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Ceop8002 PDF
Ceop8002 PDF
17 April 2012
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Energy.
2011 ESSENTIAL ENERGY
17 APRIL 2012
ISSUE 4
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCONTROLLED COPY IF PRINTED
OPERATIONAL PROCEDURE – Protection Guidelines
UNCLASSIFIED CEOP8002
CONTENTS PAGE
1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 5
2 ACTIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................... 5
2.1 Role of Protection .......................................................................................... 5
3 PROTECTION DESIGN .................................................................................... 6
3.1 Design.......................................................................................................... 6
4 SUBSTATION BATTERIES ................................................................................ 7
4.1 Protection Sensitivity...................................................................................... 7
4.2 Protection against Abnormal Operating Conditions ............................................. 7
4.3 Protection Selectivity ...................................................................................... 8
4.4 Fault Clearance Times .................................................................................... 8
4.5 Coordination of Protection Settings .................................................................. 8
4.6 Protection Flagging and Indication ................................................................... 8
4.7 Trip Supply Supervision Requirements .............................................................. 8
4.8 Trip Circuit Supervision .................................................................................. 8
5 PROTECTION SCHEMES .................................................................................. 8
5.1 Protection Scheme Selection ........................................................................... 9
5.2 Fault Clearance Times ...................................................................................10
5.3 Selection Requirements - General ...................................................................11
5.4 Transmission Plant ........................................................................................11
5.5 Subtransmission and Distribution Protection and Substation Plant .......................11
5.6 Main Protection ............................................................................................11
5.7 Backup Protection .........................................................................................12
5.8 Distribution Transformers ..............................................................................12
5.9 Capacitor Banks ...........................................................................................12
5.9.1 Unbalance Protection ................................................................................ 12
5.9.2 Overcurrent Protection .............................................................................. 12
5.9.3 Reclose Inhibit ......................................................................................... 13
5.10 Circuit Breaker Fail .......................................................................................13
6 SETTING PHILOSOPHY – ZONE SUBSTATION SCHEMES.....................................13
6.1 Distance Schemes.........................................................................................13
6.1.1 Number of Zones ..................................................................................... 13
6.1.2 Quadrilateral Ground Protection ................................................................. 14
6.1.3 Zone 1 Protection ..................................................................................... 14
6.1.4 Zone 2 Protection ..................................................................................... 14
6.1.5 Zone 3 Protection ..................................................................................... 15
6.1.6 Mutual Coupling ....................................................................................... 16
6.1.7 Arcing Resistance / Infeed ......................................................................... 16
1 INTRODUCTION
This Operational Procedure sets out the general requirements for protection systems
installed on Essential Energy‟s high voltage transmission, subtransmission and distribution
systems.
The guidelines in this document cover Essential Energy‟s Transmission (above 66kV),
Subtransmission (66kV, 33kV, 22kV), and Distribution high voltage systems (6.35kV, 6.6kV,
11kV, 22kV, 33kV, 12.7kV SWER, 19.1kV SWER).
This document does not preclude the installation or maintenance of protection that exceeds
the requirements of this Procedural Guideline; or protection that does not completely meet
the requirements of this Procedural Guideline where special considerations exist.
Whenever possible all faults should be seen by a backup protection device as detailed within
this document.
Protection schemes applied to Essential Energy‟s high voltage system are not normally set
to protect against overload conditions unless specifically required.
It is not always possible to achieve all these goals. In particular, the goals of reliability and
security can conflict.
HV Equipment must never be left energised without adequate protection. If in any instance
the normal protection equipment is out of service, the equipment must either:
be de-energised; or
be energised from a source that can provide adequate protection; or
be provided with a backup or alternative temporary protection.
The Group Manager Technical Services and Protection Coordination Manager shall
be responsible for the implementation and maintenance of this Code of Practice as well as
application of the operational aspects of this philosophy on the transmission and sub
transmission system.
The Regional General Managers and Managers Planning shall be responsible for the
application of the operational aspects of this philosophy on the distribution system.
3 PROTECTION DESIGN
3.1 Design
All protection design shall comply with the following standards:
IEC 61000 Electromagnetic Compatibility
IEC 60255 Electrical Relays
Appropriate Australian Standards, including AS/NZS 3000 (SAA Wiring Rules)
The National Electricity Rules
CEOP8002 Protection Guidelines.
Where practical, protection systems shall be designed to achieve the following objectives:
To detect all short circuit faults between phases and/or phase(s) and earth.
