eista n 2 51 who
,
.
,

was now two h und red y ears ol d sent his son R u stam to d el iver
,

his su zerain .

M ou nte d on his horse R akush R ustam went forth and after ,

a series of form id ab l e ad v e ntu res encou nt ered k ing A u lad one

, ,

o f the t rib utarie s of the k i ng of M a ind e rfin pu t his a rm y to

z ,

fl igh t and m ade hi m a prisoner Rustam S pared his l ife and

.

prom ised to give him the kingdom of M a inderfin on cond ition z

th at he w ou l d g u ide him to the h om e of the W hite D ivand

the pl ace w h ere K a i K a i fi s a nd his warriors were held i n capt iv
i ty . Soon Rustam en ou ntered the arm y of M a inderfin and
c z

ov e rcam e i t tak i ng the l i fe of A r a ng i ts general T h en ”

,
z , .
,

a fte r re l easi ng K ai K 5 0 5 and his fe llow p risone rs he we nt fort h ,

to t he pl ace wh ere the Wh ite D iv d welt a nd going i nto his , ,

cave conqu e red him i n a terr ib le h and to h and confl ict an d cut
,
- -

off his h ead ; and wit h his b l ood he h ealed the bl i nd ness o f the

u nfortu nate I ran ian warr iors T he cam paign end ed with the
.

d efeat of the k ing of M az inderfin h im sel f and the annex at ion of

hi s country after wh ich Ru stam b egged the S hah s leave to
’
,

ret urn to his fath er in S eist an .

26 soH R A E A N D R U S TU M
l
se or and protector T hey went by way of Zab ul istfin and
.
,

feasted i n the pal ace of Z itl and t here they receive d reinforce
,

m ents from the tribu tary kings of Kab u l and I nd ia A t B alkh .

th ey m et t he arm y of A frasiab under Gersiv his brother ”

fiz , , ,

and d efeated it .

Shortly after receiving the news of this last d isaster A frasiab

had a dream wh ich was interpreted b y his sooth say ers to m ean
,

t h at S iatv u sh was to bri ng d est ructi on u pon T fi rfin ; and to

‘

av ert such a cata stroph e he sent presents across t he O xu s to

the ca m p of the Iran ian prince a nd be sough t pea ce S iévush .

consented b y R ustam s a dv ice to a treaty on cond ition t h at

’
, , ,

A frasiab S houl d restore all the lands th at he had seized and

send as h osta ges a h u nd red chosen m en of his own b l ood B ut .

when Ru stam went to acqu a int the S hah of I ran with the
result K ai K a u s was angry and com m anded th at S ié v
, , u sh

S hou l d pu t to d eat h t he T uran ian h osta ges a nd carry on the

war unt il t he kingdom of A frétsiéb had been wiped ofl the

’

face of t he earth Rustam protested and the S hah upbra ided

.
,

him and sai d th at T fi s

,
S h ou l d go ou t i n his stead as the
1 °°

guard ian and champion of his son Then Ru stam being in a .

,

rage ,
turned hi s back on the S h ah and ret ired to his own
k ingdom .

When S iévush received the Shah s message he was very ’

m uch trou bl ed and after m uch consideration sent one of his

,

counsel ors t o return to A frfis ifib the p resents and hostage s he

had received from him and to i nform him th at t he S hah had

rep u d iate d his t reaty ; and at the sam e tim e asked perm ission

to pass th rou gh T u ran th at he m igh t go and h id e h im self away

,

in som e u nk nown land from t he sh am e of his violated pl ed ges .

Then A frfisiab b y the advise of his pri m e m i nister P i rétn

, , ,
1 01

oflered his h os ital ity to the I ranian p rince who after writi ng
p , ,

a reproach fu l letter to the S h ah inform ing him of his resol ution

, ,

ch ose o ut a h u nd red warri ors of renown as a bod y gu ard and ,

went with th em across the frontier into T firfin H e was recei ved .
 T RAD ITIO N A L H I S TO R Y OF I R AN
with great h onor and abode in A frfisifib s court, and aft er a ’

few month s he took to wi fe the d au ghter of P irfin and sti l l ,

l ater the d aughter of A frasiab him se lf the princess Ferangis , .

Having received a kingdom from A frasiab i n fi ef, he built i n it

a great city called Gangdis lived t here happily with his
,
1 02
a nd

nob l e and beloved spouses For som e tim e A frasiab loved him
.

as his own son b ut G ersiv é z the k ing s b rother w as j ealous

” ’
, , ,

of the infl u ence and p ower of S ifiv u sh a nd at l ast accu sed ,

him to A frésiatb of d isloyalty and ob tained perm ission to put him

’

to deat h B ut Fe rangis bore to S i fivush a son wh ose nam e

.
,

was K ai K hosrfi and he was brought u p u nder the care and

,

protection of P irén who repeated ly saved him from destruction

,

at t he h and s of the suspiciou s and t im orous m onarch .

When Rustam heard of the death of S iévush in the land of

T urém he strod e i nto the presence o f K a i K i d s and u pbraided
‘

, ,

him b itterly with the fol ly wh ich had l ed him to a l ienate his
only son T he ch am pion th en m ade read y a great arm y t o
.

ave nge the d eat h of S i dv u sh and o v ercam e the host of T flréi n

,

in a series of b attl es wh ich e nd ed i n the conqnest o f t he whol e

,

land A frétsiétb h im sel f fled i nto the borders of Ch ina and hid
.

him self from the knowled ge of men and Ru stam ru led over ,
'

T fi rai n for several years B ut the I ranian ch i efs fearing th at

’
.
,

K ai K au s m ight b e gui lty of m ore follies i n the ab sence of the

hero sent for him to com e back to the court whereupon
, ,

A frésiab p am e fort h from hi s h id ing gathere d anoth er arm y , ,

rega ined hi s t h rone and i nv ad ed I ra n again .

B ut the a n gel S erosh cam e i n a v ision to G ud arz who wa s ,

1 03

of the race o f K i wa the sm ith and tol d hi m t hat t he only one

‘

who coul d save his country was the son of S iéIvush who st ill
‘

abode w ith in the T uran ian borders In obedience to the .

heavenly m essenger Gudarz sent his son Gav) who after

,
“
,

sev en y ears of se arch at last succeeded in fi nd ing K ai

,

K hosrfi i n the forests of Khoten w h ere he had been h idden

,
1 °5
,

by A frasiéb T he young prince proved his i dent ity b y u h

.
28 S OH R A B AN D R U S TU M
v
co erin g his arm and S howing to Gav the mark that was
borne by al l the m embers of the royal house after the time of
K ai Kob ad S o K ai Ka u s resign ed the crown to K ai K hosrfi f
“
.

who received the ad he sion of al l the k ings and nob les of the
land .

S oon the world resounded with the fame of the new Shah
a nd the praise s o f hi s wisd om ; and m en came from al l parts of

the eart h to d o him h oma ge B ut his grand father K éfi s had

.

m ade him t ak e a sol em n oath to carry on the war ag ainst

A frfisi fib and so a fter reviewing the arm ies of I rfin and its
, ,

feudatori es he sent th em fort h u nd er the command of T us

, .

N ow T fi s had been instru cted b y the S h a h not t o pass

t h rou gh the l and ov er wh ich his h al f b roth er Firfid ru led who -
,

had been born to S iév u sh of the dau gh ter of P irfin B ut i n

’

ord er t o avoi d crossing t he d esert T us di sobe yed the i m pe ri al

comm and and a qu a rrel a rose wh ich resul ted in the d eath of
, ,

t he pri nce H is cam paign i n T fi rfin al so ended d isastrously

.
,

and Frib urz t he k ing s u ncl e w ho was sent to repl ace him in
’
, ,

com m a nd w as equ all y unsuccessfu l

, .

T hen K ai K hosrfi sh u t h im sel f up i n his palace in a great

rage and re fu se d to see any one S o the nobles besought .

R u stam s intervention and b y his persu asions anot her great

’
,

arm y was sent aga inst T fi rfin b ut i t was d efeat ed l ik e the

,

form er ones u nt il Ru stam l istene d to the S hah s entreaties

’
,

and took the fi el d h i m se l f as o f ol d .

R ustam once m ore overthrew A frasiab and conquered his

wh ole land and th en ret u rned i nto Z ab u l istdn
,
“
B ut he cou ld .

not a b id e i n peace ; for he was sent for aga in and agai n to

defend Irfin against its enem ies .

A frasi ab havi ng regained his o wn once more and renewed ,

hi s aggressions the I rania ns sent several new armies to d is

,

possess him and am ong those who fell i n one of the battles
,

which th en t ook place was the nob le m inded P i rén V isa whom -
,

they had often tried in vain to d etach from the Turanian cause ;
 TR A D ITIO N AL H I S TO R Y OF I R AN 29

and t hey buried him with great h onor because of his ancient

kindness to S iétvush and K ai K hosrfi .

At last A frésiatb was overth rown with al l his trib utaries b y

’

the Irani ans under R ustam and T fi r and fled for r efu ge t o
1 07
,

the court of the ki ng of C h ina T he l atter was com pell ed by

.

the Irani ans to send him forth ou t of his borders and after ,

wand ering in the m ount ains for several years the once power
ful em peror of T fi rén was recogn ized one d ay b y a h erm it of the
race of Ferid u n and taken b efore K ai Kh oe i who put hi m
‘

, ,

to death in rev enge for the m u rder of his fath er S iav

1 08
ush .

A fter th is K ai K hosrfi ru le d over I rén in p eace for sixt y

years and then bequeathed the im perial d ignity to his d istant
,

ki nsm an L ohu rasp and went into the m ou nta ins to spend his
,

last day s in penitent ial reti rem ent and m ed itat ion .
”

L ohurasp re igned over Iratn in wisdom b ut his son G ush

110 ’

titsp was discontented becau se his father woul d not resign to

111

him the soverei gnty S o he went into the land of R um to the

.
71

city b ui lt b y Sel m and d id th ere such d eed s of v al or th at the

,

king of the country gave him his d au ghter to wife Loh u .

11 2

résp heari ng of the prowess of his son i nv

,
ited him to return ,

a nd ascend the th rone of I ra in wh i le he h im sel f ret ire d to the

’

templ es of B al kh to prepare for d eath

34
.

G ushtfisp ru led wort h ily and d u ri ng his rei gn Z arath ustra

, ,

the p roph et of God appeared i n the l and and p urifi ed i t from the
, ,

power of the Evil O ne and gave to i t the L aw When A rj fisp

,
.
,

who sat on the th rone of A frésiéib heard th is he was angry , , ,

and sent m essages to G usht fisp b idd i ng him to retu rn to the

religion of his fath ers and threatening to overthrow his king

,

dom if he re fused B ut Gu sht ésp sent fort h an arm y into

.

T urfin under the comm and of his son I sfend iér a nd A rj éisp
, ,

was put to fl ight T hen the S hah b ade Isfendiér go out and
.

bring all the lands to the faith of Zarath ustra B ut i n the .

m idst of his glorious career his k insm an Gurezm accused

lu

hi m of conspiring against his father and he was put in prison , .

3 0 S O H R AB AN D R U S TUM
When A rj Asp h eard that the hero he most feared was out
1 15

of the way he fell u pon t he city of B al kh burned Z arath ,

u stra s t em ple t here

’

p u t t o d ea t
, h t he p ro p h e t h i m se lf a n d
L ohurasp the e x S hah and took the daugh ters of the l atter
,
-
,

captive . Gushtésp came out against him with the Iranian

arm y b ut was d efeated
, .

T hen b y the ad vi ce of his l ords he rel eased I sfend iér and

, ,

gave hi m the com m and prom ising to abdicate the throne ,

i n his favor i f he was successfu l I sfend iar broke the power

.
no

of A rj fisp once m ore b ut his fath er postponed the fu lfillm ent

,

of his prom ise o n one pretext a fte r anot h er and fina lly ,

dem anded as a further cond ition that fi rst the prince shoul d
, ,

g o t o Z a b ul i st é n an d b i n d R u st a m th e ch a m p i o n a n d b ri ng ,

hi m i nto his pre se nce ; because he had ceased to rend er him

hom age and had not come to ai d him against A rj ésp Isfen .

diéi r protested against doing t h is i nj ury to an ol d m an ri pe in ,

wisdom who had been the m ainstay of the I ran ian th rone b ut
, ,

his father i nsisted and so he set fort h sorrowfully wi t h a great

, ,

arm y on the road to S é i ste in A s he approached he se nt his

‘
.
,

son B ah m an to R ustam a nd begged him t o com e wit h him i n

,

peace and allow h i mself to b e taken bou nd b efore the Shah ,

a s a m ere form a li ty to sati sfy t he m onarch s cap rice T he

’
.

S istanese h ero k ing i ndi gnantly rej ect ed t he proposal b ut

-
,

i nvited Isfendifir to feast wit h him and offered to go w ith hi m ,

to the S hah b u t in a m anner su i tab le to his own rank and

,

rep u tat ion I sfendi atr refused to be R u stam s guest b ut inv ite d
‘ ’
.
,

him to d rink wine w ith him i n his own tents When how .
,

ev er he had inad e read y t he b anqu et he sent no messenger to

'

, ,

Rustam and sat down without him

, .

Rustam on his coming protested indignant ly against this

l ack of courtesy ; whereupon I sfend iér invited him to sit at his
left hand R ustam then said that his place had a lway s been
.

at the righ t h and o f t he S h ah so I sfend ifir com m anded a th rone ,

to be set for him in that pl ace of honor B ut Isfend iér took .

 T R A D ITIO N AL H S I TO R Y OF I R AN S I

care provoke him still further d uring the banquet and on

to ,

the foll owing d ay th ey m et i n S ingl e com bat N ow Zarathus .

tra had ch arm ed the bod y of Isfendi fir so that R u stam coul d

not h urt hi m and when t he d ay s com bat was ov er R ustam
’
,

and his steed R akush were b l eed in w it h h u nd d of w ou n d

g re s s .

T he cham pion st ill refused to y iel d him self and tol d IsfendiAr
he woul d b e ready to meet him again in the morni ng H e th en .

swam across the stream and went be fore Z é l and R fid fib a who ,

rent the ai r with t h eir cries on behol d ing for t he fi rst tim e their

hero son so sorely wounded .

T hen Zfil rem em bered the feath er of the S im u rgh and when , ,

he had pl aced i t i n the fi re as she had d irected the b ird of God ,

cam e fl yin g to his assistance Passing her wings above the

.

bodies of Rustam and R akush they were forthwith m ade sound

again T h en she bade the ch am pion m ake an arrow from one
.

of the branch es of a ce rt ain tree and to aim it at t he e y es of

,

Isfendiétr for t here only coul d he b e wounded

, S o on the .

morrow R ustam after vainly try ing once again to make peace
,

wit h the prince renewed the confl ict and gaV e I sfendi fir a
, ,

mortal wound with the S im u rgh s arrow When the prince

’
.

felt th at he was d ying he tol d R u stam th at he had com e against

,

him an d prov ok ed him to combat u nwillingly at G ushtésp s

’
,

comm and and he com m itted t o him the care of his son B a h
,

m an .

When Gushteisp heard the news of his son s death he re

’ ’

p e nt ed b itt er l y wh at he had d on e an d rec eiv ed w it h,

p rofou n d
humility the reproach es of P rince B ashutétn his younger ,
118

son for h av ing been the sole ca use of I sfend i a r s d eat h

,
.

N ow after t h is it h appened th at the aged Z fil who had some ,

ti me before resigned the th rone of S é istéin and Zab u l istfin to

his son R ustam had another son born to hi m b y a beauti fu l
,

S l ave girl ,
and ca lled his name S hag fid A nd wh en S hagfid .

became a man he went to Kab ul and took to wife the dau ghter
,

of the king of th at country T he latter wh en S hagfid had b e

.
,
3 2 S OH R A B AN D R U STUM
co m e his son -
hough t that he ought to b e released from
i h l aw , t
-

the trib ute t h at his fa m i l y ha d been accustom ed t o pay to the

k ings of S eistén ; b ut Ru stam would not consent to release him
from t h is ob l igat ion T he k i ng of K ab u l th erefore took
.
, ,

cou nse l w ith his son i n l aw a nd t he l atter agreed to conspi re

- -
,

w ith him for the d estruction o f his h al f brot h er the renowne d -

,

ch am p ion of I rAn S o b y a concerted pl an t he ki ng of K ab u l

.

called his nob l es t ogeth er to a fea st i n cou rse o f w h ich he re

,

p r oa ch ed S ha g fid w it h h is m o t h e r s ig n ob l e or i g i n
’
a nd a l so ,

spoke l i gh tl y o f R ustam h i m se lf T h en S hagfid pretend e d to

.

b e greatly ofl ended a nd cam e to Zab u l istéin a n d com pl ained

,

g ui lefu lly to Rustam of wh at the k ing of K ab Ii l had sai d ‘

Rustam was beside h im sel f w ith rage and b egan to m ake ready
a n a rm y to p u n ish the K ab u l ese m onarch for his i nsu l ts B ut .

S hagéd persu ad ed him to t ake o nl y a sm all b and of kn ights

wit h him l est the k ing of K ab u l sh oul d th ink th at he con
,

sid ered him a form id ab le a nt gon ist a .

A t the approach of Ru stam the k ing of K ab u l went out t o

m eet him and prostrated h i m sel f i n the d u st at his feet aski ng ,

his forg iveness for t he word s he had S poken as he e x pl ai ned , ,

wh il e his h ea d w as t rou b l ed with w ine Rustam alway s as .

,

e asil y pl acat ed a s he w as qu ick to t a k e off ense forg av e hi m , ,

a nd accep ted his proffe red h ospital ity B u t the k i ng of K ab u l .

had b y S hagfid s ad vice p epa ed a great pit l ined with sh arp

’
r r ,

spears a nd sk il fu ll y h idd e n b eneat h a lig h t cov ering of branch es

a nd ea rt h ; and wh il e th ey were ou t h u nti ng togeth er pointed

o u t to hi m t he w ay t h at l e d d irect l y ov er it S o the h ero al l .

u nsu spect ing rod e for ward into t he t rap w ith R akush his h orse , ,

a nd the S p ears p ierced th ei r b od i es from ev ery S id e and wou n ded

t h em u nto dea th R aku sh d ied at once b ut R u stam p utting

.
, ,

fort h a l l his prod igiou s strengt h i n one l ast effort succeed ed in ,

rai si n g h im sel f o ut o f t he pi t a nd fell down b esid e it i n hi s

death agony B u t his treacherous broth er S hagfid stood b y

.
, ,

gloating over his destruction and then R ustam knew that he ,

 T H E S T O R Y O F S O H R AB

AS T OL D IN T H E SH AH N AM A

One d ay the h ero R ustam , m

prince of being
crown

suppl ied his quiver witharrows and went

troub l ed i n his sp irit , ,

to h unt w ild asses in the pl ains near T uran “

A fter he b e .

cam e weary of the sport he rested and ate one of the anim als
, ,

m
and th en l ay down to S leep leaving R akush his horse to
, ,
“

pasture by his S ide Some Turanian knights passed by and

.
,

seeing t h at the horse was an unusuall y fi ne one lassoed him ,

and took him away wi th th em .

Rustam on awakening was much d isturbed and grieved at

, ,

the loss of his b eloved steed the com p anion of al l his adv , en

t ures and set to work to fi nd him

,
Following the hoof marks .
-

he wal ked S lowl y towards the nei ghboring city of S amengan .

"u

A t that time there was peace between I rAn and i ts rival

em pire .

A s he was about to enter t he gates of the ci ty its k ing with , ,

his nobles cam e fort h to greet the worl d renowned warrior

,
-
,

who had been recognized from afar O n learning of his loss .

,

the ki ng prom ise d to h ave a d ili gent search m ade for the pre
cions ani m al and begged him to accept his h ospital it y in the
,

meantime A nd wh i le he was the gu est of the king of S amen

.

g a n, the p r i ncess T ah m i na vi si ted hi m secret l y an d tol d h im ,

that she had for years drank in eagerly the tales of his won
derful prowess and she confessed th at her heart was torn with
,

love for him and with desire for a son who should be a hero
,

li ke him se l f If he woul d m arry her she woul d fi nd R akush

.
,

for hi m and place the whole l and in his hand s and if he re

, ,

fused she would never accept any other mate .

3 4.
 THE S TO R Y O F S OH R A B 35

Rustam g that she was S urpassingly fair responded to

, seein ,

her love and according to the cu stoms of the t im es sent a

, ,
‘

mobed or pri est to ask her h and from t he kin g T he sovereign .

was pleased at an all iance with such a hero and the nuptial s ,

were celebrated with great rej oicing B u t as S amengan was .

tributary to T fi rfin it was d ecid ed th at the m arriage shoul d be

,

kept secret from the people of both the rival em pires Soon the .

king s m essengers found and recovered the S wift footed

’
-

R akush and Rustam m ade read y to return to hi s own country

, .

B ut before he d epart ed he took an ony x wh ich he wore upon

hi s arm a nd wh ich was ce lebrated th rough ou t the world and
, ,

presented it to his wife bidding her to keep it carefull y and ,

give it to the ir ch ild if H eaven S hould grant them one I f it

, .

were a daughter the precious stone shoul d b e bound am id the

,

tresses of her h air b ut if a son he S hou l d fasten it u pon his arm

,

and wear it as his fath er had d one .

T im e went on and a son was born to T ahmi na

,
H e was .

such a sm iling b abe t h at t h ey call ed him S ohrfib wh ich m eans ,

T he Joyful S o rapidl y d id he d evel op toward s maturity th at

.

when he had lived a month he appe ared to b e a year old and ,

wh en he was fi v e y ears ol d he was S ki lled i n arm s and al l the

arts of war and at ten he had t he h ea rt of a l ion and no one in

, ,

the l an d coul d com pe te wit h him in games of strength .

A bout th is ti m e he went proud ly to his m other to ask of her

his fath e r s nam e whereu pon she tol d him t hat he was the son
’
,

of t he u ne quale d R ustam who was her righ t ful h usb and an d

, ,

th at he w as t h ere fore d e scended from the he roic race of 2 5 1

and S a A fter S howing him one of his fath er s l etters S he
1 36
im
’ ’
.
,

pl aced t he onyx u pon his arm as Rustam had directed and , ,

gave him oth er presents of gold and j ewels which the hero ,

had sent when the ch il d was born B ut she sai d to him : .

carefu l not t o m ake th ese t hi ngs known for T urfin groans ,

under the h and of A frzisiéb and he is an enem y to t he glori

’ “
,

ous R ustam I f th erefore he shoul d l earn th at you were

.
, ,
 3 6 S O H R AB AN D R U S TU M
R ustam s son ,
’
k to destroy you for your father s
he woul d see
’

sake . M oreover O m y boy ! if Rustam learned th at you had

,

become such a mountain of valor he wou ld perhaps demand ,

y ou at m y h ands and the sorrow of part ing from y ou would

break m y heart .

A S soon as he had t h us l earned his true orig in he conceived

t he am b it iou s d esign of lead ing an arm y i nto I ran to ov ert h row ,

the S h ah K ai K é fi s place Rustam on the throne in his stead

,
”
,

a nd th en w ith his assi st ance con uer A frfisiéib and unite his
, q ,

kingdom to the Iranian empire .

When he announced his i ntention of m aking an exped ition

a gai n st I ré n t he nob l es and warri ors crowd ed around hi m wit h

ent h usiasm and t he k ing opened his t reasures to the b oy and

granted to him royal honors When the guard ian of the court .

stabl es l ed t he k i ng s h orses be fore the you ng pri nce for him

’

to sel ec t a war h orse for h im sel f he t ested th em fi rst b y pressi ng

t h eir b ack s wit h his h and and found none of th em strong
enou g h for his u se B ut after m any d ays of search he l earned
.

of a foa l sired b y R akush a nd found him a l l t h at he desired , .

When A frésiéib learned th at S ohrfib was showi ng the d isposi

t ion of a h ero a nd was se tt ing on foot an arm y for the d e
,

t hronem ent of K ai K fifi s he was greatly pl eased and com , ,

m and ed H u m an and B arm an t wo of his m ost tru sted lords to , ,

gather an arm y and offer their assistance to S ohréb A t the .

sam e t im e he g av e t h em a secret com m ission .

I k now he said ,
t h at S ohrfib i s t he son of R ustam the
,

Palad in b ut Ru stam must not learn who it i s that is going

,

agai nst hi m T h en perhaps he wi ll peri sh b y the h and s of

.

t his y oung l ion a nd th en I ratn R ustam be ing gone will b e an

’

, , ,

ea sy p re y A fterward s he w ill sub d ue S ohrfib also and al l

. ,

the worl d will b e o urs B ut if S ohrfib S houl d fall at the h ands

.

of R u stam th en the grief th at R ustam wi ll ex perience wh en

,

he S h all l earn t h at he has S l ai n so nobl e a son wi ll b ring him

down with sorrow to the grave .
 THE S TO R Y OF S O H R AB 37

S o they bri nging l etters and gifts from k ing

cam e to S ohréb ,
A frfisiaib and the y oung prince was greatly rej oiced and set
’

, ,

fort h at once with the u ni ted h osts i nto the l and of I rén d eal ,

i ng destruct ion as they went .

Soon they cam e to the White Castle the most powerful ,

fort ress i n t h at p art of I rain ; and when its gu ard ian H uj ir

’

, ,

cam e ou t to m eet t he inv ad ers and engaged t heir ch ief i n S ingl e

com bat S ohra tb overcam e him and m ade him a pri soner T he
’
.
,

hero G ustahem also abode i n the castle b ut he was grown ,

too ol d to figh t H is warl ike d au ghter Gurd afri d h owever

.
, , ,

rode forth to m eet the young champion and proved a form idable ,

antagonist B u t S ohréib at l ast overpowered her and when on

.
, ,

tearing ofl her h el m et he d iscovered t h at his antagonist was a

,

wom an he i m m ed iatel y b ecam e viole ntl y enam ored of her H e

,
.

bou nd her with his lasso intend ing to m ake her a prisoner b ut
, ,

she escaped him b y a ru se and reach ed the castl e in safety .

H er fath er ca ll ed b efore him a scrib e and sent a letter to ,

K ai K atfis warn ing him of the invasion and t hen fled with his
’

, ,

d aughter and their retainers b y m eans of an underground

passage way so th at when S ohréb s arm y scaled the walls Of
-
,
’

t he castl e on the foll owing d ay t hey found it e mpty .

When Kau s and his nobles received the writing from

K ai
Gustahem and read the d escription of the chief
,
a ch il d in

y ears b,
u t a l ion i n strengt h an d st at ure w ho w i t h a g reat ,

host was lay ing waste his territories they were m uch troubled
, , ,

and agr eed as wi t h one voice th at R ust am al one cou l d sav e the
, ,

nat ion i n thi s h our of peri l T he S h ah at once wrote to the

.

ch am pi on t elli n g him of the new catastroph e t hat t hreatened

,

Iran and bi ddi ng him h asten wit h all speed to his assistance
,
.

T he brave warrior Gav was chosen to ca rry the m essage to

S eistfin and the S h ah i nstructed him not to rest u nti l he had
,

placed it in R ustam s hands and to return without a moment s

’
,
’

delay when he had fulfilled the comm ission .

3 8 S OH R AB AN D R U S TU M
Rustam was much surpri sed at hearing that such a warrior
had ari sen am ong the T urks A fter conversi ng with Gav
.

regarding the new ch am pion he sai d : I have m ysel f a son i n

,

S am engan b ut he is y et an infant , and his m other writes to m e

,

th at he is fond of the sports of his age T hough he i s l ikely .

to becom e som e day a hero am ong m en , his t im e ha s not come

to lead forth an arm y A nd that wh ich you say has been done
.

is very far from being the work of a ch il d .

I n spite of the urgency of the ki ng s m essage R ustam spoke

’
,

lightly of the danger and persuaded Gavto remain and feast

,

with him before setting out on the cam pa ign .

For th ree d ays th ey b anqu eted and m ad e m erry and when ,

wit h t he ir arm y they at last appeared be fore the S hah he was

furi ous with rage agai nst R ustam and com m ande d him to b e
,

hanged to the nearest gallows for d isobeying his commands .

Gavprotested and the S h ah ord ered t hat he shoul d b e h ung

,

al so . B u t Rustam broke l oose from the grasp of those who

m ade a pretense of obey i ng the S h ah s h asty order and h eaped ’
,

reproach es upon t he angry m onarch T hen he strode out of .

the presence ch amber and sprang upon R akush and was soon
-
,

out of sight .

B ut the nob les took counsel togeth er and represented to the

Shah how fool ish his conduct had been and urged him to t e ,

consid er his decision and en deavor to conci l iate the ch am pion

who was the m ai nstay of his th rone S o b y the S hah s per

’
.
,

m ission al l the chiefs of Iré n headed by the venerab le

, ,

Gudarz went fort h in quest of Rustam and when they found

, , .

him prostrated th emsel ves be fore him and begged him not to
,

l et the land perish becau se of the folly of its em peror .

A fter m uch reason ing they persuaded him to i gnore the

i nsul t th at had been oflered him and com e to the S h ah s assist
’

ance .

When K ai K éfis saw him approaching he stepped down from his

th rone and cam e before the ch am pion and besought his pardon .
 THE S T oR Y OF soH R AB 39

T he next m orning the Persian legions set forth to m eet the

invad ers When they reached the plains where the fortress of
.

H U J II stood t hey pitched th e ir tents before it for it wa s sti ll

'

occup ied b y the arm y of S ohretb

’
.

Wh en S ohréb learned that the enem y were come he rej oiced , ,

and d rank a cup of wine to t h e ir destru cti on .

T hen he call ed forth H um an and S howed him the arm y a nd ,

bade him b e of good cheer for he saw wi thin i ts ranks no one

,

who coul d stand agai nst h imsel f .

A fter ghtfall R ustam begged leave of the S hah to go out

ni

side the l ines and try to see wh at ki nd of a m an t h is red ou bt

ab le stri pl i ng was who l ed the i nvad ing a rm y D isgu ising .

him self as a T uranian he entered the castle in s ecret and found

his way to the apart m ent where S ohrfib was feast ing with his
warriors .

A m ong the l atter was Z inda ,

the b rother of T ahm ina ,

who, as there was no one e l se in t he arm y of S am engan who

knew Rustam had sent him for the express purpose of point
,

i ng o ut her h ero h usb and to S ohréib their son so that no h arm

-
,

m ight befall i f t hey S h oul d chance to b e opposed to each other

in batt le .

N ow i t h appened th at Z i nda h av ing ch anged his seat saw

, ,

the d ark figure h al f h idden i n the sh adows outside the d oor ,

and went t owards him asking him who he was and b idd i ng
, ,

him com e into the l ight th at he mi ght see his face B u t before .

he cou l d speak furth er R u stam struck him to the grou nd and

th e n went back to his own ca m p a nd a l ittle wh il e afterward s
,

S ohrfib s slaves found their m aster s uncl e ly ing d ead b athed

’ ’
,

in his own b lood .

T he next morning S ohréb put on his arm or and ta ki ng with ,

him the ca ptive H uj ir went to t he parapet of the cast le from

, ,

wh ich they coul d look down over the cam p of the I ranians .
4o S O H R AB AN D R UST UM
Pointing out one after another of the tents of the opposing
ch iefs S ohre ib d em and ed of hi s prisoner whose t hey were
'
.

H uj ir answered him that the pavi lion in the center m ade of

gol d brocade adorned with leopard s skins with a h u ndred war ’

eleph ant s b e fore i t a nd a t h rone of t urqu oi se with in and above ,

al l a v iol et st and ard em b l azoned with t he son and m oon was ,

t hat of t he S h ah of I réin ; the t ent on its right h and w ith an ,

eleph ant on its flag was t hat of T its the N aotari d e ; t h at in l oo

,

whichm an y warriors i n rich arm or were stand ing and abov e ,

which was a gol d en flag em bl azoned with a l ion was t hat of ,

Gudarz the fath er of eighty warlike sons ; that wh ich bore a

,

wol f s h ead on its stand ard b elonged to G av the S on of G ud ‘“

’

arz ; t h at w it h raise d awnings of S y rian brocad es bel onged t o

the S h ah s son Frab urz f and t h at wit h y e ll ow t rapp i ngs b e

’ ’”

longed to Guraz the l ion h earted and so on B u t th ere was

1 03 -
,
.

a tent d raped with green and wi t h a l ion a nd a d ragon on its

,

stan dard th at H uj i r d id not nam e ; t he flag of K é v stood

“
,
a

at it s entrance an d b efore it stood a ch am p ion of ex traordi nary

height and of nob ler appe arance t han any of the rest and his ,

war horse near him seem ed as m ighty as he

-
It was the tent .

of the prince of S ei st fin and t he m an and steed were R ustam

,

and R aku sh; b u t H uj i r fea red t o t ell the y oun g h ero the sign s

wh ereb y he m igh t know the ch am pion of Irén l est he m ight ,

fall u pon him su dde nl y and d estroy the m ai nstay of the l and .

S ohrfib quest ioned him w ith eagerness aga in and again regard
i ng th is t ent and its form i d ab l e owner b ut H uj l r evad ed his ,

inqu i ri es and when cl osel y pressed professed h im sel f ignorant

a s t o who it m ig h t b e H e suggested th at i t was p rob ab l y a
.

new a ll y from som e d ist ant l and A gain and again S ohrfib
.

asked him wh ere R u st am was a nd he al ways ret urned the sam e

a n swer th at he was n ot i n the cam p ; b u t S ohré b cou l d not

—

believe that K ai K é fis would go forth to battle without the aid

of R u stam Finally he threatened to strike ofl H uj ir s head
'
’
.

u nl ess he sh owed him the tent s of R u stam B u t the Iranian .

4 2 S O H R AB AN D R US TUM
fou g t wit
h h their fists until their m ail was torn their horses ,

u tterl y exh austed and t h e ir bod ies covered wit h sweat and
,

blood Finall y they stopped to rest and th us far neith er of

.
,

th e m had the advantage Rustam reflected that never in his

.

l i fe had he encountered such a hero and sa i d t o hi m sel f th at ,

e ven t he com bat with t he Wh ite D ivhad been not hi ng to t h is

T h en they fou ght with arrows and then w

.

restl ed again b ut
, ,

wit h the sam e result Finally t hey returned to th eir cl ubs once
.

m ore and S ohrfib st ruck R ustam S uch a b low th at the ch am

,

pion reeled beneath the stroke and b it his l ips in agony A t ,

.

th is S ohréib boasted of his advantage and b ade Ru stam go ,

and m easure h im sel f wi t h his equ al s for t hou gh his str ength , ,

was great he could not stand against a youth

,
.

S o t hey separated and Rustam dealt h avoc among the men

,

of T uré n , whil e Sohrab d id the sam e among the Irani ans .

Rustam was sad at the lack of his usual success in the morn
i ng s com b at and when he saw how m any nob le warriors had
’
,

fall en b y S ohrfib s hand he was roused to fu ry and challenged

’
, ,

the youth t o com e forth agai n on the m orrow to singl e com b at .

A fter the battl e was ov er for the d ay S ohrfib am ong his ,

ch iefs in t he Wh ite C astle prai sed the m i ght of t he ch am pion

,

with whom he had been m atched ; and he confessed in confi

dence to H um an that he was filled with m isgivi ngs regarding
th at aged warrior I t seem s to m e
. he said th at his , ,

stat u re i s l ik e m ine and t hat I see in hi m the tokens t h at m y

,

m other d escribe d to m e M y h eart goes o ut towards him and

.
,

I wond er i f it b e not m y fath er R ustam ; for I ough t not to

figh t with him .

B ut H um an in obedience t o A frAS iAb s instructions end eav

’

, ,

ored to d issuade him from th i s th ou ght a nd assu red hi m th at ,

he had often se en Rustam and t hat t hi s m an had no re

,

sem b l ance to him and wiel d ed his cl ub in an ent irely d iflerent

'
 THE S TO R Y OF S O H R AB 43

When d ay dawned Rustam and S ohrfib came forward into

the neu tra l ground prepared for the fight S ohrfib sm i l ingl y .

sou gh t a friend ly reconciliation and once again asked his oppo

,

nent i f he were not Rustam .

B ut Ru stam refu sed to p arley and they fought the whole ,

day unti l j ust at sunset S ohrfib seized Rustam by the gird l e

, , , ,

t h rew him to the grou nd and k nee l i ng u pon him d rew fort h
, , ,

his sword to st rik e 0 3 hi s h ead T hen Rustam resorted to a

.

ruse and told the young man that the laws of honor required
,

th at when one brav e m an had ov ert hrown anoth er for the fi rst

t im e he shoul d not d estroy him b ut S h ould reserve him for a

,

second figh t and t hen only m ight he put him to d eat h

, So .

Sohrab l et him go and spent the night in deer hunting T he

,
.

next m orning H um an aske d hi m abo ut the ad v ent ure of t he

d ay and S ohréb tol d him how he had granted the t al l man his
,

life and freedom after h aving thrown him to earth H uman .

reproach ed him for h av ing all owed h im sel f to b e d eceived b ut ,

S ohrfib tol d hi m t hat th ey we re to m eet for a third encou nter

within an h our and th at th is tim e he S h oul d not escape him
,
.

M eanwh ile Rustam after bath ing his l im b s i n a running

,

brook besought Heaven for such an increase of strengt h as to

,

enab le him to obtai n the vi ctory A nd wh ile he prayed his.

strengt h becam e such t h at the rock on wh ich he was stand ing

gave way beneath his feet A nd he saw that it was too m uch
.
,

and pray e d th at it m igh t b e d imi nish ed a l ittl e and once m ore ,

the A ll k nowing Lord granted his petiti on

-
.

A nd when the hour for the combat was come Rustam went ,

to the m eeti ng pl ace ; b ut when he saw S ohrfib com i ng forth

l ike a mad elephant and defy ing him with a voice li ke thunder ,

he for the first tim e i n his l ife had the sen sat ion of fear an d ,

prayed th at God m ight restore to him the surplus of power t hat

he had before begged him to take a way Then he closed with .

S ohrfib and shook him terribly wit h al l his new found m ight
, , ,
44 S O H R AB AN D R US TU M
and at last d him b y the girdle and hurled him to the
se ize

ground so v iolently that his back was broken l ike a reed B ut .

as he dre w fort h his sword t o give him t he d eat h stroke the ,

y o u ng w arri or w,
r i t h ing i n his a gony t h reat ened hi s sl ay er ,

with the vengeance of hi s father Rustam Wh en Rustam heard .

his words his sword fell from his grasp and with a groan sank ,

down i n a swoon beside his mortal ly wounded son When he .

ret urned to h im sel f S ohrfib was st ill al i ve and confirm ed hi s ,

form er word s b y showing the ony x t hat he wore beneath his

arm or . When Rust am saw i t he tore his clothes in his distress ,

t h rew d ust on his h ead and refu sed to b e com fort ed .

M eanw ile , the

h having set and Rustam not having re
sun ,

t urned to t he camp the nob les of Irfin were afraid and went
,

fort h to see k him When they found R akush standing alone

.

th ey raised a wai l ing and returned and tol d K ai K zifi s t h at the

’

ch am p ion of I ra n m ust h ave perish ed S O the S hah sent T hs .

t o fi nd out wh et her R ust am had reall y fall en and com m anded ,

t hat i f it were i ndeed so t he drum s shou l d call t o b att l e t hat

t h e y m i gh t a venge his d eat h .

When T us and the nobles with him saw Rustam alive they
b roke forth in a great shout of j oy b ut when he tol d them of ,

his terrib l e m isfortune t hey were grieved for him and j oined ,

him i n wail ing for his son Rustam was so beside him sel f with
.

grief at wi tnessing the pain of his dy ing son that he would

have ta ken his own life had not the nob les interfered to pre
,

vent the rash deed .

Then Ru stam remem bered t h at K a i K AII S had a bal m that

‘

was very potent for heal ing and begged G ud arz to go and eu
tre at t he S h ah to sen d it to him B ut K ai K au s refused to
.

grant the petition rem embering R ustam s proud words and

,
’
,

fearing to have t wo such powerfu l and u n ited vassal s as R us

t am and his son wou l d b e i f b oth sh ou l d l ive When Gudarz .

ret u rned from hi s fruitl ess emb assy R ustam h imsel f went to
 THE S TO R Y OF S O H R AB 45

implore the S hah to grant him the favor he desired b ut before ,

he reached t he royal pav ilion a m essenger overtook him with

the news t hat S ohréb was al ready d ead .

T hen Rustam set up such a cry as had never before been

h eard on earth and heaped reproaches upon h imself without
end for hi s awfu l mi stake .

A nd t h en he m ad e a g reat fi re and th rew i nto it his arm or

a nd his leopard sk in and his sad d le his m any colored tent and,
-
,

his S yrian t rapp ings and al l the app u rtenances of his th rone .

H e watch ed th e m b urn into Cinders and t ore hi s flesh cry ing , , ,

M y heart is sick unto death .

T he army of T fi rfin went back over the borders in peace as ,

S ohréb had requested that they b e all owed to d o and the bod y ,

of the young pri nce wrapped i n preciou s b rocad es was carried

, ,

to S é istéin. R ustam and his nobles m arched before the bier ,

with t h eir garm ents rent and with t heir heads b ared and
,

cov ered wit h ash es T he drum s of the war eleph ants and the
.
-

cymb als of b att l e were b roken a nd the tail s of the horses

,

shorn to the root and th us wi th al l t he em b lems of e x trem est

, ,

m ourn ing the sad cavalcade cam e to R ustam s hom e where

’
, ,

Zal and K ud fib a R ustam s parents he ard the t rue story from

’
, ,

the l ips of R u stam th eir son Rustam built a tomb in the

.

S h ape of a h orse S hoe for S ohréb

-
a nd t he b od y of the ou ng
, y
hero in al l its costly wrappings was laid within it in a cham ber
lined wi th gol d and perfum ed wi th am bergris .

For a long tim e the reafter the house O f R ustam had the still
ness o f the grav e a nd i n d istant S am engan the k ing rent hi s
,

rob es and T ahm i na t h rew eart h upon her h ead and t ore her

hair and wrung her h ands and rolled on the ground in her
agony A nd she caused al l the garm ents of S ohreib to b e
'
.

brought unto her and his throne and his steed that S he m ight
, , ,

look upon them once more S he stroked the horse pressed

.
,

his h ead against her b reast and wet his very hoofs with her
,
4 6 S O H R AB AND R US TUM
tears . S he cherished the robes as if they still contai ned her
darling boy , and she k issed the hel met he had worn T hen ,
.

accordi ng to the custom of the land she cut ofl the tai l of hi s

,

steed i n S ign of m ou rn ing and set hi s h ou se on fi re and gave

, ,

his gol d and j ewels to t he poor ; and within l ess th an twelve

months her sp irit went forth to j oin t hat of S ohréb her son .
 SO H RAB A N D R U ST U M
A N EPI S O D E

M A TT H E W A R N OL D
the m ornin g fill d the e ast
of
’
And first g rey ,

And the fog rose o u t of the O xus stre am 1 23

.

B u t a l l the T ar t ar c am p a l ong the st r e am

Was hushd an d sti ll the m e n we re pl unged in S leep ;
’

S oh ra b a l on e he sl ep t not ; a ll ni gh t l on g
,

H e h ad l ain wak eful tossin g o n his b ed

,

B u t wh e n the g rey d a wn stol e in to his te n t ,

H e rose and cl ad h im se l f an d girt his sword

, , ,

And took his h or se man s cl oak an d l eft his te n t

’

, ,

And we n t a b road in to the col d we t fog

T h rough the dim c am p to P e ran Wisa s te n t
,
’
- 1 25
.

T h rough the b l ack T ar tar te n ts he pass d ’

wh i ch stood
Cl usterin g l ik e b ee hive s on the low flat strand
-
,

Of O x us wh e re the su mm e r flood s o erflo w

,
1 26 -
'

Wh e n the sun m el ts the snows in h igh P am e re ;

T h roug h the b l ack te n ts he pa ss d o e r th a t low stran d ’

,
’

An d to a h i ll ock cam e a l i ttl e b ack ,

Fro m the stre am s b rink the sp ot wh ere first a b oa t

'
—
,

C r ossin g the str eam in su mm e r scra pes the l and , .

T he m en of form e r tim es h ad crown d the top

'

W ith a C l ay for t : b u t th a t wa s fall n and now ’

47
4 8 S O H R AB -
AN D R US TUM

T he T ar tars b ui l t th e re P e ran Wisa s ten t -

'

A dom e of l a th s and o e r it fe l ts wer e sp re ad

,
“ ’
.

And S oh ra b c am e th e re and we n t in an d stood , ,

U pon the th ick p i l e d carp e ts in the te n t

-
”
,

And found the old man S l e epin g on his b ed

Of r ug s and fe l ts and near h im l ay his arm s, .

‘”
And P e ran W i sa h e ar d h im th oug h the s te p
-

Was d ull d ; for he slep t ligh t an old man s S le ep ;

,
’ ’

A nd he r ose q u i ck l y on one arm and said :

Who art th ou ? for it is not yet clear dawn
,

”
Speak ! Is th ere any n e ws or any ni gh t al arm ?
,

B ut S oh ra b cam e to the b e d sid e a nd said ,

T h ou k how st m e Pe ran W i sa ! it is I
’
-
.
,

T he sun i s not ye t ri se n and the foe ,

S l e ep ; b ut I sl ee p not ; a l l ni gh t l on g I lie
T ossing and wak e fu l and I com e to th ee , .

‘”
For so did K in g Afra sia b b id m e se ek
T h y coun se l and to h e e d t h ee as thy son
, ,
13 1
I n S amarcand b e fore the army m archd
,
’

And I wi ll tel l th ee wh a t my h ear t desires .

‘”
T h ou know st if since fro m Ade r b aij an first
’

,
-

I cam e am on g the T artars and b ore arm s , ,

I h av e sti ll serv e d Afra sia b we ll and S h own , ,

A t m y b oy s ye ars) the coura ge of a man

’ ”
.

T h i s too th ou know st th a t wh i l e I sti ll b e ar on

, ,
’

T he conque rin g T ar tar e n si g n s th roug h t he wo r ld ,

And b e a t t he Pe rsian s b ack on e v ery fi el d ,

I see k one man one man an d one a l on e

, ,

R ust u m ,
“
m y fa th e r ; who I h oped sh ould g ree t ,
5 0 S OH R AB AN D R US TUM

When R ustum was in fron t of e v e ry fray ;

B ut now he k ee p s a p ar t and S i ts a t h om e , ,

I n Sei sta n wi th Z al) his fa th er old

,
“
.

Wh e th e r th a t his own mi g h ty stre n g th a t la st

F eel s the ab horr d a pp roach e s of old age
’

Or in som e q u arr el wi th the Pe rsian K in g .

T h e re go ! T h ou wi l t not Y e t my h ear t foreb od e s

— ?

Dan g e r or d ea th awa i ts th ee on th i s fi e ld .

Fain would I kn ow thee safe an d wel l th ough l ost ,

T o u s ; fain th e re fore se n d th ee h e n ce in p e ace ,

T o se ek thy fa th e r not se e k sin gl e fi g h ts

,

I n vain ; b ut who can k e e p the l ion s cub

—
’

From rav e nin g and who g ov e rn R u stu m s son ?

,
’

Go I wi ll g ran t th e e wh a t thy h ear t d esire s

, .

S o sai d he and d ropp d S ohrab s h an d and l ef t

’ ’

, ,

H is b ed an d the warm r ug s wh e r eo n he l ay ;
,

An d o e r his ch i ll y l im b s his wooll e n coa t

’

H e pa ss d an d ti e d his san d a l s on his fe e t

’
, ,

An d th re w a wh i te Cl oak roun d h im an d he took ’”

,

I n his ri gh t h and a rul e r s sta ff no sword ; ’

And on his h e ad he pl ace d his sh ee p S kin C -

B l ack gl ossy curl d the fl e ece o f K ara K ul ;

, ,
’

,
-

An d rai sed the cur tain of his te n t an d ca ll d

’

H is h e ra ld to his S i d e an d we n t a b road , .

T he sun b y th i s h a d ri se n an d cl e ar e d t he fog ,

m
Fro m the b roa d O xus an d the gl i tte rin g san d s .

An d from th e ir te n t s the T ar tar h or se m e n fi le d

I n to the op e n pl ain ; so Haman b a d e ; “ o

H aman who ne xt to P e ra n W isa rul ed

,
-
 S OH R AB AN D R U S TU M 5 1

T he h ost and sti l l was in his l u sty p rim e

, .

Fro m th e ir b l ack te n ts l on g fi l es of h orse

, , th e y
st re a m d
’

A s wh en so m e g rey N ov e m b e r m orn the fi l e s ,

I n march in g ord e r sp rea d of lon g neck d cran e s

,
-
’

S tre am ov e r Casb in an d the south e rn sl op e s

Of E l b urz fro m the A ra lia n estuari e s
,
”
,

Or som e frore C a sp ian ree d b ed sou th war d b ou nd -

,

For t he warm P e r sian se a b oar d so t h e y st re a m d

’
- —
.

T he T ar tars of the t he K in g s g u ar d
‘“ ’

First wi th b l ack sh ee p skin cap s an d wi th l on g

,
-

sp e ar s ;

Large m e n l arg e ste ed s ; who from B ok h ara com e

,

An d Kh iva an d fe rm e n t the mi l k of mares

,
1 5°
.

N e x t the m ore t e m p e ra te T oorkm uns of the south ,

T he T u ka s an d the l an ce s of S a l ore
, ,

An d th ose fro m A ttruck an d the C asp ian san d s ;

Li g h t m en an d on l i gh t stee d s who on ly d rink ,

T he a cri d mi l k of c am e l s an d th eir we ll s
, .

An d th e n a swarm of wan d e rin g h or se who cam e ,

“ 7

Fro m far and a m ore d ou b tful se rvi ce own d ;

’

T he T artar s of Fe rgha na from the b anks ,

“

Of the j a x ar te s m en wi th scan ty b e ard s

,
1”

An d cl ose set sk ull ca p s ; an d th ose wi ld er h ord e s

- -

Who roam o er K ipchak an d the north ern waste

’
m l
,

K al m uck s and u nk e m p t K u zzaks tri b e s who stray ,

N e arest the Pol e and wan d e rin g K irghizze s

Who com e on S h aggy ponies from Pamere
,

T h ese a ll fi l ed out fro m cam p in to the pl ain .

5 2 S OH R AB AN D R US TU M

An d on the o th e r S i d e the P e r sian s form d ; ’

Fir st a l i gh t cl ou d of h or se T art ar s th ey seem d ,

'

T he Ilya ts of Kh ora ssan ;

’“
an d b eh in d ,

T he roya l t roop s o f P e r sia h orse and foot , ,

M a rsha ll d b a t ta l i on s b ri gh t in b u rnishd s tee l

’ ’
.

B u t P e ran W i sa wi t h his h e ra l d cam e

-
,

T h re ad in g the T ar tar sq ua d ron s to the fron t ,

And wi th his staff k e p t b ack the fore m ost rank s .

An d wh e n F e rood who led the P ersian s sa w

, ,

T h a t P e ran W i sa k e p t the T ar tars b ack

-
,

H e took his sp e ar and to the fron t he cam e

, ,

An d check d his rank s an d fix d th e m wh e re th ey

’

,
’

stood .

An d the old T artar cam e u pon the sand

B etwi x t the si l en t h osts an d sp ak e and said , ,

F erood an d ye P e rsian s an d T art ars h ear !

, , ,

L e t th e re b e t r uce b e twee n the h ost s to day -

.

B u t C h oose a Ch am p i on fro m the P erisian l or d s

T o fi g h t our ch am p i on S oh ra b man to man , .

A S in the co u n try on a m orn in j u n e

, , ,

Wh e n the d e w gl i ste n s on the pearl éd e ars ,

A sh iv e r ru n s th roug h the d e e p corn for j oy

S o wh en th ey h e ar d wh a t P e ran W i sa sai d
,
-
,

A t h ril l th roug h a ll the T artar sq uadron s ran

Of p ri d e and h op e for S oh rab wh om th ey l ov ed ,
.

B u t a s a troop of p e d l ar s fro m C a b ool , ,

C ross un d e rn e a t h the I n d ian C a uca su s ,

T h at va st S ky n ei ghb orin g m oun tain of mi l k sn ow ;

-

C ro ss in g so h i g h t h a t a,
s t h e y m o
,
u n t t h ey p a ss ,
 SOH R AB AN D R U S TU M 53

L on g fl ock s of trav ell in g b ird s d ead on the sn ow ,

C hok e d b y the air an d sc arce ca n th e y th e m se l v es

,
" 3

S l ake th e ir parchd th roa ts wi th sugar d m ul her

’ ’

1 74
ri e s
I n sin gle file th ey m ov e an d stop th e ir b rea th
, ,

For fe ar th e y sh oul d d i sl od g e the o erha nging

’

sn ows

S o the p a l e P e rsian s hel d t h e ir b rea th wi th fear .

And to F erood his b roth e r ch i e fs cam e u p

T o c ou n se l ; G ud u rz an d Z oarrah cam e
1 77
,

And Fe rab urz who r ul e d the Pe rsian h ost

,

S econd and was the un cl e of t he K in g ;

,

T h ese cam e an d counse ll d an d th e n Gud urz sai d :

’

Fe rood sh am e b i d s u s t ak e t h eir ch a ll e n g e u p
, ,

Y et ch am p i on h a v e we n on e t o ma tch th i s y o u th .

H e ha s t he wi l d sta g s foot the l i o n s h e ar t

’ ’
.
,

B u t R ustu m c am e l a st ni g h t ; a l oof he si ts ,

And su ll e n and has pitchd his te n ts a p ar t :

’

Him wi ll I se e k and carry to his e ar

,
'
T he T ar tar Ch a ll e n g e an d th i s y oun g man s nam e
, .

Ha pl y he wi ll forg e t his wra th an d figh t , .

S tand f or th the wh i l e and tak e th eir c h a ll e n ge u p

, .

S o sp ak e he ; and Fe rood s tood for th and cri e d :

O ld man b e it a g ree d a s th ou h a st said
,
!

L e t S oh ra b arm and we wi ll fin d a man

, .

H e sp ok e ; and Pe ran W i sa t urn d and s t rod e

’
-
,

B ack th roug h the op e nin g sq u a d ron s to his t e n t .

B ut th roug h the an xi ou s P e r sian s G ud urz ran ,

And cross d the cam p wh i ch l ay b eh ind and reachd

’ ’

, ,
54 S OH R A B AN D R U S TU M

O u t on the san d s b eyond it R ust um s ten ts

’
.
,

O f scarl et Cl oth t h e y were and g l i t te rin g g ay

‘”
, ,

ust pi tchd ; the h i g h p avi l i on in t he mi d st

j
’

W a s R ust um s an d his m e n l ay ca m
’

, p d ar ou n d
’
.

And Gud urz e nter d R ustu m s te n t and found

’ ’

Rustu m ; his m ornin g m e a l was don e b ut sti ll ,

T he ta b l e stood b efor e h im ch arg e d wi th food ,

A sid e of roa ste d sh ee p ) an d cak es of b r ea d

“
,

An d dark g reen m e l on s ; and th ere R ustum sa te

Li stl ess an d h eld a fa l con on his wri st)
,
”

A nd play d wi th it ; b u t G ud urz cam e and stood

’

B efore h im ; an d he look d and saw h im stan d ’

, ,

A nd wi th a c ry sp ran g up an d d ropp d t he b ir d
’

An d g re eted Gud u rz wi th both h an d s and sai d ,

W el com e ! T h ese eyes coul d see no b e tte r si gh t .

Wh a t n ews ? bu t S it d own fir st an d e a t and drink , .

B ut Gud urz stood in the ten t d oor and sai d : ,

N ot now ! a t im e wi l l co m e to ea t an d d rink ,

B u t not to day; to day ha s oth e r n ee d s

- -
.

T he armi e s a re d ra wn o ut an d stand a t g az e ; ,

For from the T art ar s is a ch a ll e n g e b rou gh t

T o p i ck a Ch am p i on from the P e r sian l or d s
T o fi g h t th e i r ch am p i on and th ou k how st his
’
—

nam e
S oh rab m e n call h im b ut his b ir th is h i d
, .

O R ustum l ik e thy mi gh t is th i s youn g man s !

’

H e has the wi ld sta g s foot the l ion s h e art ;

’ ’

A nd he is youn g and I ran s Ch i efs are ol d

’

, ,

O r el se too weak ; and a l l eyes turn to th ee .

 S OH R AB AN D R U S TU M 55

C om e down and h el p us R ustu m or we l ose ! , ,

H e sp ok e ; b ut R ustu m a nswer d wi th a smi l e

’

Go to ! if I ran s Ch i e fs are old th en I ,

Am olde r ; if the youn g a re weak the K in g ,

E rr s stran g e l y ; for t he K in g for Kai K hosroo , ,

Him se l f is youn g and h on or s youn ge r m en

, ,

A nd l e ts the a ge d m oul de r to th e ir g rav e s .

”
R ustum he l ov es no m ore b u t l ov es the youn g
,

T he youn g may ri se a t S ohrab s vaun ts not I

’
.
,

For wh a t c are I th ough a ll sp eak S ohrab s fam e ?

’

For woul d th a t I my se l f h ad such a son ,

And not th a t one sl i gh t h el p l ess girl I h ave

A son so fam ed so b rav e to send to war
, , ,

And I to tarry wi t h the sn ow b air d Z al -

’

My fa th er wh om the robb e r Afgh an s vex

,
1 84
,

And cl i p his b orde rs S h or t and driv e his h erd s

, ,

And he ha s n on e to guard his we ak old age .

T h e re woul d I go and h an g my arm our up

, ,

And wi th my g rea t nam e fen ce th a t weak old man ,

An d spe nd the good ly tre asure I h av e got ,

A nd re st my age an d h ear of S ohrab s fam e

’

, ,

And l e av e to dea t h the h osts of th ank l e ss kin g s ,

And wi th th e se S l augh terous h and s d ra w sword no

m ore .

H e sp ok e and s mi l ed ; and G ud urz ma d e re

,

pl y :
Wh a t the n O R ustu m wi ll m e n say to th ee th i s
, , ,

Wh en S oh rab d are s our b rav e st for th and se ek s ,

T h ee m ost of a ll and th ou wh om m ost he seek s

, , ,
5 6 S OH R AB AN D R US TU M

Hid est thy fa ce ? T ak e h eed l est , m en s h oul d say

L i ke som e ol d m i ser R , u stu m lzoa r a s

'
b i s f a me
’
A na s/znns to
p er i l i t wi t/zy ou ng er m en .

And g re a tl y m ov e d th e n R ustu m mad e reply

. ,

0 Gud urz wh e refore dost th ou say such word s ?

,

T h ou kn owest b e tter word s th an th i s to say .

Wh a t is one m ore one l ess ob scure or fam e d

, , ,

V a l ian t or crav e n youn g or old t o m e ?

, ,

A re not t h ey m or ta l am not I my se l f ? ,

B u t who for m e n of na ug h t would d o g re a t d ee d s ?

C om e th ou sh al t see how R ustu m h oards his fam e

,

B ut I wi ll fi g h t unkn own and in p l ain arm s ,

L e t not m e n say of R ustu m he was m atChd

’

I n S in gl e fi gh t wi th any m orta l man .

H e sp ok e and frown d an d Gud urz t u r u d and

’ ’

, ,

ran
B ack q uick ly t h roug h the cam p i n fe ar and j oy
F ear at his wra th b ut j oy th a t R ustu m cam e
, .

B ut R ustu m s t rod e to his te n t d oor and c a ll d

’
-
,

H is foll owe r s in and b a d e th e m b rin g his arm s

, ,

And cl ad h im sel f in stee l t he arms he ch ose

W e re pl ain and on his sh ie l d wa s no d e vi ce
, ,
”
On l y his h el m wa s ri ch in l aid wi th g ol d ) ,

“
And from the fl ute d sp in e a top a p l um e
, ,

Of h orseh air wav ed a scarl e t h orseh air pl u m e

, .

S o arm d he i ssue d for th and R uksh his h orse

’

, ,

Follow d h im l ik e a fai th fu l h ou nd a t h ee l
’

R uksh wh ose r e n own was n oi sed t h roug h all

,

ear th ,
5 8 S OH R AB AN D R U S TU M

As m e rich wo man on a win ter s m orn ’

so , ,

E ye s th rough he r si l k e n c ur tain s the p oor d rudge

Who wi th n umb b lacken d fin gers makes her fire
,
’

A t cock crow o n a star lit win t e r s m orn

’
- -
, ,

Wh e n the frost fl owe rs the whiten d window p an e s ’

-

And won d e rs how S he l iv e s and wh a t the th oug h ts ,

Of th a t p oor drud ge may b e ; so R ustu m eyed

T he unkn o wn adv e n tu rous Y o u th who from afar ,

C am e see kin g R ustum and d e fyin g for th ,

A ll the m ost va l ian t Ch i e fs ; l on g he p e r used

H is sp iri te d air and wond e r d who he was
’

.
,

F or v e ry y ou n g he se e m d t e n d e rl y r c ar d ;
’ ’

Lik e som e you n g cy p re ss t all and d ark an d st rai gh t , , , ,

Wh i ch in a q uee n s secl ude d g ard e n th rows

’

It s S l i g h t d ark sh a d ow on the m oo n lit t u rf -

,

B y mi d ni gh t to a b ubb l in g fou n tain s sound

’

S o sl e n d e r S oh ra b see m d so sof tl y rear d

‘" ’ ’

.
,

An d a d ee p p i ty e nte r d R ust u m s soul ’ ’

A s he b e h e l d hi m comin g ; and he stood ,

And b e ckon d to h im wi th his h an d an d said :

’

“
O th ou y ou n g man the air of H e av e n is soft , ,

And warm an d pl e a san t ; b u t the g rav e is cold

,

H eav e n s air is b e t te r th an the cold d e ad g rav e

’

B eh old m e ! I am va st and cl ad in iron , ,

An d t ri e d ; a nd I h av e stood on many a fi e l d
Of b l ood an d I h av e fough t wi th many a foe
,

N e v e r wa s th a t fi e ld l ost or t h a t foe sav ed , .

0 S oh ra b wh e re for e wi l t th ou r u sh o n d e a th ?
,

B e gove rn d q ui t the T ar tar h ost an d com e

’

,
 S OH R AB AN D R US TUM 59

To I ran and b e as my son to m e

, ,

And fi gh t b en eath my b ann e r ti ll I d ie !

Th e re are no youth s in I ran b rav e as th ou .

S o he sp ak e mi l d l y ; S oh ra b h e ard his v oi ce
, ,

T he mi g h ty v oi ce of R ustu m ; and he saw

H is gian t fi g u re pl an te d o n the sand ,

S ol e l ik e so m e S in gl e towe r wh i ch a c h ie f
, ,

Ha th b ui ld e d on the waste in form er ye ar s ‘”

A gain st t he rob b e rs and he sa w t h a t h e ad , ,

S treak e d wi th its first g rey h airs — h op e fill d his soul ’

And he ran forward an d e m b race d his kn ee s ,

And clasp d his h and wi th in his own and said :

’

O h by thy fa th e r s h e a d ! b y th in e own soul I

’
“
,

A rt th ou not R u st u m ? S p eak art th ou not he ?

B u t R us tu m ey e d a skan ce the kn e el in g y outh ,

An d tur a d a way and spoke to his own soul :

’

A h m e I m use wh a t t h i s you n g fox may m ean !

,

Fal se wi l y b oast ful a re th ese T ar tar b oy s

, , , ,

For if I now confe ss th i s th in g he a sk s ,

And h id e i t not b ut say : R u stu m i s kere /

,

H e w i ll no t yi e l d in d e e d nor q u i t ou r f o e s , ,

B u t he wi ll find som e p re te x t not to fi g h t ,

A nd p rai se my fam e an d p roffe r cou r te ou s g ift s , ,

A b e l t or s word p e rh a p s and go his way , .

And on a fea st ti d e in A fra siab s h all

-
,
’

I n S amarcand he wi ll ari se an d cry :

,

‘
I ch all en ged o nce wh e n the t wo armi e s ca m p d ,
’

B e si d e the O xus a ll the P e rsian l ord s ,

T o cope wi th m e in sin gl e fi gh t ; b u t th ey
6o S OH R AB AN D R US TUM

S h rank on ly R ustu m dared ; th en he and I

,

C h an ged g ifts and we n t on eq ua l term s a way

, .
’

S o wi ll he sp eak p e r h a p s wh i l e m e n a ppl a ud
, , ,

Th en were the ch iefs of I ran S ha m d th rough m e ’

And th en he turu d and stern l y sp ak e a l oud :

’

“
R i se wh e refor e dost th ou vain l y q uesti on th us
Of R ustu m ? I am h e re wh om th ou h a st call d,
’

B y ch all en ge forth ; make good thy va un t s or yi eld ,

Is i t wi th R ustu m on l y th ou woul d st fi g h t ?

R a sh b oy m e n l ook on R ustu m s face and fle e

’
I
,

For we l l I kn ow t h a t did g r ea t R ustu m st and

,

B e f ore thy face t h i s day and we re reveal d

’

, ,

T h e re would b e th e n no ta l k of fi g h tin g m ore .

B ut b e in g wh a t I am I tel l th ee th i s
,

D o th ou re cord it in t hy inm ost soul :

E i th e r th ou sh al t re n oun ce thy va u n t an d yi e ld ,

Or el se thy b on es sh all stre w th i s san d t i ll win d s ,

B l each th e m or O x us wi th his su mm e r flood s

,
-
,

O x us in summ e r wa sh th e m a ll a way ,

H e spok e ; and Soh rab answer d on his fee t :

’

A rt th ou so fi e rce ? T h ou wi ll not fri g h t m e so !

I am no girl to b e made p a l e b y word s
, .

Y e t th i s th ou h a st said we ll did R ustu m stand ,

H ere on th i s fi el d th e re were no fi gh tin g t h en

,
.

B ut R ust u m is far h e n ce and we stand h e re , .

B eg in th ou art m ore va st m ore dread th an I , ,

And th ou art p rov ed I know and I am youn g

, ,

B ut ye t succe ss sway s wi th the b re a t h of H e av e n ,

A nd th ough th ou think e st t h at th ou knowest sure

 SOH R AB AN D R US TUM 61

T h y vi ctory ye t th ou can st not surely know

, .

For we are a ll l ik e swimm e rs in the sea

, ,

P ois d on the top of a h uge wav e of fa te

’

Wh ich h an g s un ce r tain to wh ich S id e to fa ll .

And wh eth e r it wi l l h eave us u p to l and ,

Or wh e th e r it wi ll roll us ou t to sea ,

B ack out to sea to the de ep wav e s of d ea th

We know not and no search wil l make us know ;
, ,

On l y the e v e n t wi l l te ach us in i ts h our .

H e sp ok e ; and R u stu m answer d not b u t hurl d

’ '

H is down fro m his sh ould e r down i t cam e , ,

A s on som e p ar trid ge in the com a h a wk ,

T h a t l on g ha s tower d in the airy cl oud s

’

Drop s l ike a pl u mm et ; S oh ra b saw it com e ,

And sp ran g a side q ui ck as a fl a sh ; the spear

,

H iss d and we n t q uiv e rin g down in to the san d

’

, ,

Wh i ch it se n t flyin g wi de ; th e n S oh rab th re w
I n tu rn and full struck R ustu m s S h i el d ; Sh arp ran g 1 98
’

T he iron p l a te s ran g S h arp b ut turn d the sp e ar

’

, , .

An d R ustu m sei zed his Cl ub wh i ch n on e b ut he ,

C oul d wi el d ; an unlopp d tr unk it was and h uge

’

, ,

S ti ll roug h l ike th ose wh i ch m en in treel ess pl ain s

—

T o b ui l d t h e m b oats fish from the fl ood ed riv e rs ,

H yphasis or H yd aspes wh e n h i g h up
, ,

B y th e ir dark S p rin gs the win d in win te r tim e

,
-

200 ”01
H a s ma d e in Himal ayan fore s ts wrack ,

An d st re wn the ch ann el s wi th torn boug h s so h uge

—

T he cl ub wh i ch R ustu m l if te d now and str uck ,

One stroke ; b ut again S oh ra b sp ran g a side ,

62 S OH R AB AN D R US T UM

Li th e as the gl an cin g snake and the cl ub cam e ,

Th und eri ng to ea rth and l ea pt from R ustum s h and

’
.
,

And R ustum follow d his own b l ow and fell ’

T o his kn ees and wi th his fin g ers clutchd the sand

’

And now mi gh t S oh ra b h av e unsh ea th ed his sword ,

A nd p i erce d the m i g h ty R ustu m wh i l e he l ay

Di zzy and on his kn ees and ch oked wi th sand ;
, ,

B ut he look d on and smi l ed nor b ared his sword

’

, , ,

B ut courteousl y dre w b ack and spok e and said , ,

T h ou strik st too h ard ! th a t cl ub of th in e wi ll

’

fl oa t
U pon the su mm er floods and not my bon es-
, .

B ut ri se and b e not wroth ! not wroth am I ;

,

N o wh en I see th ee wra th for sak es m y soul

, , .

T h ou say st th ou art not R ustum ; b e it so !

’

Who art th ou then th at canst so touch my soul ?

,

, ,

B oy as I am I h av e se e n b attl es too
,

Hav e waded forem ost in th eir b l oody wav es ,

And h e ard th e ir h oll ow roar of dyin g men ;

B ut n ev er was m y h e art th us touchd b e fore
’
.

A re th ey from H e ave n th ese sof tenin g s o f the h ear t ?

,

0 th ou old wa rri or le t u s yi el d to H eav e n

, ,

C om e pl an t we h ere in e arth our an g ry spe ars

, ,

And mak e a truce an d sit upon th i s sand

, ,

And p l edge each oth e r in red wine l ik e fri e nd s , ,

And th ou sh al t ta l k to m e of R ustu m s d eed s

’

T h e re are en ough foes in the Persian h ost ,

Wh om I may m eet and strik e an d feel no p an g ;

, ,

C h am pi on s e n ou
gh Af rasiab ha s w h o m th o u ,
 S OH R AB AN D R US TUM 63

May st fi gh t ; fi gh t fil m wh e n th ey confron t thy

’

sp e ar !

B u t oh le t th e re b e p eace twi x t th e e and m e !

’

H e ce a sed b u t wh i l e he sp ak e R ustu m h ad ri se n
, , ,

An d stood e rect tre m b l i ng wi th rage ; his cl ub

,

H e l e f t to li e b u t h a d rega in d his sp e ar
’

, ,

Wh ose fi e ry p oin t now in his m ail d ri gh t h a nd ’

-

B l az ed b ri g h t and b a l e ful l ik e th a t au tu mn star ,

-
,

T he b a l e ful si g n of fe v e r s d ust h a d soil d ’

H is sta te l y c re st and d im m d his gl i tte rin g arm s

’

.
,

H is b re a st h eav e d his l i p s foa m d and t wi ce his

’

, ,

v oi ce
Was Choked wi th rage ; a t l ast the se word s b roke
way
nim b l e wi t h thy fee t not wi th thy han d s !
Girl ! ,

Gurl d mini on dan cer coin e r of swe e t word s !

’

, ,

Fi g h t le t m e h e ar thy h a tef ul v oi ce no m ore !

,

T h ou art not in A fra siab s g ard e n s now ’

W i th Tart ar g irl s wi th wh om th ou art won t to d an ce ;

,

B u t o n the O xus san d s an d in the dan ce

-
,

Of b a t tl e an d wi th m e who mak e no pl ay
, ,

Of war ; I fi gh t it o u t and h an d to h and , .

S p e ak not to m e of truce and pl e dg e an d win e ! , ,

Re m e m b e r a ll thy va l or ; try thy fe in ts

And cunnin g ! a ll the p i ty I h a d is gon e ;
B eca use th ou h ast sh am ed m e b e fore b oth t he h osts
W i th thy l i g h t ski pp in g t rick s an d thy g irl s wi l es ,
’
.

H e sp ok e an d S oh ra b kin dl e d a t his ta unts

, ,

And he too dre w his sword ; at on ce th ey r ush d ’

64 S OH R AB AN D R U S TU M

Toge th e r as t wo e a gl e s on one p rey

,

C om e r ush in g down tog e th e r from the Cl oud s ,

O ne fro m the e a st one fro m the we st ; th e ir sh i e l d s

.

D ashd wi t h a cl an g to g e th e r and a din

’

R ose such as th a t t he sin ewy wood cutter s

,

Mak e ofte n in the fore st s h ear t a t m orn

’

Of h ewin g axes cra sh in g tree

, s uch b l ows

R ustu m an d S oh rab on e ach oth e r ha il d

’

And you woul d say th at sun and star s took p ar t

I n tha t unna tural con fl ict ; for a cl oud
G rew sudd e n l y in h e av e n and dark d the sun
’

Ov e r the fi g h te rs h e ad s ; and a wind rose

’

U nde r th eir fee t an d m oanin g swep t the pl ain

, ,

And a sandy wh irlp ool wrapp d the p air

’

I n g l oom th ey twain we re wra pp d an d th ey a l one ; ’

For b oth the o u l ookin g h osts on e i th e r h an d

-

S tood in b road day l i g h t and the S ky was p u re

, ,

And the sun sp ark l e d on the O x us stream .

B u t in the g l oom t h e y fough t wi th b l ood S h ot ey e s

,
-

And l ab ourin g b re a th ; fir st R ustu m struck the sh i e l d

Whi ch Soh rab he l d st i ff o ut ; the stee l spik ed sp ear -

R e n t the tough p l ates b u t fail d to reach the skin

’

, ,

And R ust u m pluck d it b ack wi th an g ry groan

’
.

T h e n S oh ra b wi th his sword sm ote R u stu m s h e l m ’

N or cl ov e its stee l q u i te t h roug h ; b u t a ll t he crest

H e sh ore away and th a t p roud h orse h air pl u m e
, ,

N ev e r ti ll th e n d efile d sank to the d ust ;

,

And R ustu m how d his h ead ; b u t th e n the gl oom

’

G rew b l ack e r ; th un de r ru m b l ed in the air ,

66 S OH R AB AN D R U S TUM

And b ear thy troph i es t o A frasiab s te n t

’
.

O r e l se th a t the g re a t R ustu m woul d com e down

Him sel f to fi gh t and th a t thy wil e s
,
woul d m ov e
H is h ear t to t ak e a g ift and le t th ee go
, .

And th e n th a t a l l the T artar h ost woul d p rai se

Th y coura ge or thy craf t an d sp re ad thy fam e
, ,

T o g l ad thy fa th e r in his weak old age .

Fool th ou art sl ain an d b y an unkn own man

, ,

D eare r to t he re d j acka l s sh al t th ou be
T h an to thy fri e n d s and to thy fa th er old
, .

An d wi th a fe arl ess mi e n S oh ra b re pl i e d :
, ,

U nkn own th ou art ; ye t thy fi e rce va un t is vain .

T h ou dost not sl ay m e p roud and b oastful man !

,

N o ! R ustu m sl ay s m e and th i s fi l ial h ear t

, .

For were I m a tchd wi th ten s uch m en as th ee

’

An d I we re th a t wh ich ti ll to day I was -

,

T h ey S h ould b e l yi ng h e re I stan d in g t h e re
, .

B ut th a t b e l o v ed nam e u nn e rv e d my arm
Th a t nam e and so me th in g I confess in th ee
, , , ,

Wh ich t roub l e s a ll my h eart an d mad e my S h i e l d ,

Fa ll ; and thy spear transfix d an u narm d foe

’ ’
.

And no w t hou b oa ste st and i nsul t st m y fa te

,
’

B ut h ear t h ou th i s fi e rce man t re m b l e to h e ar :

, ,

T he mi g h ty R ust u m S h a ll av e n g e my d ea th
My fa th e r wh om I se e k th roug h a ll the world
,

H e sh a l l av en g e my dea th and p uni sh th e e ,

A s wh e n so m e h u n te r in the sp rin g h a th fou n d

A b re edin g eagl e si tt in g on he r n e st
’“
,

Upon the craggy i sl e of a h i ll l ake -

,
 S OH R A B AND R US TUM 67

A nd p i erce d he r wi th an arrow a s S he rose ,

i

A nd foll o we d he r to fin d her wh ere sh e fe ll

Far off anon he r ma te com e s win gi ng b ack
Fro m h u n t in g an d a g re a t way o ff d e scri e s
,

H is h u ddl in g y ou n g l e f t sol e ; a t th a t he ch e ck s ,

H is p ini on an d wi th S h or t u n ea sy swe e p s
, ,

C ircl es ab ove his eyry wi th l oud scream s ,

C h i d in g his ma te b ack to her n e st ; b u t she

Li e s dyin g wi th the arrow in he r si d e
, ,

I n som e far stony gorge o ut of his ke n ,

A h e a p of fl utte rin g fe a t h e rs n e v er m ore

Sh all the l ak e gl a ss he r flyin g ov e r it ; ,

N e v e r t he b l a ck an d d ri pp in g p re ci p i ce s
E ch o he r stormy scre am a s S he sai l s b y
A S th a t p oor b ir d fl i e s h o m e nor k no ws his l oss , ,

S o R u st u m kn e w not his own l oss b u t s tood ,

Ov er his dyin g son an d kn ew h im not

, .

B ut wi t h a cold in cre d ul ous v oi ce he sai d :

, , ,

W ha t p ra te is th i s of fa th e rs an d re v e n ge ?

T he mi g h ty R u st u m n e v e r h ad a son .

An d wi th a fai l in g v oi ce S oh ra b r e pl ie d :
, ,

A h yes he h a d ! an d th a t l ost son am I

, .

S u re ly the n e ws wi ll o ne day re ach his e a r ,

Rea ch R u stu m wh e re he si ts an d tarri es l on g

, , ,

S om ewh e re I kn ow not wh e re b ut far from h e re ;

, ,

A nd p i e rce h im l ik e a s ta b an d mak e h im l e a p ,

T o arm s an d cry for v e ng e an ce u p on t h ee

, ,

Fi e rce man b e th ink th ee for an on l y son !

, ,

Wh at wi l l th a t g ri e f wh a t wi ll th a t v e n gean ce b e ?
,
68 S O H R AB AN D R U S TU M

Oh , l d I l i ve ti ll I th a t g ri ef h ad seen !
cou ,

Y e t h im I p i ty not so m uch b u t her , ,

My m oth e r who in Ad er b aIJan d well s

,
-

W i th th at old king he r fa th er who g rows g rey

, ,

W i th age and r ul es ov e r t he va l ian t K oord s

, .
”

H er m ost I p i ty who no m ore wi ll see

,

S oh ra b returnin g from the T ar tar cam p ,

W i th sp oi l s and hon our wh e n the war is don e, ,

B ut a dark r um ou r wi ll b e b rui ted up ,

From tri b e to tri b e u n ti l it reach he r e ar ;

,

And th e n wi ll th a t de fen sel ess woman l earn

T h a t S oh rab wi ll rej oi ce her si gh t no m ore ,

B ut th a t in b a ttl e wi th a nam el ess foe

B y the far d i stan t O x us he is sl ain
-
, .

H e sp ok e ; and as he cea sed he we p t a l oud , ,

T h inkin g of her he l e ft an d his own d e a th , .

H e S p ok e ; b ut R ustu m l i ste n d pl un ge d in
’

th oug h t .