To detect abnormal operating conditions which may lead to failure of the network or
an unsafe condition arising
To allow the primary system being protected to operate within its rated voltage range
and carry its rated normal and emergency load currents, without the protection
system operating, failing or being damaged
To disconnect the faulted part of the network from the rest of the system in the
minimum practical time in order to:
o minimise damage to the equipment and remainder of the network
o prevent loss of stability of the network
o minimise the probability of injury to personnel and livestock exposed to the
faulty equipment or to the faulted part of the network
o minimise the probability or extent of damage to Essential Energy‟s property or to
other person‟s property as a result of the fault
o minimise the extent and duration of interruption to supply as a result of the
fault.
To ensure safe step and touch potentials on the faulted network in conjunction with
the earthing system
To operate in a selective manner so that the minimum amount of the network is taken
out of service after a protection operation
4 SUBSTATION BATTERIES
Substation batteries are identified as a critical single point of failure and as such should be
duplicated and supply the following protection equipment:
Transformer protection (which also protects the lower voltage plant)
Subtransmission feeders operating at 33kV and above.
Existing substations which are augmented should meet this requirement. Where this is not
feasible and only a single trip battery is installed, remote backup protection shall be
provided.
Settings need to be chosen such that protection is as sensitive as possible without incurring
spurious trips or limiting operation of the network under credible system operating
conditions. In all cases minimum operating factors should be achieved.
Oil insulated transformers, regulators and reactors larger than 1.5 MVA shall be protected
against loss of insulating oil.
Under abnormal primary plant conditions, any fault shall be detected and cleared by at least
one protection scheme somewhere in the system. Protection schemes affording remote
backup may be used for this purpose.
Under a single main protection scheme failure, any fault shall be detected and cleared by at
least one protection scheme somewhere in the system. Protection schemes affording
remote backup may be used for this purpose.
Where a protection scheme provides a backup function it shall have sufficient sensitivity to
detect and clear all primary plant faults within its intended backup operating zone under
both normal and minimum system conditions.
Consideration needs to be given to Earth Potential Rise and Voltage Contours in relation to
personnel safety and communications equipment and equipment ratings when selecting
clearance times.
5 PROTECTION SCHEMES
Essential Energy shall apply the following minimum protection schemes as shown in Table 1.
Application detail is provided below.
Where duplicate protection schemes are installed these shall be of different hardware and
firmware configurations to ensure adequate redundancy.
Where Critical Clearing Times are outside the National Electricity Rules requirements, an
application for exemption must be submitted supported by a stability study and report.
Table 2 shows the maximum clearing times for zero impedance faults under normal
conditions on the Essential Energy system.
Protection operating times from fault inception to circuit breaker arc extinction shall not be
greater than:
Protection schemes should be designed so that failure of one component should not
compromise the operation of other protection schemes.
Test facilities shall be provided for all relevant Protection schemes to enable the protection
trips to be isolated to all CB‟s individually and to enable secondary injection of volts and
current to be applied to any protection without affecting the complimentary protection or
taking the HV equipment out of service.
While all Main Protection schemes remain in service there should be complete discrimination
for all faults. There may be a loss of discrimination under backup protection, but this should
be kept to a minimum.
Where Integrated relay schemes are installed these shall be fitted with self-monitoring
features and a fail-safe „Protection Faulty‟ alarm, and this alarm shall be monitored at the
appropriate remote control centre.
Main Protection should not, as far as is practical, share DC supplies, CT cores, VT cores, CB
trip coils or test facilities with the complimentary protection.
Fault location shall be provided in new installations for transmission and subtransmission
powerlines more than 20km in length or where the line crosses difficult terrain, either built
into a protection relay or as a separate relay. Fault location functionality should be added
to existing power lines where practical.
Most distribution reactors are installed without specific protection, except for surge
suppression devices.
On new SWER systems, backup can be achieved due to the larger conductor sizes, on older
established systems, backup can be very difficult and expensive to achieve. Under these
circumstances HV EDO fuses should be considered, as backup is not required for fuses.
None of these protections are alone sufficient to protect against all faults that may occur.
The concept of backup protection is not required for out of balance or over voltage schemes.
Trip isolation links and current and voltage test points shall be provided for each protection.
Schemes shall have redundancy such that if one capacitor section is out of service (for
maintenance or repair, or from an equipment failure) the protection will continue to
adequately clear any fault in the assigned protection zone.
Where capacitor banks are installed as parallel banks with a common ungrounded neutral, a
sensitive overcurrent relay will be fitted to measure the current flowing between the banks
in the neutral conductor. This will detect bank unbalance caused by capacitor can fuse
operation in one of the banks.
Overcurrent relays covering phase and earth faults shall be fitted to detect faults external to
the capacitor cans. A single overcurrent and earth fault relay is adequate for a distribution
voltage capacitor bank provided a backup overcurrent and earth fault scheme can see faults
in the capacitor bank. A typical backup scheme would be a transformer overcurrent and
earth fault relay. For subtransmission capacitor banks duplicated protection is required.
The overcurrent relays shall meet the same requirements as laid down in the Distribution
Feeder section of 7.1.1 (not including the SEF relay). An integrated relay including out of
balance protection is acceptable as one of the integrated overcurrent relays.
Unless the manufacturer indicates that it is unnecessary, a relay should be fitted to prevent
closure of the main capacitor bank CB until sufficient time has elapsed since the last trip, for
the capacitor cans to discharge to a safe voltage.
CB Fail shall consist of a timer and an overcurrent check relay. The timer will be initiated by
the primary protection trip command or scheme multitrip relay. The time setting for
<100kV should be 300ms and 100kV> to comply with NER schedule 5, the timer shall cause
a trip to all other circuit breakers necessary to clear the fault if and only if the overcurrent
check relay detects fault current still flowing.
CB Fail may be integrated with Backup Protection relays, as it is called upon to operate on a
CB failure, and the combination of a CB failure and Backup Protection failure is regarded as
sufficiently unlikely to be discounted.
A minimum of three (3) forward (towards feeder) zones shall be used. In unusual
circumstances, a fourth forward reaching zone may be used if it can provide faster
operating times whilst still providing suitable grading with downstream protective devices.
Dedicated reverse reaching zones are typically not to be used unless unusual circumstances
require such an element to be used (However for some relay types predominantly forward
reaching zones which have a small reverse reach to ensure coverage for faults of very low
impedance which result in very low voltage, are acceptable).
In cases where a dedicated reverse reaching zone is set up, the following shall apply:
a A justification for the use of such an element is recorded in the file notes for that
circuit breaker, and no other more conventional alternatives exist
b A note is made in the caution notes of the PSA regarding the use of the reverse
element
c The reverse element is graded with all downstream protection
d The reverse element is only to be used as backup protection
e The IED is programmed with a display which clearly indicates the fact that the reverse
element operated.
Where available, quadrilateral ground protection zones are to be used, as they provide
additional resistive coverage.
Such resistive reaches should be set as large as possible, however care is to be exercised to
ensure that the resistive element is not set to an excessive level, without due regard to any
potential overreach. In general: Quad resistive reach shall not exceed:
a Manufacturer‟s recommendation, or
b Shall be designed to cater for any possible overreach due to CT/VT errors and system
non-homogeneity.
Zone 1 is used to provide instantaneous protection to the protected feeder. As much of the
feeder as possible should be covered by Zone 1, whilst taking into account the following:
1 In general, Zone 1 should not see into any part of the system which is covered by
downstream protection, in order to ensure grading. This will limit the maximum reach
of Zone 1
2 An allowance must be made for the possibility that the relay can over-reach due to
relay CT/VT errors; hence the relay must be set short of the impedance to the remote
relays as determined by the previous point. A setting value of 80% of the line
impedance to the remote relay is typical; however this may need to be shortened.
section of line determined in the above first point, as Zone 1 typically requires the
most accuracy to ensure that it does not reach into the area covered by remote
downstream relays.
Zone 2 is used to provide fast protection of the remainder of the feeder that cannot be
covered by Zone 1 as it overlaps with the downstream protection, it needs to have a time
delay to ensure grading.
2 An allowance is made for relay under-reach. Setting values chosen should not be less
than 120% of the maximum line impedance determined from the previous point
3 As arcing faults /infeed are highly likely, an allowance for arc resistance should be
made. Refer to section 6.1.6 for details of determination of arc resistance.
This allowance will often require the increase of Zone 2 impedance setting past the value
required by the previous point, although this may not be required where Quad elements are
used. Where studies indicate that zone 2 cannot be set large enough to cover all arcing
faults, the zone 2 reach shall be set as large as practical and zone 3 should be used to cover
such faults.