N or d i d he ye t b el i e v e i t was hi s son
Who spoke al th ough he call d b ack nam es he knew ;
,
’

For he h ad h ad su re ti d in g s th a t t he b a b e ,

Wh ich was in Ad e r b aij an b orn to h im -

" 2
,

Had b ee n a p uny girl no b oy at all ,

S o th a t sad m oth e r se n t h im word for fe ar ,

R ustum sh oul d see k t he b oy to train in arms , .

And so he d e e m d th a t e i th er S oh rab took

’

B y a fal se b oa st the nam e of R ust um s son ;

’

Or th a t m en g av e it h im to swe ll his fam e , .

S o d e e m d he ; ye t he l i ste n d p l un g ed in th oug h t ;
’ ’

,
 S O H R AB AN D R US TU M 69

An d his soul se t to g ri e f as t he va st tid e ,

Of the b rig h t rockin g O cean se ts to S h o r e

A t the full m oon ; t e ar s ga the r d in his ey e s ;
’

F or he re m e m b e r d his own e ar l y y ou th
’

A nd a ll its b ou n d in g ra p t u r e ; a s a t da wn , ,

T he S h e p h e rd fro m his m ou n t ain l odg e d e scri es -

A far b ri g h t ci ty s mi t te n b y the sun

, , ,

Th roug h many roll in g Cl oud s so R u st u m sa w

H is y ou th ; sa w S ohra b s m oth e r in he r b l oo m ;
’

An d th a t old kin g her fa th e r who l ov e d so well

, ,

H is wan d e rin g g ue st and g av e hi m his fair ch i ld

,

Wi th j oy ; and a ll the pl e a san t l ife th ey le d ,

T hey th ree in th a t lon g d i stan t su mm e r tim e

,
- -

T he ca st l e and the d e wy wood s and h u n t

, ,

And h oun d an d m om on th ose d el i gh tful h i ll s

,

I n A d e r b aij an And he saw th a t Y ou th

-
.
,

Of a ge an d l ook s to b e his own d e ar son ,

P i teous an d l ov e l y l yin g on the san d, ,

Lik e som e ri ch h yacin th wh ich b y the scy th e “

Of an u n ski l ful gar d e n e r has b ee n cut ,

M owin g the g ard e n grass pl ots n e ar it s b ed -

,

And l i e s a frag ran t towe r of p urp l e b l oo m

, ,

On the m own dyin g g ra ss

, so S oh ra b l ay ,

L ov el y in d ea th u p on the comm on sand

, .

A nd R u st u m g az e d on hi m wi t h g ri e f an d said ,

O S oh ra b th ou in d ee d art such a son

,

Wh om R ustu m we r t th ou his mi g h t we ll h av e loved !

, ,

Y e t h e r e th ou e rre st S oh ra b or e l se m en
, ,

Hav e tol d th ee fa l se th ou art not R u stum s son

—
’

.
7 0 S O H R AB AN D R US TUM

For R ust um h a d no son ; one ch i ld he h ad

B u t one a girl ; who wi th he r m oth e r now
P l i es som e l i gh t fe ma le ta sk nor dre am s of us ,

Of us she d re am s not nor of woun d s nor war

, , .

B u t S oh ra b an swe re d h im in wra th ; for now

T he an gui sh of the d e e p fix d spe ar g re w fi erce
’
-
,

An d he d e sire d to dra w for th the stee l ,

An d le t the b lood flow free and so t o d ie ,

B ut fir st he wou l d convin ce his stubb orn foe ;

And ri sin g ste rn ly on one arm he said : ,

Man who a rt th ou who dost d e ny my word s

,
?

T r uth S i ts u pon the l i p s of dyin g m e n ,

And fa l se h ood wh i l e I l iv ed wa s far from min e

, , .

I tell th ee prick d upon th i s arm I b ear

,
’

T h at se a l wh ich R u stu m to my m oth e r ga ve ,

T h a t S he mi g h t p ri ck it on the b ab e she b ore .

H e spok e ; and a ll the b l ood l e f t R u stu m s Ch ee k s ;

’

An d his kn ee s totte r d and he smote his hand

’

A g ain st his b re a st his h eavy m ai le d h and

, ,

T h a t the h ard iron corsel e t clank d a loud ”07 ’

An d to his h ear t he press d the oth e r h and ’

And in a h ollo w v oi ce he sp ak e and said ,

S oh rab th at we re a p roof wh i ch coul d not lie !

,

I f th ou S h ow th i s th e n art th ou R ustu m s son

,
’
.
”

T hen wi th weak h asty finger s S oh ra b l oosed

, ,

H is b e l t and n e ar t he S h oul d e r b ar e d his a rm

, ,

A nd S h owe d a S i g n in fain t vermi l ion poin ts

P rick d ; as a cu nnin g workman in P ekin
’

, ,

P ri ck s wi th ve rmi l i on som e cl ear porcel ain va se ”

,
 S OH R A B AN D R US TU M 7 I

An e m p e ror s g if t a t ear l y m orn he p a in ts

’

An d a ll d ay lon g an d wh e n ni gh t co m es the l am p
, , ,

Li g h ts up his stud i ous foreh e ad and th in h an d s

S o d e l i ca t e l y prick d the S i g n a ppe ar d
’ ’

On S ohrab s arm t he S i g n of R ustu m s sea l

’

,
’
.

”09
It wa s t h a t griffi n wh i ch o f ol d re a r d Z a l
’

, ,

R u s tu m s g re a t fa th e r wh o m th e y l e ft to d ie
’

, ,

A h el ple ss b ab e am on g the m ou n tain rocks ;

,
-

Him th a t kind c re a tu re fou n d an d rea r d an d l ov e d ,

’

T h e n R u stu m took it for his gl ori ous S i gn .

An d S oh ra b b ar e d t h a t image o n his arm ,

An d h im se l f sca nn d it l ong wi t h m ou rnfu l e yes

’

An d th e n he touch d it wi th his h a nd and sai d :

’

IS th a t s i g n t he p rop e r S i g n
’
H ow say st th ou ?

Of R ustu m s son or of som e o th e r man s

’

,
?
’ ”

H e sp ok e ; b u t R u stu m g az e d an d g az e d an d sto od , ,

S peech l e ss ; and th e n he u tte r d one S h ar p cry : ’

0 boy tky f a tker / an d his v oi ce c h ok e d th e re

—
.

And th e n a dark cl oud pass d b e fore his ey e s ’

And his h e ad swam and he sank d own to e ar th , .

B u t S oh ra b c ra wl d t o wh e re he l ay an d c a st
’

H is arm s a b ou t his n e ck an d kiss d his l i p s

’

, ,

And wi th fond fa l te rin g fin g er s strok e d his ch e e k s

, ,

T ryin g to ca ll h im b ack to l ife ; an d l ife

C am e b a ck to R u stu m and he op e d his eyes , ,

And th e y stood wi d e wi th h orror ; and he se iz e d

I n b oth his h and s the d u st wh i ch l ay aroun d ,

And th re w it on his h e a d and sm irchd his h air ,

’

H is h air and face an d b e ar d a n d gl i tte rin g arm s ;

, , ,
7 2 S OH R AB AN D R US TU M

And stron g conv ul siv e g r oanin g s S h ook his b r e ast ,

And his sob s ch ok e d h im ; and he clutchd his swor d ’

T o dra w it an d for e v e r le t l ife ou t

, .

B u t S oh rab sa w his th ou g h t and h el d his h an d s; ,

And wi th a sooth in g voi ce he S poke and sai d : ,

Fa th er forb e ar ! for I b ut m ee t to d ay
,
-

T he doo m wh i ch a t my b ir t h wa s wri tte n d own

I n H e av e n and th ou a rt H e av e n s u n con scious h an d
,
’

S ure ly m y h eart cri e d out th a t it was th ou ,

Wh e n first I saw th ee ; an d thy h e ar t spok e too ,

I kn ow it ! b u t fa te trod t h ose p ro m p t in g s d own

U nde r its iron h ee l ; fa te fa te e n gaged ,

T he st rife and hurl d m e on my fa th e r s s p ear

’ ’

.
,

B u t l e t u s S p e ak no m ore of t h i s ! I fin d
M y fa th e r ; le t m e feel th a t I h av e fou n d !
C om e sit b e side m e on th i s san d an d t ak e
, ,

My h e ad be t wi x t thy h an d s an d ki ss m y Ch ee k s , ,

And wash th e m wi th thy te ars and say : fll y son ! ,

i k q ui ck ! fo r nu m b e r d a re my san d s o f l ife
’

Q u c ! ,

And swift ; for l ik e the l i gh tnin g t o th i s fi e l d

I cam e and l ik e the wind I go away
,

S udd e n and swif t a nd l ik e a p assin g win d ;

, ,

B ut i t was wri t in H e av e n t h a t t h i s S h ou ld b e .

S o said he and his voice re l e a se d the h e ar t

,

Of R u st u m and his te ars b roke forth ; he cast

,

H is arm s round his So n s n e ck an d we p t a l oud

’

, ,

An d kiss d h im And a we fe ll on b oth the h osts

’
.
,

Wh e n th ey saw R u stu m s g ri e f ; and R uksh the h o rs e

’

W
, ,

i th h is h e ad b o win g t o t he g r ou nd an d man e
74 soH R A E A N D R U S TU M
m
A frasiab i ti es on l y S a m arcand
’
s c , ,

B ok h ara and lone Kh iva in the waste

,
” ‘“
,

m
And the b l ack T oorkm un ten ts ; and on l y drunk
T he d e se r t riv ers M oo rghab and T ej e nd
”
, ,

K oh ik and wh e re the K a l m uk s fe e d th e ir S h eep

,
” ’“
,

T he n orth ern S ir ; and th i s g rea t O xus s tre am ,

T he yell ow O x us b y wh ose b rink I d ie

,
.

And wi th a h e avy g roan R ustu m b ewa il d :

’

, ,

O h th a t its waves were fl owin g o v e r me !

,
’“
O h t h a t I saw its g rain s of yellow si l t
,

Roll tu m b l in g in the cu rre nt o er m y h e ad !

’

B u t wi th a g rave mi l d v oi ce S oh rab r e pl i e d
, ,

D esire not th a t my fa th e r ! th ou m ust l iv e

,
.

For so me are b orn to d o g re a t d ee d s and l iv e , ,

A S so m e are b orn t o b e ob scu red and d ie ,

.

D o th ou t he d eed s I d ie too y oun g to d o ,

And re a p a second gl ory in th in e age

T h ou art my fa th e r an d thy gain is min e ,
.

B u t co m e ! th ou see st t h i s g re a t h ost of m en
Wh i ch foll ow m e ; I p ray th ee sl ay not th ese !
L e t m e e n tr e a t for th e m ; wh at h av e th ey d on e ?
T h ey follow d m e my h ope my fam e my star
’

, , , .

L e t th e m a ll cross the O x us b a ck in p e ace ,

B u t m e th ou m ust b ear h e n ce not se nd wi th th e m , ,

B u t carry m e wi th t h ee to S e i stan ,

And pl ace m e on a b e d an d m ourn for m e , ,

T h ou and the snow h aire d Z al and a ll thy fri e nd s

,
-
,
.

A nd th ou m ust l ay m e in th a t lov e l y e ar th ,

A nd h e a p a sta te l y m ou n d a b ov e m y b on e s ,
 S OH R A B AN D R US TUM 75

And pl an t a far see n p i ll ar ov e r a ll

-
,

T h a t so the p a ssin g h orse m e n on the wa ste

May see my to m b a g re a t way O ff and cry : ,

S ohr a b the m ig hty R nstnm s son, l i es ther e,

’

W
,

hom hi s g r ea t f a ther d i d i n ig nor a nce hi ll

An d I b e not for gotte n in my g rave .
’

And wi th a m out hfu l v oi ce R ustu m re pl ied

, ,

Fe ar not ! as th ou h a s t said S oh rab my son , , ,

S o sh a ll it b e ; for I wi ll b u rn my ten ts ,

An d q ui t the h ost an d b e ar th ee h en ce wi th m e
, ,

An d carry th ee a way to S e i stan ,

And pl a ce th e e on a b e d an d m ou rn for th ee
, ,

W i t h the sn ow h e a d e d Z al and a ll my fri e n d s

-
, .

And I wi ll l ay th e e in th a t l o v e ly e ar th ,

An d h e a p a sta te ly m oun d a bov e thy b on e s ,

And pl an t a far se e n p i ll ar ov e r a ll
-
,

A nd m e n sh a ll not forg e t th e e in t hy g rav e .

And I wi ll sp are t hy h ost ; ye a le t t h e m go ! ,

L e t t h e m a ll cross the O x u s b ack in p e ace !

Wh a t sh oul d I d o wi th sl ayin g any m ore ?
For wou l d th a t a ll wh o m I h av e e v e r S l ain
Mi gh t b e on ce m ore a l iv e ; my b i tterest foe s ,

And th ey who we re call d ch am p ion s in th e ir tim e

’

And th roug h wh ose de a th I won th a t fam e I h av e

And I we re n ot h in g b ut a co mm on man ,

A poor m ean sold ie r and wi th out re n own

, , ,

S o th ou mi g h te st l iv e too my son my son !

, , ,

Or rath er woul d t h a t I eve n I my se l f

, ,

Mi gh t now be lyin g on t h i s b l oody sand ,

7 6 S OH R A B AN D R U S TU M

N ear d e a th and b y an i g n oran t s trok e of t h in e

, ,

N ot t h ou of min e ! and I mi g h t die not t h ou ; ,

And I not th ou b e born e t o S ei stan ;

, ,

And Z a l mi gh t we e p a b ov e my g rav e not th ine ; ,

And say : 0 son I weep thee not too sor e

, ,

For wi l l i ng ly , I hnozo thail m et st thi ne d

’

, en

B ut now in b lood and b a ttl e s was my youth ,

And full of b lood and b attl e s is my age ;

And I sh a ll n e v e r e nd th i s l ife of b l ood .

T h e n at the poin t of d e a th S oh ra b repl i ed

, ,

A l ife of b lood in d ee d t h ou dre a d ful man ! ,

B ut th ou sh a l t ye t h av e p e ace ; on l y not now ;

N ot ye t ! b ut th ou sh a l t h av e it on t h a t day ,

Wh e n th ou sh al t sai l in a h i g h ma ste d sh i p -
,

T hou and t he oth e r p e e rs of Kai K hosroo ,

Re turnin g h om e ov e r the sal t b l ue se a ,

" 3

From l ayin g thy d e ar ma ste r in his g rav e .

And R ustu m g az e d in S ohrab s face an d sai d : ’

S oo n b e th a t day my son and de e p th a t se a !

, ,

T i ll th e n if fa te so wi ll s le t m e e n d ure
, , .

H e sp ok e ; and S oh ra b s mi l e d on h im an d took ,

T he spe ar and dre w i t fro m his si d e and e a se d

, ,

H is woun d s im p e ri o u s an g ui sh ; b u t t he b l ood
’

C am e well in g fro m the op e n g a sh and l ife ,

Flow d wi th t he s tre am ; a ll d o wn his col d wh i te sid e

’
—

T he crim so n to rre n t ran dim now and soil d

’

, ,

Lik e the soil d ti ssue o f wh i te viol e ts

’

L e f t fresh ly ga the r d o n th e i r na tiv e b ank

,
’

, ,

B y ch i ld re n wh om t h e ir n urses ca ll wi th h aste
 S OH R AB AN D R U S TU M 77

I ndoors fro m the su n s e ye ; his h ea d d roop d low

’ ’

H is l im b s g re w sl a ck ; m o ti on l e ss wh i te he l ay
Whi te wi th eye s close d ; onl y wh e n h e avy g asps
, ,

, ,

D ee p h e avy g a sp s q u iv e rin g t h rough a ll his fram e ,

C onv u l se d h im b ack t o life he o pe n d t h e m ,

’

And fix d t h e m fe eb l y o n his fa th e r s face ;

’ ’

Ti ll now a l l stre n g th wa s e b b d and fro m his l im b s ’

U n wi ll in gl y t he sp iri t fle d a way ,

R e g re t tin g the warm man si o n wh ich i t l ef t ,

An d you th an d b l oo m and th i s d e l i g h tfu l wor l d

, , .

S o on the b l ood y san d S oh ra b l ay d e a d ;

, ,

An d the g re a t R u stu m d re w his h orse man s C l oak ’

D o wn o e r his fac e and sa te b y his d e a d son

’
.
,

A s t h ose b l a ck g rani te p i ll ars o n ce h i g h re are d ,

-

B y j e m shid in Pe rse pol i s to b e ar ,

”

H is h ou se now mid t h e ir b r o k e n fl i g h ts o f ste p s

’

L ie p ron e e n or mo u s d own the m ou n t ain s i d e

, ,

S o in the sand l ay R u stu m b y his son .

And ni gh t cam e down o v e r the sol e mn wa ste ,

An d the two g azin g h osts and th a t sol e p air , ,

And d arke n d a ll ; and a cold fog wi th ni gh t

’

, ,

C re p t from the O xus S oon a hu m arose . ,

A s o f a g re a t a sse m b ly l oose d an d fire s ,

B e g an to t wink l e t h roug h the fog ; for no w

B oth armi e s m ov e d to c am p a nd took t h e ir m ea l ; ,

T he P e rsian s took it on t he o p e n sand s

S ou th ward the T art ars b y the riv e r marg e ;
,

And R u stu m and his son we re l e ft a l on e .

7 8 S O H R AB AN D R U S TU M

B ut the maj e sti c riv e r floa ted on ,

O ut of the mi st and hu m of th a t low l and ,

I n to the frosty starl i g h t and th ere m ov ed , ,

R ej oi cin g th roug h the hushd C h ora smian waste

,
’
,
” o

U nde r the sol i ta ry m oon ; he flow d ’

R i gh t for the p ol ar star p a st O rgunje , ,

B rimmin g and b ri g h t and l arge ; th e n san d s b eg in

, ,

T o he m his wa te ry march an d dam his stre am s , ,

An d spl i t his curr e n ts ; th a t for many a l e ag ue

T he sh orn and pa rcel l d O xus strain s a l ong ’”
’

T h rou g h b e d s of sand and ma t te d r u sh y i sl e s

O x us forge t ti ng the b ri gh t sp e e d he h a d
,

I n his h igh m oun tain c rad le in P am e re

-
,

A foil d circui tous wand e re r

’
ti ll a t l a s t
T he long d for da sh of wav e s is h e ard and wi d e
’
-
,

H is l umin ous h om e of wa te rs ope n s b ri g h t ,

And t ranq ui l from wh ose fl oor the ne w b a th e d star s

,
-

E m erge and sh in e upon the Ara l S e a

”23
.
,
 N O T ES
1 B n t L l h m i n M iddl x Engl nd D m b 24 1 822; di d
. or a a e a , ese , a , ece er e
t Li v p l Ap i l 1 5 1 888 ,
a e r oo ,
r ,
.

2 P m . nd
oe i s, L nd n 1 85 5 M p A T g dy L n
seco se r e s , o o , . ero e: ra e , o
d n 1 85 8
o ,
N w P m . L nd n 1 867 P m t w v l m L nd
e oe s, o o ,
. oe s, o o u es, o on ,
1 869 P m th v l m 1 885 All th p m m nti d i n th i
. oe s, ree o u es : . e oe s e one s
i nt d ro ti n i n l d d in th P ti l w k f M tth w A n ld L n
uc o are c u e e oe ca or s o a e r o o
k T h M m ill n C m p ny 1 890
,

d n nd N w Y
o a e or ,
e ac a o a , .

3 S .C nt m p y R vi w xxi v 5 5 9
ee o e o ra r e e , .
, .

4 A t g dy b
. d p n G k l g nd
ra e ase d d b y H ygi n nd
u o a ree e e re co r e us a
Ap l d o o M p w th wi d w f C ph nt k i ng f M
oru s . e ro e as e o o re s o e s, o es
se ni nd w
a, a f d t m y hi m d as orce P l y p h nt ; b t h
o th n
a rr s ur e re r , o o es u er e
i nf n t a n E py t so wh m h b ght p i n
u s, t wh n h g w t
o s e rou u se cre , e e re o
m t i t y k i ll d th
a ur p nd i n d i n hi t d ft n wly
e e u su r er a re e s s ea ,
a er a rro
e sca pi ng d th f m hi m th h n th gh m i nd t nd ing
ea ro s o er s
’
a rou a su e rs a .

5 E .
y i n C i
ssat i i m N
s w Y k T h M r m i l l
c s n C m p n y 1 883 ;
,
e or ,
e ac a o a ,

e ssa y n M i
o d G e i n pp 80 1 1 0 1 1 1
a u r ce e u r ,
.
, , .

6 A d m ti p m th h
. ra a f wh i h w
c oeth h i t i ,
l h e t e ro o c as e s o r ca c arac er
Em p d l e f m oc es, aS i i l i n ph i l ph a i nti t p t nd t t m n
ou s c a oso e r , sc e s ,
oe a s a es a
o f th fi fth e nt y B C w h ce w m m n
url y b l i v . d t . h ,v n d d o as co o e e e o a e e e
hi l if b y th wi ng h i m l f i t th b n i g
s e ro t f M t E tn A n ld
se n o e ur n c ra e r o . a . r o
re p nt hi m d t y i ng him lf in n f th i nt v l f d p i
re se s as es ro se o e o e er a s o a es a r
a nd m l n h l y e a lting f m di t t i n th p p l
c o resu ligi n nd hi ro s ru s e o u a r re o a s
o wn ph il phy nd n i n bi li ty t lv th n igm f xi t n
oso a a a o so e e e as o e s e ce .

7 Ed i nb gh R vi w N
. ur 1 68 p 3 3 7 (O t b e e ,
o .
,
. c o e r,

8 H . h ld th i h i t O xf d f m 1 85 7 t 1 887 H h d b n
e e s c a r a or ro o . e a ee
m d in 1 844
a e, f ll w f B lli l C ll g ,
a e hi f th o h d b n b f
o a o o e e , as s a er a ee e ore
hi m .

9 T h C ni h p i n
. e T i t m f Ly n
or s r ding t th l g nd
ce r s a o o ess, a ccor o e e e s
o f Ki ng A th t w n f th th m t v li nt k night f t h
r
’
u r s cou r ,
as o e o e ree os a a s o e
R ou nd T bl H nd P i n
a e s I
. lt f I l nd wh m h w b inging
e a r ce s se u o re a ,
o e as r
a cross th t h e pl ight d b i d g m hi n l Ki g M
se a o er f e r e r oo ,
s u c e n a rc o
C w ll i wh
orn a ,
th hdb n
n d d nk b y m i t k l v
ose cou r e a ee re a re ,
ra s a e a o e

p o t i n wh i h h
o i t h cd g i v n h t
er s s e rd m i ni t t h ah b nd t e er o a s er o er us a o
In su re h ppy m i d lif ; nd f m th i
a a a rr ei d nt lt d n i l le a ro s acc e re su e a
t d ff ti n th t bl
s a rre a ec o lting f m wh i h nly nd d with t h
,
e ro u e s re su ro c o e e e
k night d th i hi ’
s ea tl in B itt ny w h h liv d with hi wif
n s cas e r a ,
e re e e s e,
th e o th I lt h f th S w Whit H nd wh w th m th f
er se u ,
s e o e no - e a ,
o as e o er o
hi s c hild b t wh m h re n , ld n t l v
u o e co u o o e .

1 0 B ld . th a n f O d in t h F th
e r, f H
e so v n nd F i gg t h
o , e a er o ea e ,
a r a, e
G ddo fL v w
e ss o d i ng t t h l d N
o e, as , acco r T t i m yth l o e o o rse o r e u on c o
o gy , t h b t n de f i t
es f t h gad H i m th
a res x t d on t h f m e o s . s o er e ac e a oa ro
a ll t
cre a u re s n t t i nj hi m b t m itt d t h m i tl t
o o u re n nt f ,
u o e e s e oe o a ccou o
it w k n
s ea nd pp e ss an t i n ig n i fi n B
a t th w
a rei k d L k p t s ca ce . u e c e o e u a,

79
80 S O H R AB AN D R U S TU M
p
s ri f m i tl to i n t h h nd s f t h b l in d H d
e oe wh th wing i t t
e a s o e o e r, o, ro a
B l a in p t pi
er d hi m th
s or gh nd th gh th t h di d T h
,
erce rou a rou so a e e . e
g d t i d g in nd g in t p
o s r e a a d H l th g dda af th w l d f
a o e rsu a e e ,
e o e ss o e or o
th h d t t hi m f b t h n nt d t d
e s a e s, o se nl y n th
ree , n u S e co se e o o so o o e co
di ti n th t v yth in g i n t h w l d h
o a e er ld w p f him L k in th e or s ou ee or . o e, e
di g i f gi nt
s u se o f a d t w p a nd th f B l d m t w it
e ss, re u se o ee ,
a e re o re a er us a
in t h nd e uw l d nti l er- di t nt g wh n n w h v n will pl
or u a s a a e e a e ea e re ace
th l d A g d i n w h i h th N
e o s ar divinit i liv d nd n w i d l fc e orse es e ,
a a e ea o
p e ace in t d f w wi ll d m i n t th
s ea o ni v ar o a e e u erse .

11 S T h P t y f M tth w A n l d b y V i d
. ee e oe r D S dd i n
o a e r o ,
a . cu e r,
And v R vi w S pt m b 1 887
o er e e , e e e r, .

12 St J m . M g in . aO t b es 1 87 1 a az e, c o er, .

1 3 M tth w A n l d
. a P t i n N th Am i n R vi w J n
e r o as a oe ,
or e r ca e e ,
u e .

1 888 .

1 4 H n y G H w l tt C nt m
. e r y. R v i w 1 8e7 4 xx i ve 55 0 ,
o e ra r e e , , , .

1 5 F m th P. ro i n w dfi n e g d n p di e rs a or r a s, 3 . ar e or ara se .

16 K h . fin i th n t h ora ss t n p t f m d n P i co s e or e as e r ar o o er ers a , rre s

p nd ing ghly wi th th n i nt P th
o rou e a c e ar 1 a.
1 7 A b i ll i n t m
. r h wh l d v a t n I n nd n th n
on arc o ru e o er eas e r ra a or er
Ind i w ith th titl f l tfin wh i h h w th fi t in d p nd nt v
a, e e o su ,
c e as e rs e e e so er
e ig t h m H i f th
o a ssu S b k t gi n w
e . T k i h l v wh
s a er, a u a ,
as a ur s s a e, o rose
to g t p p l i ty b y hi m ili t y x l it nd b m th l f
re a o u ar s ar e o s a ec a e e r u er o
Gh n azn d th n i hb
a a i ng p t i n e A fgh n i tén ft
e hi m
or i g or o s 0 a s a er s arr a e

wi th th d ght e A l ft gin
au T h l tt er 0w l T k i h Sl v wh a . e a er a s a so a ur s a e, o
h d b n nt
a ee t d b y S am anid (
e ru s e 26) p in w i th t h g v nm nt f
a see 11 . r ce e o er e o
B kho b t
a ra ,ft q ling with hi y l m t fl d t th m nt
u ,
a er u a rre s ro a as e r , e o e ou
a in f Gh n
s o wh h az t d l ittl q i ind nd nt v nm nt
a, e re e erec e a e u as - e e o er e
o f hi wn
s o It w in 999 th t t h S l tfin M hm fi d p
. as th l t f a e u a e ose e as o
th S fim finid
e nd t kp i n f Kh
s a fin oo osse ss o o o ra ss .

18 T h . hi f pl e n th c m iht y e d b tw n K b fil nd K n
a ce o e ar ro a e ee a a a
d h in A fgh ni tfin wi thin th l im it f th n i nt Z b li tfin (
a a r, a s ,
e s o e a c e a u s see
n . It t k it n m f m t h G h a es th T s ki h t i b t wh i h
a e ro e u zze s, e ur s r e o c

S l t fin M hm fid b l ng d b y wh m i t w
u a f nd de o e , o as ou e .

19 S n 1 20
. nd
ee .
,
e .

20 T h l t f th S
. e ni n k i ng
as o H m t th th n i n 63 2
e a ssa a s. e ca e o e ro e ,

a nd d i d i n 65 2 e .

21 M d i m o ligi n f A h M d
. az e s ,
ll d f m it p m
r re o o u ra az a , so c a e ro s su re e

o bj t f w hip I t
ec o ft n
ors ll d Z t i ni m ft th g t
. IS o e ca e o ro a s r a s a er e re a

p ph t Z th t (im p p ly Z
ro e ,
a ra t ) t wh m i t w i t p
u s ra ro er o ro a s er , o o o es s re s

nt S h p ( P i m whi h m th ligi n f th “
e a e se e 11 . n or a rsee s ,
c ea s e re o o e
P ine rs a I n m d n ti m
s .
”
it h th g d f l o er ti th es as ree ra es o e cc e S I a s cs : e

d t th m b d
a s u r s, nd t h h b d
e o e s a p n d in g in m p t e er a s, co rres o so e re s ec s

w ith th b i h p p i t e nd d
s o n f th
s, ly Ch i ti nity
r es s a e a co s o e e ar r s a .

22 T h D k h n w
. e th g e t f d l n bl f P i nd th y
a s e re e re a eu a o es o e rs a , a e
p rese rvd l th M d n f ith l ng ft th p pl t l g
e as a c a ss e az ea a o a er e eo e a ar e

h d b
a m M h mm d n
eco e S no 60 (f ) nd 80
a e a s . ee u . a .

23 Th i . nd th p il w s a nt t t h A by ini n k i ng
o er s om k as se o e ss a as a ar

o f g ti t d f
ra th p t ti n w h i h h g v t
u e or e t h fi t f ll w
ro ec f o c e a e o e rs o o e rs o

M h mm d wh il th y w
o a e till v y f w i n n m b nd pp
e e d by
e re s er e u er a o resse

th th A b B y th p ph t wn dvi
e o er ra s . l ny f th m e dro e
’
s o a ce a co o o e crosse

t t h A b y i ni n d
o e f th R d
ss i n 61 5
a nd 81 nde o l ny i n 6 1 6 ; e e sea ,
a a seco co o
82 S OH R AB AN D R US TUM
spe a k ing l ng g f I ni n i gin wh i h h f m d th b lk f th
a a ua e o ra a or c as or e e u o e
ul t n f m tim i m m m i l th gh th l p w Kh n t
p p o a Io ro e y e or a ,
ou e ro a o er or a a e
1s I n t h h nd f th B hfi i
e a s o p pl f H in d igin wh h v h d
e ra s, a eo e o u or o a e a
h d th
a nd n y in
e asce th ev nt nth
c s nt y ce e se e ee ce ur .

3 2 M di P p . e G t M di i n l d d th p nt P i n p v
a ro e r, o r re a e a, c u e e re se e rs a ro
in ces f A d il n o nd I r k A j m i l y i n h i fl y b t w n t h m nt i n
a a ra - e , c e e ee e ou a
ra ng th t ki t th
es a th n h
s r th C pi n nd t h l w
e so u er p s ore s o e as a a e o er or
ti n f th Tig i b in ; nd Littl M di
o o e r s as A t p n wh i h w
a q iv e e a , or ro e e, c as e u
a el n t t th p o nt A b ij n P i n A m m
e re se ze r a a or ers a r e a .

33 S n t
. 1 23 1 26 222
ee o es . , .

34 B t i . B t i n
ac r a , or l i b tw n th O x iv nd th H i nd
ac r a a, es e ee e us r er a e u
K h m nt in with th P m i (
us ou a s, 1 27 ) t th t n d th
e a i r se e 11 . o e e as a e o as s
o f M vt t h w ter It f m d p t f th P i n m pi
o e es . or gn e a ar o e e rs a e re a s o r a
i d b y Cy
ze th G t nd ft t f ll b m n i nd p nd nt k ing
ru s e re a ,
a a er I s a ec a e a e e e
d m o bj t t
su G k dyn ty T h ity f B lkh w i t pit l
ec o a ree as . e c o a as s ca a .

35 T h b n h f th A y n p pl th t
. e ra c o d v t h m nt i n
e r a eo e a crosse o er e ou a s
f m B t i in t t h pl in
ro ac r a f t h S ind h (I nd ) i v w
o e a ll d b y
s o e u us r er e re c a e
th wh h d m in d b h ind th H ind
ose o a re a p pl f t h H i ndh
e e e u s, o r eo e o e u
r i v (th i b i ng t h I
er s ie p n n i t i n f t h w d S i nd h
e ra n a n th
ro u c a o o e or u , as e

P i n lw
e rs a h ng d t h) Th y till t in d th t pp ll ti n
s a a ,
s c a e s o re a a a e a o
th y h d p d v th w h l p nin l n w ll d b y E p n
. e s e
a ft er e a s re a o er e o e e su a o ca e u ro ea s
by th P ei n n m f H i nd tan
e rs a a l n d f t h H in d
e o nd t h us a o e us a e
w d i n w
or m m nly ppl i d t
s o co n y n t i v i nh b i t n t
o a f th t e n o a a e a a o a cou
t y
r , v n th gh d
e e nd d f ou m t h M ng l i d
e sce ( D e v i di n ro n d e o o o r ace s ra a s a
K l i n ) wh
o ar a s
p i d i t b fo occu th A y n nqe t e ore e r a co ue s .

36 O m .
p r, l y f
ore p pl d i v
rec 1 5 ed f m t h w t n
, o n d th
eo e er e ro e es er a so u
er n m ig ti n f th A y n pl f m nt l A i W h th
ra o s o e r a o es ro ce ra s a . e er
th A y n
e r a w h l (i n
r a ce a s d in g G a R m n C lt T t n
o e c u ra co - o a s, e s, eu o s,
S l v nd Li th
a s a ni n ) i gin t d i n A i
ua a f m ly h ld b y l l
s or m
a e s a , as or er e a co
p t nt h l
e e sc in E p
o a rs , o r m ny f t h m t m i n n t t hn lu ro e , as a o e os e e e o o
gi t n w m int in i t i
s s o a t in th t th A y n B t i n M d P
a ,
s ce r a a e r a ac r a s, e e s, er
i n
s a nd H i n d
s a d i t d f m p int in th gi n f th P m i
us ra a e ro a o e re o o e a r

m ou nt i n w hi l
a n th
s, th h nd h A y n l m nt
e o e o nter i nt a su c r a e e e s as e er o
t h m i x d p p l ti n
e e f A m ni
o u a nd A i o M in o d iy d d i r tly
e a a s a o r a re er e rec
f m E
ro p n l ni u ro eaTh nco o t f th E es p . n A y n m e a
y ce s ors o e u ro ea r a s a
h v m f m C nt l A i
a e co e ro th e f th A i t i A y n f m n th
ra s a or o se o e s a c r a s ro or
er n E p ; it i ti ll n t in wh i h lt n t iv m t b pp d
u ro e s s u ce r a c a er a e us e su ose .

3 7 M ng l i d i
. o o o m bl i ng t h M ng l
, . e .
, Th i t m i n w
re se e o o s . s er s o
u se d t i n l d n t nly l l th A i ti p pl
o c u e o o l t d t th T k nd
a e s a c eo e s re a e o e ur s a
t h Ch i n
e b t l th M l y t h A m n
e se , u a so n I n di n
e nd tha a s, e e ca a s, a o e r race s

wh ose hy i l h t i ti pp h th m ty p
s ca c a ra c e r s cs a ro a c e sa e e .

38 h h igh g
.
y e pl i n th t vr as s l g p t f E a t n R s i a co er a ar e ar o as e r u ss a
a nd C nt l nd S
e th n S ib i
ra a ou er er a .

39 A v t .
g i n n asth f
re Ch i n op p orth f S i b i on d w t a ro e r , so u o er a , a es

o f M n h i a w h i h i n w i n l d d i n t h Ch in
c ur a, c s m pi o nd h c u e e ese e re , a as

b n i nh b i t d f m ti m i m m m i l b y t h t y p i l M n g l i d p
ee a e ro e e or a e ca o o o eo

pl es I t m t h v b n t h m m n nt f m w h i h l l t h
. se e s o a e ee e co o ce er ro c a e

p pl f th T ni n
eo es o e F i nnu ra H n T ki M n h a nd C hi
r a ce — s, u s, ur ,
a c us a
n ese , a nd th i l t d t ib h v d i t d
e r re a e r es a e ra a e .

4 0 T h t m S yth
. e S yth i n w
er c ppli d b y th G k t l l th
or c a as a e e ree s o a e

p p eo l th t
es
p i d th u nk nown
a occu
g ie n now con t i tut ing t h R uss n
e re o s e Ia
 N OTE S 83

em
p i p
re i n u ro e and E l th
si a , a s we l a s A T t
ose o f i b t
e a nd wes e rn M o n
g k
oha , so fa r as now n t oth Th
em ose who were m e t wi th . th i n sou ern
t p fi t p b bl
R u ssi a (S a rm a i a ) rio r t o t he rst ce n u ry B C , were ro a y t he a n . .

g
ce stors or con e ners o f t he S l a v G th
s (R u ssi a ns) and o hl
s (Ge rm a n s ) , w i e
th h bt d
ose who i n a i e g
t he re i on arou n d I P t
t he m ans ( a m i r ) m ou n a i ns
h
see m t o h av fl
e bee n c i e y of t he F T k gl t k
i nni c a nd u r o-M on o s oc s T he .

ll
S acae (n 1 35 ) are u su a y confu se wi
. d th th
t he S cy p td
i a ns b u t re resen e ,

p t l p pl
on e a r icu a r eo pp tl
e, a x dI
are n y of m i e T
ra nic a nd g
u ra ni a n or i in ,

k d t dt
w ho a re the S a as a nd S hfikyas o f H i n u ra i ion , a nd the su ec s bj t
h
o f the S a m id aa, t he t
o u se to WhIch R u s a m be on e l gd .

t g
4 1 T he H un s, a M on ol i an ri be — t he H ion -n u of the
. Ch i nese a n
n a l ist s, t he H i fin-y o of t F e A t h h
i n ns, a nd t he H u nas o f the ves a w ic ,

at a v er
y l p
ear y e ri od t l hd p
e s ab i s e a l k gd
owe rfu i nth om so u of
t he Alt t h
a1 m ou n ai n s, w ence th p d ey s re a th
to the sou t a nd wes .

O ne of th l t l hd t l b
ei r co o n i e s e s a b is e g
i se f, e fore the be i n ni n g o f t he
Ch t t h
ri s i an e ra , o n t he w es ern s o re o f the C p h
a s i an se a , w e re i t re
d l t
m ai ne for se ve ra ce n u rie s Ab t ou A th b h
35 0 D . i s ra nc of t he H uns . .

d
a v d
ance A
to t he se a of zof, a nd i n 3 7 4 th ey th
ressed o n , ov er re w t he

k gd
in t g th E t G th
om of t he O s ro o s ( as o s) a n ll d V g th
com e e
p the i si o s

( W t G th j t b
e s o s ) us e yd th
o n e m k
t o m a e a pt
n i rr u t i o n i n o t h e R o m a n
p
e m i re W th i
. t t b th t th
t he a ssi s a nce of t he ri e s a j gtd
e y had su b u a e on
the w a y the H u n s m a e d th l
em se v t
es m as e rs of t he g t p t re a e r ar of
E pu ro e , ra vgda e E t
the p l d l
a s ern em i re , a i h
c ai m to W t
al f o f t he e s ern ,

a nd l d th
ai th d t t F ll
em b o u n er ri bu e d
i n a y u n er the l e a d ershi o f .
,

th k g Att l
eir in , i a , the so n of M u nd t au k h, th b t t G ey u rs i n o a u l an in .

g
45 1 av B g d
e the h gd t h h
u r u n i a ns a cru s i n e fe a , w i c l x
form s t he c i m a of
t
t he N i b e l u ngenl i ed (see 11 5 1 ) b u t we re soo n af e rwa r s . d d td efe a e b y the
g l
R om a n enera , E ti u s Th l t xpl t
e1 r as e d tt
oi wa s the
. ev th
a s a i on of nor
e rn It l ll
a y i n t he fo o wi ng y e h Att l E l d d
a r , w e re i a ( t ze ) i p pl
e ,
a n d h is e o e
p d
were dis erse a nd m i n e wi gl d th d g
the su rrou n in po u l a t ions Th ey .

p d g d b
ha d occu i e t he re i on arou n the D anu e now ca e H u n ary abou ll g t
l gt
t he ye ar 3 7 6, a nd for a on d th
im e m a e it t t
e i r cen ra l se a .

T k k
4 2 T he u r s nown t o t he Ch , t
i ne se hi s ori ans a s t he T u -ki u , were
a no th h
er b ranc g
of t he H ion -nu o r P t ro o -H uns Th d e y crosse the .

Th h t
i a n-S an m ou n ai ns in o t E t T k t as ern t
u r es a n abou h
1 7 7 B C , w e re . .

th b
ey bj t
e cam e su ec gl
t o the M on o i a n k gd in J
om of t he J u en u en
Av ) a rs .

Ab t A D 55 2 th y bt in d nt l f th
ou . . e o nt y n d
a e nq co d ro o e cou r a co u ere
th l n d f t h H it l
e a o Whi t H n t th w tw d h i ng th i
e a a s or e u s o e es ar ,
s ar e r
co nq t with th S ni n m p
u es e Kh a ssa I f P i b tw n
a e eror rosra u o e rs a , e ee
wh ose count y nd th i th O x
r a th n f m d th b nd y
e rs, e us e or e e ou ar .

T h i m i w ti ll g wing p i lly t th w tw d wh n it
e r e re as s ro ,
es ec a o e es ar ,
e
f ll b f
e t A b nq
e o re e f m th
ra co th w t 706 u erors M lti
ro e sou es u
t d f th m w th n d d i nt l v y nd d i t i t d th gh t
u es o e e re e re u ce o s a er a s r u e rou ou
t h M h mm d n w
e o a ld b t i n m ny
e a or g in d th pp h nd f
,
u a c ases a e e u er a o
th i m t
e r Th as e rs .v l T k i h dyn ti i n Egypt nd
u s a ro se se e ra t ur s as es a e as
e rn I fin rN t bl m n th l tt
. o a we a th t f th Gh n vid f
o e a er as a o e az a s, o
w hi h th S ltan M hm fi
c e u n f S b k t gi n w
a th m t i ll t i
so o a u a ,
as e os u s r ou s
re p nt tiv T h t ib f m whi h th Gh n vid w d nd d
rese a e . e r e, ro c e az a s ere e sce e ,

w as m ng t h fi t t
a o mb e w h l th M h m m d n f i th
rs o e race a s a o e e o a e a a .

Thi G h t ib whi h t d its d nt f m th f m o h o O ghu

s uzz r e, c race e sce ro e a us er z,
84 S O H R AB AN D R U S TUM
had th t h U ig ( t ib f m ly t ib t y t th T u k i
ua rre l ed wi e u rs a r e or er r u ar o e - u,
th t d n w t bl i h d n I nd p nd nt k ngd m t th i xp n )
a a o es a s e a e e e I o a e r e e se
a m ng w h m th y l iv d
o o nd m v d f m th f
e e t t th m th f
,
a re o e ro e a r e as o e ou o
th J x t
e a n t f f m t h k i n gd m f K h
ar es , o ar m (
ro e In th o o a rez see 1 1 . e
ly p t f th 1 1 th nt y nd t h l de h f th i king I i l
d th O x nd pl nip d th p vi n
ear ar o e ce ur ,
u er e ea rs o e r sra .

th e so n f S lj k th y o e u ,
e crosse f e us a u ere e ro ce s o
eas ert n h im nd fin lly pt d M v nd m d it th i pit l
,
a a ca u re er a a e e r ca a .

Th d n d nt
e f S lj k
esc e i d th i
a s o nq i ng e m th u gh tca rr e e r co u er ar s rou ou
a l g p ti n f w t n A i nd t bli h d f g t k ingd m
ar e or o o es e r s a a es a s e ou r re a o s
n m in ll y
o bj t t
a su mm n h d ec n o t H m d n in P
a co i n
o ea : o e a a a a ,
ers a . o e
a t K m n er n t D m
a ,
o nd
e a n t I ni m in A i
a M in
a sc u s, a Th y o e a co u s a or . e
o v e rr an Egypt ( 1 1 7 0) nd m i n t in d p t l w wi th th Ch i ti
a a a e e ua ar e r s an

k i ngd m f J o l m th f m
o eru sa e S l i n b i ng n ,
f th i
e ahi f ou s a a e o e o e r c e s,
th gh hi m lf f K d i h igin (
ou se o Th i dyn ti in I fin
ur s or see 11 . e r as es r
w e re o v th w n b f er th ro l f th 1 2th
e o re nt y n d
e c o se b t o e ce ur a a ou
1 25 5 65 t h S lj k
—
m pi
e i n A i M in
e u nd S y i
e f l l t pi
re s a or a r a e o ece s a s a
resu lt f th i nv i n f th M ng l (
o e as o o e o o s see 11 .

T h O tt m n e Thi d T k i h m i t k it n m f m O th m n
o a or r ur s e re a es s a e ro a

( 1 2 1 8 n f E T h sol n oS l y m n r-S h h o S l y m u n w,
so 0 u e a a . u e a as
th h e dit y hi f f
e re ar k i h t i b in
c e nt
o l A i ; nd w h n t h
a ur s r e ce ra s a a e e
M ng l i n v i n b g n i n t h
o o as o nd d e d f t h 1 3th nt y h nd
a e se co e ca e o e ce ur e a
hi s so n l d th i p e pl th gh t n P i nd A m ni nd lli d
e r eo e ro u e as er e rs a a r e a, a a e
th m lv w ith th S lj k l t fin f R um (A i M i ) wh i n t n
e se es e e u su o s a n or ,
o, re u r
for th i i t n
e r a ss s a g n t t h m dce a w h f aI m d t h sv n g de f a ra u e rs o or e e a u ar o
t h M ng l i nv i n g v th m i n fi f
e o o as o l ittl t it y n th f nti
, a e e e a e e rr or o e ro ers
o f th By nt in e m pi za f w h i h E T gh l b
e e m th m i
re , o nd c r- o u e ca e e e r, u er
th e au th i ty f th S lj k lt n
or o e e u su a .

T h M n g l d id n t
e o t in po s i n f th t o it i re ain A i M i o ssess o o e e rr or e s s a no r
a nd S y i nq
r a co d b y th m nd wh n th y h d withd w n l th n
u ere e ,
a e e a ra n o ess a
t nT
e k i h t t p ng p t f th in f th S lj k m pi
ur s s a es s ra u Th t
ou o e ru s o e e u e re . a
g v n d b y O m n w n f t h m ll t b t h nd hi
o er e s a as o e o e s a es ,
u e a s su cce sso rs
su ccee d d in g d ll y xt nding th i th ity v l l th t T h
e ra ua e e e r au or o er a e res . e
T ki h m i th f nd d g d ll y xt nd d i t l f v A i M i n
ur s e re us ou e ra ua e e e se o er s a or ,
Th n
ra ce , a M d ni (T k y in E p ) ; pt d C n t ntin pl
a ce o a ur e u ro e ca u re o s a o e,
a nd b ght n nd t th By nti n m pi
ro u a e o p e d i t lf f za e e re o sse sse se o
G ree ce (1 448 l w Sy nd Egypt o er th B b y rI att a e ar ar s a es

( 15 1 8 nd C y p a g in d f th ld i n I t ly
ru s nd a e a oo o a a
i nv d d H ng y ( 1 4 44
a e u nd A
ar t i (1 5 29 ,
b t b g n t a us r a ,
u e a o
l g nd ft th f m n v l b ttl f M p nt in 1 5 7 1
ose rou a er e a ou s a a a e o a o .

4 3 T h M ng l
. e i nh b i t n t
o f M ng li (
o s, o r Th H n
a a so o o a see 11 . e u s,
T k nd T t w
ur s a ff h t
a r a rs f thi p pl b t i t nl y
e re o s i t
oo s o s eo e, u o ro se n o
p m in n
ro wh l wh n i t w
e ce as a nit d nd
o e th th ity f J ngh i
e as u e u er e au or o e s
Kh n T h t i b t whi h h b l ng d th T t liv d in th 5 th nt y
a . e r e o c e e o e ,
e a- a, e e ce ur
o f ou r erain t h n th t n p t f th G bi d t b t m i g t d th
e or e a s er ar o e o e se r , u ra e so u
w d wi th th
ar i n th 9th nt y t
o e rs p th ty ny f th T ng
e ce ur o esc a e e ra n o e u us
K id fin A b t th t ti m
s . ou t n m n b y th n m
a f B d t
e a ce r a 1 i a e a e o u a n sa r , s
sa i d t h v m d h im lf i t hi f
o a e a Hi d
e nd n t g
se d lly xt nd d
sc e . s esce a s ra ua e e e
th i infl n nd p w ntil t th ighth g n ti n Y k i th
e r ue ce a o er u ,
a e e e e ra o ,
e su a ,
e
f th
a er of J nghi f nd h i m l f th
e s, l f n id bl t it y nd
ou se e ru e r o a co s era e e rr or a
ac k n wl dg d
o e i n b y m ny n ighb ing t i b
e a s su ze ra Wh n Y k i a e or r es . e e su a

d i d in 1 1 75 hi
e n nd h i w s so nl y t hi t n ya of g nd the
e r as o r ee ears a e
,
a
 N O ES T 85

su bj ect
t ib vol t d b t th h i f w l i k wid w Y l n t k th
r es re e ,
u e c e
’
s ar e o u u oo e
fi ld g in t th b l nd m p ll d m t f th m t k n wl d h
e a a s e re e s a co e e os o e o ac o e e er
so n
’
th ity H Sh w d hi m lf w thy f u h m th n ft
s au or . e o e se or o s c a o er, a a er
d fi nit ly nq ing th N im M ki t nd K i t (n 1 62) t i b w
e e co u er e a ou , ar a ara r es as
l m d k i ng f th M ng l
.

i n 1 206 p roc a I e o e o o s .

In v y h t t i m t h wh l
a er s f M ng l i
or k n wl dg d hi w y
e e o e o o o a ac o e e s s a ,

a nd h th n p e d d t th e nq rocee t f Chi n (1 21 5 ) nd f C nt l
e o e co u es o a a o e ra
A i ( 1 21 8
s a
4 4 T h M ng l Em pi
. e t t h h i ght f i t gl y
o o xt nd d v re , a e e o s or ,
e e e o er
S ib i l l Ch i n
er a , a ll w t n A i nd t h w h l
a, a f R ies er s a, a e o e o u ss a .

It dv n i n E p w nly h k d b y th b ttl f W hl t tt
s a a ce u ro e as o c ec e e a e o a s a
i n S i l i i n 1 24 1 I n 1 268 th M ng l wi ped
,

es a , . tf v th Abb id e o o s ou ore er e ass e

C l iph t f B gd d whi h f nt i h d t in d nly h d w
a a e o a a , c or ce u r es a re a e o a s a o
o f it f m s p w ith t m p l
or er o pi i t l
er , e er e ora or s r ua .

Wh n J nghi di d (in 1 227 ) h di vid d th mpi m ng th f m

e e s e e e e e re a o e a
il i f hi f
es o n s ving th im p i l di gm ty t t h l d t
ou r so s, re se r e er a o e o es su r
vi ving n O gh t i so Th , m pi n b o a m d int g t d
. e wi n g
e re soo ec a e IS e ra e , o
p im i ly t th di n i n betw n th f m i li f O gh t i nd J g t i
r ar o e sse s o s ee e a es o o a a a a a .

O n dy n ty f J ngh i d n d nt l d i n Chin (1 21 5 n th
'
e as o e s esce a s ru e a a o er
o v t h G l d n H d in K i p h k (
er e o e th n R i ) 1 242 1 480 nd
or e c a sou er u ss a ,
—
,
a
a ft w d th Kh n t
er ar f A t k h n ti ll 1 5 5 4 ;
s e a n the
a e o v th W h it s ra a a o r o er e e
H d i n E t n K i p h k ( thw t n S i b i ) nd n th (th
or e as e r c a so u es er er a ,
a a o er e
J g t i ) in nt l A i nti l 1 5 7 2 T h T ki h t t i n A i M in
a a a s ce ra s a, u . e ur s s a es s a or
a nd S y i b m i nd p nd nt th
r a eca p vin w l t i n im il
e e e e ,
o er ro ce s e re os a s ar

w y and , n a ft n th o t h M ng l d y n t i
e a er a f ll o nt i l b y th er l e o o as es e ,
u e c ose
o f t h i xt nth e s nt y h ee d ly v t i g ce f t h v ur t m p i f J arngh i a es e o e as e re o e s
re m in d a nl th M g l m p i
e , u ess f I di ( 47 ) e l d b ll d h
o u e re o n a 11 . cou e ca e su c .

It p w s h d p
o er d i nt th h nd f th T ki h nd Ch in
a a sse o m e a s o e ur s a e se e
pi f th
re s, o r o b n h f th M ng l t k h th K i gh i (
o er ra c es o e o o s oc ,
su c as e r z see
n t o es1 63 nd t h K l m k
,
a e a u s
45 T h w d T t . eT t h d it igin in th T t M ng l
or ar ar or a ar a s or e a— a o o s,
f m w h i h J ngh i Kh n p ng
ro c e Th mi s f th t g a t nq s ra . e ar es o a re a co u e ror
a nd hi v i t i s gn l w c or ou s xt n iv ly e i t d f m th p p l
er a s e re e e s e recru e ro e o u a
t i n f th gi n th gh whi h th y p d p i ll y th Ki gh i
o o e re o s ro u c e asse ,
es ec a e r z,

th U i g e nd th p pl wh h d h lp d him t m k p th n th
u rs , a o er eo es o a e e o a e u e or
A i t i T ki h m pi (f n d d in th fift h nt y d t y d b y th
s a c ur s e re ou e e ce ur ,
e s ro e e
Ar b in th v nth nd it l t f gm nt th K in nd Khi t n king
a s e se e ,
a s as ra e s, e a a
d m nnihil t d b y J nghi ) m f wh m in d him i n b d y
o s, a a e e s ,
so e o o
°

o e a o .

A s a re su lt th M ng l t p w n t M ng p p b t m ixt
e o o roo s ere o o o s ro er , u a u re
o f v i a r ou s
p l t h t eo t i n f
es, w h m w e l l y ll i d
re a e rt r o o o ere c ose a e o
th T k e b t in b l
ur s, nd i n o i t y Th th w d T t oo a m t s or . us e or a r ar ca e o
b ppli d t l l th t i b b l nging t th T k M ng l t k b t
e a e o a e r es e o o e ur o- o o s oc ,
u
n t o gni d b i ng i th T k
re co ze as M ng l i n t h p p
e e n er f ur s or o o s e ro er se se o
th w d e or .

It p i l ppl i ti n i t th m
s s ec a a l n m di t ib f Tu k
ca o s o e ore o r e ss o a c r es o r
i h ffi i t i
s a inh b it i g t h R
n es i n nd S ib i n t pp
a n nd t h gi n
e u ss a a er a s e es a e re o

( t
s re ct h i g f m t h C
n p i n rot t h G b i e d t n d
as f m L ka B l se a o e o e se r a ro a e a
k h t t h K n l n m nt i n ) h n
as o e ue - ll d T t y (T k tan
u ou a s ,
e ce c a e a r ar ur es , se e
11 . M ny f t h T t a h v l g dm i xtu f Finn S m oy d i
o e a r a rs a e a ar e a re o o- a e c
bl d ( oo nd
se e l 11
p
. i ll y th a f t h o th n
a so ,w ll d es ec a ose o e s u ,
o ca e
Tu k m n f A y n nd S m ti
r o a s, o r a a e 1 c .
86 S O H R AB AN D R U S TUM
46 . L ng T im fi i L n g (i
T imu i r- - Tim u th L m
e , or u pt d r- -
a . e .
,
r e a e , corr e
b y Eu p n i nt T m l n ) w
ro ea sth n f T o
g i th h d f th
a er a e , as e so o era a ,
e ea o e
B l e r as t ib nd g t g nd n f K h N v n th m ini t f
r e, a re a ra so o a rac ar e 1a ,
e s er o
J g t i th i d n f J nghi Kh n T im fi w b n in 1 333 nd ft
a a a ,
r so o e s a . r as or ,
a a er
h vi ng b n pp int d v n f T n xi n b y th J g t i Kh n f
a ee a o e o er or o ra so a a e a a a a o
K hg w p l i m k ing t B l k h in 1 369 H
as ar as roc a nq e dP i a a . e co u e re ers a
a nd n th n Indi i n 1 397 9 S y i i n 1 400 nd A i M in i n 1 402 d
or er a -
,
r a ,
a s a or ,
e
f ti n g t h O m nl i S lt n B j
ea e t I s t An y a in 1 40 4 n d m kin g hi m
u a a aze . a c ra a a
p n r1 so er .

H di d in 1 405 nd wh n hi m pi f ll t pi
e e ,
ahi d nd nt e s e re e o eces s esce a s
m i nt in d th i
a a v i gn e th i ty f e r m ti m so i n th tt f
e re au or or so e e e s a e o
K h k ndo F ghfin (
a or er a see 11 .

4 7 Ti m u . g nd n Z hi d d i n M h m m d m m nly ll d
r s
’
ra so ,
e r e - o a e ,
co o ca e
B b a B b
ur o r t h Ti g w a m i n nt b th
e r, m n f l tt
e nd
e r,
”
as e e o as a a o e e rs a
a w i nd
arr or a t t m n H m t th th n f F ghfin in 1 4 94
s a es a . e ca e o e ro e o er a ,

t e -co nq d th t t u e re pying th t i t y n w in l d d in t n
e s a es occu e e rr or o c u e e as e r
T urk tfin nd A fgh ni t fin
es nd fi n ll y p
a d hi m lf f n th n
a s ,
a a ossesse se o or er
Indi H t n f d hi pit l t D lhi nd in 1 5 25 6 xt nd d hi
a . e ra s e rre s ca a o e a - e e e s
sw y v th wh l
a o f I n di
er Th g e t m pi th t h f nd d
o e o a . e re a e re a e ou e
re ac h d th h i ght f it gl y nd Ak b (1 5 56 1 605 ) nd J h n ( 1 627
e e e o s or u er ar - a e a
nd fl a i h d ti ll 1 7 48 T h l t n min l
ou r s e f B b w . e as o a su cce ssor o a er as
d p d b y th B i ti h g v nm nt
e ose en tl y r 1 85 7 sThi w m
o er e a s rece as . s a s co
m nl y
o ll d th M gu l m pi
ca e nd i t h d th G t M g l th
e o e re , a s ea e re a o u ,
e
H i nd h ving th h bi t f lli ng l l inv d f m th n th M g l
us a e a o ca a a e rs ro e or o u s

(i . e M ng l ) j
.
, t th O i nt l g n lly p k f l l E p n
o o s ,
us as e r e a s e e ra s ea o a u ro ea s
as F nk ra s .

Alth gh B b ou f m ily w p n t lay f M

er sn g’
l i gi n iat h d as a a re o o o or a
b n ee l ng m ingl d with p pl f k i t k b th b y bl d nd
so o e eo es o ur s oc o oo a as
soc ai ti n th t h w o lly v n la M ng l th n hi g n d f th
e a s re a e e e ss a o o a s ra a er
Timu wh hi m lf i m m nly kn wn T m fi th T t
r
,
o se s co o o as 1 r e ar a r .

48 F x m pl th Cy l f F id fln nd Z h k th t f S éi té n
.
or e a e, e c e o er a o a ,
a o s

(t h e t i f S
s o r esfi m Z fil R t m o n d S h é b ); th t f S
, g n d ,
us a a o r a o e sa r a
i nd fin ; th t f S i iv h nd God id ; th t f K h fi nd
‘
M az er a o z as a e rz es a o osr a
A f a i fib th t f G ht é p
r s ,
nd th t
a f I f nd i fi
o Pi i (
us p s ,
a a o s e r . zz see .

wh m k o thi divi i n h w th t th m t i m p t nt y l th t Of
a es s s o , s o s a e os or a c c e, a
R t m m t h v b n i gi n lly f m l t d in pi it h til t th t
us a ,
us a e ee or a or u a e a s r os e o a
o f th Av t e es a .

49 C . i d L nndi P i 1 850 p 34 3
a u ser es a ,
ar s, ,
. .

5 0 O i n th . p t d th f t h p ti l l g nd g th d in
ss a ,
e re u e au or o e oe ca e e s a ere
th H i ghl nd
e f S tl nd b y J m M P h n whi h f ni h d th
a s o co a a es c erso . c ur s e e
b i f th P m f O i n p bli h d b y hi m in 1 7 62 T h
as s o e oe s o ss a
”
u s e . e se

p oem h v b n th s bj t f ni m t d nt v y m ng G li
a e ee e su ec o a a e co ro e rs a o ae c
sc h l f m th t d y t th i b t i t i n w p tty w ll t bli h d th t
o a rs ro a a o s, u s o re e es a s e a
th y w i n th i
e e re nt f m i gi n l wi th M P h
e r n th
re se ll d or or a c e rso ,
e so-c a e
or igi n l p b l i h a s b y hi m i n 1 81 8 b i ng
u s m p t h w k n i ti n g e a e re a c or ,
co s s
p tly f H i ghl nd f lk ng nd p tly f nn t iv m tt f hi wn
ar o a o -so s, a ar o co ec e a er o so .

B t th u lly n i nt m t i l wh i h w th b i f hi w k
e re a a c e a er a s c e re e as s o s or
w e re g n in nd O i n n f Fing l O i i n n f Fi nn i
e u e, a ss a l,
so o a or s a , so o ,
s a re a
a nd v y p mi n nt h
er t f C lt t y
ro e c a r a c er o e 1 c s or .

Th t i f th O i i ni
e s or e s o Fi nni n y l wh i h i n S tl nd
e s a c or a c c e, c co a
i
c rcu a el t d lm t x l iv ly i n l t di ti n b g n t pp i n th
a os e c us e ora ra o ,
e a o a e ar e
 N O ES T 87
'

w rit t en t l it I l nd b t th 1 2th nt y B f th t tim

e ra u re of re a a ou e ce ur e o re a e
th y 1 d f m d p t f th t b dy f t l t h k n w l dg f whi h
.

e 11 or e ar o a o o a es e o e e o c
w as a n im p t nt p t f th Fil id ht p ti nd p ph ti t
or a ar o e ac , or oe c a ro e c ar ,

wh i h w c g t n ti n l i n tit ti n f m ny nt i
as a re a a o a nd w s u o or a ce u r es , a as
cu ltiv t d b y g l ly g ni d ll g th t w n tg t
a e re u ar or a ze f th co e es a e re a ou r o e
f t ni ti
ra er f D i di b d
es o Oi i n w
ru n t c n l y th h
ar s .f wh l s a as o o e e ro o a o e
c y lc e f l g o n d b t
e t h e p t d th f m ny p m d ling with
,
u e re u e au or o a oe s ea
su bj t f i m i l h t
ec s o a s v l f w hi h
ar c ti ll xt t I n
a r ac e r , se e ra o c are s e an .

M Ph c ne rso O i n t h O i i ni
’
s ss a y l i m i n gl d e i t i i
s a d n v tc c c e s e ,
as s sa e er o
b i n th
e i nt C lti p m
e a nc e wi th th h e t c f th oe li h i
s, e c a rac e rs o e e ar er e ro c
c y lc e of C h l i n duc w h i h h u ab n p n ,
d n f th m t m
c as ee ro ou nce o e o e os co

p l t
e e p t i yoe l thc c t n y l n d h
c es p d d a a a as ro u ce .

5 1 T h N i b l ng n l i d
. e L y f t h N i b l ng i
e u e - e n pi
,
orp m a o e e u s, s a e c oe
wh i h c i t n w t nd w
,
as o w itt n i n th M i dd l H i gh G m
s a s, as l n r e e e er an a
g g i n th fi t p t f th thi t nth nt y T h g f whi h it
ua e e rs ar o e r ee ce ur . e sa as o c
is co mp d xi t d in th f m f p t po ti l pi d f nt i
ose e s e e or o se a ra e e ca e so es or ce u r es
b f th t ti m b t th y w b ght t g th i nt
e o re a e, u e m pl t e re ro u o e er o a co e e
v h l b y th M i nn i ng
o e e H in i h v O ft di ng n
es er n e fC b r c on a ca on o o
ynt
er e ,

e z .

W gn a t il gy f m i l d m T h R ing f th N ib l ng
er s
’
r o o u s ca ra a s, e o e e u en ,
w as b d p tly p t h N ib l ng li d b t h i fly p n th h
a se ar u on e e u e n- e ,
u c e u o e ere

so n g f th N s o E dd whi h g v th L w G m n S x n f m
e o rse a s, c a e e o er a o r a o or
o f th t y e s or .

Th h i f n f t h d v nt
e c e sce f t h N i b l ng n
e o e a p e u res o e e u e , or ossesso rs
f th N ib l g h d i t h B g n d i n k i gd m w h i h f m 4 1 3 t
’
o e e un s o ar s e ur u a n o ,
c ro o
xt nd d v t n d th n F th n It ly
,

53 4 A D . . e e e o er n
e a s er an so u er r a nce , or er a ,

th w t n n f S wi t l nd nd t h pp R hin wi th i t p it l
plat hi f h f th pi i S i gf i d (
e es er o ze r a ,
a e u er e, s ca a

a t W m or s . e c e e ro o 5 6) nd t h l
e e c s e r e see 11 . a e cu
m i n ti g a t t ph f t h t y w th d f t f t h B g ndi n b y
n c a a s ro e o e s or as e e ea o e ur u a s
Attil ( a see 11 .

5 2 M hab hé t
. a Th G t Bh t
ra a , i n f t h tw g
e re a t a r a a s,
”
s o e o e o re a
na t i l pi f In d i
on a e I t i t h l ng t p m i n t h w l d
cs o a . s t in e o es oe e or ,
co n a
i g n l
n o th n e ss pl t nd b i g th f
a cou b t ight ti m e s, a e n e re ore a ou e es
as l g th I li d nd O dy y m bin d It d t in i t p nt f m
ar e as e a a sse co e . a es s re se or
f m b
ro t th
a ou d nt y B C b t m h f i t w p b bly m
e seco n ce ur . .
, u uc o as ro a co
p d tl t v l t i
o se a ea s se li nd m b di d t di ti n l m t
era ce n u r es e a r e r, a e o e ra o a a e

i l
r a s o f nk w
u nd v y i g g
no n a ar n a e .

It l d i ng b t i t h g t w b t w n t h p i
s ea su
’

ec s e f th re a ar e ee e r nces o e
K a u ra v nd P é n v f m i li
a a b th f whi h w d nd d f m
a a a e s, o o c e re e sce e ro
Bh t wh b l ng d t th P
a ra a o e o v b eh f th L o e f a u ra a ra nc o e u n a r r a ce o
k i g Th y w
n s . e nt n d in g f th p
e re co i n f t h k i gd m w h
e or e osse ss o o e n o o se

ca pi t l w H ti n p (El ph nt Ci ty ) wh
a as as a ura i th e in a , ose ru ns a re e ru s
wh i h c ti ll t b
a re s n fi ft y v m i l n th
o e se e t f D lhi nd th -se en es or eas o e ,
u er e

s h d w f th H im l y
a o o e It i i f t th t G b i n
a a as . t s a cu r ou s ac a o e au r a ce s a

co n n ti n b tw n th vi t i
ec o e ee P nd v nd th p in ly f m i ly
e c o r ou s a a as a e r ce a

f m w hi h R
ro t m p ng ( n t
c us a s ra se e o e
5 3 T h R m fiy n
. e Adv nt
a f R ém
a i th
a , or nd f th t w
e u re s o a, s e seco o e o

g re a t p i e f I n d
cs o I t i i b d t t h
Ia p
. t V fi l m i k i
s a sc r d t h g t e o e oe ,
an e re a e r

p ti n f i t m y h v b n w i tt n b y hi m
or o o a a e ee r e .

I t nt in b t fi fty th
co a s a nd l i nou nd w p b bl y m p d o u sa e s, a as ro a co o se

f th m t p t b t th fi fth
or e os ar nt y
a B Cou i v i n g
e i t fi n l n ce ur . .
,
rece s a rec e
88 S O H R AB AN D R U S TU M
si on a t t he beginni ng of the t th gh v i thi d
dditi n nd r cen u ry , ou a r ou s a o s a
a lt ti n h v b n m d in th l tt d t wh i h h v p d d
e ra o s a e ee a e s ce e a er a e, c a e ro u ce
n mb f difl nt v i n f th p m it t t
'

a u er o e re (F ers o s o e oe . or s co n e n s see
54 T h Av t. e th d b k f th Z th t i n M d n
es a , e sacre oo o e a ra us r a or az ea
re li gi n n w o , p nt d h i fly b y th P i f B m b y i t t h
o re rese e c e e a rs s o o a ,
s o e
I n i n w h t t h V d i t t h H i nd
ra a s a e e a s o e us .

T h Av t e p nt th p im itiv li gi n f th Ind I ni n p
e s a re rese s e r e re o o e o - ra a eo

p l e , as g d l lra
y m d i
ua fi d m n g t h I n oi n t i b e n d afi ll y fo m d e ra a r e s, a na re or e
by th p e h t Z ro th t i n th ixth nt y B C
e a ra u s ra e s ce ur . .

M t th b k f th Av t w l t ft th f ll f t h ol d
os o e oo s o e es a e re os a er e a o e
P i n m pi nd th p nt ll ti n f th m i ing f gm nt
e rs a e re , a e re se co ec o o e re a n ra e s
w as b g n b y V lk h n f th l t f th P thi n k ing nd fi n
e u a as , o e o e as o e ar a s, a
i h d b y th S
s e ni n m n
e h S h p 1 1 (309
assa a o I t n i t f tw
a rc a ur co s s s o o
p t t h l g nd t h m ll Av t T h fi t t i n th V nd i
ar s , e ar er a e s a er es a . e rs co n a s e e
d d a , b dy f li gi l w nd
or o o re i t d t d i t i n l hi t i ; n d
ou s a s a assoc a e ra o a s or e s a
th V i p
e d nd Y
s e re n w hi h
a li t gi l ll ti n T h m ll
as a, c a re ur ca co ec o s . e s a er
Av t i m p d f h t p y f t h p i v t
es a s co ose o s or b th f t h ra e rs or e r a e u se o o e
p i t nd p pl t whi h
r es s a eo pp nd d v l f gm nt whi h h v
e, o c a re a e e se er a ra e s c a e
n plo i n th l g A v t
ace e ar e es a .

T h Av t e es a i mm ly ll d b y E p n th Z n d s co on ca e u ro ea s e e
Av t d th
es a , a n ng g i n w eh i h i ta w i tt
ua n ( ll i de t t h S n i t n c 1s r e a e o e a sc r o
th e o n h nd e d th O ld P
a ,
ani n f t h m n m nt e n th th ) th
e rs a o e o u e s o e o er e
Z d ; b t th i
en u f t h w d Z nd i b
s u se o d p n m i nd t n d i g
e or e s a se u o a su ers a n ,

for it m m m nt y
e a ns
“
nd
co f t eth ar t ti n in P hl vi
,
”
a re e rs o e a nno a o s a a

(25 ) wh i h cm p ny t h t xt i n m t f t h m n
a cco a eipt e os o e a u sc r s .

55 Th V d l( i t lly S i n ) ld d l it t f th ”
“
. e e a era c e ce or o sacre era u re o e
A y n H i d
r a i d iv n i d d i nt
us s v l p ti n e h f wh i h i ll do se e ra or o s, e ac o c s ca e a

V d Th y
e a . i d t b th
e a re sa f fiv ix i n n m b
o e ding
ree , our, e or s u e r , a cco r
t h w m ny f th m
o o a o t l e fw k i l d d
o re rece n c a sse s o or s a re nc u e .

T h th e ig i n l V d
re e or th R ig t h Y j a e d t h S fim
as a re e , e a u r, an e a .

T h R ig V d i t h
e e ld t nd i t h b i f th tw th
a s e o es ,
Th
a s e as s o e o o e rs . e
Y j a ur i i m ply ns s ng m n t f th hym
a a rr a w i th b t f w dd i ti
e e o e ns , u e a o ns ,
fo r use in fi s acrInd t h S i m V d n th
ceS , a n g m nt
e f th m
‘
t a e a a o er a rr a e e o e
for u se in th S m e m i o m nt l i t
a ce re M t f t h hy m n
o n e s o r s a c ra e a r es . os o e s
in th d nd th i d t k n f m th fi t
e seco n a r are a e ro e rs .

A f th V d i ou r lly e t d t h A th v V d
a s u su a w k f co u n e ,
e ar a e a, a or o
so m wh t l t
e a d t w h i h n t i n m ny b t i f l h y m n n t i n t h
a er a e, c co a s a e au u s o e
o th nd i
e rs a l li t gi l b k b i ng i nt nd d f th
s a so a ur ca f th oo ,
e e e or e u se o e
c hi f i fi i n g p i t
e s acr c r es .

Wh n fi fth V d i p k n f i t
e a e lly m n th T nt
a s s o e l o u su a ea s e a ras, a co
l ti n f t ti w itt hi fl y d in th p i d p nding t
,

ec o o re a ses r en c e ur e er o co rre s o o
th m i dd l
e g fE p e a d i nt nd
es o u ro m m y f t h wh l
e, an e e as a su ar o e o e
b d y f li gi
o o re nd i nt i fi l
o us ni n g f th
a H i nd p pl
sc e S m c ear o e u eo e . o e
ti m t h P t
es e b dy f m yth l gi l nd d v ti n l w k w it
‘
u re n a s , a o o o o ca a e o o a or s r

t n i n th
e ly p t f th Ch i ti n
e e ar ar wh i h f m t h h i f b i
o e r sf a er a , c or e c e as s o

m d n H i nd i m
o er ll d th Fifth V d in whi h
u s , ar e c a e th T nt e e a, c c a se e a ra s

are , b y th wh ose t h igh v l p n th m ll d th S ixth E h

o se a a ue u o e , ca e e . ac

o f th f e pt d V d
ou r acce n i t f t h M nt
e e ll t i n f hym n
a s co s s s o e a r a or co ec o o s,
th B fihm n
e r a m m nt ias p th m nd th U p ni h d
o r co e ar es u on e , a e a s a s, o r
m y ti l nd ph i l
s ca a ph i l t ti p f i ng t giv th t inn
oso ca re a se s ro e ss o e e ru e er
se n se nd hi gha i gn i fi n f th f
er s g i g Wh n E p n ca ce o e o re o n . e a u ro ea
go SO H R AB A N D R U S TU M
d ght f J n k k ing f V id h th n i nt ki ngd m f whi h th
au er o a a a, o e a. e a c e o o c e
ca pit l w M i thi l S i t fi w
a as i d a fl b y R fiv n
. th d m n k ing
a s ca rr e o
'

a a, e e o
o f C y l n wh e o t t h t ti m
. w o th ta f l l Indi
a R Am
e as n e e rro r o a a . a co
u e red R fiv n nd v d hi b i d wh h d b n t
a a, a rec o e re t him s r e, o a ee ru e o
t gh l l h ptivity
ou a er ca .

60 T h xi ting
. e e f inf m ti n n t h hi t y f I fin
s so u rces o or a o o e s or o r ar e
th f ll win g
e o o :

( ) T ha n i n t h i t
e a i n w h c e w t i n t h
s or aG k n d s L t i n lo n ro e e ree a a a
g g ua p i lly H d t Ct i
e s, e s ec a nd th A m ni n M
e ro o u s, f Ch e s as, a e r e a ose s o or
e n e S m
. tt i ng inf m ti n m y b gl n d f m th l
o e sca er or a o a e ea e ro o er c as
i l w it
s ce f
r In t n
e rs , as t h d m ti t E or hy ls a i t d i n n 1 05
ce e ra a s sc u s, c e .
,

b l w S m thing f p m n nt v l m y l b m tim wi nn w d
e o . o e o er a e a ue a a so e so e es o e
ou t f m th t p t n f th G
ro a k m yth whi h i f O i nt l igin
or 1 o o e ree s c s o r e a or ,

th gh n n f th fl t i n thi di ti n th f m d n b n i d
ou o e o e e
’
or s s rec o us ar a e ca e co s
e re d f l
su cce ss u .

Th e nt gi v n b y t h
a ccou l i hi t i n th gh v l bl
s e e c ass c f s or a s ou a ua e , a re ar
f m t u tw thy
ro r s th y or x dingly nfl i ting nd p nt f
, as e a re e cee co c ,
a re rese or
th m e t p t th os l t ti m ny f m ti m p j di d p n t k n
ar e ora es o o so e es re u ce erso s a e
b y m n t wh e m i nd t h i d
o ose nd g nd in ti t ti n f I fin
s e e as a u sa es a s u o s o r

w ere tt ly f i gn nd nf i ng nd wh w
u er ore a x di ngly li bl
co us , a o e re e cee a e
to m i nd t nd th m Thi h w v h b n th m t n t ntly
su e rs a e . s, o e er, as ee e os co s a
a nd f lly u i bl acce ss f i nf m ti n nd E
e so urce o p n hi t i n w or a o ,
a u ro ea s or a s ere
i n t h h bi t e nt i l v y
a n tl y
,
u f d p nd i ng x l i v l y p n i t
er rece ,
o e e e c us e u o .

b
( ) T h A v t ( e w h i
es a h p see n t th 11 .l i t d cf re rese s e e ar es recor s o
E t n I an ; it n w t nd i t i nly f gm nt nd i t hi t i l
as er r as o s a s s o a ra e . a s s or c a
f
re ere n m v
ce s m ly in i d nt l T h Av t i p vi n i l
oreo e r a re e re c e a . e es a s ro c a
ra th th n n ti n l in it h t ; wi th thi p vi i t i d btl
er a a o a s c a ra c e r s ro so s ou e ss
e m i n ntl y t u tw t hy
e v f th i nt m i ngl i ng f m ythi l l m n t
r s or , sa e or e er o ca e e e s
i n hi t n l f m ; b t th
s o ca i li ttl
or g m nt t j t h w m h
u ere s e a ree e as o us o uc
a ll w n i t b m d n thi l tt
o a ce s o e a e o s a e r score .

( )
c T h P hl v i (n e25 ) b k a w hai h w h i l . p n ti n g oo t h t s, di ti n c , e re rese e ra o s

cu rre nt i n P i in th S ni n p
e rs a i d m b dy l g e a ssa m nt f a er o ,
e o a ar e a ou o
d t d iv d f m th l t b k f th Av t Th w k
a a er e ro e os oo s o e es a . ese or s are
i m i ly f li gi nd n t n h i t i l h t nd th vi w f a ra c er e e o
pi t y whi h th y nt i n i w p d b y n lm t x l i v d p nd n
r ar o a re ou s a o a s o r ca c . a
s or c e co a s ar e a a os e c us e e e e ce
u n t h Av t n y l
o f t di ti n nd n q nt gg ndi m nt a co se ue ra ze e
pth m n nd v nt with whi h th l tt
e es a c c e o ra o ,
a a
o e e a e e s n n it lf c e a e r co ce r s se

(d ) C t in n i f m in
er a i pti n i n th l d P
cu e or i n nd A y i n l n
sc r o s e o e rs a a ss r a a
g g ua f nd i n A y i
e s a re nd
ou t P p l i B hi t n nd l wh
ss r a, a a e rse o s, e s u a e se e re
in P i T h y h i fl y m n t f m Cy
e rs a . e c e n d hi e nt m p
a a e i ro ru s a s co e ora r es ,
a nd D i Hy t p ar us nd hi i m m di t
s as es a Th s th e a e su cce ss ors . e se a re e
m t x t nd t
os e ac tw thy f l l th
a ru s b t th y
or v
o nl y
a e sou rce s, u e co er o a

s h t p iod w w itt n i n n A y i n nvi nm nt nd d l lm t

or er ,
e re r e a ss r a e ro e ,
a ea a os
e x l v l y w ith th
c u s1 e hi v m nt f th p m m n h th m e ac e e e s o e su re e o a rc s e
se lv es .