1 Zone 2 must grade with any downstream protection within its potential reach.
Note that under the following circumstances, grading need not be provided:
a Zone 2 does not need to grade with transformer high voltage overcurrent and
earth fault (HVOC and EF) provided that the transformer is also covered by
instantaneous differential protection AND Zone 2 does not extend into the
transformer low voltage bus
b Zone 2 does not need to grade with downstream feeder HVOC and EF, provided
that the same downstream feeder is provided with a distance relay or pilot wire
relay, AND Zone 2 does not extend past the instantaneous reaches of these
downstream high speed relays.
2 Timing for Zone 2 should not exceed the criteria as specified in Table 2 Fault clearing
times in section 5.2.
Where it is not practical to cover for arcing faults within zone 2, zone 3 should be set to
cover such faults in the primary protection zone.
Zone 3 shall protect any feeder supplied by a downstream substation. Note that the effect
of infeed from other feeders should also be taken into account. See Note below. The
required reach of the relay should be calculated for system normal conditions only, provided
zone 3 is used for backup protection.
Zone 3 shall protect any bus fed by transformers of a downstream substation. The effect of
infeed should be catered for, as should three phase, two phase and phase to earth faults.
The required reach of the relay to the bus shall be calculated using system normal
conditions only, provided zone 3 is used for backup protection.
4 The setting selected for Zone 3 should ensure stability for inrush during memory
operation. The reach selected should also ensure stability during high load periods.
Note: This note requirement is not essential for downstream substations equipped with
duplicate batteries, feeder protections and trip coils, although it is still good practice to do
so. In the event that this requirement is unable to be met, alternative solutions to backup
should be sought, these include:
1 Zone 3 must grade with any downstream protection within its potential reach.
In general, Zone 3 need not be graded with Zone 3 protection of other downstream distance
relays, unless it is determined that if it is possible that such a malgrade is likely to cause an
unnecessary loss of customers for a single contingency failure.
2 Zone 3 should not be set to greater than four (4) seconds (preferably three (3)
seconds). In the instance where this is not possible, the reach should be reviewed.
Reach of phase – earth elements shall also consider effects of mutual coupling which may
cause the relay to over or underreach.
It is recognized that arc resistance and infeed can significantly affect the apparent
impedance seen by a distance relay.
In order to allow for this effect, the following considerations should be taken:
1 Arcing Resistance.
Use data from fault study program using arc resistance as per 1 above to determine
apparent impedance.
Add arc resistance as per 1 above to tower/pole footing resistance to achieve overall fault
resistance. Use calculated fault resistance to determine apparent impedance.
Loss of VT supply to a distance relay may either render it inoperable or cause it to trip.
Where the relay permits, an emergency overcurrent and earth fault element should be used
which is activated by the loss of VT supply.
For radial subtransmission feeders with delta connected transformers, consideration shall be
given to implementing broken conductor elements if available in the installed protection
relays.
The Voltage Transformers (VT) used for these schemes must be of the 5 limb type or 3
single phase units to obtain the correct residual voltage from an Open Delta connection.
Modern relays simulate the Open Delta residual voltage within the relay.
The same grading principle applies as detailed in section 7.1.1 for other devices in the
current direction. The DOC devices should be set above load even if the device is setup to
detect faults in the direction opposite load.
The most common connection used in Essential Energy older systems for DOC is the 90 deg
connection with a 45 deg relay angle (quadrature connection) – The „A‟ phase relay is
supplied with Ia and Vbc which results in the current applied to the relay leading the volts
applied to the relay by 45 deg. This connection gives a correct directional tripping zone
over the range of currents 45 deg – 135 deg lagging. Other connections are available but
the above suits the majority of Essential Energy situations.
DEF relays are of a similar construction to the DOC older relays and are fully integrated in
the newer IED relays. These are polarised by the residual voltage, in this application the
applied current lags the applied voltage, so the relay angle chosen should be -45 deg for
distribution systems and -60 deg for subtransmission systems.
The newer IED relays have varying methods of calculating DOC and DEF operating
parameters and should be investigated and set in accordance with the manufacturers‟
recommendation.
In some cases, especially in order to meet NER clearance times, a duplicate line differential
or line differential scheme and communications assisted distance scheme may be required.
In this case independent communications paths are required. Two OPGW‟s on a single
structure are not considered independent communications paths.