( ) Te h S h h N A em p n
a t i n g t n th n
a , ret y m p i
re se l ti n f m a e ce ur co a o ro

a l l t h w i tt n nd
e r l e th n v i l bl in E t n I fin It i th
a ora sou rces e a a a e as e r r . s e
o ld t P i n w k f p f d ly hi t i l h t n w k n wn t
es ers a or o a ro esse s or ca c a ra c er o o o
b e ext nt I t a th Av t n
. t y n d n t i n i t d w n t th
u se s e es a s or a co u es o o e
m d n p i d ; b t it m k
o er er o l g u f l i hi t i l m pil ti n
a es ar e u se o e ar er s or ca co a o s
a nd local ch onicl incl ud ing th
r
y l
es, c h i ves o f th S ass n i d e ( see
e ro a ar e a
 N OT E S 91

n .1 20, 11 pt
and re resen s t o u s m a ny sou rces w ic h h g a re no l on er at
ou r d p li s osa . t l gth t
O n accou n of e n h p t
of i m e whi c se ara es i t from t he
e arl i erp d e ri o s of I h t
ra ni a n ht h
i s ory a nd t he e e ro e neou s c a r act e r of i ts
t l h t
m a e ri a s i ts is orica l rspecti v t t e m us g tlof e n lt
re a y a t fa u a nd
th x gg t
,

ere m ay al so b e a n u n u e e a e ra i on of t he i m rt a nce o f t he S is
t a nese k gdin h
om a n d i t s t t t
e ro R u s am o n a ccou n of t th t d e fac a Fi r a u si
t d l
w ro e i n Z a b u l i stfin (G hazna ) and m a e u se of the fa m i y recor s of the d
t
S am i des (no es 1 3 4,
(f ) T h h t
e i s o r i an s h t
a n d il p t
s o r i c a lt d t
oe s of a l th
a er a e (twe f to
ght th t
ei ee n tt
ce n u ri es of ou r e r a ) w ri e n i n t he ne w P A b
e rsi a n a n d r a ic
l g g l d g
a n u a es , i nc u in l t l p
i nnu m e ra b e N é m as or hi s o ri ca e ics , and m any
l l h l
oc a c ro nic es of u n nownk d t p
a e , t het pt
resen m a nu scri h h s of w i c a re
t t d b k th t t b
m od ern a nd ca nno b e race ac wi d
ce r a i n y t e yo n t he im e o f
F d i r au si . t g
T he wri i n s of th l l d
i s c ass, co m m o n y re fe rre to i n th ese
t
no es as
“
Ch
the l
r oni c e rsp ”
t h t
re re sen w a t
re m a i ns of t he non-A v es a n
sou rce s of t he S a hh th
N fim a , b u t w i the d
ro a i i ies o f e rr o r i ncrea se

l p t
b y the a se of ce n u r ies and the o b ld p b bt l t l tt pt h t
a n( un cri i ca a em s c a rac e r
h d th h
i st ic of M o a m m e a n a u ors everyw e re , to co nnec t he oc a t l l h t i s ory
with t
t he n a rr a i ves a nd ge ne a l ogIe s o f the O l d T t t es a m e n a nd t he
t lt dt
n a io n a ra i i o ns o f the A b ra s . l l h l p ll
T he oc a c ronic e s are e s ec i a y
l bl h th dd d
va u a e, oweve r , as e y were recor e u n er the ro ec ion of t he p t t
p k
owe rful D e h a ns or no bl t t k
es o f the a nci en s oc (t h e s u cc e ss o rs o f t he
p t l l k g
ri m i i v e oca i n s and t he P a hl av pl d as or P th
a a i ns of t he ar ia n
ri od ) who p d
re se r v e th
t he M azd a y a sni an fai tt d t
a n d t he a nci e n ra i ions
t
ong a f e r the m ass o f the pp l h d
o u ati on ha d bee n M o a mm e a nize d a nd
t
S em i ized .

P b bl l
ro a y o n y ll p p t
a sm a r o o r i o x t g k th g
n o f t h e e i s i n w o r s of i s rou
h av t d d
e y et been s u i e E p h l
b y a ny u ro e a n sc o ar , and th p t ei r osi iv e an
l t
re a i v l
e v a u e ha s n ot y e t b l tl g t t td
ee n c a refu l y a n d i n e l i en l y es i m a e .

x pl
A s e a m e s of th h hh b
ose w i c av e d t d
ee n m a e u se of m a y b e m en i one
ll
t he fo ow i n : g
A ll h h d
T he H i story of T a ber i std n , b y bd u a M o a m m e , son of H assan ,
l l h l
son o f I sfendiér , a oc a c ro n ic e o f M azi nd erfin (n 91 ) a nd Elb
. u rz (see
11 . tt
wri en i n t he th t t t p t l l l d
i r ee n hce n u ry a nd a r icu ar y va ue b y Gob
d bl
i nea u (see u n e r h e ow ) It . b d P hl
wa s a se , he in fo rm s u s on : (i ) a a vi
,

d t lb
ocu m en s i n the i ra ry of the k g i n s of T ab e ri stfin ; (i i ) a S y nd hi a n
m anu scri pt t l t d t
rans a e b l t
i n o A ra ic i n 694 on y se ve n y-t wo ye a rs a f e r
, t
h d q t
t he M o a m m e a n co n u es ; (iii ) the A d p l ll t
ven N Am a , a s eci a co ec i on
t dt
o f t he r a i i o ns of M a zi n d e rfin ; a nd (i v k) t he w o r s o f I b n e l M o z
'

afl a,
“
t t P h t g t
one o f the m os a nci e n o f e rsi a n i s ori a ns, and the fra m en s of w ose h
t g h t bl l
wri i n s a ve a n i nes im a e va u e .
”

l lh t
T he H ey a cl -M ol nh, a oc a t
i s ory of S ei s an .

T he T a r i kh e-Fa rs or
-
Ch
.
“
l F
ron ic e o f a rs
.
”

b d p
T he Chr oni cle of H a m za I sfa ha ny , ase u on t he o es n a rra i v
-
ld t t es
o f I b n e l M aze fl a a nd the
'

Kh d o ai N a m a .

h
T e R onzet E ssef a
-
T . k l t d t g
hi s li e the as -nam e i s s ron l y bi ase d b y
t Bb l t dt
S em i ic i l ica ) ra i i on .

T he ehr cl M esah, or S e a of Ge ne a o i es
- - “
l g .
”

T he D esa ti r , a nd t he D a bi stdn al M ezaheb, w ic h h g d

is l ar el y b ase
p
u on it b th t gl fl
o s ron y i n d u e nce d b y H i d t
n u and B u d his ic cosm o o nic
g
conce nons
p .
92 S O H R AB AN D R US TUM
T he K ush N ama . ra er a rom a nce an a i s ory , th th h t a nd a bou n di n g
in t t g
s ar l i n a nac ronism s, b u t tk h
l
a e n se ri o u s y b y the C nt d G b i ou e o
n ea u .

(g ) S m i d l i ght m y b
o e s xp t d f m th l it t
e- s nd t a di e e ec e ro e e ra u re a ra
ti n f th v i A i ti p l i n l di ng th w Finn S m y d
i fl
-
o so e a r ou s s a c eo es , c u e e s, o a o e es,
T k M ng l C hin
ur o- o n H ind
o s, y t h l t n m d; b t
e se , a u s, es a e as -
a e u
a lm t n th ng f
os o i h t h
1 o f b n d n i n th w y
a ser ou s c ara c e r as us ar ee o e e a
o f ll ting i l l t ti v d t f m th
co ec u s ra nd th i e t k im t a a ro ese sou rces , a s as ca o
b e nt ed p n nti l th f l l nd m d finit d t f m th
e re u o u e u er a ore e e a a ro o er
so u rces h v b n l l t d nd h m ni d
a e ee co a e a ar o ze .

(h) M d n hi t i n O i nt al nd O id nt l wh h v nd v d
o er s or a s, r e a cc e a ,
o a e e ea o re
to reco n i l th nfli ti n in f m ti n e co m n ti ng f m th v i e ese ar o u s
c
g e c or a o a a ro
T h 1\ k i h h t i n Y k t th P i n M i k h nd t h
'
sources . e Ir s 1 s or a a u ,
e e rs a r o ,
e
F n hm n G bin
re c nd t h En l i hm n S i
a o J hn M l lm m y b
ea u a e s a r o a co , a e
m nti
e d th wh h v m
o ne as a u l g ors f Fi d i nd
o th
a e a e ar e u se o r au s a o er

O i nt l
r e th i ti a au or es .

T t h C n t d G bi n
o e wh w t hi h i t y
ou e n P
o i n eau , il o ro e s s or o e rs a so ,

b l n g th
e o d i t f th m t i
s e cre t t m t th or f m d i n th i
e os se r ou s a e us ar a e s
di ti n ; b t v n hi w k i f f m ti t y nd i
rec o u e e s tor f d t s ar ro sa s a c or ,
a s ou o a e

i n vi w f th m e o nt h l gi l d i v
e ore rec e d t h v in g f a rc eo o ca sco e ri e s a n e ee r o
th thn l gi t b k t th l d th y f th Eu p n i gi n f t h
if y n
e e o o s s ac o e o e or o e ro ea or o e
r a s .

61 K i m . pp i n th Av t
a u ers a G y M t n th fi t k i g
e ars e es a a s a a e re a ,
e rs n
O f th A y n n ti n
e r I th l t
a P hl vi b k h i ll d G y
a o s . n e a er a a oo s e s ca e a o
m th ar H w . ll d G h h k ing f th m nt i n
e as ca e a rs t a , or o e ou a ,
o n a cc ou n
o f th pl ewh h l d whi h w p b bly n th P m i pl nd
ace ere e ru e ,
c as ro a o e a r u a s,
Wh l ng g l m t i d nti l wi th th t f t h Av t th
e re a a ua e a os ell d ca a o e es a , e so - c a e
Z nd i p k n in W kh nd n ighb ing vi ll g
e — s S o e ar a a e or a es .

62 F m d v . hini ng n
ro g d
e T h
a, a I d As y n i g i n ll y
‘

o e, a o . e n o- r a s or a
h d tw w d f
a o g d d v or n d n s O w
or i g t t h on ,i t e a a
y f as ra . n o e ec ess o a
d i tin ti n b tw n th g d p w
s c o e nd t hee vi l t h w d n e oo m ng o e rs a e e e or as ra a o
t h H i nd
e nd t h w d d w am ng t h I ni n
us a e m in
or e f o e ra a s ca e co u rse o
tim t b pp p i t d t
e o e al f vi l b ing
ro r a e B t i n n i th o a c ass o e e s . u e e r c a se
w ere th y l k d p n wh lly nd i m edi bly vi l nd b th t m
e oo e u o as o a rre a e ,
a o er s
w e re ppl i d t fi a nd p w f l n n A y n t i b
e o e rce aw ll t o er u o - r a r es as e as o
wi k d pi i t
c e s r s .

63 S v l f t h P. e i n hi t i n
e ra o n id S iam k t h v b n
e e rs a s or a s co s er a o a e ee
th fK i m
e su cce sso r o nd m h v v n m d hi m hi g nd n
a u e rs, a so e a e e e a e s ra so ,

in ting b tw n th m th n m f Pi h i H d n t m t b
se r e ee e e a e o s . e oe s o se e o e
m n t i n d in t h p
e o e nt t xt f t h Av t e Th l rese l t d iti n f e o e es a . e oc a ra o s o
M t D m v nd n t hi m h vi ng b t th h d f th fi t ee n a
. e
p a e re rese as a e ea o e rs
I ni n l ny t h ttl d in t h m d n Elb
ra a co o c se e e o er u rz .

64 H h ng i ll d i n th Av t H hy ng H w th
. us a s ca e e es a a os a a . e as e
f nd
ou f th Per dh t o P hd é d i n d yn ty
e a ra H nq
a a d th
or es a as . e co u e re e
D ve f M fi n (M
as o i nd fin ) zad V n a nd i i d t h v l iv d n
az er an a re a,a s sa o a e e o
H b iti
a ra - e re za M t Elb S m f th P
or i n h i t i n in
. t th
u rz . o e o e e rs a s or a s se r e

n ma f n th
e o k i g b tw n S iam k nd H h ng
a o er n e ee a a us a .

65 T h m . i ll d T khm U p in t h Av t wh i h p
a u e rs s ca e a a- ru a e es a , c re re

se nt hi m s t h b th i n t d f t h f th
as e f J m hi d
ro er S m f th
s ea o e a er o e s . o e o e
Ch ni l i n t th
ro c e rs f u ddi ti n l gn b tw n tho of
ser ree or o r a o a re 1 s e ee se

H h ng nd J m hid
us a a e s .
 N OTE S 93

66 .
J th t
em shid , i
a h h
s Y i m a K shfié t a , S a Y i m a or Y am a the
” “

K g in . H e w a s the so n of V i v d
a ngha t , w ho i s ca ll eVd i n the e as
V i va sva t A d g
. cco r i n A t
t o the b g
ves a Jem shi d ca m e t o a n end b y e i n
d h
sa wn asu n e r b y hi s b rot e r S it u ra , who ha d
p h d lle a e d t h e re b e io n
g t
a a ins hi m a nd be ra ye t d him t o Z ohfik .t t d
H is n a m e som e i m es s a n s,
b th
o Vd A t d P t t
i n t he e a , t he ves a a nd t he m o e rn ersi a n l i era u re , for the
h l l k g pp d h
w o e race of e ar y i n s who are su ose t o a ve ru e i n I rfin ri or ld p
fi t t
t o t he rs S e m i ic co n u es tq .

67 Z ohfik i s t he A z1 -D ahé k a o r D ahfik o f the v

. A t h h e s a , w ic re pre
t
se n s hi m as t he k g B Bb l h
i n o f awri o r a y on , w e re he l i v d Pl e i n the a ace
t k
o f t he S o r , a n d o pp dre sse q t
a ll t he sev en th
u a r e rs o f t he e ar H e is
.

p l
rob a b y a p fi t
erso n i ca i on of t he A t p
ssy ri a n o r S em i i c ower In i ts
l th l g l d g fid t
.

e ar i e r m y o o ic a u se the wor si ni e d the s orm -hen , who i n a

t l k gd
m a eri a se nse w ars on t he in om of l i ght .

68 . F d e ri un i s t he T hraet a ona o f t he A t h
ves a H e was the ei r o f
.

the v l t
a ian l h
A thwy a c a n ric i n ca . ttl h h l d V e , w ic ive i n aren a , o n t h
lp
s o e of Elb u rz . Ch
T he l T
ro nic e o f g -
t
a be ri stfin iv es a l is o f te n
l d Elb
A b ti y a ns (A thwy as ) , or s of d dd
u rz who we re
,
e scen e from J em shi d
a nd ru e ld as v l d
ass a s of M e i a a nd A Zh k ssy ri a ( o a ) th Fe rid fi n s fa e r
.
’

and p d dhp
re ecessor i n t he l or s i s w a s c a e ll d T A thwy a P u r- ora , a nd his
th
m o er w a s Fe ra re ng , the d ght au k g
e r o f T y hfi r, in of B isi l a , o n
t h
t he we s e rn s o res of the C p l l
as i a n . th M a co m , wil blt som e
p a u si i i y ,
d tfi F d
i en i e s e ri un wi th t
t he A rb ace s o f H e rod o u s a nd Ctes1 a s, a nd t he
h d
V erb oce s a nd R o a nu s of M oses o f C ho re ne (7 48 It p bl i s ossi e
th t l g g
a the o n bd
re i n a scri e F d th
to him b y i r a u si cov b
e rs ose of a n u m e r
b h
o f o sc u re su cce ssors w ose n a m e s h t g tt
av e been al m os for o e n (see
11 7 8
.

p d
T he a ron of K Ava , u n e r the n a m e o f t he K é v
'
i ni
a
”
w as,

th ence fo r th t t d d
t he n a i on al s a n a r d o f I rfin b q t
own t o t he A ra
. con u e s
h pt d
i n 65 2, w e n i t wa s ca u re b y t he C l h a id pp d O m a r a nd isa e a re
l b p
.

T he fa m i y o f K fiva eca m e v e ry owe r 11 1 a nd i m ort a nt a s t he

h t l
e red i a ry ru e rs o f G a ren a o r V p p lt
a ren a , a th
ri nc i a i y i rect l y so u of
pt
t he a ri m ony of Fer id fin i n Elb u rz . d t l
M t D em a v
. en l dd i se f w as i nc u e
in th d e ir h
om a i n , a nd bra nc es o f th h g d l xt d d
eir ou se ra u a l y e en e ov er a
d l
co nsi era b e th
rt i o n o f nor d t P th
ern M e i a a n d we s e rn ar ia.

7 0 A cco r ing t o t he
. A t F d
ves a the wive s of e ri un were E renavfich
a nd S av a n gha v fich, t he d a u ghte rs ( i e d d t. .e sce n a n s ) of Y i m a a nd t he
tb t l ld h d p
.

m os e a u i fu w o m e n o f t he wo r ,
w om he re scu e from t he owe r o f
Z ohfik fi tb
T he rs
.
“

.dT
o re him A i ry i (I rij ) a nd t he seco n u ra a nd S ai r im a

( S el m ) S
. o m eP e r s i a t
n w l th
ri e rs c a i m th a t t h e
. l tt
m o e r o f t h e a e r t w o
w as a a ud ght e r o f Z ohfik .

7 1 T he n a m e R um i s a
. pp d l ie t g l
b y t he O rie n al s i n a ener a w a y t o
t l d
a l l wes ern a n s — p l A
es eci a l y S y ri a , dj g
si a M i n o r a nd t he a
,
o in i n p o r
t io ns of E p u ro e a nd A fri ca .
0

72 . Kh av d tfi d
e r i s i en i e
'

b th th
b y G o ine a u w i d so u e rn M e i a .

7 3 T he nam e of T fi r i s
. prha ps afi t h t
e rso n i ca i on o f t he os il e race s
h hh
w ic av t tl t
e cons a n y rou l e d t he n o r th t d
e rn a nd e as ern bor ers of I rfin

from a very re m o e eri o t p d It p b l

. t b
m ore ro a b y re fers t o a m an o r a ri e
of I d I
n o- ra ni an ori i n g th t t bl h d l l g
a es a is e a d p
oose y or ani ze e m i re ,
p resu m a bl b t
y a o u t
t h e i m e do f P e ri g a n ,a m o n t he m d
o r e or l ess n om a ic
eo
p p l t l
e s of ce n ra A si a .h S o m e avd th
e su
pp o se th
at the earli er o f ese
94 SOH R AB AN D R U S TUM
A i t i S yth w
s a c c f t h A y n t k nd p h p th p g ni t
s ere o e r a f s oc a er a s e ro e ors o
th e G m n ernd th L tt S l v (R
a s a i n Li th ni n
e e o- i n th ia s u ss a s, ua a s, s
c ase th y w u ld h v b n l ly l l i d in bl d t th I ni n ; b t
e o a e ee c ose a e oo o e ra a s u
thi pini n l wh t v pl ibil ity i t m y h v h d wh n th th y
s O o oses a e er aus a a e a e e eo r
o f th A i ti
e igi n f t h A y n i
s a c or b nd n d It i t i n h w v
o e r a s s a a o e . s cer a ,
o e e r,
th t M ng l d l m nt ( i gi n ll y Ch di Fi nn S m y di ) w
a a o o oI e e e or a u c or o- a o e c as
ne v l k i ng m ng th m nd th t i n l t ti m
er ac a o it g
e tly p d m i
,
a a a er es rea re o
n t d (
a e n t see o e
74 S p 14 nd n 30
. ee . a . .

7 5 Ch i n . th t i t h gi n a, a th m s, n t i n t th
e re tw d
o a c ross e ou a s o e ea s ar ,

p i lly Chin T k tan nd th Ti b t n t bl l nd

e s ec a ese ur es a e e a a e a s .

76 S p 14
. ee . .

77 A .ding t th Ch ni l f T b i tAn th h b nd f I n ] w
cco r o e ro c e o a er s e us a o as
so n f K y nw
o h S h d k n b th
a es or f F i d un a e a ,
ro er o er .

7 8 M i n hi i n t m n ti n d b y n m i n th Av t
. oc r s o e b t i fo e a e e es a , u s re

q ntly f d t in th P hl vi w k A di ng t m f th
ue re e rre o e a a or s
. cco r o so e o e

Ch n l ro h w1 c e rs th n f I ij h i m
e as lf In th P hl vi b
e so o k it i r se . e a a oo s s
sa i d th t l l t h m b d
a a pi te d nd nt f M ino hi T h
o e s or r e s s a re esce a s o c r . e
Ch ni l f F p t M ino hi t th 1 1 th g n ti n f m F id un
ro c e o a rs u s c r a e e e ra o ro er .

I t i i t p b bl th t th i nd m f th th
s u e ro a e a i gn f bn m l
s a so e o e o er re s o a or a
l ngt in l d t h
e c u f ob e p d ose o w ho
scu re n m re ece sso rs o r su ccesso rs se a es
h v b n f g tt n M in hi i l ib l y i d ntifi d b y S i J h n M l
a e ee or o e . oc r s au s e e r o a
co lm wi th th M nd c (730 7 1 5 ) Ct i nd M
e a a u es f Ch —n ; th 0 e s as a ose s o ore e o e rs
h v pp d him t b t h Cy x
a e su ose fH o d t whi h i n b d
e e a a re s o ero o u s, c s a a su r
a n h m m
ac roH i s i d b y th Ch n i l
. e s t sah v t n f d th e ro c e rs o a e ra s e rre e
ca pit l f m T m i h i n th m nt i n f M ind fin t R gh i n
a ro e s a e ou a s o az er o a a
M di e a .

79 T h . l t i n f t h h i t y f S fim nd hi f m i ly ( ll d t h
e re a o o e s or o a s a ca e e
S dm S m id
as o r f m n a li p in f th m n m ) t th t f
ae , ro a e ar er r ce o e sa e a e o a o
th i n m in l
e r o i n t h I ni n m p
a su ze ra i v y n
s, e t i n Ch n
ra a e erors, s er u ce r a . ro

o ol gi l n id ti n m k i t t i n th t Fi d i h
ca co s e ra o s a d i n hi
e ce r a a r au s a s e rre s
m th d f dj t i ng th tw
e o o a us t f d m nt f m w h i h h h i flye o se s o ocu e s ro c e c e
d iv d hi m t i l H w p h m i l d b y p t d n er
f tp S i t n
er e s a er a s . e as a s s e a re ea e recu rre ce
o f th m n m
e sa i n th l i n g
e a es p in Zé l
e ea nde o e s a ese r ces : ,
a

R t m m t h v b n n m f mm n
us u se e o a e ee n i n th t f m i ly
a es o co o occu rre ce a a ,

an d it i m th n p b bl th t Fi d i nd v y l ik ly m f th
s o re a ro a e a r au s ,
a er e so e o e
au th it i n wh i h h d p nd w th d iv d i nt f ing t g th
or es o c e e e s, e re us ece e o us o e er
t h hi t
e y f v
s or l d i
o ff n t p
se n f
e ra i m il pp ll ti n P b
e re e rso s o s ar a e a o s . ro a
b l y t h S am wh w e t h g nd f th o f thas t R e t m l iv d t
ra a er o e ea us a e a a
l t p i d th n th t
a er er o i b d t hi m i n th S
a a h N fim
ascr In
e d t o e a a . or er o
ex p l n th
aI d d i n t
e reco r f S i t en k i n g ll d S
e rcou rse o é m Z fil n d s a ese s ca e ,
a

R tmt
us a m ny o so i v h h d i ng
a p i d vn
su ccess d in g
e s a s ur a er o ,
e e a cco r

t th m
o e t n v tiv nd i ti l tim t f 250 y
os co se r a e a h h b n
cr ca es a e, o e ars, e as ee
o bl ig d t e ib t th m n i m p
o a scr e ibl l n gth f l f
o e Th i d n t
a oss e e o I e . s oes o
im pl y ny f nd m nt l n l i b i l ity i n th P
a u a e i n t d i ti n b t i m pl y
a u re a e ers a ra o s, u s
a f l t nd d f h i t i l it i i m ppl i d t t h
a se s a ar o s o r ca n ili ti n f
cr c s a e o e re co c a o o
i nd p nd nt nd m
e e e al n fl i t i ng d m nt
o re o r e ss co c oc u e s .

80 T h w d P hl i v
. e P hl v n wh i h i n t ntl y ppli d t
or e a or a a a ,
c s co s a a e o
th I e ni n h
ra i n th S h h N Em
a e roe s nd i n th d y e f t h P th i n
a a, a e a s o e ar a
e m pi h d
re m t b t h t h ni l p p l l t i n f t h m t i m
a co e o e e ec t nt ca a e a o o e os r a

cl ass O f I ni n nobl ra i
p a i ly
q v l nt
e s, b t h i n f m
s n m
re c se n e ui a e o or a ea .
 N OTE S 95

tt p
i ng to t he i l e of al a i n , a dpp d E p h t
l ie in u ro e an i s ory and rom an ce to
h
t he e roes of t he co u r of t
Ch l g It
a r e m a ne . k bl ph
i s a re m ar a e enom
e no n th t a t he v d h ld
e ry sa m e wor s ou h d l p t d p pl
i n su c wi e y se a r a e eo es
h av e rece i v dpe l h ghl p l d
re ci se y the sam e i y s e ci a i z e si g ni fi ca ti on (see n 22
t ll d l
.

81 Z ab u l ist fin, som e i m e s ca e

. Z a vu l i st fin, i s the and o f whi c
d t tt
S ei stfin w a s t he o m i n an s a e , o r m ore e s eci a y , p ll th t p g a occu y i n t he
u pp p t
er or i on of t he b l d
asi n of t he H e m an ( se It
e . 11 see m s to
h av e at t xt d d t d t
i m e s e e n e ea s w ar i n o the P a nj é b , an d w as ou d btl ess
t he S fik a l ad w i pa o f t he M ahfib hfirat a (se e n . b T he a si n o f t he H el
d d
m a n w as c all e i n t he A t b ght gl
ves a t he ri
“
,
ori ou s H a é tu m an t , t he
l th
e ev en o f t he g d l d oo d
an s m a e b y M az ad p d occu i e b y t he
I t gl t h
,

ra n i a n s] , t he se a o f t he o ry of the A ry a n n a i o ns, t he om e of t he
K ai an i an r ace (se e 11 89, 1T
”
.

d d q tl t d A t
82 N a er o r N o ar i s fre u e n y m en i one in the ve s a a s N ao a ra ,
. t
ca ell d P h l d h
b y t he e rsi a n c ro ni c e rs N u ze r t he fou n e r o f the e roi c fa m i y
, l
of th t a n a m e , fro m w ich h p g s ran p ld T
t he fam ou s T
a a i ns u sa ( its) a nd
l l t g t
V i st au ru (G u st a he m ) , and a so , a t a a e r ene ra io n , H u t aosa , wi fe o f
V i st fisp a (G u sht fisp ) , b y ri ght h l tt
o f w om t he a t
e r ( see 11 1 1 1 ) i s o f e n
.

ca e ll d a N a o t a ri d e.It l t q l t A h
i s a m os e u iva en t o c ae m e ni an or K a i an i a n ,
l d l d t t
b u t i nc u e s a so t he i m m e i a e a nces ors of c ae m e nes Ah l l . I n M a co m s
’

h
sc e m e o f h d t l th
a rm o ny he i s i e n i ca wi Ct
t he S asarm u s of e si as a nd
g d
M ose s o f Chore ne , a nd re i ne fro m 7 1 5 7 08 B C —
.

p b bl h t
83 D e hst a n i s ro a y t he sam e a s the D a i co u n ri es of the ve s a
. A t .

Cl lh t
a ssic a i s ori a n s say th t al d the a n th
of t he D aha e w as sou of t he
O usx . T he Ch g g ph g
ine se e o ra ers i ve t he n a m e T a-hi a t o the sa m e
p pl Th
eo e . e se se e m t oh b av e g l dt
ee n o ne of t he M o n o oi bj t ri be s su ec
t o the T k k g
ur i in s . h t b t p t
T he D a i ri e i n the w e s e rn ar of the P unj fib
( n . 1 9 9 ,
‘
I
I 2 ) abl d
r e e i e ve th d
t o b e e id t
r e sc e n a n s
.

t t
84 Z av, Ze w o r Z ab i s a con ra c i on o f t he n am e
. U h h za v a , w ic is
g h
ive n to t he sam e m o n arc i n t he ve s a A t l l . g
M a co m re co ni zes hi m i n
t he A rtu k as o f Ct e si as a nd M ose s o f Cho re ne , a nd d t g a es hi s rei n

70 8 7 03
—
BC .

l d
85 T ham asp o r T ahm asp i s c a l e i n the ves a
. A t T u m as a , a nd i s
l
c aim e d b y t he P hl b k a av h
i oo s t o b av e d
e e n a so n o f N o a r . B ut
som e o f t he P h l
ersi a n c ro n i c e rs pu t fi v g t
e bt
e ne ra i o nsth e w ee n em ,
p
re re se n i nt g t
t he i n e rv g e ni n t h
a nce s o rs t o b av e d ee n t he l or s of t he
a nci e n t Elb p u rz p lt
ri nci a i y o f t he A t hwy a s (see 11 .

q l t
86 G arshfisp i s the e ui va e n o f K e reshfispa , t he na m e of the re a
. g t
lt h h
m i i a ry e ro o f the ou se of S fim a , w ose e h xpl t d bd
oi s a re esc ri e i n the
A t P hp
ves a . t p
e r a s i t i s a rem i n i sce nce o f a e m o ra ry re i g n o r p t t ro e c o r
at e o f the S e m i ee d h h h
e re , a t w i c A t t he th h t th t
ve s a m ore a n i n s I n a .

c a se hi s n am e d l g
oe s not be on l t k g
i n t he i s o f the P eshd fid i an i n s,
h h ll l g
i n w ic i t u su a y fo rm s t he c osin nam e ; i f not he i s an e n ir e y t l
d t g
i ffe ren pe rsona e from the K e re shfispa o f the A t ves a H e i s som e
.

me p td P
b y t he h l
e rsi an c ron i c e rs as the son o f Z a vs
ti ?
’
re resen e
rot } er .

A b l d A t
87 A frfisi é b or fr asi y a i s ca l e i n the ve s a Frangrasyan, and i s
.

sai d h k g T
t o a ve be e n i n o f hran for t wo u n re yea rs h d d .

Th fi p b bl l d
is g ure ro a y i nc u e s t he re i gn s of seve ral o scu re b k g in s
h ll
who ave fa en away fro m h g
u m an m e m o ry , or a a i n hi s n am e m ay
t d
s an h d t
for a w ol e yn as y , as of en a t h pp t d p t
e ns i n hi s ori e s b ase i n ar o n
 O H R AB TU M
'

S AN D RUS

o ra l t di ti n T h P i n h ni l pl him t th v nth g n
ra o . e e rs a c ro c e rs ace a e se e e er
ti n f m T fi n f F id un
o ro r , so o er .

A ding t n g n l gy h w th n f P h ng th n f
cco r o o e e ea o e as e so o es e e so o
n fW
.

S h np b t h
a au , hyb t h
e so n o f T k th ne rsf Z w th n ,
e so o er ,
e so o e , e so
o f S h w n th er a n fTu , e so o r .

M ny f th T k i d yn ti
a o e th t h v i gn d in C nt l A i d
ur as es a a e re e e ra s a ur
i ng th e nt re se h v l im d t b d nd d f m A f a ifib
e ra a e c a e o e e sce e ro r s .

88 . R i i th e iv i n M di
a s p n whi h th i ty f R i
e r er e a u o c e c o a or
Kh g w a a it td
as s ua e .

89 K i K b fid i th K v
. a o fit f th Av t s nd ie i d i n th
a a o e es a , a s sa e
P hl vi b k t h v b n th d pt d n f U v (Z v) S m f
a a oo s o a e ee e a o e so o za a a . o e o
th P e i n
e rs a h ni l m k him th n f D d nd g nd n
c ro c e rs a e . e so o a ,
a ra so
o f N k n wh w
ur a ,
th n f N Od
o as n M G b in d b t
e so o a r s so
’
a n su . o e au ou s
wh th e h er ld h v b n n
e co u ki n m n t Z v M l lm i d
a e ee so ear a s a o a . a co en
ti fi es hi m w ith t h D ij f H d t th A t
e e f Ct i
oce s o nd th e ro o u s, e t cus o
a es a s a e
A ph x d f th B k f J d ith nd i gn hi i gn t th y 696 656
r a a o e oo o u ,
a a ss s s re o e e ars - .

I n th i M l lm i
s c a se t inly w ng T h n m gi v n p nt th
a co s ce r a ro . e a es e re rese e
f nd
ou f
er o dyn ty f i nd p nd nt M di n k i g whi h
a as o e ft e th e e a n s c arose a er e
fi t I ni n m pi th t f th P hd d i
rs ra a e re , h d b n v th wn b y
a o e es a a ns , a ee o er ro
th T e i fin
u ra n D i s ll d th A y i n m n m nt D j k k
. e
’

oce s , c a e on e ss r a o u e s a au u,
is sa i d t h v ul o a t E b t
e r in M di e w hi h h d v y l ik l y b n
a c a ana e a, c a er e ee
th e se a t f th l t P hd d i n m p
o e as f t whi h m y h v
es a a d e e rors, a ac c a a e ca u se
hi m t b o n ide co d b y th M d i hi t i n th
s ere e f th e c s or a s as e su ccesso r o e se .

H e w t ib t y t th A y i n m p
as r u ar o b t b l l d nd S g n
e ss r a e ero r u re e e ,
a ar o
l im t h v d f t d him i n t h y 7 1 3 B C
c a s o a e e ea e e e ar .

It i n t i m p i bl th t th P i n t diti n h in m m
s o o ss e a e e rs a ra o as so e e asure
co nf d K i K b é d th f nd f th d y ty f th K i ni n
u se a o ,
e ou er o e n as o e a a a s or
A hwm ni d
c e w i th D ij ae , th f nd f t h M di n ki ngd m
e oce s, nd e ou er o e e a o ,
a
h as a tt ib t d t th f m
r u e m o f th d d e f th l tt
or B t
e r so m e o e ee s o e a er . u a co
p i n f th d t gi v n b y Cy
ar so o e a a nd D i H
y e t p i n th i i n ru s a ar u s s a s es e r
scr ipti n t P
o s a p h n d B h i
e rse t n w i tho th f s a n h d b y t h
e P s u o se ur IS e us e er
i n nn l
s a a fi m G b in
a s co n pini n th t K i K b fid
r s o th i ty di d
e au s o
’
o a a o
’
s au or
n t xt nd v M d i
o e e o er e a .

K i K b fid i
a vi d ntl y th H k h m ni h f th B hi t n in i pti n
o se e e a a a s o e e s u sc r o ,

t h A hwm n
e c f th G e k H
es o b bly i gn d i t h n th
e ree s .t e ro a re e n e or eas
er n p t f I fin b tw n S ei tfin n th O x v y li k ly t B lk h
ar o r ,
e ee s a e u s, er e a a

(see 11 . H w pp e n tl ye t
as a f h i ll p war f l v l a cre a u re o s a -
o er u a ssa s ,
th li n
e f Si t n
e o p n s a f w h m
ese t h n m f R
rI t m
ce s t n d or n d o e a e o us a s a s, a
wh o see m t h v gi v n hi m th i m p i l d i gnity Si m ply b
o a e e it w e er a eca u se as
n t o nv ni nt f
co e th m t e m i t th m lv
or e T h Av t o a ssu p k f e e se es . e es a s ea so
th I i ni n h ving m f m th h f L k H mfin in
S ei tg
e a a s as co ores o e
z
a e ro e s a a
s
90 K i K é fl i
. a t d l y m n ti n d i n t h A v t
s s re a e nd th n m e o e e es a , u er e a e
o f K vi U a nd U sa a h H w th sa ld t f th f an n f A e as e o es o e ou r so s o r

ll d l A ph
.

p i v n
a g h ( u A
ca i pi v h e K i A a so
p i v h n d ) t h no f u, a e a ra ,
e so o
K i K b fid
a o H i b th . w A h (K i A i h )
s ro e rs th w l
e re n rs an a r s ,
or ra er , as e e ar

f m th I n
ro e i pti n f B h i tscr A h n f th
o o Ai y mn ; P i n h
e s un, rs a
’
s a er r ara a sa a

( K i
a P h i n )
as n d B y h fi, n (K a i K m i n ) l l f
a rs w h m ll d k i n g a ar ,
a o o a re ca e s
i n th Av t e w ll
es a , a s i n Fi d i th w d K i (K vi i n t h Av t )
e as r au s — e or a a e es a
h vi ng th t m ning H i m ti m
a a ea . l y l l d th n f
e s so e e s e rr o ne ou s ca e e so o
K i K ob fid
a At l t n P i n h ni l
. e as t th t A piv ngh
o e e rs a c ro c er asser s a r a u
98 S OH R AB AN D R U S T UM
S yavak shfina m u s , as t he fa t th
e r of C
K ai K hosru ( yrus the Gre a t ) ,
be g d
reco n ize as t he K a m uj yi y a pt
of t he i nsc ri C b
i o ns, i e , a m yse s I ,
. .

k g A
i n of nzan .

d A t
99 Ge rsi vfiz or K arsi vfiz i s call e i n the ves a K eresavazd a , a nd i s
.

th d h
e re sa i ll t h d
t o ave fa e n i n o t he an s of K a i K hosrfi at the Sa m e im e t
wi th A frasi é b (see p . 29, a nd n .

. lt d
1 00 T us or T fisa i s se ve ra i m es m enti one i n the A ves a as a t g t re a
h g t
e ro in t he wa rs a a ins T flrfi n d d t
H e w a s a so n o r e scen an of N a ota r a
.

o r N fid e r , a n d o ne o f the m os t l t th t
ce eb ra ed m em be rs o f l a fa m i y .

Gb d tfi
o i ne au i e n i e s wi th Bg pt k g
hi m t he B agapat e s, a uas- a i , “
i n of the
Bg a u s,
”
t d Ct
m e n i one b y e sias .

1 0 1 P i rfin , the u ri
. p ght
t he T t
u ra n i a n N e s or
W l ll d
isa fa m i y , ca e i n the ves a A t
bl
a nd a t b
e m ini s e r o f A frdsi é b , has ll d ee n ca e
. t td
H e i s the m os no e b V
m em e r of the isa o r
t he so ns o f V a é sa k a ”
.

ll d A t
1 0 2 G a ngd i s i s ca e i n t he ves a , K a n d a It t d s oo on the to p o f
d
. .

the ih gh t
m oun a i n A n ta re K a ng ha , a nd ha a fam ou s ci a e , tdl rha p s

o ld th
er t t l h h
a n the ci y i se f, w i c A t ll
the ve s a ca s K hsha thrO-sao a a nd
p k t l t
S e a s of as t he ce n r a se a o f the V a é sa k as (see a s no e ) l t t Gb . o in e a u
co nnec e td th
i t wi G g
the h h
a n e s, t o w i c t he arm s of t he S a cae (S ist a ne se )
t l p t td
ce r a i n y e ne ra e J th t
b u t a m es D arm estete r sa ys K a i t wa s i n n iv a

(see nu 1 5 0, .

h G d
1 03 N e i t e r
. h b
u arz n or a ny o t e r m em e r o f the p l o we rfu K fiv a

l t d
fa m i y are m en i one i n the ve s a A t P h p . h th
e r a s t he c i e fs o fth i s n or e rn
h l k th
ou se , i e t
o se o f S ei s an i n the so u th d ,
ih tlt
n c u rr e t h e o s i i y o f t h e
p tl th
ri e s y a u o rs of t heA t pp g Z th t
ve s a b y o osi n the a ra u s ri a n re form .