Busbar protection CT‟s must be located on the circuit side of each circuit breaker, otherwise
a blindspot could occur which is neither cleared by Busbar protection or other unit
protection schemes, and may have to be cleared by remote protection.
High impedance Busbar protection is the only Busbar protection scheme that is currently
approved for use within Essential Energy.
To prevent damage to equipment or secondary wiring the voltage across the element of a
high impedance Busbar protection relay shall be limited by a suitably rated voltage limiting
device such as a „Metrosil‟.
The relay setting voltage shall not be set lower than the following:
Note: VRELAY must be less than half (1/2) the kneepoint voltage of the worst CT used in
the scheme.
Where configurable, the following harmonic restraint or harmonic blocking elements should
be set:
Second harmonic
Fourth harmonic
Fifth harmonic
DC.
Care needs to be exercised when setting or applying a biased differential relay which
protects two or more transformers, as prolonged inrush imbalances can occur when a
second transformer is energised.
In such cases, additional precautions need to be taken, such as custom blocking logic.
c Must be sensitive enough to positively operate for faults inside the protected
zone.
These elements are provided to very quickly detect high differential currents which clearly
indicate the presence of an internal fault. The guidelines for the setting of these elements
are as follows:
a Elements are often not provided with any form of harmonic restraint or blocking
and hence can operate for transformer inrush. Hence care must be taken to
ensure the setting is not too low to operate under energisation
b If possible, the unrestrained element should be set to cover High Voltage
terminal faults, although this may not always be achievable, depending upon the
fault level.
3 CT Selection.
a Ratio chosen – CT ratio should be chosen so that rated secondary current does
not flow at primary currents LESS than 140% of the maximum rated current for
the relevant transformer winding.
b CT Kneepoint voltage.
In general the minimum CT kneepoint voltage for use in transformer differential circuits
shall be determined by:
X
Vk I f sec 1 RCT RBURDEN
R
This knee point voltage requirement should be carefully adhered to for the following
reasons:
Saturation may cause spurious tripping due to through faults
CT saturation under internal fault conditions may produce current harmonics
which may cause the relay‟s harmonic blocking system to delay the relay‟s
operating time.
Restricted Earth Fault (REF) is a form of unit protection employed on star transformer or
generator windings. Its main advantage over differential protection is that it is highly
sensitive to earth faults in the star winding which occur in approximately the half of the
winding which is closest to the star point. Such faults do not usually cause a large amount
of phase current to flow, but do result in a high neutral current flow.
There are two types of REF protection relays in common use within Essential Energy:
This protection works on the same principle as the high impedance BBP relay. The
requirements for the setting and selection of these schemes are as follows:
a Stability Setting.
The low impedance REF must be set to be stable under maximum through fault
conditions (especially for earth faults). The likelihood of CT saturation should be taken
into account.
Ideally, the relay should be restrained (or blocked) if the neutral CT current does not
exceed a threshold value as an absence of neutral CT current indicates that there is no
fault within the relay‟s zone. A three phase out of zone fault can produce significant
“false” residual current.
As the phase CT‟s shall usually be the same as those used in the biased differential
relay, they shall be selected in accordance with 6.4.2 (1) (a).
For relays which do not have internal CT tap compensation, the REF CT‟s must be
selected to be the same ratio and class as the phase CT‟s.
For relays which do have internal CT tap compensation, a ratio lower than the phase
CT‟s may be selected provided all of the following is applied:
The knee point voltage produced on that ratio is not less than the value required by
6.4.2 (1) (b)
The relay chosen can compensate for the ratio mismatch proposed
It is preferred that the ratio of the neutral CT is not less than half of the ratio of the
phase CT‟s.
Transformer thermal protection is provided to ensure that the winding insulation is not
subjected to excessive temperature rises for long durations. Insulation temperature rises
above the design temperature can reduce the lifespan of the insulation.
There are cases however, where it is necessary to subject the transformer windings to
temperatures marginally in excess of the design temperature for short durations. Whilst
this does have a minor detrimental effect on the insulation life of the transformer, it allows
supply to customers to be maintained.
There are two variations in design criteria applied, pre 1998 and post 1998. For simplicity,
these have been combined to provide a standard for Essential Energy.
The Winding Temperature indicator is a summation of the oil temperature and the difference
between the average winding temperature and the average oil temperature multiplied by
1.1 to account for the „hottest spot‟, the latter provided through a CT and heater/shunt
combination to simulate the winding temperature at varying loads.
OR
Fans On = 65degC
Fans Off = 55degC (where sensor differential permits).
Fans On = 60degC
Fans Off = 50degC (where sensor differential permits).
OR
k = 1 – temperature difference between inlet and outlet / 2 X temperature rise of the top
oil.
= top oil temperature rise for steady conditions at test load
1 Main Tank Buchholz shall be fitted to all transformers above 5MVA. These devices will
have an alarm for gas collection and a trip for oil surge. A low oil trip shall be set up
for transformers above 15MVA in zone substations with a full N-1 capacity.
Consideration to implementation of an auto changeover scheme is also to be given in
conjunction with the implementation of low oil trip where one of the transformers is
normally on standby
2 Tap Changer Buchholz or oil surge device shall be fitted to all transformers above
5MVA fitted with on load tap changers. These devices shall be set to trip
3 Overpressure devices should be fitted to larger transformers. Where fitted these
devices should be set to trip.
High Voltage Overcurrent and Earth fault protection shall be set as follows:
1 CT Ratio chosen – CT ratio should be chosen so that rated secondary current does
not flow at primary current LESS than 140% of the maximum rated current of the
transformer
2 Overcurrent pickup – The primary overcurrent pickup should be set to 140%> of
the maximum rated current of the transformer
3 Overcurrent grading – The relay timing shall be designed to grade:
a Above all downstream devices for three phase, phase to phase and phase to
earth faults
b Below upstream devices. Note that this requirement does not apply for upstream
distance relay Zone 2 reach when in accordance with Section 6.1.4.
4 Instantaneous Overcurrent grading – High Voltage Instantaneous Overcurrent
elements should be set in accordance with the following:
a Low Voltage faults will not operate Instantaneous Overcurrent under maximum
fault conditions
b Instantaneous Overcurrent pickup level should be greater than eight (8) times
the ONAN rating of the transformer, with the preferred value to be ten (10)
times.
5 Earth fault pickup – The Earth fault pickup shall be set as low as practical whilst
ensuring the following is observed:
a Current grading with downstream devices, for transformer‟s that are able to
allow zero – sequence currents to flow through them
b In any case, not less than 10 Amps.
6 Earth fault grading – The relay timing shall be designed to grade
a Above all downstream devices, if the transformer is able to allow zero –
sequence currents to flow through them
b Below upstream devices.
7 Instantaneous Earth fault – Instantaneous EF should be set to the same criteria as
the IOC above. This element will provide some benefits for phase-phase-earth faults.
Transformer Low Voltage Overcurrent and Earth Fault (LV OC and EF) shall be set as
follows:
1 CT ratio chosen – (140% as per HV)
2 OC grading. Relay shall grade:
a Above all feeder downstream devices
b Pickup should be 140%> than the maximum rated current of the transformer
unless required to be lower for distribution feeder backup and the
anticipated load is lower than the maximum rated current.
c Below transformer OC protection for three phase and two phase faults.
3 Instantaneous Overcurrent (IOC) - LV IOC elements are usually not used as they
cannot grade with feeder OC protection. These elements can be used as part of a
blocking scheme (refer Section 6.6.4 (1) (b)
4 Earth Fault (EF) pickup – EF pickup to be set to grade above downstream relays.
Pickup should be kept to the minimum value needed to maintain current grading
5 Instantaneous Earth Fault (IEF) – as per IOC Section 6.6.4 (1) (c).
Where used, Transformer Neutral Earth Fault (NEF) shall be set as follows:
1 CT ratio chosen – Where a NEF relay is fed from a dedicated CT, the NEF CT ratio
chosen shall be at least 1/20th of the maximum respective fault current that can flow
through the CT
2 NEF grading – as per EF pickup Section 6.6.1 Part (4) above
3 IEF – instantaneous NEF elements should not be used.
Where transformers are only fitted with high voltage protection, NEF protection should be
installed tripping the HV circuit breaker.
These should be used as the preferred scheme for the lower voltage busbars. Refer
requirements for section 6.4.
Blocking schemes are occasionally used in lieu of busbar protection to improve the clearing
times of distribution busbar faults. They consist of fast definite time overcurrent and earth
fault elements used in the transformer circuit breakers and the bus ties.
These fast elements will operate for high fault currents, unless a downstream relay also
sees the fault and sends a blocking signal to the relay with the fast definite time element, to
prevent it from operating.