1 04 G a vw a s the so n o f
. G d d
u a rz , a d t e sce n a n th
o f K fiv a , the sm i .

H e m a rrie d l b t dh
t he ce e ra e B
e ro ine d ght
a nu -K u sha sp , t he au e r , or, a s

t t
so m e sa y , t he si s er , of R u s am (see 11 Th . l d e ir on y chi l see m s t o
h bav e ee n B ij u n .

1 05 K a i K hosrfi i s i n the v
. A t K k es a av i ( i ng) H u sra vah, “
he who
td t t p d t l th C
,

u ni e t he A ry a n n a i ons i n o one e m i re ”
. H e 1 3 i e n i c a wi y r u s
t he G t th gh p t
re a , ou a gl
a r o f t he th k g tt b t d
o ry o f fi t
is i n i s a ri u e t o t he rs
C y r u s oAf n za n ( K a i K fifi s) b
y a c o n fu lt
s i o n re s u i nl t
g f ro m t h e s i m i a r i y
o f na m e s (K a m uj y i y a , so n of K K
u ra s, so n o f K a m uj y i y a , so n of u ras) .

pt
From t he i nsc ri io ns o f C p p l K
y ru s ( ro e r y h l th
u ra s ) im se f a nd ose o f
k g Bb l
N a b oni d e s, i n o f l
a y o n , we th t t
e a rn th
a a f e r su cce d i n g hi s fa er

K a m uj y iy a (S ifiv th
u sh) o n t he A
ro ne o f tt d
nz a n or S u si a n a he w as a ack e
b y Ist u ve gu (the A st y Age s of Ct k g
e si a s) in d d
o f t he M a n a o r n om a s ,
h p b bl
w o se a rm y ( ro a y co m po se d l gl l bj g t d d
a r e y o f ne w y su u a e M e e s, o r
M fid a s) re vo elt d gt
a a i ns dl
hIm a nd d e iv e re C h i m u p to y r u s , w h o p o s
se ssedh l pt l t
im se f o f h1 s ca i a c i y A g am t a nu ( E k b a t a n a no w H a m a a n ) d , .

l t C
T wo ye a rs a e r y ru s, who now c a s ll h l fi tt K g
i m se f fo r t he rs ime in
of P P l q d
e rsi a ( a rsu ) a so , co n u e re h t A b
the S u e o r r a s, a n d i n 5 4 5 he e n

te re d Bb l a y on , d m a e N a b o ni d e sp pp t d
ri so ne r , a nd a oi n e U g b a ru
( G o b r y )
a s hg i s o ve rth
n o r e re . H e w dd
a s s u cc e e C b
e b y h i s s o n a m y se s

( K a m u jy yi a ) 1h1 , w o sg
e re i n d pp d
h a s i s a e a re P f r ot d
m t h e ers i a n r a i
t i on a s t he re su lt p b bl ro a tt pt
y of a n a e m t pp d
t o co rrec the e rror su ose
d td p tt
,

t o b e i n i c a e b y t he re e i i o n o f t he sa m e n a m e s i n t he sa m e or e r d
b
(se e a ove ) h tl b
. S o r y e fo re t he d th ea d th
o f K a m uj y i y a he pu t t o ea
tl d g
se cre y , a cco r i n G kh t
t o t he re e b th ld
i s o ri a ns, hi s ro e r S m e rd is (ca l e
pt
B arzia o n t he i nsc ri ions) h hg w ic pp t t
av e an o p t
or u ni y t o t he i m os er
 NO TE S 99

Gu m atu to seize the hrone t g

H e w as a m a u s o r aby oni an ri e s andB l .p t
see m s t o h dp dd p l p
ave e en e e s eci a l y u on t he su or pp t
of t he S e m i i c e l e t
m en t th b d I
H e w a s over row n b y a a n of r a ni a n no es one of w om
. bl h ,

w a s D a ri u s H y st a spes A d g
ccor i n t o ZEschy l u s w ose t ra e y , h. T he gd ,

P e rsia ns ,
”
p d d
w as ro u ce i n t he th
e a tre of acc u s a t B h ens on y Ath l
t t
fo r y ni ne ye ars a f er t he e a
-
d th C b
of a m y se s a nd a t e as l t th t
ir y yea rs
b d t t
e fore H e ro o u s wro e , t wo o f t he o th p t
e r cons i r a ors, M a raphi s a n d
l
A rt ap hane s, ru ed su ccessi ve y fo r s or l h tp d b
e ri o s e fore t he su ccessi on o f
D i
ar u s .

1 0 6 Thi i p b bl y
. s d pl i ti n f th vi t y m nti n d th
s ro a a re u ca o o e c or e o e ree

p ar a g h raf th nS ar er o .

1 07 h G
. k hi t i n Ct i tt ib t th fin l nq t f t h
e ree s or a es a s a r u es e a co u es o e

T ni n (wh m h ll D b i kk ) n t t R t m b t t hi n
u ra a s o e ca s er es , o o us u ,
u o s so
F m e ra p
orz , m b l y ft t h
ru su d th f t
a h h Cay h
er i m l f e ea o e e ro . ru s se ,
ac
co r ding t him nd hi o nt i ,
a nfi m d b y H d t f ll in
s acco u s co r e ero o u s, e a
g t b ttl wi th th Tu i n n m d i n wh i h th I ni n w d
re a a e e ra n a o a s, c e ra a s e re e
f t d nd A m g
ea e ,
a ( F m or es k i n g f t h S
e ra (S i t fi
orz , see 11 ) . o e a ca
e s nese ,

re v g en hi d th b y d f ting th m
es s ea tt ly nd n xi ng th i e ea e u er a an e e r
cou nt
T h Av t l et th i x ti n b hi nd L k Ch h k ; whi h
es a oca es se ecu o e a e ec as a c
is su pp d b y m t b th L k U m i i n A b ij n (
ose so e o e e a e r a ze r -
a a se e 11 .

b t i m
u s p b bly th I yk i k l in E t n I fin I t dd th t t
ore ro a e ss - - u a s er r . a s a 1
w as n t only t v ng t h m d
o o f S y fiv hé n
a e b t l
e th t f
e ur er o a rs a, u a so a o
A g h é th T h l tt wh w i ght m n w A f fi iéb wn ’
ra ra a . e a er , o as a r eou s a ,
as r s s o
b thro d h d b n p t t d th b y hi m f
er , a n a ee i ti ng th I ni n k ing
u o ea or ass s e ra a
Mi nu chi t p f m ptivit y
r o esc a e ro ca .

1 0 9 Th i t y f th p f l l f Cy i gn nd hi i gn ’
. s s or o e e a ce u c ose o ru s re a s re s a
t i n f th i m p i l di gni ty t b m h m it ( ft th f hi n f t h
o o e er a o e co e a er a er e as o o e
B ah m n
r wh
a n i nt
as , l f lif q i d th m t nd th i d y i
ose a c e ru e o e re u re e o e e r a s n
th f e t ) m t h v b n i m gi n d b y m p i tly h ni l wh
ore s us a e ee
’
a e so e r es c ro c e r, o
p h p nf d C y
er a s co th u se
p d f D n ru s , H y t p e k i n
re g ece ssor o a us s as es a s
o f th w ld e w i th U ht s
or ,
”
L h p h i p d s a k i n g or f o u ra s , s re ece ssor a s o
B ti (
ac r a see Th G 11 k hi t i n g in t tifying th t h
. e ree s or a s a re e es a e
f ll i n b ttl wi th t h T
e a e ni n (D b i kk e M g t
u ram ) a s er es or assa e .

1 10 L h .
p Lo h p
ra s i t h A orv t p fo t h A v
u ras t B i n
s g e ur a -as a o e es a . e
t h f th
e a f V ht fi p (D i
er o H y t p )h m
is s t b i d nti fi d with th
a ar u s s as es e us e e e e
U ht pi f t h i
s az i pti n
o H e w th f th n g nd n f
n sc r o s . e a s, ere o re , e so or ra so o
A h nd g d n g t g n d
rs a a ra n so f Ai y or m n wh w re a - b th ra so n o r a ra a, o as a ro er
o f K i K fifi (
a nd g
s nd
see 11 n f K i K b fid (H k h m ni h) t h
. a ra so o a o a a a s ,
e
f nd
ou f th f m i ly
er o T h t t m nt th t t h th n w
e a . b q th d
e s a e e a e ro e as e uea e
t hi m b y t h l
o t p nt ti v f t h l d l i n i n fi m d b y H d
e as re rese a e o e e er e s co r e e ro
t wh y th t C m by
o u s, o sa s hi d thb d nt
a a t d th A h mse s o n s ea e e re a e e c a
e e
nid a
e n t t l t th
o m pi o p i nt t h h n d f t h M d
e e e re T h k in g
a ss o e a s o e e es . e
d m v wh i h L h
o o er p l dc w i n E o t n I fi
ra s n b tw n
ru eZ b l i t fi nas a s er r ,
e ee a u s
au d T u fin D r i ll it P thi (P t fi ) b t it
. ar u s ca s i nty xt nd dar a ar ,
u s su ze ra e e e
to th w t e nd es th f b y nd th li m i f t h gi n t whi h
a so u ar e o e ts o e re o o c
th t n m i
a a lly ppli d H i p d
e s u su a aA h n nd A i y m n e . s re ecesso rs ts a aa r a ra a
m t h v b n v
us a e l f C y 1 1 nd C m by (II ) nd
ee a ssa s o th ru s a a ses ,
a are e re
fo re n t o nt d b y Dcou i wh eh p k i n t h B hi t n I n ar u s i pt i n
en e s ea s, e e s u scr o ,

o f th i ght k i ng
e e f hi f m i l y w h h v p s o d d him L h p
s a o a e rece e . o ra s
h d m ny th
a a n b id D i
o er soT h b t k n wn f th
s es es w ar us . e es o o ese as
I OO S O H R AB AN D R U S TU M
Ze iri-v ai ri or Z ari t , w ose h h
e ro ic e xp t
l oi s are m enfi onpd bo th i n t he
Av t
es a and t he S a hh N Em a , a nd who is probabl y t he A rtab anu s of the
cl assi c au th o rs .

1 1 1 Gu shtfisp is c al ed in the A v
. l est a V i shté sp a H e had o ne .

d ght
au er H u m ai
. . and ten sons H is prim e -m inis er was J fim éspa , a
. t
m em ber of the H vova fa m i y l .

J fim a a n d th
h i s b ro ke r , o r n e ar in sm a n , F r as h a o sh tr a , w e re a m o ng
fi t
the rs Z th t
isci pl es o f the pro he t ara u s ra , a nd G u sht fisp, as t he p ro
t t
ee e r a nd m os tp l l t t p ph t t d
owe rfu fo ower of ha ro t
e , s an s i n a re l a i o n t o
the Z ar a th t lg l th t h h C t t b
u s ri an re i i on si m i ar to a w ic ons a n i ne e a rs t o
C t t
hris i ani y and A k B dd h
so a t o u t tl
i sm d
H e i s cons an y re ferre t o i n
.

ld t p t
t he o e s d t t
or ion s of i t s sac re hl t
li era ure and a w o e sec i on o f t he ,

L ttl A t
i e b
ve s a (se e 11 5 4 ) e a rs hi s nam e— the V ishtdsp Y a st G ushté sp
. .

G k h h P
i s the D a ri u s H yst aspe s of t he re e s, w i c i n e rs1 an form wou ld be
D aray a v a u s h V 1 sh t a s p a . I n h i s o w kn cu n ept
if or m r o c -i n s cr i i o n s he cal l s
h im se l f D a ri awu s , son of U sht azpi .

1 12Th. d t p ttk
is e vi e n l y refers t o t he ar a en b y D ari u s i n the ov er
th row o f t he P d se u o S m e rd i s
-
d t d
T he wor R flm i s o f en use
. in the
g t p bl
va u es o ssi h
e w ay wi t t l d
re ference t o t he wes e rn t an s T he ci y .

h h t J l
to w i c Gu sht fisp we n w as b y no m e a ns e ru sa em , a s som e e rsi a n P
tt h
com m en a o rs pp
av e su h C b
osed , b u t S u sa , w e re a m yses ha d hi s
d
re si e nce . g p
T he you n fi d gri nce p g n in. n o o e ni nbt for his am i i on
at h th p p l t
om e i n hi s fa er s
’
t t G tK g
ri nci a i y , we n t o the cou r o f t he re a in
k t
t o see hi s for u ne Wh C b . en d d
a m y se s 1 1 ie h bL ohurasp m a y a ve ee n.

d d
consi e re
p E t
e m e ror i n th t
a s e rn Irfin b u t his a u . g o ri y w a s not reco
d P
ni zed i n M e i a , t l d
e rsi a or a ny of t he we s ern h h a n s , ov e r w ic t he
P dse u -
h ld d p t
o S m e rd i s e u n i s u ed sw ay t d t G usht fisp e n ere in o the con
.

h h dd
spi r acy w ic en e d th t d th
i n the e rone m en and e a p o f t he u su r e r, and
d d
Soo n a ft e rwar s w as ra i se t o the i m e ri ap l th ro ne , a t the sa m e ti m e

m a rryi n g At d ght
ossa , au C er o f d y r u s a nb th C b
d w i o w o f h e r r o e r a m y s
se
ll d A t d d t h p
.

( c a e i n t h e v e s a
“
H u t a o s a , es c e n a n o f w e reu on
th
hi s fa er , m a i nk g t a v t g d l
i r u e o f necessi y , resi ne hi s c ai m and ac
k l dg d
now e e
’
t
his so n s su zerain y .

1 13Z th t
. ara I
u s r a S pi tfim a , t he reform er of t he ra ni an rel igi on , w a s
'

l pp d h b b
t he so n of P uru shasp a , and i s co m m o n y su ose to ave ee n o rn i n
d th
M e i a , ei e r a t S hi z i n Ad b j d
e r- a i a n o r a t R ai o r R ha e s) i n M e i a
( g
p pro e r . h d t t
H e see m s t o ave bee n n a m e a f er, and of e n confuse wi d th
a my th l g l h t
o o ic a ld t d t
c ara c e r o f t he o er r a i i on T he M a zd ay asni a n
.

lg
re i i on , o r w ors ihp h of A d p b g
ur a M a z a a s t he su rem e p e i n , i s re t e
td
sen e A t h
in t he v es a t o x t db av e e is e t Z th t
e fo re t he i m e o f ara u s r a , a nd
h b p hd
t o ave ee n re ac e b y sev lg tt h er a re a t
e ac e rs o f e ar li e r i m e s an d pro
d h l Th
fe sse b y J e m shi d i m se f . pt d
ose who a cce p ph t t h e t he ro e s
’
e ac
g ll d Z th t d
i n s w e re c a e M azd ay asn i a ns of a ra u s r a s or er, a nd a l l o e rs ’
th
l kd p
were oo e th
u on b y h t em a s Z th t e re ics d
ara u s r a m arri e
. H v o gv i,
d ght
au t
e r of Fra sha o sht ra (see no e l h h
T he S pi tfim a fa m i y , t o w ic
p ph t b l g d
the ro e h
e on e , se e m s t o b av ep l
e en a v e ry ow e rfu o ne , e v en
d t d
ow n i n o t he M ace oni an t A d g Ct
im e s C
ccor in t o. g e si as , y u s av
r e to
d d t
S pi ta ces, son (or e sc e n a n ) of S pi t fim a , t he l an d of t he D erb i kk e s or
T u ran i ans .

d d th
1 1 4 G u rezm i s cal l e b y Fi r au si a rel a ti ve of Isfend i fir , a nd b y o er
.

P th
ersi a n a u th
ors hi s bro erpp d H e i s su
. ose d t o b e m enti one in the
 10 2 S O H R AB AND R US TUM
251 II g
i s conspicious for his re nunci ati on of the rel i ion of Z ara hustra , t
h h
w ic p d p
the A chaem e ni d a ha d i m ose l u on hi s fa m i y . H e a nd a l l
blt p pl t d
hi s no i i y and e o e re u rn e , sa ys the S i st anese Ch l th ron ic e , t o e ir
t l th h h p bl d t
ance s ra fa i ; w i c roba y i n i c a e s t h e c o n v e rs i o n o f t h e S a c ae
k d
o r S a as t o H i n u i sm , w i th h th whi c l gb ey ha d t t on e e n i n co n ac in
th I d e ir n i an
p h
ossessi on s , a nd whi c g th
had a com mon ori i n wi t he
p t Iri m i i v lg
e ram a n re i i on . II
Fe rrakh, son of Z é l d h , i s sa i to a ve ha d a
l gl
ar ti cu l a r y g g d
ori ou s re i n , a nd his ra n so n d J e h rz a d re c o v e re t he
i ngd om of Kb l h h a u , w ic p d
one of hi s l t
re ec e sso rs ha d os .
J e h rza d s’

g d h d t
ra n so n , M e rz a , ra nsfe rre d t p
t he sea of hi s K owe r t o ashm i r a n d
L ttl T b t
i e l g
i e (L ad étk h) e avi n hi s so n R u s amt II d t o su cce e hi m i n
t
S ei s an . h d th b
M e rza m u s av d t p g t
e ee n t he i m m e i a e th ro e ni or o f the ree
“
I d n o-S cyth k g ic ”
k
i n s , J u shk a , K an ishk a and H u vi shka , w ho ar e now n
h
t o av d K h j tb
e ru l e i n as m i r u s Ch t e fo re t he ld
ri s i a n e ra , a nd a re ca l e by
d
the H i n u s T uru shk as
“
hh ”
. d t t II
S a Fi rfi z , a l i ne a l esce nd a n of R u s a m ,

p
occ u i ed t he th t
rone i n t he d k g
im e o f the S a ssa n i e i n A ni rshi ra n (5 3 1
A .
’
h
Firfiz s so n and su cce sso r N ej i ti y ar i s t he p p e ro of an e i c o em
ll
c a ed t he N ej 1 t i y a r N fim a b . He t Il
ec a m e a conv er t o s a m , and hi s
d d t t g
esc en an s co n i nu ed t o re i n for a l t on l A
i m e as vassa s of t he rab
C l ph At
a i s . p t he t b g
r e se n d a y a nu m e r 0 bl l A gh
t he no e fa m i i es of f an
th l t h h t
i st fin - wi i n t he i m i s o f w ic m os of the anci en t k gd in om of t he
S a m id e s i l dd l
s i n u
c e — d d
c ai m e d t t
to b e e sce n an s of R u s am h l . T he w o e
k g
l ine of i n s of S é i st fin i s g i ve n in the S ista ne se Ch ro n i cl e , the H ey a -cl
d
M ol nh, ow n to the a e w end t h th t d t a docu m e n t rec e i v e i ts l as re d a c
t h h l g b q t A b
i o n , w i c w as o n su se u e n t o the ra co nqu es t .

X x
1 20 I sfe n d i fir ( e r e s) w as su cce e e
. dd Bh d
b y hi s so n a m a n , c al l e
b y the P h
e rsi a n l Ad h
c ro ni c e rs r es i r D ir azd e st an d b G k y t h e re e s
Atx x x tl q l t
r a er e s L o ngi m a nu s (a n e a c y e u i v g d
a e n t e rm ) , who re i n e 467 -4 25
B C W
. . d b th
e are assu re , oP t dt J h
b y t he e rsia n ra i io ns a nd b y the e wis
h t J ph
i s ori an ose A
u s (3 7 - 1 00th t . A a he w as t he k ssu e ru s of t he boo
of E th s h b d V th
e r , t he us a n of E th
as i a nd s er .

ll d S t
H e was fo owe b y his is e r H om ai (t he H u m a of the A t ves a ) , fo r
h
w ose nam e t he re e G kh t b t t th
i s ori a ns su sti u e X x II B
ose o f er es (4 25 .

S ogd ianu s (4 25 ) a nd D a ri us O chu s b th . B ut o S ogd i a nu s a nd D ari u s

ll g t t
O chu s we re i e i i m a e (the ve ry a pp ll t h g
e a i on Ochus or N othos av in
th g fi t
i s si n i ca ion ) , andX x II h th l g t t
e r es , w e gl
e r e i i m a e or not , i s a ne i gi
h g g d l
b l e u anti t y , avi n re i ne o n y a fe w w ee s k .

fi t t l l kd p
he rs t wo w e re cer ai n y oo e u on b y the I ranians as u su rpe rs,
and the th d h dl
i r c an ar d h
y b e s a i g d t o a ve r e i n ed g a t a l l ,
e v e n a cc o r i n
to t he G k t re e s ory . h b d
D ari u s O chus (4 25-3 62) w as t he u s a n h l a nd a f
b thro G k
e r of Q u e e n H om a i , a n d the ll P t p k
re e s , w ho c a he r ary sa i s , s e a
x
o f he r as e e rcisi n g l g p t a ar e gl t
a r o f t he re a t th t g
fu nc io n s , no wi s a ndi n
th ei r su p t th t
si io u lgl g
a D a ri u s O chu s w a s t he e a so v er e i n H om ai was
d
.

su ccee d e ll d
hy A rsaces , c a e b y F d bI i r a u si D a r a l l and b y the c assica
au th A t x x
ors r a er e s M n e m on (3 95 A d g G k
ccor i n t o t he re e s he was
ll d At x x
fo owe b y hi s so n r a er es O chu s (the U rvasu of t he c u n e i fo rm e s , t xt
3 60 B d Sh
b u t hi s su rn a m e O chu s , the asta r “
h b
”
,
ow s hi m t o av e e en

( o r h
t o b
a v e e ed d ll g t t
n c o n si e re ) i e i th
i m a t
e , a n d on i s a cc o u n h e i s
ll
u su a y om i e tt d P l t A
from the e rsi an i s s , a s i s hi s son rses (3 3 0 who ,
th b g p
hi s fa e r ei n a u su r e r , cou ld h t l g t t t tl
of cou rse i n eri no e i im a e i e .

F d th I h t g ph
i r au si and t he o er ra ni an i s o ri o ra d II
e rs co n si e r D ara b
( D ar i u s
 N OTE S 103

Codom anu s , 3 3 6-3 3 1 ) the ne te em p

l e i im a f I fin xt g t
It w th i eror o r . as s
e mp e ror th
w ho w as over rown b y S i k nd Al x n d th G t a er or e a er e re a

(b .35 6 d , .

Aft th d th f Al x nd nd t h di vi i n f hi m pi I fi
er e ea o e a er a e s o o s e re , r u
re m i n d p t f t h k i ng d m f S l
a e a ar o Ni te ( i g d 3 1 2
o 28 0) n d
o e eu cu s ca or re ne - a
hi s so n A nt i h Th ( ign d 261 246) ntil th y 25 0 B C wh n
oc us eo s re e -
u e ea r . .
, e ,

u nd erth l d h ip f A
e ea wh
ers l im d t b d nd nt f t h
o rsaces , o c a e o e a esc e a o e
a n i nt k i ng
c e t h I ni n s, g in d th i ind p nd n nd f m th t
e ra a s re a e e r e e e ce , a ro a
t im f w d th y n tit t d
e or ar nf d
e
y co f l ms t i nd p n d n t
u e a co e e rac o a os e e e
k i n gd m o s ding t t h L t in hi t n Pl iny (b 35 6 d 323 )
acco r o e a s orI a .
, .

e i ght n i n n m b
ee nd th pu id n y er , u n m in l er i nty f t h
e re s e c or o a su ze ra o e
A rsac id wh a
e, l d in P th i Thi nf d y t h P th i n m pi
o ru e ar a. s co e e rac , e ar a e re
o f th l i hi t i n i ll d b y th O i nt l th th M l k l
e c a ss c s or a s, s ca e e r e a au or s e u -
u
T wéi i f
a C m m nw lth f T i b
or o o ea o r es .

Th P e i n m pi
e rs a w g ni d in A D 226 nd A d h i n
e re as re o r -
a ze . .
, u er r es r , so
o fS assan wh l i m d t b d nd nt f B hm n (A t x x L ngi
, oc a e o e a e sce a o a a r a er es o
m n a us H i d
. nd nt s l d v I fin nti l t h M h mm d n
esc e a s ru e n o er r u e o a e a co
q t i n 65 2
u es .

1 21 S m ng n p h p
. a e th l nd f S fim
a , erm y h v b n i d nt i l
a s
“
e a o a
”
, a a e ee e ca
wi th H t wh th d nd nt f S h ab ign d
e ra , ere e esce d i ng t t ha s o o r re e accor o e
l l h n i l f m ny nt i
oca c ro c es or a ce u r es .

1 22 F b . ra F b u rz, th b th f S ifiv h (C m by
or e ra u rz , f e ro er o us a se s o
A n ) i n t m nt i n d i n t h Av t G bi n
nza s o e o e w it th n m e es a . o e au r es e a e
F Ib th i l l t i Ib nd i d nti fi d i t wi th i m n
“ ”
e r- o rz , e u s r ou s orz , a e e a ra s, e
t i n d b y Ct i
o e f v it g n
e s as as a l f C y th G t a or e e e ra o ru s e rea .

1 23 T h Ox . t e m A n ld l y th n f th b tt l in whi h
us s rea .
— r o a s e sce e o e a e c
S h fib f ll p n t h O x
o r e u l tho h t h S h h N fim m k n m n
e u s, a ou e a a a es o e
ti n f ny iv n th b ttl fi ] It pp
o o a r er e ar h wv f m v l
e a e- e a e a rs , o e er , ro se er a
p g i n th g t pi th t th O x
a ssa es e rea lly m k d th b nd y
e c a e u s u su a ar e e ou ar
b tw n t h k ngd m f 1 5m nd T h fin ;
e ee e 1 o th t th pl
s o 1 a r so a e ace as
s ign d t th
e o m b t b y th p e co nt p m i by n m n n imp
a e re se oe s o ea s a os
s i bl e on Th e . nt xt w ld nd i t th t Fi d i i nt nd d t p
e co e ou 1 ca e a r a us e e o re te
se n t t h b ttl e t king pl
a e as m di t n a n th P i n id ace so f th e s a ce o e ers a s e o e
f nt i
ro er .

1 24 T h T . t emp — S n 45
a r a r ca Th w d T t i d h in
ee . . e or ar a r s u se ere
it m t g n
s os l S n t in l d th tw t k f p pl n w m
e e ra e se , o c u e e o s oc s o eo es o co
m ou ly k n wn t th n l gi t th T k i nd M ng l
o o e o o p ti v l y
s s as e ur a o o s, re s ec e ,

n d i d nti l wi th th T ni n f P i n l g nd S h fib my i ’
a e ca e u ra a s o e rs a e e . o r s ar s
re p nt d
rese en t i ni n g m
a s co l m t f di ff nt t k b t
a so e e e en s o a e re s oc ,
u as
b i g nd th nt l f th T t h i f
e n u er e co ro o e ar a r c e s
n W
.

1 25 T P i t nt P i fin V i d n t m k hi pp —
’
. o era sa s e . r sa oes o a e s a e ar
a n i n t h S h h N am
ce e n ti l m n y y
a ft t h ti m
a u f S h fib a e ars a er e e o o r
’
s
d th ( p
ea see .

1 26 T h l w fl t t nd f 0 x
. e o — Th Ox
a w
s ra l b t d iv
o us . e us a s a ce e ra e r er
,

o f nti q i t
a ul l d b y th A b t h Ji hfi n
ca e nd b y t h T e t ra th s e , a e ar ars e
Am u I t in t h wh l w t n l p f th P m i fl w i n
. ra s e o e es e r s o e o e a r, o s a
n orthw t ly di ti n th gh wh t i n w th t t f B k ha
es er rec o ro u a s o e s a e o o ra ,
a nd m pti e I nt th es fA l M t f it
o e se a o i th gh l v l
ra . os o s cou rse s rou a e e
pl in nd i t h nn l n t tly v i
a , a s c a m t im
e cot m t xt
s an di ar e s , so e es o a os e ra o r
n ary xte n t T h
e t i m . i t h b g i
re en ni g f t h h i t
es s nce i p i d i t e e n o e s or c er o s
l w p ti n h nti ly h ng d i t di t i n ill ting b tw n th
o er or o as e re c a e s rec o , osc a e ee e
 104 S OH R A B AN D R U S TU M
C aspi an and the A l Wh n th G k h i t i n w t it fl w d in t
ra . e e ree s or a s ro e , o e o
th C e i n
as h t di t n f m i t
a sea a s th n nd ; t th p i d f
or s a ce ro s so u er e a e er o o
th A e ra nq t it m pt i d int th A l t ight ngl t i t f m
co u es e e o e ra a r a es o s or er
b d in t h f u t nth
e nte y iot gr eei n fl w d i n t t h C p i n nd i n
ce ur a a o e o e as a ,
a
th e s i xt n th ntu y i t
ee t n d t th A l
ce r re u r e o e ra .

1 27 P m .
— A
pha n ti p
er e ll i ng f P m i r T h P m i i
. o e h
c s i n f e o a . e a r s a c a o
m u nt i n
o f v t h ght f m wh i h l l th
a s o as e1 th ng , f
ro nt l c a e o er ra es o ce ra
A i di t nd whi h f m th n th w t n xt m ity f th H im fi
s a ra a e, a c or s e or es e r e re o e
l y i n th b d n in wh i h th l tt w d i m m nly d i n
a as, e roa se se c e a er or s co o u se
E p nd A m i
u ro e a It m m it i b d t bl l nd with n
e r ca . s su f s a ro a a e a ,
a are a o
a b t
ou q m il nd i t i
s u are ft n ll d b y O i nt l w it
es , a th s o e ca e r e a r ers e
roo f f t h w ld
o e th wn f t h w l d
or or th gh th t m e c ro o e or ou e se er s
are o ft n u d i ne m sext nd d n t in l d t h Ti b t n ng
a ore e e e se se o c u e e e a ra es
as w l l wh i h h v
e ,
n c l t nd t t h a e tw d t i ght ngl t
a e e ra re o e e as ar a r a es o
th P m i It m pl t y p t th tw h lv f A i p nti ng '

e a r . co e e se a ra es e o a es o s a, rese
a n lm a t im p ibl b i t m i g ti n nd i nv i n T h P m i
os ass e a rr e r o ra o s a as o s . e a r
i n w t h p int f m t ing f t h R
s o e o o i n Ch i n ee nd A ngl I nd i no e u ss a , ese a o -
a
e mp I re s .

1 28 A dom of l th T h
.
y e t f t ha K i gh i — nd K l m e k ur s
”
o e r z a a u s,
a nd t h k ib i t k
e f th T k m n as im pl y f m w k
o e f w d ur o a s a re s ra e or s o oo
co v d wi th l th Am ng t h Ki gh i t h t nt f th g t hi f
er e c o . o e r z e e s o e rea c e s
a re co v d wi th d d p i
ere nd th re f th w lth y p
ra n wi th
e r es , a ose o o er ea erso s
wh i t f lt b t th g
e e , tm u f t h p pl e rea d i n y f lt f d kass o e eo e u se or ar e o ar
l
co or Th v y p
. b ti t t f t h f lt t i p f b k
e er oo r su s k i nd f
u e or e e s r s o ar or a o
m tti ng m d
a fg a d e o r a ss or ree s .

1 29 T hi k pi l d
.
p t T
c h - t n t e f t h m
ca r d n T e sk— m n w h t e e so e o er ur o a s, a
e v b th i
er e nk ly nt in ny th f nit th n f w ug
e r ra , ra re co a a o er ur u re a a e r s,
c u hi n
s o nd d i
p g
s a n ra s .

1 3 0 A f a iab
. A f i y b w k i n g f T h fin
r s , or ras ding t tha ,
as o r , accor o e
a n i nt t
c e d iti n f n l th n 1 5 0 y
ra o s, or H w tho n f k in g
ess a e a rs . e as e so o
P h ng d nd nt f T a th
os a , a e sce nd o na f F i d un o F his
t ,
e se co s o er . or
hi t y pp 22 29
s or se e .
- .

1 31 S m . nd i t h a pit l f Z fl h n Z f h n whi h i s
a rc a s e ca a o e r-a s a , or e ra s a , c
th l i S gdi n nd th S gd f th m di v l A b
e c ass c o a a, a e o o e e e a ra s .

Thi l nd i f til v ll y w t d b t h Z f h n K hik S gd

s a s a er e a e a e re e era s a , o or o
r i v th w t
er , e f wh i h di t ib t th gh th wh l di t i t
a e rs o c a re s r u e rou e o e s r c 1 11
n m u n l
e ro u s c a nd i i g t i ng h nn l T thi i m t n i t i
a s a rr a c a e s . o s c rcu s a ce s
i nd bt d f
e e i t p v bi l f t i l i ty w hi h n bl
or s ro er it t a xp t d li i
er , c e a es o e or e c ou s
f it
ru f m ny v i t i
s o t a ll p t f w t n A i
ar e es A d i ng t t h
o a ar s o es e r s a . cco r o e
Av t i t w t h
es a , nd nt y
as t d b y Ah u M d t h S u p m
e se co cou r cre a e ra az a, e re e
D ity th t i t
e —
y at h ns d i n h
o sa b i t d b y t h, I n i n
e sec oS m a e e ra a s . a ar

ca nd th
, n i nt M e nd
a wc e b tw n t h ninth nd l v ntha rca a, as e ee e a e e e

ce nt i
ur e s o f n f th l g t i ti
ou r e ra o f A i nd n t d
e o e t ar es c es o s a, a o e as a se a
Of l n i ng nd l tt
e ar In th f
a t nth nt y i t b m th
e e rs . it l
e ou r ee ce ur eca e e ca a

o f th g e t nq rea T m l n wh li b i d i n th ypt n
co u e ror a er a e, o es ur e e cr 0 o e
o f i t m qu
s os es .

Th m q e f S h h Z ind h (Livi n g K i ng) i n th i

os u e o a i t y i th m st
e s c s e o
m gn ifi nt M h mm d n pl
a ce o fw a h ip nt e l A ia ace o ors 1 h ce ra s a .

1 32 Ad b J n l
. ll d A b ij n nd f m ly K nd g i
er -
aI a , a so c a e ze r e a , a or er a sa , s
i d nti l wi th th
e ca l i At p t n b t b tt kn wn i n m d n t h1
e c ass c ro a e e, u e er o o er 1 es
as P si n A m ni It i th n thw t n p vi n f m d n P
er a r e a . s e or es e r ro ce o o er er81 a ,
10 6 S O H R AB AN D R US TU M
cal th th S fim N i im ny ( K hfi p ) f th Av t o l s
wi e a a r a a or e re s s a o e es a , r e se a
th l t
e a er P i n ch ni l ers a ppo th g nd n ph w of th l tt
ro c ers su se , e ra e e e a er .

(F hi hi t y
or s pp s or21 2 4 , se e .
-
,

1 37 H i w l n . t
s Th d oo e f th m d n T k m n
coa — f b th e ress o e o er ur o a s o o
se x i l ng l g m nt m m nly f il k
es s a o c ose hi ng f m t h
ar e , co o o S , re ac ro e
s h l d t t h nk l
ou ers o T he m n w e a t id f th i n th
es . ll d e e ar o u s e o s a o er ca e
th e c h p n kh l f whi h m bl
a a or a e E p n d ing g wn nd
, c re se es a u ro ea re ss - o , a
f
or h d d th y m pl y light f o h p k n p
a ea - ress e e o a ur r s ee s I ca .

1 38 A whi t l k
. F d i ft n
e co a p nt t h p in .
— nd n bl
1r au s o e re re se s e r ce s a o e
m n f hi
e o p i w i n g wh i t l k
s e c as n eart m t m nt a e c oa as a o u er os ar e .

1 39 K . K l i a ra - Bl k L k u S v l l k
, . e .
,
“
n lt l g nac a e .
”
e e ra a es a sa a oo s
i n C nt l A i b
e ra th i n m T h b t k n wn i t h l g t l k i n
s a e ar s a e . e es o s e ar es a e
th P m i
e a y t m r sn d g i v
s e i t n m , t n
a d j n t m n t i nes s a e o a a a ce ou a ,

f t h igh t wh i h t h p
ee , o g in t h t xt d btl
c e f Th
assa p e e e ou e ss re e rs . e u
l nd v l f th P m i
a a es o th p t e f fl k
a f h p whr a re w l t e as u re o oc so s ee , ose oo a
th t h igh lti t d g w thi k nd l
a a u e ro s c a c ose .

1 40 H m n . H m n th b th
a a , or f P i fin Vi u In th S h h
a , e ro er o r sa . e a
N fim ah nd B e m n w a th hi f fli
ar f th
a xil i i e re n e c e o ce rs o e au ar e s co
t ib t d by A f ié b t S h fib my
’
r u e ras o o r s ar .

141 C b in K
. wi n
as K bi n i
, i ty n th
as th n l p f th
,
or as , s a c o e sou er s o e o e
El b m nt in
u rz ou th f t h C p i n
a s , so u o e as a se a .

1 42 T h El b . A lb
e A lb u rz ,i m nt i n ng nni n g p
o rz , or ll l e rz , sa ou a ra e ru ar a e

wi th t h th n h
e sou f t h C pi n
er s ndore s o
p t ing t h S h e as a se a a se a ra e o re
co u nt y r f M i nd fin f m th
o az n i n t M dier t h n i t d
ro f th e a c e e a, C co s s e o e
w t n p t
es e r f t h Pl tar o f I fin In e m lim it d n M t
a e au o r . a o re e se se , .

Elb i p t f th i h in i ing i n n l m t i l t d m t t h
u rz s a ar o s c a r s a a os so a e ass o e
n orthw t f th ity f T h fin
es o e c o e er .

It pl a p m i n nt p t in th l g nd y hi t y f I fin nd i
s a ro e ar e e e ar s or o r , a s
u su a lly i nti fi d b th b y P i n nd E p n h l wi th th H
e e , o e rs a a u ro ea sc o a rs , e a re
B e re za i ti p k n f i n t h A v t
, s o e th b
o ti f l m nt in m d b y e es a as e e au u ou a a e

M az d nd wh i h t h
a , a ro u n m n nd t c v lv t h e su nt f th , oo a s a rs re o e, e ce er o e

se v n gi n f t h
e re o th t h gli tt ing p k th t pi
s o e ear th ,ky n e er ea a e rce s e s , o
wh i h t h g d
c nd p im v l h
e o s a h v ff d th m t r e pt bl a e roes a e o e re e os a cce a e
sacr ifi ce B t th i p
. ti l d ipt i n i f m
u s oe ppli bl t t h C n
ca escr o s ar o re a ca e o e e

t l Pl t
ra fA i
a e au o nd p i lly t h Av t n t ntly p k f t h
s a, a , es ec a as e e s a co s a s ea so e
su n i i ng v th H
r s o B er i t i i t i p b b l th t th i p i m i t i v Elb
e a ra e re za , s ro a e a s r e u rz
w as th P m i e A ft th nt f th Z th t i ni m h d b n
a r. er e ce er o e a ra us r a s a ee
Shift d f m B t i t At p t n (
e ro ac r a H o B i ti b rom a e e se e 11 . a ra e re za eca e
i d nt i fi d w i th Elb
e e nd t h w d d i nt h ng bly
u rz a e or s u se e rc a ea .

1 43 A . li n t ra i aT h A l d nghi
es u a r es — S f I l nd . it i e ra -
e z , or ea o s a s, as s
ca ll d i n T k i l ng g i m m nly k wn t E p n g g ph
e ur a ua e s , s co o no o u ro ea eo ra e rs

as th S e f A l
ea o I t h n tl t n d i f d h i fl y b y t h w t
ra . as f
o ou e , a s e c e e a e rs o

th O x
e nd J x
us a t (t h A m nd S i ) It h fl t t d g tly i n
a a r es e u a r . as uc u a e re a

i
s ze , a nd d i ng p i d wh n t h w t
ur er o f th O x w
s div t d f m
e e a e rs o e us ere er e ro

it ( se e u 1 26) h . lm t t i ly d i pp d Ev n t th p nt ti m
as a os e n re sa e a re . e a e re se e
i t i fl nk d b y l n g t t h
s a e f dy m h p i lly
o s re c d th es o re e a rs , es ec a ro un e

m ou th f th i v
s o Th e r t i f th O x ers . fil l d wi th dn
e e s u a r es o e u s a re e a e se
g wth f d f m 20 t 25 f t h igh
ro o re e s ro o ee .

1 44 F . A l d E ngl i h w d m ning f
r or e .
— h o n f ty s or , ea ro ze , or ros .

1 4 5 C pi n. d b d
as Ma t f th t
r ee t f t h C pi n i m
- e .
— os o e eas coa s o e as a s co

p ose d f l
o i n l g san t t h
e i ng a t
ooh n d y pl i n
s s re c f m n y ac ro ss e sa a s or a
 NO TE S 10 7

t
m i l es i n o the i nt eri or , whi ch i n som e cases ave becom e , i n course of h
t p td l lk
im e , e ntire y se a ra e fro m t he a e and form sa lt p t i s o r reservoi rs ,
som e ti m es o f v t as si ze th t h
I ts nor e as ern s ore s , i n
. p t t
a r i cul a r , co nsi s
t l h d t t
e n ir e y o f l o w , m a rs y a nd ree y r ac s , w hi c h fl dd l h are oo e on y w e n
ev t g t d
e r a s ro n p ld
wes w i n has reva i e for a fe w ay s d A su ccessi on o f .

lt
sa y fe ns s r e c t th from t he C p A
a s i a n t o t he p t g
r al , p d
oi n i n to a e ri o
h d t
w en i t recei ve a l l the wa e rs of t he a er se a l tt .

t d
1 4 6 T he e nu m era i on of t he i vi sio ns of S o hrfib s ar m y w ic
.
’
h hb g e in s
at th p t th g p d g p
i s oi n ha s no i n corres on i n to i t i n t he e ic T he ri e s m e n t b .

ti one d a re th ose whi ch p

a t t he t h b tW t
resen d ay i n a i gl
e s e r n M on o i a S i ,

b l d g
e r i a a nd T u rk est fi n , i nc u i n h l t t ll d t l
t he w o e erri ory ca e u n i rec en y tl
T ta r ary b y o ur g g ph e o ra Th h
e rs ey av tp t
e , for t he m os
. p d
a r , occ u i e t he
sa m e g l g
e n era re i on ev th fi t b
er si nce ey rs k
ec a m e h t
no wn to is ory or sci
t
e nce , a nd the a nces ors o f so m e o f th th
em m u s av tt t d t p
e co ns i u e t he roo s
t b td
con ri u e b y K i n A fra si fib to S ohrfib s a rm y d th l t
M o ern e no ogi s s
’
.

l
c a ss t he T t a r a rs , K k
u rk om a ns , a z a s a nd K gh ir d T k
i z u n er the ur i
b hra nc of t he T Kl k d
u ra ni a n rac e ; the a m u s u n e r t he M o n o glb h ra nc ,
A t k d
a nd t he n o w su b - rc ic O sti a s a n d S a m oye e s u n e r t he d U l F ra o i n ni c - .

1 4 7 T he T a rta rs of the ox us —
. Th t ll x t b h
e re s i e is s a r a nc. o f t he
T k t k k
u r i s oc nown a s the K K lp k ara - a a s, orBl k C p ac a s from the ,

p l h gh Sh p k h d d
ecu i ar i ee s i n h h th
e a - r e ss w ic Th
ey w e ar e y fo rm a n .

t d t
I n erm e i a e l i n kbt e wee n t he so uth T k
e rn th
u r om a n s a nd t he no r e rn

K ghir p
i z , a n d a re the su rvi vo rs of a o nce owe rfu n a i on l t lt A s a resu o f .

d t
force o r vol u n ary m i ra io n s g t th ey a re now sc a tt d ere t
ov er a v a s a re a
in T t a r a ry a n d so u th b th
e rn S i e ri a , b u t t l t t ll
e ir ce n ra se a i s s i i n t he
d p l
am th
a i n s o f t he sou x l g
e rn O u s a nd a o n t t A l
t he e as co a s o f t he ra
se a . h b t fi t th
e re a re a ou f y d th
ou sa n of th t g
em i n b t
a re i on , a nd a ou
t wo h d d
u n re fi t th
a nd f y d
o u san tt d th gh
m o re a re sc a ere ro u va ri o u s
p ta r s o f t he R u ssi a n e m i re p Th d
e y a re bd
e scri e . tp t
a s fo r t he m o s ar
t ll
a b t th
a nd ro u s , w i d b l g Sh t p
bro a fl at ro ws , a r e ey e s , o r nose , ro m i nen t
h
c in , a n d b d h d th gh th
ro a an s ou . h
ei r w om e n av p tt b g
e t he re u a i on o f ein
t he m os tb t l e a u i fu i n T u rk e st é n Th h l t ey av l g xt t th
e os t o a a r e e . en eir
fi d h t g lt l
e rce a nd n om a i c c ar a c e r , a nd are n ow a l e t ha r ic a ri c u u ra r ace
g
-
.

1 8 L a rg e m en l a r e steeds
4 .
g ,
— tM os o f t he I a rt a rs o f t he O u s
.x
g
re i o n a re o f Sl g u h
i sh d 1 spo sit i o n a nd of e a v b ld h l
y u i , wT k i e t h e u r o
t b bl l d l th
m a n ri es refe rre t o e ow a re m ore s en er , i e and ac ive , t th gh ou
ft n f l m t q l t t
1 49 W
o e o a os e ua s a u re .

hof m B kh
. om
ro Th o i t y f B k hfi
a ra c i th e —pit l
. e c o o ra s e ca a
o f th p e nt t tre se f th m n m
s a e o Th w d i e sa f M ng l
e i gi n
a e. e or s o o o or
a nd m n th
ea ity f t m pl
s e c f th o i ty he l g b n th m t
es ,
”
or e c as on ee e os
i m p t nt or a nt f th M h m m d n
ce er o ligi n in T k tfin S h w
e o a e a re o ur es . uc as
it f m
s a f l e ni n or v n i n M h m m d d y th t t h p ph t i
e ar e e o a e
’
s a , a e ro e s
re p t d t h v i f i t El wh th l ight d nd f m b v
or e o a e sa o : se ere e e sce s ro a o e,
b t i n B khfi
u it o d i t pw d
ra ra a es u ar .
’

It h d th h i ght f it p p ity nd l i t y p t ti n
re a c e e e o s ros er a e ra r re u a o
b tw n th ni nth nd f t nth nt i nd till h 1 00 m d
e ee e a ou r e e hce u r es , a s as e re sse ,

o r co ll g f th t dy f th K fin b id n l th 3 60 m q
e es or e s u o e or , es es o e ss an os u es .

Th e it y ic id by l s sa l t diti n t h v b n f nd d b y A l x nd
oc a ra o o a e ee ou e .
e a er
th G e t nd t inly n n t h v b n in xi t n t th ti m f
re a , a cer a ca o a e ee e s e ce a e e o
t h b ttl b tw
e a e S h étb nd R
e ee n t m whi h m t h v t k n pl
o r a us a t , c us a e a e ace a
lea s t tw h nd d y o u b f re t h bi th f A l x nd
e a rs e ore e r o e a er .
 1 08 S OH R AB AN D R US TUM
T he presen t t te f B khé o upi th wh l t it y l ng t h
s a o o ra cc es e o e e rr or a o e
s h ores o f th O x wi th n xt nt f
e u s, q m il a nd p p e l e o s u are es a a o u a
ti n f v tw m il l i n
o o o er It nly tt in d thi i f w y
o o .
g wh no a a e s s ze a e e ars a o, e
R i
u ss a a nn x d v l m ll
e e t t t th igin l t t f B k ha
se e ra s a er s a es o e or a s a e o o ra

(
ca ll d e b y t h R m n T e n x i n
o n d b
a y t hs A b M rav n n h
so ) a a a e ra s a era a r ,

wh i h i c n i n
s a th i ght b n k f t h O x
o as s e ar n th e r d l di n g a o e u s, o e ro a ea
f m K h i v t t h H i nd
ro a K h m nt i n It i n l d t h n i n t
o e u us ou a s . c u es e a c e
S gd i n
o a i n th b i n f t h S gd
a, e Z f h n iv At t h tim f
as o e o or a ra s a r er . e e o
th n e tiv th Bl k C p T t d btl
a rra e e ac pi d t h w h l a a r a rs ou ess occu e e o e
re gi n nd f w f th m
o , a a e till t b f nd i n Z f h n
o e a re s o e ou ar a s a .

1 5 0 Kh iv . l ll d K h m
a, a so Kh v i m m
ca e ni ng L w are z a or o ar z , ea o
l nd ( iv l nt t N th l nd ) i w nd q y f t il gi n
e u a e o nd er aro u
tq f t h O x
a e er a , s a o er e re o
th m e ou ‘ o nd l th t wn wh i h it pi t l
e u s, a a so e o c 1s s ca a .

It i n i d l t fil l d wi th f l i g nd fll w s o b nd i n g i n ou
nd tp m l d i
s a ea , e o a e a o ers , a
ni ghtin g l a es a bi d nd yi ldi ng t h m t d li i
o er e o ou s r s, a e e os e c ou s
f it
ru n d v g t bl
s a it pi t h i n t in p ti l
e e a es , sb in g n w n d s ac o u s, ar cu ar , e re o e
th gh t A i It i
rou ou s and d b y
. lm t i m p i bl w t t t h
s su rrou e a os a ss e as e s o e
sou th nd w t nd it t k R i
a es , a nt y n d h lf ( 1 703 1 875 ) t
oo u ss a a ce ur a a a - o
co n n it f m th U b g
er ro T h l tt e mi x d p pl
z e f th T k i
s . e a e r a re a e eo e o e ur
t
s oc p k i n
s ea g t h t n g f t h U i
g
e t ho p d m i n
ue o t i n g l m n t e u rs , e re o a e e e
a m ng th m w h i h i th m t p h h d l ng g
o e , c s f t h li ng i ti
e os o s e a ua e o e u s c
g p t w hi h it b l ng Th U b g wh f m ly nt ll d t h
rou o c e o s. e se z e s, o or er co ro e e
b in f th S i nd th A m l im d nt f m t h f m
as s o e r a e G ld n u, c a e sce ro e a ou s o e
H or d th t nq d R i i n th thi t nth nt y Th y
e a co u ere u ss a ti ll e r ee ce ur . e a re s
di ting i h d b y th high p whi h th y w th y
s u s e e nd
ca nd i t
s c e ea r e e ar ro u , a
p h p t thi t ib f bl k p T t th t th t xt p i l ly
if
-
s er a s o s r e o ac ca ar ars a e e es ec a
e e rs .

1 5 1 A nd f m nt th m i l h f n
. er e M t f th n m di T ni n
e o r a r es . os o e o a c u ra a

eo l v y f nd f k m y
e s a re er f o hing d i nk whi h th y p p
o ou s , a re re s r c e re a re

py m nting th m i lk f th i m
er e e m l B y di ti l li n g th i
o e r a res o r c a e s . s s a
l h li li q ll d k k i ( h i k ) i
g d
ery a co o c u or ca t R n e p
ara a or ar e u ss a arrac s ro

u ce
1 5 2 T oo km n. i r T km nu s, T km ni n
. e . Thi i
, ur o a s or ur e a s. s s a
gn lnm
e era d b y m d n thn l gi t t d i gn t n f th tw
a e u se o er e o o s s o es a e o e o e o
m in b n h
a ra f th T
c ni n
es o M n li n e w hi h
u ra t b f a nd or o o a race c are o e ou
i n t h A l o C spi n
e ta gi n th t
- a b n h b in g t h K i ghi
a re o , e o er ra c e e r z.

T h T k m n wh n m b
e ur o a s, b t m i ll i n o l n w i n h bi t h i fl y
u er a ou a o sou s , o a c e
th e re gi n b tw n th H ind K h m nt in nd th U t U t pl t
o e ee e o us ou a sa e s - r a ea u ,
w t f th A l
es o e T h t y pi l m m b
ra se a . f th i thni g p d
e ca e e rs o s e c rou a re e

sc r ib d e h vi ng b d b w m ll nd pi ing bl k y
as a a ro a ro m ll , s a a erc ac e es , a s a
n ose , ra th th i k li per p j ti ng f m t h h d bl k nd nty
c s , e ars ro ec ro e ea , a ac a sc a
b d nd h t th k h i
e ar , a s or , 1c a r .

1 53 Th T k . e T kk u as , bd ivi i n f th T k m n
or e es , are a su s o o e ur o a s,
n m b ing b t l Th y h t i d b y pi i n g ‘

u er a ou so u s . e are c arac er ze a erc

gl n nd p d nd m ti l b ing
a ce , a a rou a t ll in t t nd v y
ar a e ar , are a s a u re a er
vi g o rou s and tiv T h n w u y th f til b in f t h M v(
ac e . e o occ e er e as o e er see
21 2) f w m il
a e n th H t n l n i whi h b
es or 0 th i
era , a a so a oas s , c e ars e r
n m n th h d w t f th i v A t k (n t g th wit h m ’

a e, o e ea - a e rs o e r er re . o e er so e

o f th u e s rrou nd i ng hi ll f th T k m n C s o e ur o a au casu s .

Th i T k i v i n th t n p t f R i n T k tfin i
ere s a e es r er e e as e r ar o u ss a ur es , r s
i ng in t h K ung A l T e m nt i n nd a m ptying i nt th I l i
au ou Thi a s a e o e . s
I IO SOH R AB AN D R US TUM
J
1 5 9 T he axartes, or S ir D ari a , al so call ed the S i on and referred
. h
p
to al so in the oe m as the nor ern S ir th . It is a riv er about sev en teen
h d
u n red m i l es l ong , em p yin t g t t t
in o t he nor hern par of the sea o f A ral ,
an d i s, wi th x t t k
the O u s, the chief source of t he wa ers of t ha l a e . It
h t g
ne ar the Ti an S an m ou n ains , a ran e runnin fr om the northern P ami r
t t
eas ward i n o the Ch p g h d
inese e m ire an form in t he nort ern boun a ry of
E tas ern or Chi nese T k t
u r es an t In ancie n tim es one of t he channel s
.

t h h
i n o w ic i t is div d d t
i e in i ts l ower course comm u nica ed wi h t he t
x
O us, t hrou gh h g p t t fl d t
whic a l ar e or i on of i ts wa ers owe i n o the C a sp i an
,

p
1 60 Close-set shnl l -caps — S ev
. . l T t p pl
era a r ar l d g
eo es , i nc u i n so m e !
b h
ra nc es of t he K h tt k ll p
ir g iz, we ar l i l e s u ll g
ca s , u su a y risi n i n a p o 1 nt
h d
be i n t he e a h d .

1 6 1 T he
. K h k ipc a , K aptchak , o r K ib zak i s a na m e a p d li e t o so u th
t
e as ern R u ssi a m t he d h h td
a ys w e n i t w as i n a b i e b y in e pend e n t p eo
pl es of T t g
a r a r o ri in (see u It. dd incl u e a l l t he country ar o u n d
h d C p
the e a of as i a n , e v A t d
e n o n t he U
si a i c si e of the ral .

T he K k aza s of the M iddl d Ut

e H or e
( r a h t
Y u z ), w h o i n a b i th e re g i o n

t U l A b
be we en the ra ri ve r , t he se a of ral and the asi n of the O b i ri ve d
are oft e n ca e ll d Kp h k
t he p t
i c a s to the resen d a y .

1 62 T he
. C k K
a l m u c s or k t
al m u s are a g rou p o f M o ngol rib e s, w hi
l h
cal t e mse l v b t
es the D e r e n O i ra C d t
o r Fo u r o nfe e ra e s . O ne of t l zsc ]
.

t he T p
u r u t , re rese n ts t he ol d
g K t h h l d
a ra i t ri be , w ic g ru e a l ar e p ar-t o
M ongoha be fo re t he t J gh Kh
im e of en is h
a n (see 11. a not e r , t ht
K hasad , a et k th e i r nam e from ab th J gh K
ro er of en is han, from w ho m
th h
e ir c i efs w ere d d A th d b
e ri v e
. p t
i r tri e , t he J u ng ars, re re sen s t he
l g
r u in t
e l em e n i n the p J J
owe rfu l k gd
u e n- u e n or u ngari a n in om w hi c }:
fl h
o u r is e d i n E t g b
as ern T u rk est é n o n the bo r e rs of S i e ri a i n t he 1 7 t h
t
a n d 1 8t h ce n u ri e s o f ou r e ra It t. pt d
at l as acce et the su ze rai n y o f t he :

Ch h tt pt d
i nese , and w e n i t a e m e k t l dp d t g
t o m a e i se f i n e e n e n a a i n 5 2 m
tt
u e rl y wi e pd pp d
o u t , as it w a s su d t t
ose , i n a h
es ru c i v e war in w ich
ll
m i i on of th l t th l
em os ei r i v es .

P t t h d th
a r of t he T u rg u ts had e s abl i s e l e m se v t t
es on R u ssi an e rri o r y
t d
i n 1 663 , b u t re u rn e i n 1 7 7 1 t o re ve n eg th k e ir lt t d
i nsm e n . M u i u es o f
th p h d
em e ri s e xp
b y w ar a nd e th
osu re o n t he wa y , a nd b b e y were a so r e d
th t h
wi o u m u c ad o i n o t he t Ch p
i n e se e m i r eth . lt d
I n 1 864 e y re v o e a nd

re e s at bl h d k gd
i s e t he J u n a ri an i n xd
om , a nd i t ha s si nce b ee n anne e to
R u ssia . Th e y are st
’

h
num erous i n the sou t e rn part of t he O b i b as in
t
a n d t he eas e rn A lt ai
.

1 63 a
. za hs .
— K k
T he g t
aza s or K a iza ks , b y far the l ar es o f t he t w o
d
m a in ivi sion s o f t he K gh b h ir T k t k
i z ra nc o f t he u r i s oc K k T he
. az a

K th
i rg hi z , o r K a iza k s , as ll th
ey ca l d dd t
em se v e s , a re h d
i vi e i n o fou r or e s :
t he U u Y uz , o r
l -
G t re a d h h
H or e , w ic d T
is fou n be t ween t he h hi an-S a n
t Lk b l t
m ou n a i ns and a e B al k ash, i n S i e ri a , and i s the o des of t he fou r ;
t he Ut dd
r a-Y u z , or M i d p g h
l e H or e , occu yin the l ow ill y country nor th
I d h p
o f t he A ral se a : the nner H or e , w ose th re se n om e i s o n the O re n .

b g tp
ur p t U l
S e pes , ne ar t he up er w a e rs of t he ri ver ra ; a nd the K acl n
d h h t th t d t E p
Y uz , or L 1 ttl e H or e , w i c s re c es we s war far i n o u ro e a n R u SS I a,
pt
a nd , i n s i e of i ts n am e , i s m u c h l g t t
the a r e s a nd m os 1 m ort a nt of al l .

p b g
I t was ro abl y b y a fu sion o f R u ssi an re fu ee s w1 t h t h1 s ra nchof the
K gh K k th t d d d E p K k C
ir i z- aza s a the rea e u ro e a n k
aza or ossac tr1 be rose ,
a
h h b
w i c has e come the m os tp l pp t
owerfu su o r of the great S l av on1 c em
 N O ES T III

i
p er f the N or
o th T K k
hese . aza s of the M i d dl e H ord e hav t e bes p r e
se r v edth g g
ei r anci ent type and l an u a e and u sages, and al th gh th ou ey
a re sim pl e nom a s d th d th
ey consi er bl
e m se l v W
es all no es hen one of
W
.

t th
t h e m m ee s ano er for the rs fi tt t
i m e he at once u s the uesti on ,
p
“
h o
a r e y our sev t
en a nces ors ? th t
”
so a ev ght
e n t he chI l d r en o ei or t e n

y e a r s a m o g th
n em c a n t re th t h t t
c i e w i o u e si th
a i on t he nam e s of ei r
t
a n c e s ors for sev gen t
e nera i ons .

1 64 T ri bes who stray nea r est the P ole

. th — In ese we m a y se e a re f
t k
e r e n c e t o t he O s i a s and d h
S am oye es, branc e s of the F h i nni s race
p h th p t
w h i c h occu y m u c of the nor e rn a r of wes ern S i beri a t Th h ey av e .

p d p d T k t
b e e n resse u war s b y t he u r i ri bes from the re on sou th o f t he
°

t t t
cA l t a i m oun a in s wi hi n t he hi s ori c p e ri o d B t C efore k e ossac s con .

a
q u e r e d Si b e r i a th
fo r e i r R u ss ita n m as e rs i n t h e 1 6 th atn d 1 7 th ce n u ri e s
k
tit h e O sti a s had a co m pl t t g
e e na ion al or aniz a tion , wi th g l b lt re u l ar y ui
c i t i e s a nd h ou ses , b u t now th b
e y hav e d gh t
e com e m e re wan e ri n u n e rs
ha n d fih s e rm en Th ey worshi
. T a god T u rm or d h h
u rum , a wor i n w ic
erso m e h b t pt d
av e e en em e dto bj t
a t race of a fo rm er su e c i on t o the
d dd
k i n g om fou n e b T ur , t he son of F d It p h p l k l
e ri un i s e r a s as i e y .

rh ab e t the i n k gt k oo s n a m e fr om t he god
’

It p b bl th t
i s ve ry ro a e . a it
w av e n fr o th th
m i s e n t
i c s e m , rha t h e r T k
t a n t h e g th t
u r o -M on ol
, a t h e e ar
h bt t T k t
ol i e s t i n a i a n s of d
u r e s an we r e d e ri v e .

th e 1 65 T he K i rghizzes , or m ore pro rl y t he

. K gh ir i z , are one of the
om n a in d T k t k
i vi si ons of the ur i s oc tt t l t d
ey cons i u e t he a rge s nom a i c
.

th ra ce i n A si a , nu m be ri n gbt e we en tw o andth ll Th h
ree m i i ons ey av e .

Ic h
l n o c o e si o n am on g th e m sel v pl t
e s , and a re s t bl t b
i u p i n o i nnu m e r a e ri e s .

TuT h e y com pare t em selv h d tt d

es t o the se a sa n s, sca ere
-
d far and wi e b y
th d
et h e w i n s , b u t nev der g
e cr e a si n Th
i n n um b e r ei r t wo m ain di v isi ons
.

w ere K k K gh
aza - ir K K gh
iz and t he ara - B t
ir iz or u ru s .

I f! tt
T he l a er , t he B k W d l ac or t K h
il M ou n ain i rg i z, roam over the
h Alt
T hi a n-S an , P
ai a nd t
am i r m oun a i ns an d the su rrou n ind g u pl ands .

Th
) ry ose of Th h d
i an-S an are cal l e the L the ft , and P ose of t he am i r t he
g t
R i h branc h t g S ran e t o say ,
. th h ghl
e y w ere once a l dp p
i y ci v i i ze eo l e .

!cd Th pk
e y are s o e n of i n the Ch p
i ne se annal s as a owe rful comm erci a l
t
nd n a i on , and th e i r ownb d t g
ar s s i ll si n h t th
of t he ac i ev e m e n s of ei r an
th p b th t th t d d t
.

to ci e n eroes It i s ossi l e
. a ey are the ru e esc e n a n s of t he
g T
511 o ri i nal urani ans , who h tk
av e b e a e n t hem se l v th t
es t o e se fas nesse s t o
e sc a e the o
p pp d
ressi on o f the nom a ic inv d h a e rs who pt av e swe i n su c
wo cess1 v e wav e s ov th
er t h
e i r a nce s ral th
om e for m ore th d
an t wo o usan
1k y ears .

1 66 i — T h Ki gh i h es i ne n b t orses are sorr u

es: . .
y p r z a a ra ce
in di
cre Th t m d t pi k pe are accu s o i t n f e o c u a su s s e ce or
u
r ; th m l v
e se th y g
es as ng nd th y h v g
e o a o t t ngth nd nd
, a e a e rea s re , a e u re
ti m k bl y w ll th xt m
re ar a e f h t nd
e e l d nd th f t i g
re es o f l ng ea a co a e a ue o o
nd nint
a u pt d j n y
e rru e ou r e s
.

hi 1 67 P me . a S n 1 27
re. — T h R i ght b n h (0 ) f th Bl k K i
ee . e ra c 11 o e ac r
Ia
, hi th
z are nl y i nh bi t nt
e o f hi gh t l v l
a f th P m i pl t
a s o es e e s o e a r a e au .

y e m i n
re t h a w i th th i fl k
e re f i
ght m n the r f t h oc
y b s t or e o s o e e ar , u
h k in wi nt th m i l d li m t f th dj nt di t i t f l w l
e see er e er c a e o e a a ce s r c s, o o er e e
s
e, v ti n n th n th nd w t
a o , o e or a es .

n 1 68 T .t th y
a r a rs m d th I ly t e — T h w d Il y t
see e , e Il i t a s . e or a a or a s

op l t ) m ni ng t i b i d a th col l cti v d i n t ion

(p l fi ”
r
y I
er s , ea u
“
r es,
g s se s e e e es a
I IZ S O H R AB AN D R US T UM
of al l t he nom a s t t f th p nt P i n kingd m
d wi hi n the l imi s o e rese e rs a o , es

p i
ec a l l y th f T t
ose o d nt Th i n mb
ar ar i n r esce d m .i ni h e r u er c e ase s or i s es
a ccor d m g t th p l i t i l vi i i t d
o e o f th caunt y m lt i t d c ss d
u t es o e co r , u u es a o
i ng n m di h b to a c th a lt f pp i n
i s as th di t
e re su n o o re ss o or o er sa s e rs , a a
po ti n of th mi g t y p p l ti n v t in t t wn l if in p i d f
r o e ra o r o u a o re er o o e er o s o
en l p
c ra p i ty Ev n th d wn hi t y th h b n
ros er . er S i ce e a 0 s or ere as ee a
u ra ni n l m nt a e ew ll n A y n n
e as n th pl t
e as a f I an ndr a o e o e a ea u o r , a a
co n id s bl p p t i n f i t p
e ra e ro nt i n h b i t n t
or o o k n wn t b f
s rese a a s a re o o e o
T t d nt T h g v nm nt h b n in th h nd f d ifl n t
ar a r esce . e o er e as ee e a s o
'

e re
Tu ki p pl m t f t h ti m in th 1 l th ntu y f th Ch i ti n
r eo es os o e e s ce e ce r o e r s a
era , a nd t t h a nt t i m t h e v nm nt fli i l nd l di
rese e e f
o er e o c a s a so e rs are or
th m t p t
e os h igi n w th t P i n h v lm t m n
ar 0 su c or , e e r ue e rs a s a e a os a o o

p y ol f in
o t l l t l en d b i n
ec u a p i t a B t t h tt
us l d ess
p l t i n f
u rsu s. u e se e u a o , o
wh t v a e xt ti n h b m th ghl i m b d wit th pi i t f
er e rac o , as eco e orou ue e s r o
P i n n ti n lity nd t k p i d in
ers a a o a , ath t d iti n a f I ni n
es r e e ra o s o ra a
l y whil th I l y t ti l l h v th p i i t f
or , e e a s s tl T an Thi h a e e s r o re s ess ur . s as
n ill t t d in us ra e nt w b tw n th P i n g v nm nt n d
rec e ars e ee e ers a o er e a
Ii y t b l ; th P i n m h d t b ttl h nting p g f m t h
a re e s e e rs a s arc e o a e c a assa es ro e

S h h N am wh i l th I l y t tim l t d h th b y i ng ’
a a, e e a s s u a e eac o e r s cou r a e s
i ng th w e ng f K
ar so l f m
s o ch t
u rro m ng ou , a m in t h a ou s arac e r a o e e
1 7 th nt u y wh
ce rm bi n , th p f o co i n f b d nd f b t e wi t h
ro e ss o so ar a re e oo er ,

p h n
e m o n l e a i n h
su ccess It i n n h n i m
eac t .p e n t t h s a a ac ro s o re re s e
Il y t t king p t n th I ni n id in b ttl th t t k pl
a a as a ar o e ra a s e a a e a oo ace

y e ars a g th o,y as d n d d ef m t i
areb th t h v
esce n t d t
e h ro r es a a e e e re e
o nt y n t
c u r li th n th fi t T ki h n n t f 1 03 8
o ear er a e rs ur s co es o .

1 69 E d ht i n bu ni h d ste l
.
— Th S h r N am h bi tu l l y ep
s e e . e a a a a r re
se nts bot h w f I an nd Tu an
e arrors o b ing l d in r t a f m il r as e c a cos s o a .

T h I ni n ho t on c t i n o
e ra a s s i n aid t p er a nt t h
p p
ccas o
e a re sa o re se e a ar
a n ce o f a f m
“
sea o T h m t hi ghl y p i d
ar or .
”
m cc e d ng t os r ze ar or , a or i o
Fi d i w imp t d f om R um
r a us , as or e Sy i n d A i M in
r ) r a a s a or .

1 70 F ood w o d. h
er le th Pa
, w n — Thi i n n ch ni m f th e s s s a a a ro s , or e
I ni n h t w
ra a os mm nd d n thi occ i n b y th S h h K i Kau i n
as co a e o s as o e a a s
w th on f t h as wn p in e s S i av h wh h i m lf
o e cro r ce us , o se
to h v b n bo n unt il ft a e th d th f S h ab (
ee r a er e ea o o r see

p .

1 7 1 M la .
f o m C b oo l
rs — C b rl K b d l na i n tl y O. t o p n da u or a , a c e r s a or
C bua is th
ra , pi t l f th p nt kingd m f Afgh ni tan
e ca a o e rese o o a s .

S in th ce m t t ti m e re K bul nd K nd h h v b n n i d d
o es es , a a a a ar a e ee co s ere
as th k y t e Indi th fi t nt lling th
e s o a, d t Ta an nd th
e rs co ro e roa o r , a e

o th th t to I an B ing l t d n th hi t i
er a r . e d b tw n I ndi
oca e o e s or c roa e ee a
a nd B t i l t th p
ac r a , c ose f t h H i nd K h whi ch
o e a sses o nn t th e u us co ec e
U l C pi n b in wi th t h P nj ab
ra o- as a as pp I ndu b in it h n t e a , or u er s as , as a u
ra l ly b n f m t h ee ro l i t ti m g t m p i m f t d nt lli ng
e ear es es a rea e or u o ra e , co ro
th t fi e ra b tw n th n nd w t n A i It i i t t d i n f ti l
c e ee sou er a es er s a . s s ua e a er e

p l in
a w , t d b
a ere
y i v f t h m a rn m n d er ofl v y o
e sa t e a e, a o
'

ers e er res u rce o

th e cara v n th t n d t k t h t i l m j
a s a u n y
er a e th m e nt in o so e ou r e a cross e ou a s .

It h s n l ti tu d
a a af i x th nd fe o t whi h giv it d lightf lly
s ou sa ee , c es a e u
t mp
e t cl im t K bul w
era e a et inly in x i t n b f th tim f
. a as cer a e s e ce e ore e e o
A l x nde a th G er t nd is b l i v d b y i t i ti n t b th l d t i ty
e re a . a e e e s c ze s o e e o es c
i n th w l d e Th l
or .l l g nd ep nt th d vi l h vi ng f l l n
oca e e s re rese e e as a a e

th ere wh n h w s e t f m h v n nd th ity p i d it lf in th pos

e a cas ro ea e ,
a e c r es se e
1 14 S OH R AB AN D R U S TU M
1 77 . Zoarr P h Z h
ah — er aps
. ere i s m ea nt , t he m an who i s a l a er e pi t
sod e cu t 0 3 t he h d P ea p o f the ersi an ri nce S ifiv h
ush, w en t he at er l t
d t T p
was pu t t o ea h b y t he ki n o f uran (se e . p h
H e was er aps on e
I
o f t he ran ia n k ght ni p
s who oll owe d t he ri nce t o the cou r t A
of b
frasi a ,
d td d g
b u t he e ser e hi m i n his hou r of a n er , a n d sou ghtt o win the roya l
favor b y th t b
i s act of in sul t o t he od y o f hi s form e r m aster .

1 78 Fera bu rz
. the u ncl e of the K i ng — Fe rab u rz, or Fri
.

b u rz, was the u ncl e o f K a i K hosrfl , b u t acco r in d g t o t he P

ersi a n rad i t
t t h h th p
i on s the e ve n w ic l b t t k pl
i s o e m ce e ra es oo ace i n t he re i n o f g
l tt p d
t he a er s re ecesso r , K a i K afls
’
. K
Fri b u rz w a s the so n o f K a i aus b y
d
S u ava , d a u ght k g
e r o f t he in of H a m av p eran (see H e se v
t
eral i m es com m an e dd th
t he arm i es of his ro al fa
y ph er an d ne ew , b u t a t
a t b t ht
i m e su seq u en t o t a o f t he na rrati ve , a nd som e o f the ra ni an I
b
no l es fa v d
ore th th
hi s su ccessio n t o hi s fa er s h h
’
fi ll
rone , w i c was n a y
g i ve n t o t h e so n o f S i a v u s h K a i K ho s rfl . H i s n g
a m e s e e m s t o si n i fy
t p b bl l
Ib u rz, the il l us riou s, a nd he i s ro a y the CEb aras of c assi c au o rs th .

1 7 9 Of sca r l e t cl oth they wer e —

. A g T t d
m o n t he a r a r nom a s of the
p r e s etn d ay a t t tl
re d e n i s s ik l a m ar l k l ll
o f ro y a ra n , r e a o r a e ge d (see 11.

M a ny of t he K k h az a t th d g t
c i e fs a ffec ht g t
i s i ni y b y rig of a ran
t tl lt
of t he i e of S u an from t he R u ssi a n t
g ov e rn m e n .

1 0 A si de of roasted sheep , eta

8 . Th d t — is ie , as soli d as i t i s, was m ore
d t th th t
ain y an a ll bd
u su a y ascri e hh
t o R u sta m i n the S a N am a . T he
tt p t h t b t g fl h
l a er re rese n s hi m as a b i u al l y su sis i n o n t he es of the w i d l
ass, a foo d t ll t
s i th t
es ee m ed i n a Th
regi on l t
i s a ni m a , o n accou n o f
t he d imcu l t y o f i ts u rsu i an d i ts an erou sne ss w e n e n ra e , was t he
.

p t d g h gd
t g I l d t t l l
favori e am e of the rani an o r s, an d R u s a m was pa r i cu ar y fam o u s
p h
fo r hi s rowess i n the c ase as we l as i n war l p . tdH e i s re resen e on
n um e rou s occasi ons as g g h t h oi n to un tt
w e n hi s a p d i e m ove hi m ,
k ll h
i i ng som e o f t ese a ni m a s wil th h d d
hi s own an , an g h ev ou ri n a w ol e
carcass at a si n gl tt e si t t d t
i ng and wi hou con i m en s , t o the grea t ad m i ra
h d
ti on of t he be ol er !
. h t g th
1 81 H el d a f a l con on hi s wri st — T he art of fal conry o r u n i n wi ,

t l b p t d
the ai d o f rai ned fa co ns has ee n rac i ce , p t A
in m any a r s of si a
p h t
from a re i s oric erio Jp td h
T he a anese were acqu ai n e wi t i t w e n h
p dK
.

t he y fi t rs m i grate( from l d th
o re a t o t he i s a n s Wt h e
y n ow occ u y ,
p
a bou t 600 B C ; a nd the . . Ch h h td
inese cl ai m t o av h e h
un e i n t i s fa s i o n
h h t h d d
for m ore t a n t ir y-fi ve u n re y e ars fig . T he h ld g
u re of a m a n o in
l
a fa con on hi s wri st has bee n fou n d A on a n td t g
ssyr i a n m onu m e n a in
t t
from the seven ee n h cen u ry B C t It t l . t t b th
i s s i l the favori e recre a i on, o
h d
of m en a nd c il ren , i n t he coun ry ov t h h t
er w i c d th
R u s am rul e (sou e rn
A gh t
f ani s an) .

1 82 If l ra n s chi ef s are old , then 1 a m ol der —

.
'
’
W g t . el l m i h he sa y so ,
d g
for , accor in t o the fi g res iv h
e n i n the S ah N fim a , he w as sev l e ra
h du n red y e a rs ol d , a n ev g
e n accord i n t d t
t o the m os m o e ra e i nt e rpre
t t l h l g h t l
t ation of t he ra di i ona c rono o y i n arm ony wi h t he c assic a u t ors , h
he m u s th av t
e bee n a t l e a s 1 1 0 .

t p k l d t
R u s am can s e a of hi m se f i n i sti nc i on from I h “
ran s c i efs,
’ ”
be
cau se hi s ow n k gd t gh k
in om , ho u d g
a c nowl e gi n h t
the S ah s suzerain y ,
’

t l p l p t l dp d t
was i se f ve ry owerfu a nd rac ica l y i n e en e n .

1 83 R u sta m he l ov
. es no m ore, b ut l ov h
es the y ou ng — I n the S . ah
h t d t
N arn a the ero s grieva nce is of qu i e a i fferen charac er (se e p
’
t .
 NOT E S 1I S

1 84 T he A f
. gh n p p wh l l th m l v th P hti P khti a s ro e r, o ca e se es e us , or u
t p t t b d nd d f m f th t n m
,

c al im f th m or e os in
ar o e esce e ro a r ce o a a e
wh f th
ose J m h w n f t h n f l king f I l
a e r, e re ia , as o e o e so s o au , o srae
Thi l i m i i n i t lf f li ttl i gni fi n h w v th y M h m
.

s c a s se o e s ca ce , o e e r, a s e are o a
m d n
e a nd th h i t
s, a i n f v y n ti n p f
e i n g th t
s or a ligi n h v
s o e er a o ro e ss a re o a e
e x i d l l p i bl i ng n i ty i n fi nding p l f i t i n th Bibl i l
erc se a o ss e e u a a ce or e ca
g n l gi
e ea o B t it i es m k bl f t th t th i f t
. u s a re f d ar a e ac a e r e a u re s a re o a e
c id d l y J wi h
e t Th i l ng g i A y n i n i t h t nd
e s c as . e r a ua e s r a s c a rac er, a
l ly lli d t th P i n nd t th H i ndi th l ng g Sp k n b y th
c ose a e o e e rs a a o e ,
e a ua e o e e
n i ghb
e i n g p pl b t th i
or m eow l d i nd i te, U l Fi nn i i gin
u e r na es ou ca e a ra o- c or .

T h P hti l i m t h v b n t h
e us c a li t i nh bi t t f th gi n
o a e ee e ear es a an s o e re o ,

a nd m t b i d nti fi d wi th th P k ty f l i
us e e e th wh g v e a s o c a ss c au o rs, o a e
th i n m t B t i (t h n th n p t f th
e r a e o ac r a nt y ) nd e l with or er ar o e cou r , a a so
th B al hi k
e f th H i n d as o m n ti n d i n th M habh a t (fi fth
e u s, nt y e o e e a ra a ce ur ,

f m wh i h f m ro f th w d c m th n m
or f th o n i nt p e or co es e a e o e a c e ca
i t l i ty B l k h
a c A t ny t
, a gh i kn wn f t h n l nd iti n
. a ra e , e n ou s o o e e cr a co o
o f i ty t th t p i d
soc e a w ll f th
a h t er o thi b d l nd
,
as e as o e c a rac e r 0 s or e r- a
a t ll p i d
a t m k it m
er o th n p
s, o b bl th t n th
a e th t no re a ro a e a o e sou e as er

(t h ep n t B l
rese h i t fi ) n d t h n th
e uc t n (A fsgh nni tan ) b da f e or e as er a s or e rs o
t h k i gd m
e n f t h S fim o ( n no 81 1 3 5 ) the x i t d v
as n i n t h see .
,
ere e s e ,
e e e
ti m f R t m p d t y t i b wh w i n th h bit f v xing th
e o us a , re a or r es o e re e a o e e

b d or f t h n ghb i ng t t
e rs o e b th thei f I an n t h w t nd
or s a es , o ose o r o e es a
th f I nd i
ose o n th t a o e e as .

1 85 Cl d hi m lf i n t l
. a S t l wh i h i se m p nd f i n nds ee .
— ee ,
c s a co ou o ro a
ca r b n xi t i n n t
o ,
e nd h
s s b n m d t i fi i l l y f m th l i t
a u re , a as ee a e ar c a ro e e ar es
ti m It w i n m m n
es . in A y i
as wi th whi h
co ont y m ny f u se ss r a, c cou r a o
t h I ni n t i b
e ra h d b n in
a rn t nt es l ti n f nt i p i t th
a ee co s a re a o s or ce u r es r or o e
ti m f C y e o ru s .

1 86 T h . m h ho e w e ar p l i n sTh i di fl
e c f m th
s n t er e a .
— s
’

ers ro e accou
i n Fi d ri f whi h
au s ,
p 40 or c se e . .

1 87 P i . b nd i n p i m t l nd g l d h b n m i n d
e rs a a ou s rec ou s e a s, a o as ee e
th ere a nd l l th gh C nt l A i in th p hi t i p i d nd d
a rou e ra s a s ce e re s or c er o a u se
for d tiv p p
eco ra f ll k i n d
e ur ose s o a s .

1 88 T h A y . n h lm t e h wn n th m n m nt ft n h d
ss ri a e e , as s o o e o u e s, o e a a
high p j ting i dg ro ec nt l p in r e o r ce ra s e.

1 89 A i n th f m ny th pi h R t m w h ’
. s e c a se o a o er e c eroes, us a s ar- orse
s h hi m t
a re s f ms R k h as e r s R k hw ’
t th H
a e . f S ei tan
u s or a us as o e ero o s

wh t B bia w a t t h Ci d G l d nb i d l t R l nd
eca as o eA i nt H ,
o e r e o o a ,
or r o o er
l H w pi k d t b y R t m n fi t
cu e s . e as c e h i ng m n l y y
ou All us a o rs re a c a e ar s .

th he f Z b li t an n d i t th n t i b t y k i ngd m f K b fll w
o rse s o a u s a s e r u ar o o a e re
p d b f him n ft n th b y hi f th Zfil nd th y l l
asse e o re o e a er a o er s a er ,
a e a
s h dd d nd nk p n th i h n h wh n h l i d hi m ighty h nd
u ere a sa u o e r au c es e e a s a
u p n th i b k t t t th i t ngt h At l t th
o e r ac s o es m l ng e r s re . as e re ca e a o a
m a re o f d i gi i rond p w mp i d by h
ou s s ze a lt t l h n o e r , a cco an e er co ,
a s a o
wi th i nd h ld
e s ze a f li n nd in t ngth s ou m bl i ng n
e rs o a o ,
a s re rese a
l ph t nd i n l li k
e e an ,
a l v n fl n g nd co o r e ro se ea es o a sa
‘

ro rou .
”

F th yor it h d b n
re e dy f th ddl b t th m th h d
e a rs a ee re a or e sa e, u e o er a

n v p m i tt d ny
e er er n t i d i t nt i l R
e a t m m I t h d l dy
o e o r e u us a ca e . a a re a
b g n t b ll d b y th p pl R t m R k i h
e u o e ca e e feo e us a
’
s a i s or
it w m ng h
as a wh t t h w nd f l y ng p in
o o rse s l a dy pp d e o er u . ou r ce a rea a eare
to b e am o ng m en .
1 1 6 SO H R AB AN D R USTUM
Wh en k th t
t he owne r ne w a i t wa s R t m wh w nt d it h g v i t us a o a e , e a e
to hi m
”
ht td p,
t a se a e ght d li v I an f m i t pp
u o n i t he m i e er r ro s o re s
so rs
Wh n R t m w nt f th t w
.

e us u t t he h
e orR ku h l w y o ar or o c ase a s a a s
aeco m ni d hi m a nd wh n th
e h l i d him d wn to l p n th
,
a e e e ro a o s ee o e
sa nd th d
0 t th g n w d f th pl i n R hn h w tched by hi
e ese r or e ree s ar o e a a e a s
s id e and g v w nin a f pp e hi ng d ng
ar o a ro a c a er .

S v l ti m
e e ra th n d hi es m t h d f ght t
e o rse a th g in t s as e r a ou o e er a a s
wi l d b t n m l
e as s , o r m n t a h m n n mi n n n
e ess o s e rs , o r u a e e e s, a o o e o cc a
i n t l t h v d hi m t l if wh n h w b t to b u h d ’
s o a e as e sa e s as e r s e, e e as a ou e cr s e
i n th f l d e f n n m
o s o d g n i n M i nd fin
a e or ou s ra o az er
Wh n t l t R t m m t n nd ( p
.

e a as us a R hn h cco d i ng
co es o a e see . a e , a r
to Fi d i d t t d t h d ng nd d id hi b t t v hi m t
r au s , e ec e e a er a s es o sa e s as e r
f m d t
ro t i n b y f i n g t g f w d i nt t h p i t w h i h h d b n
e s ru c o re u s o o or ar o e c a ee
d gfu hi m ; nd R
or t m ly a d d i n m p ll i ng him t d o b y
us a on su ccee e co e o o s
us i ng wh i p p n hi m f
a th fi t
u o nd n l y t i m i n th i l i v
or e Th n rs a o e e r es . e
t h f i th f l n i m l w g i v d in hi l nd l p d i nt th m i d t ”
e a u a a as r e e s sou a ea e o e s
f th p nd th h nd hi m t t n e iv d th i d th
'

o e s e ars, a ere e a s as e r a o c rece e e r ea

w ndou s
1 90 B ig ht d i v d f m th Angl S x n d i ht n ng
.

, er e ro to e o- a o a , ar ra e,
to se t in d Th i w d wh i h i n l ng
or er . s d or x pt in p t y
,
c s o o er u se ,
e ce oe r ,

m n ea n
g
s a rra d d i p d p e p ,d m d e d
s ose y I n i,t p re nt n are ,
a rea . s rese co
t xt it i q v l nt t gi t
e s e ui a e o r
”

n Gum T he w
.

1 91 B y . nd
y B h m sa i n th P er a re , d B h i n e si a — or a re

s i gn ifi in A b es th T w S ra ic nd i p “
b bl y d i v d f m t h
e o e as ,
”
a s ro a er e ro e
tw l o g b
ar d i f ew t o p t
es o d b y t h K t p
a e r sen i n l w h i hp
a ra e e a ar e su a c ro

jec s t n th w d
or n t h A b
ar i n id o f th P i n
e G l f
ra I t i ppl
a i d s e o e e rs a u . s a e

to th g lf w t e f th t p nin l
u es nd
o l t th n m a e i l d su a , a a so o e u e rou s s an s
wh i h th i c nt in T h p in i
s co a l n f th i l nd nd th l g t
s . e r c a o e o e se s a s a e ar es
i n t h wh l P e i n G lf i
o e l d B h in I l nd
e rs a u s ca e a re s a .

It i h th t t h f m
s e re p l fi h i f th P i n G l f h v
a e a ou s ea r s er es o e ers a u a e
th i nt
e r ce Th g t p l b nk
er . e p ll l wi th t h
r ea e ar tf b t a ru ns ara e e coa s or a ou
t w h nd d m i l
o u nd n l
re th n fi fty th nd p on em pl y d
es, a o e ss a ou sa ers s a re o e
i n th i i nd t y i n t h B h i n
s us r hip l g l n e a re a rc e a o a o e .

Th p e l fi h m n ft e ar l i ng hi n t il with l p pl gging
s er a , a e r c os s os r s a c as ,
u
u p h i w i
s e a rs th w x n d tt h i n g ta n t h
,
i a f t d i v
a i nw t
ac f m as o e o s ee ,
es a er ro

th i t y t tw h nd d f t d
r o o u p p m ny y t
re ee ee h n sc oo s u as a o s e rs as e ca ,

an d m co t th esf wi th t m i n bo t fi ft y
o e su r a ce i xt y nd Thi e a u or s seco s . s
d nga d nt i m d v n ight ti m d
erou s e sc e s a nd t h n m b
e se e f or e es a a a e u er o
d iv e rsd v d nn ll y b y th h k nd w fi h v g v
e ou re a ua e s ar s a s or s es a era e s o er
thi ty r .

Th p e l fi h i ear f B h i n h v x i t d f m p h i t i ti m
s er es o a re a e e s e ro re s or c e s,
a n d th n i nt e a bt i n d f m th m m t f th i ppl y f th i g m
c e s o a e ro e os o e r su o s e .

Th p e l yi l d d
e ar s n t w hi t
e e th aref C yl n nd J p n b t
o so e as ose o e o a a a , u are
o fl g ar i nd m
er s ze a gu l i n f m o re re ar or .

1 92 D wn th .
g ho th m i d d l frouth i h m n ceo n — T h w d e o e r c a
’
s r . e or
co r n i d h in it s u se l E p n n f g in It i n
e re s u su a u ro ea se se o ra . s a
o l d A ngl S x n w d o -
i gi n l l y ppl i d t
a o or l f v y k i nd A t
or a a e o ce rea s o e er .

p nt i t
rese ll y m n i n E ngl nd i th wh t t i
u su a ea s b ly a e er ea , oa s , r c e o r ar e ,

a nd i n S t l nd i co t i t d t t w h i l i n th U ni t d S t t i t i
a s re s r c e o o a s, e e e a es s

r arel y u d f ny g in x pt th I ndi n o n o m ize T he si mile

se o a ra e ce e a c r r a .
1 1 8 SOH R AB AN D R U S TU M .

a nd the I ra ni a ns as V d S pt S i ndh v nd
t he S e ven R ive rs (i n t he e a a e a a a
i n th Av t H pt H ind )
e es a a a u .

A ll fi v f t h xi ti ng t i b t i f th P nj ab y t m
e o e e s r f l g u a r es o e a s s e a re o ar e
vl mo u nd th e, agh m t f th i ro u th y b d nd h ll w
os o e r cou rse e a re roa a s a o ,

ru n ni ng th gh ndy pl in nd n t ntl y h ngi ng th i h nn l

rou sa a s a co s a c a e r c a e s .

Th t h ill f th H im al y n ng whi h f m th n th t n
e ou er s o e a a ra e, c or e or e as e r
s id e f t h t i ng l
o P nj fib (t h
e r a th t w b nd i b i ng t h
u ar a e o er o ou a r es e e
H y ph i nd t h I n d
as s a ) v de w i th f t
us t h
a re cod n ere ore s s , a s a r e ee ar
gh wh i h th H yph i b t
, e
ro w g g f t h h i gh
or es o m n t i n th e er ou a s ro u c e as s u rs s .

200 H i m l y n . T h H i m al y a a a n ti t t
.
— th eth n l p f a as co s u e e sou er s o e o
th g e t Ti b t n t bl l nd wh i h i v t ky p t b n
re a e a a e a , f c s a as roc ro u r e ra ce o
th e e ar th m nt i
’
ly wi th t
s ass e nt p t l wh
re It i n l y ou a co u er ar e se ere . s e ar
tw th o nd m i l ou sa l ng nd f m n h nd d t fi v h nd d m i l i n
es o , a ro o e u re o e u re es
wi dt h T h v . l ti t de a f th i wh le ra e a gi n i b tw n fi ft n nd
u e o s o e re o s e ee ee a
tw nty th nd t ; nd th H i m al y i t lf t h l fty i d g wh i h
e ou sa ec a e a a se , e o r e c
f m it
or s th n p p t l m i n t i n k f n ly thi ty th nd
s so u er a ra e , cu a es a so ea r r ou sa
f t th h i gh t p m t n th th Th S n it w d H i m a ’
ee , e es o so e ea r s su ace . e a sc r or
l y m n
a a R lm f S n w f m hi m n w nd l y b d T h
ea s
“
ea o o
”
ro ,
s o ,
a a a a, a o e . e
s h t i n S n it l w y h n b u
or a a scr a nd l i k
a sin m g nd
as a n o sc re so u , e e er e, a ca
n t o iv n
rece nt ; b t t h p
e a n n i ti n w h i h t h
a cce u hyt hm q i e ro u c a o c e r re u res
in n t t xt— H i m l y i t l t d i n E ngl i h a a' a - t h g h o era e u sa e ,
p
ou r re se e
g s s ou

g rad l d
ua i p p i n g sa e ar .

20 1 h Th m w d w ck whi h i n M i ddl E ngl i h h d

—
‘

. rac . e sa e or as re , c e s a
m ny d iv
a p l l i ng erse s h w k w k w e s, su c t It m n n t as ra ,
re ,
rec , e c . ea s o
nl y ny th i ng t p n th h b t l th d t ti n f a
“ ” “
o a cas u o e se a s o re , u a so e es ru c o o
s hi p nd fi n lly d t t i n
, a a i n f ny k i nd es ru c o or ru o a .

20 2 7 7 t .t mn t ta th b l e f
au u l s ig n f f -s v ar, I n t h f l l t h e a u o e ers — e a e
su n p th gh t h n t ll ti n L b S pi nd S gi tt i
asses rou e co s e a o s i ra , cor o a a a r u s.

Th e f n re erei d btl t th b igh t d t A lph S pi ni

ce s ou ess o e r re s ar a co r o s or
A nt m ti m
a res, so ll d th H t f th S pi n b y f th m t
e e s ca e
“
e ea r o e cor o ,
”
ar e os
b il l i nt nd t ik i ng t i n th i p t f th Z di
r a a s r s ar s ar o e o ac .

203 A tw .
g l n
s n p y
—
o ea T h i i m i
es ol i t h bj
o e t f v y re s s e s e su ec o er
g n l dm i ti n nd v l w it h v ingl d i t t f th wh l
e e ra a ra o , a se era r ers a e s e ou o e o e

p oem p t i as l l y i n t h
ar v y p i
cu a r i t f t h I l i d e er S r o e a

204 A b d i ng
. l tti ng n h
ree n t ea t A n d m i bl i l l
e se o er es , e c . a ra e us
t ti n f A n ld t h l f d i i pl i l v t d b h t d f
’
ra o o g r o sn oro u y t se - sc e, e e a e e s u o
H ll ni m d l i
e e c n i n t h i nt
o e s, d ti n f t h m p i n t h
s see e ro uc o o e co a r so 0 e
tw gl t ill t t R t m i gn n f t h d l ti n whi h hi
o ea es o u s ra e us a
’
s ora ce o e e so a o c s
o w n h nd h d w a ght b y t h d th f hi n
a ro u Ob v h w e ea o s so . se r e o
hi s ab t nt i n f m w d p i n t i n g fi x t h m i n d p n t h
s e o ro or - n a p int es e u o e o e o
th t th m p i n i d ig n d t ll t t
a e co a r so s Edinb gh R vi w O t
es e o i u s ra e .
” — ur e e , c .

1 888 3 65
20g T h v l i nt K
.
,

de Th K a a d K d
oor l
s — . f e oo r s, or ur s , ar e a c ass o
w l ik m
ar t ine whou n a py m t f t h pl nd n b th i d f
e e rs, o occ u os o e u a s o o s es o
t h f nt i
e ro f W t n P er o i b th n th n thw t t w d R i n
es e r e rs a , o o e or es ,
o ar s u ss a
T n ra i nd t
sca ucas a , a t h w t t w d t h v ll y f th Ti g i o e wh i h
es o ar s e a e o e r s, c
s till b l ng t th O tt m n m p i Th y g iv th i n m K di tan
e o s o e o a e re . e e e r a e ur s
t p t f th gi n th t th y
o a ar o e repy wh i h i q iv l nt in g n
o a e occ u ,
c se u a e , a e
e ra l w y t th a n i nt A y i
, o e a c e ss r a .

Th K d e m ix d
ur b t
s a re a m t b hi fl y f m i ngl d
e r ac e , u see o e c e o a e
I ni n nd S mi ti
ra a a to k Th i l s f nobl s m ng th m c l l d
e c s c . e re s a c as o e a o e a e
 '

N O ES T 119

Assi erti d
nu m b e rou s cl ass, cal l e Guran, a re l oo e d
, an a m uch m ore d k
p
u o n as the d d t
e scen an s of so m e con u e re race q d
ose of A rm e ni a , Th
h d bt g th t p t
.

who a ve ou l e ss i ven e i r n a m e t o the re s , see m t o re re se n t he

K ur d h m n ti n d n
ra a m f th
e n i n t m n m nt
o e o n d th K
so e o e a c e o u e s, a e ar
d kh i G d hy n f th G k hi t i n Th y h v n t ntly
u ,
or or a s, o e re e s or a s . e a e co s a re
ce ivd e i n f
acce ss o tl w n d d v nt s o f m l l t h p pl
ou a s a f th a e u re rs ro a e eo es o e
re gi n nd i t m y b th t th A i t i d nd d f m n bl A y i n
o , a a e a e ss er a re e sc e e ro o e ss r a
re uf g M ny f t h K d l
e es . a d p d t y l i f nd h v f nt i
o e ur s ea a re a or e, a a e or ce ur e s
b n d d d t h m t d ng
ee .
rea e as f b i g nd
e os a e ro us o r a s .

At p ia d h tl
er o
y p i t th t s f R ort m t h m n t
r ori n w h i h
o a o us a e ou a s c
se p t P i p p f m th Ti g i v ll y w th t f t h h ighly
a ra e e rs a ro er ro e r s a e ere e se a o e
cu lt d k ingd m p vi n f S i n (El m ) b t th M di n m n
u re o or ro ce o us a a a ,
u e e a ou
t i n t th n thw d
a s o e nt i nor t i n f th m ng — w
ar — a co vn ua o o e sa e ra e e re e e
th n th h m f p d t y t i b w h w
e e o e o re n t nt
a or f n r e s, o ere a c o s a so u rce o a
n y n
o a b th t th A y i n nd th M d n wh f nti th y l y
ce o o e ss r a sa e e es o o se ro er e a .

206 L i k s m . i h hy i n th Thi i m i l h b n th bj t f t h
e o e r c ac .
— s s e as ee e o ec o e
s p i l dm i ti n f t h m t t m d i t i
ec a a ra o o e os es ee e cr cs .

20 7 T h t the h d i n
. a el t cl nk d arlo d — T h ro i cor s e a e a u . e cu rasses or
c l t f t h A y i n Egypti n nd th n ighb i ng p pl t
orse e s o e ss r a s, a s a o er e or eo es a
th t d y w
a a lly m d n t f m t l b t f fl x th i k l y pl i t d
e re u su a a e o o e a u o a , c a e or
i nt w v n
er o nd end d in m
, a e wre pn f by
e re m n t i ng a eas ur ea o r oo ce e
th i k l y wi th gl
c Th th y p nd d t th ll t p f t f
ue. us e corre s o e o e u e - roo coa s o
th p e nt d y
re se th th n t th a t f m i l f m di v l t i m
ra er a o e c oa s-o - a o e e a es .

208 A . u nni ng w s a c km n i n P ki n p i k wi th v m il l i n or m
a , e ,
r c s er o so e
l
c ea r p l i n
orce av P l i n w i nv n t
ase — d i n Ch i n d i
o rce an g t h H n as e e a ur e a
dyn ty (1 260 t 1 3 68 A
as Aft t h t w l y y b t n f m whi h
o . er e oc a e su s a ce s ro c
a ol n th t p l i n n b m d h v b n g nd n d m i ngl d
e e ru e orce a ca e a e a e ee r ou a e
t g th i nt fi n p t th v
o e er o a th v l i h p d n th p t
e a s e, e a se o r o er esse s s a e o e o
t wh l th n t t d y ft whi h th l d
er s
’
ee ,
e se o ti n i ppl i d
r ,
a er c e co o r ec o ra o s a e
a nd th wh l e v d wi th t n p o e co n t glere p d d by imm i n a ra s a re aze ro u ce e rs o
i n n lm t p
a a f l p os o k f d t n i nt n h t T h d i gn
u re e s ar r c u se a a e se ea . e es
i l b i
s a l y pi k d
o r ou s t b y th k i l f l h n d f t h t i t n g nd
c e ou e s u a o e ar s o rou

w ks f v i
or o c l I n p d i ng
ar o u s d h o ors xid f pp i g n
. ro uc re u es o e o co er s e
e ra l ly d u se .

209 T h t g ifi n whi h f
. a ld r d Z l T h g y ph c g o i fi n o r ea r e a .
— e r es or r
w d as i b d t th hi t i n H
e scr e d t (b n 484 B C ) b y A i ti t d
o e s or a ero o us or . . s a c ra

e rs a s a k ind f ni m l m bli ng n gl th t li v d i n th t i t y f
o a a re se a ea e a e e e rr or o
a S ythi n (N
c th A i ti ) t i b ll d t h A i m pi b id iv th
a or s a c r e ca e e r as ,
es e a r er e
sa nd f wh i h w
s o g l d n nd d f n d d th v t q nti ty f g l d th t
c ere o e ,
a e e e e as ua o o a

e xi t d th t i ng t p i
s e e re , ny n w h
ea r o ght t o bt i n i t Th n
ece s a o e o s u oo a . e ce
f th i t ft n pp
or o in E e p n t y nd t n d i n l t t i m
a e a rs u ro ea s or a ar ,
a a er es
b m f v it h l d i b i ng T h g i fi n i lw y d i b d nd
eca e a a or e er a c ear . e r s a a s escr e a
d pi t d f t h gl f m i l y n d u lly h ving th h ind p t f
e c e as o e ea e a , a su a as a e er ar s o
a l n io p nt It h b n pp d th t t h t y t k i t igi n
or a se r e . as ee su ose a e s or oo s or
in m w y f m th g l d m i n
so e a ro f t h A lt i m e nt in o (n w t n
i es o e a ou a s es e r
M ng l i ) wh i h w
o o a w k d v n i n p h i t i t im
,
c e re b y th Ch d
or e e e re s or c es e u es ,
a g t Finn S m y di n t i n th t fl i h d th b f th i p
re a o- a o e c a o a ou r s e ere e ore e rru
ti n f th T k M n l t i b f m th t
o o e ur o- o o r es ro e eas .

T h t di t i n
e fra 1 C nt l A i o b nd i n m n t s sim il typ
s o a e ra s a a ou o s er a ar e .

On e of th m t f m il i e bj t f A sy i n lpt w
os a a r su y m b l
ec s o i s r a sc u u re as a s o c
a ni m l — h l f l i n nd h l f g
a a l —
po f t g
a i fli n ; n d tha I n d eao I ni n e a e r ec r a e - ra a
1 20 S OH R AB AN D R U S TU M
t diti n g iv g t p m in n t bi d li k
ra o s e re a tu ro f g t i te ce o r - e crea res o re a s ze o
wh i h th y
c ib e d
ascr ph ti h te a sacre h th G d or to e c c arac e r , suc as e a ru a

o f t h H i nde th k i n g f bi
u s, nd v hi l
e f th g d V i h n o h lf r s a e c e o e o s u, a
ea gl h lf m n nd wi th g l d n b d y T h I ni n h n d th
e, a a ,
a a o e o . e ra a s o o re e
bi d K
r hi pt a rs t h fi t p ph t f t h t
a as e l ig i n nd th uen
rs ro e o e ru e r e o , a e s a
ea gl ft w d k n wn
e,
”
a erth in m u
ar m f l n
o nd fin ll y
as e s -a r ,
a ru - a co ,
”
a a
co nt t d i nt i m u g h w l k d pon b y th m
rac e o s r ,
g tbn as oo e u e as a re a e e
f t
ac o r o f th e rac e .

T h S i m fl gh b y wh i h
e r di ng t th P i n l g nd Z5 ] w c , acco r o e e rs a e e , as
rea re d w p b bl y n th ing th th n p i n f t h S é h
, as ro a o o er a a r ce o e a na o us e
wh h d hio a tl n M t Elb s ca s T h S én
e o S i m fl gh f m i l y i
. u rz . e a a or r a s
m nt i n d i n t h A v t
e o e nd d btl d i v d it n m f m t h gl
e es a , a ou ess er e s a e ro e ea e,
o r ea gl l ik e- t b n it
e crea u re , t nd d or e on s s a ar .

21 0 T h H l m nd H il m nd
. e e H l m nd k n w t t h G
u ,
kg g e or e a ,
o n o e re e eo
ra
p h t
ers ash E ty m n d eA i m n t h n d a ll d i n t h
er o r A v t t h r a u s, a ca e e es a e
H é t m nt i
a u in th m
a ,
nt i n
r ses b t th i ty i m il e t f K bul
ou a s a ou r -s x e s eas o a ,

a nd fi a fl wing fer m di t n
o t nor l v t i n f b t tw l v
so e s a ce a a e e a o o a ou e e
th nd f t d
ou sa d i nt th pl i n
ee ,
e sce n It l i t lf t l t i n th
s o n e a . ose s se a as e ce
t l d p i n f S ei tan (n
ra e re ss o owh i h i lly k n wn th L k
s . c s u su a o as e a e
H m fi n th
a g h, f t h g
ou t p t f
or t h y t h e w t d i pp
re a e r ar o e ea r e a er sa e a rs
f m i t l m t nt i l y
ro a v t th p i n t n
os e re th m sa th f th t w e a e o s ear e ou s o e o
p i n i p l t i b t y iv t h H l m nd nd H t wh w t p d
r c a r u ar r e rs , e e a a a ru , ose a e rs s re a

ou t i nt n ido a co bl xp n b f l i ng th m l v i n t h nd
s e ra e e a se e o re os e se es e sa s .

T h l w p ti n f t h
e o er iv w t
or o S ei tan nd p n t h
o e r nt l nd
er a e rs s a u o e ce ra a
u p p ti n f i t w i t t d i n R t m ti m i t i t kingd m
er or o s o as s ua e us a
’
s e s s s er- o
o pZ b u li t fin (n
a s .

T h H l m nd i t h m t
e e a pi iv b tw n t h I n d
s e os nd th co ou s r er e ee e us a e
Ti g i nd wi th i t t i b t i i t w t
r s, a sn fm
r th n h nd d
u ar es a e rs a a rea o ore a a u re
a nd fi ft y th d q m il
ou sa n T h w d H i l m nd i
s ua re id t m n e s. e or a s sa o ea
Em b n k d R i v a end l g p t f it m t f m v y m t
er ,
”
a a ar e ar o us ro
'

a er re o e
p i d b n d wn fl i nt t h
er o ee ra nd in g d
o t f i i g ting p
’
o e su rro u e ser s or rr a ur
p oses , as a t th p nt t i m e rese e .

21 1 T h . ll d l k f Z i h Zi h i n th d i d p l k
e so ca -
e a e o rra ,
or rre , s a o er r e u a e
b i n th w d f th t f t h H m un nd i n l d d li k i t wi thi n t h
as sou ar o a o e a ,
a c u e e e
t it y f S ei tan D ing th g t p t f th y i t i w t l
e rr or o s . ur e re a e r ar o e ear s a a e r e ss
pl in n t d wi th lty d p it nd i n t h w tt t
a , e cr u s e a sa n it ly e os ,
a e e es se aso s ra re
b m m
e co es th n w m p l l th i v
o re a th t fl w i n thi d i t i n
a s a , a e r e rs a o s re c o
f m B l hi t fin b i ng
ro e uc m pl t ly v p
s etd w ll w d p i n t h
co e e e a o ra e or s a o e u e
sa nd n ft
s soo l vi ng t h h ill A f w t i g h w v i t w
a er ea e s . e ce n u r e s a o, o e er , as,

l i k t h H m an l k p m n nt l k f m i m p t n
e e a a e, a er nd i t m y a e a e o so e or a ce , a a
h v f m d p t f t h g t i nt i
a e or e a ar wh i h i
o pp d t h v
e re a e r o r se a c s su ose o a e

co v d l g p t f t h I ni n pl t
e re a ar e ar d wn n ly i f n t q i t t
o e ra a a ea u o e ar o u e o
th hi t i p i d (
e s or c er o 11 .

21 2 T h M . gh b d T j nd iv i n th w t n xt m
e ur -a an e- e r e rs r se ear e es e r e re
i t y f t h H i nd K h m nt i th i us b i ng a t d b y t h ou a ns,

highl nd k w t h S fid K h Whi t M nt i n ph M gh h
o e u e r so u rce s e se ra e e
a s no n as e e -
o ,
or e ou a s . e ur -a

i th iv
s e r fM v nd l l f i t w t
er o er , d i n t h i i g t i ng n l
a a o s a e rs a re u se e rr a ca a s
th t w t th i f th t n m whi h f m li ttl T k m n p i i
a a er e oas s o a a e, c or s a e ur o a r nc

p al i ty ( th l t m n e t f as I n d p n
re d nt T t y an b t w n
o P i e e e ar ar e ee e rs a ,
Afgh n i tan d B hk hé
a s an o
‘
t ra .

T h T j nd l e k n wn th H i ud
e e ,
a so iv fHo at th t ong as e er -r
, or r er o er , e s r
1 22 SOH R AB AN D R U S T U M

p ose d by th m t b th m in f th ity f V e o e e re Va b i lt b y th t
s o e c o ar o r er , u a

p M e v l m o
a n h f m w h i
a rc h t h , n m
ro f P i ( P c F ) i de a e o e rs a ars or are s e
r iv d e B t th
. un if m in e cu i ti n e p n t h b i l d i ng t P p l i
or sc r o s u o e u s a erse o s
s h w th m t h v b n t h w
o e o a e f t h i m m di t
ee e or f Cy o ; e e a e s ucce sso rs o rus

a n d th i t y pp
e c t a h v b n f nd d b y D i H y t p
e ars o a e ee t ou e ar u s s as e s, or a
l e t t h v b n m d b y hi m f
as o a e ee th fi t ti m t h
a e pi t l f t h or n e rs e e ca a o e co u
t y i n pl f P d b bl h m d P F ) S m
(
r ace o asar t n
p
, g y ar e ro a e o er asa or asa . o e
thi nk th t t h V a J m g e w ar f th e n th
s n ar t h p n t
as t w n ar er or , ea r e re se o s
o f D m g n nd K
e a a bin (a as b t it i m p b bl th t i t w
se e 11 . u s or e ro a e a as
n t o i ty t l l b t
a c a g n l n m f t h wh l gi n fi n ll y
a , u a e era a e or e o e re o a occ u
pi d b y t h I ni n p pl xt nd ing f om th C pi n S t th P
e e ra a eo e, e e r e as a ea o e er
i n G l f nd
s a u tw d t th P m i
a eas ar o e a r .

Th in
e ru t P p li
s a m g ni fi nt nd i m po i ng i n t h hi gh t
erse o s a re a ce a s e es
dg e ree Th y
. py g t t
e occ u n th ma n t in i d
re a t th j n
e rrace o e ou a -s e, a e u c
ti n f th i v P l w nd K (Cy ) Th i t
o o e r e rs u ar a wh i h i ur r us . s e rra ce , c s
reac h d b y n bl t i
e a o f v y e s a rca se oy n t i v d w i th t h
er e as a sce ,
s co ere e
re m in a f so n mb a f l l l
u er o nd l nn d l l m d f
co ossa a a ces a co o a es , a a e o
wh t i d a s ib d esc r n xq i it
e as a k g y m b l f m t h n igh b
e u s e ar re ar e ro e e or
i ng m nt i n
ou A m ng t h m t m j t i
a s . o f th ew t h H ll f
os a es c o e se e re e a o a
H nd d C l mn b il t b y D i
u re o u s, n d t h v t Th ne P vil i n
u ar u s, a f e as ro a o o
X x er es .

S m of th h g pi ll
o e e u til l t nding nd i nn m bl th
e ars are s s a , a u e ra e o ers
li pe t t n th l p i ng f
ros ra e o e s o f th t M ny f t h fl t d
su r a ce o e errace . a o e u e
co ul mn f t h p vi l i n f X x s
s o e a fo nd t b n
o o ly i xty f u f t
er e a re u o e ea r s -
o r ee
high b y t l m
, ac u a m nt easu re e .

220 Ch . mi n w t osr a s Ch a mi whi h i

as e . m nt i n d b y oras a, c s e o e
H ero d t (fi fth ntu y B C ) f ni hing it b nt i g nt t t h m y
o us ce r . . as ur s s c n e o e ar
o f D i a r u s, i t h m od rn Khi v (n
s e e I t k in g b m i nd p nd nt
a . s eca e e e e
o f th l t e A h m ni n m p
a er c a
e e nd ld v
a e g t t it y
erors , a ru e o er a re a err or
ext n di ng i t i
e i d v n v th t pp
, s sa , e t t h n th nd w t f t h
e o er e s e es o e or a es o e
C pi n T h t m m th ef to h v b n xt nd d t b
as a . e er see s, er or e , a e ee so e e e as o e

p rac t i l l ca
y q i v l ne t t u T a a na e w h i h h d o b n rv l t i m , b j c a ee se e ra es su u

g t
a e d b y t h I n i n pe i n ra b t a f t n th
r w cesfl th i
.
y k u as o e re o
’

e r o e .

B y Ch “
mi n w t oras a th t i nl y m n t d ign t th
as e ,
”
o ur a u o r ce r a ea s o es a e e
d e ser t wh i h nd t h O x
c su rro u v i n pl s d m d b y i i g ti n
e u s, sa e ace s re ee e rr a o
a nd th by t n d i nt v i t bl g d n f d light
ere ur e o er a e ar e s o e .

221 O g nj e th t i U g nj th n m
. r u , a til l b n b y th l g t i ty
s, r e ,
e a e s or e e ar es c
o n th l w e o Ox erIt i b i lt n t h l ft b nk b t tw nty f m i l
us . s u o e e a , a ou e - ou r es
n or thw t f Kh iv nd i ll d l Y ni U g nj (n w U g nj ) t d i tin
es o a, a s ca e a so a r e e r e o s
g i h i t f m l d (K ni ) U g nj T h l tt w
u s ro o u a i n d i n t h i xt nth
r e . e a er as ru e es ee
ce nt ur
y y b t h h i f t i n g f
es t h f th O x ; o it w
e cou rse o l td n e us as as oc a e o
th e c h nn l b y wh i h t h i v f nd i t w y t t h C pi n
a e c e r er ou Thi s a o e as a se a . s
c h nn l b n h ff f m th p nt n t p int j t b l w t h N w
a e ra c es o ro e rese o e a a o us e o e e
City I t i l m t t i n th t i n t h ti m f Cy
. s a os ce r a a nd R t m th e e o ru s a us a e
r iv fl w d i nt t h C p i n th
er o e o gh th h ng i n i t h nn l i n
e as a , ou e c a es s
'
c a e s ce
t h t t i m i n th
a e g i n f t h t w t w n m t h v b n n m u nd
e re o o e o o s us a e ee u e ro s a
ve y on i d bl
r c s era e .

222 T h h m . nd p
e s a l l d Ox a t in l ng th
a rce e g h b d f us s ra s a o rou e s o
sa nd t
, e a—At p nt t h O x rese w h t i l ft f i t ft
e us — ppl ying th
or a s e o a er su e
i i g t in g
rr a n l b y whi h t h
ca a s nt y b v i c w t d — b gi n
e co u n r a o e s a ere e s , soo
aft er
p mass
g U g n j t l ri t s el f i n th
, v o t s w
ose m p th o gh
e w h i h e as a s r u c ,
 NO TE S 1 2
3

by nu me rou s an d ev ging h nn l fil l d with d nd w m p

er-cha n c a e s e ree s a s a
g it
rass ,
r d l l y fi nd i t w y i n t t h A l
ua
ghi l i ng d i pti n f th O x h b n th bj t f
a s s a o e ra .

223 . s c os e scr o o e us as ee e su ec o
m h n t v y m ng t h i t i
uc co ro It i dm i tt d t b n f t h
e rs a o e cr cs . s a e o e o e o e
m t b os tif l p g th t v f ll f m A n ld p n ; b t m d bt
e au u assa es a e er e ro r o
’
s e u so e ou
wh th th gg t n th t th g t i v fl w q tl y n w d di ‘

e er e su es i o a e rea r er o s ui e o ar s un s
t b d b y t h l v nd h t
ur e f m n i n t in f l
e o t t nd wh th th
e a a e o e s o a se as e , a e er e
po m houl d n t h v m
e s pp p i t ly nd d f x m pl wi th
o a e ore a ro r a e e e , or e a e, :

So on t he b l ood y sand S ohrab l ay d ead .

( E di nb gh R vi w O t b
ur On i ti
e y tha t th i i
e ,
n f c o e r, e cr c sa s s s o e o
se v l p m b y A n l d nt i ni ng fi
e ra oe t m i l p g wh i h
s r o co a
“
ne er na assa es c a re
as m h t f pl
uc n ou nt f th f l l f T y w
o ld h v b n
a ce as a accou o e a o ro ou a e ee
in H m og t pi n th w th f A hi ll
er s
’
re a S h b ed R t mc o e ra o c es . o ra an us u ,

th t l fty n tiv f
a o n d th b y th h nd f n n n i
a rra e o a so
'
s ea e a s o a u co sc ou s
f tha h ld
er , s ly h v nd d with th l in
ou su re a e e e e e
A nd R u st u m a n d hi s son w ere l eft al one
‘ ’
_

( B i tri h Q t l y R vi w O t b 2 1 865 p
s u a r er e e , c o er , , .

B t th u v y e se p t bl er v i ll res n q ec at i n b l y i n t h
e ca w ng e rs a re u u es o a e ro ,

f m t h t nd
ro i nt f A n ld
e s a wn i d l f p ti b
o r ty f
o
’
n i t
s o ea s o oe c e au ,
o r co s s
e n y wi th whi
c wh t v m y b th ght f th i
c a e er t n h nn t
a e ou o e r c orrec e ss , e ca o
w ll b bl m d
e e T h E d in b gh t m p
a e . it e iti i m b y th ur m k th t e e rs s cr c s e re ar a
“
thi int d ti n f n t
s ro uc o l t o v w ght f ling i m i
a u re as so ace o o e r- ro u ee s s e
n nt l
e
y h t c i t i f t
a rac e r s h p t B t th t
c o i g ni fi e n f th p
oe .
”
u e ru e s ca ce o e as

sa g i n th p i n i pl
e is e t i d di t d t j y
r c e l d d wn b y A n ld
“
ar s e ca e o o ,
”
ai o r o
i n hi p f s f 1 85 3
re ace o Th l t w d f t gi p m h l d b n
. e as or o a ra c oe s ou e a
u plifti ng n It m t i th xp nd th h t b y xhi biting bli m
o e . us e er e a e e ar e a su e
e xi t n s e l w i n th p
ce o r a n f wh i h l l h m n w
e re se pp t i fli ng ;
ce o c a u a oe s a ear r

or . as i n thi l m th
s case , capi i t wi th th vi i n f n nd ing b tye s r e s o o a e ur e au
a nd p wh i h th
re ose nd t i f
c fm n n
e e r ro rs a tm i nt p t s r es o a ca no a r or erru .

H n y G H wl tt h w l l b
e r . e v d th t n f th m t i m p s i v
e as e o se r e a o e o e os re s e
t h f t i n t h wh l p m i th
ou c es o ar e i ng o e f n t th p
oe s e re cu rr re e re ce o e re
se n ce o f th g t iv b d wh i h th t g d y i n t d th t n
e re a r er e si e c e ra e s e ac e ,
a co
tras st th l m d i gni t y f i t
e ca wi th th n o m ly t b l n
s f
cou rse e u see ur u e ce o
h m n p si n
u a ast n xh u t d p m n nc wi t h th i t n i n
o s, i s u e a s e nd er a e e e r ra s e ce a
d y eca .