Note: For earth fault limited systems this requirement is not valid and the following shall
apply:
Setting must be less than normal earth fault current through device.
Setting must be at least twice the value of the highest downstream earth fault element
pickup which blocks it.
d Timing – The instantaneous Overcurrent and instantaneous Earth fault elements
shall have the following delay applied:
Downstream Electronic relays – 200ms
Downstream Nulec Reclosers – 250ms.
The other of these elements shall face the reverse direction and be used to produce a
blocking signal for the circuit breakers in the opposite direction.
Automatic reclose shall be used on all Essential Energy Subtransmission feeders and be
initiated by No1 and No2 feeder protections, with the exception of the following case:
Zone 3 of distance protection usually acts as a backup for other downstream
protection. If it is possible to treat zone 3 trips separately, zone 3 trips should not
initiate an automatic reclose, unless used for primary protection.
Auto reclose shall be blocked in a switch on to fault condition.
Auto reclose should not be used on subtransmission feeders which are entirely
underground or where the overhead section is very short and there is little chance of a
transient fault in the overhead section.
Automatic reclose should not be used in conjunction with busbar protection in Essential
Energy‟s Transmission, Subtransmission and Zone Substations. Exceptions will be granted
in substations where previous experience indicates that environmental conditions are such
that faults of a transient nature are a common cause of busbar faults. In such cases,
automatic reclose may be used to successfully restore supply without undue risk to
personnel, livestock, or plant.
Subtransmission Feeders
Subtransmission Busbars
When allowed, a reclose dead time of 5 seconds should be used on Essential Energy‟s
Subtransmission busbar network.
Automatic reclose shall not be used for customer owned lines or for lines dedicated to one
customer unless authorised by the customer.
Refer to Attachment A for Total Fault Clearing Time calculations, methods and Terms.
1 CT Ratio chosen – CT ratio should be chosen so that rated secondary current does
not flow at primary current LESS than 120% of the maximum continuous load current
of the feeder.
New installations should have duplicate three phase overcurrent and earth fault installed.
This should also be considered on existing substantially UG cable systems. The two systems
shall be of different manufacturers and types, set substantially the same, be supplied from
separate batteries and operated into separate trip coils. Where practical a second CT core
should be used, but a common CT core is acceptable.
All associated ancillary functions eg SCADA and auto-reclose shall reside in the primary
protection.
Where full primary and backup lower voltage protection is installed, there will be no
requirement to provide backup protection from the transformer systems.
By prediction based on the maximum recorded feeder load experienced in a one year
period. In this case, a margin of 10%* should be added to ensure security.
By prediction based on the maximum expected feeder load from a load flow study. In
this case, a margin of 10%* should be added to ensure security.
*Note: this margin may be increased for feeders where the backup requirements are met
at higher settings.
As an alternative to a permanent overcurrent setting above the cold load, the “Cold Load”
multiplier function available within some recloser controllers may be used to ensure the
recloser can be closed onto cold load.
Primary Protection Operating Factor - The overcurrent setting should provide a primary
Operating Factor of 2.0 for phase-phase faults.
*Note: In the event that the above operating factor cannot be achieved without excessive
and/or uneconomic system redesign, then both of the following shall apply:
AND
The effect of minimum feeder load current should be used in the software calculation of the
minimum current seen by the relay for phase-phase faults. The ratio of this calculated
minimum current (including load) to primary relay current pickup should exceed 1.75.
Backup Protection Operating Factor - The overcurrent setting should provide a backup
Operating Factor of 1.5 for phase-phase faults.
*Note: In the event that the above operating factor cannot be achieved without excessive
and/or uneconomic system redesign, then both of the following shall apply:
AND
The effect of minimum feeder load current should be used in the software calculation of the
minimum current seen by the relay for phase-phase faults. The ratio of this calculated
minimum current (including load) to primary relay current pickup should exceed 1.5.
The feeder overcurrent relay pickup should be set higher than the downstream device(s)
overcurrent pickup. This requirement need not apply in instances where it can be justified
that time grading is still likely to exist between these devices for all practical fault
situations.
*Note: Typically the ratio of maximum three phase fault current seen by the device to
overcurrent primary pickup should not be greater than 20X.
Above all downstream devices for three phase, phase to phase and earth faults up to the
maximum fault levels present at the downstream device location.
Below upstream devices, up to the maximum fault level that the feeder and upstream
device shall simultaneously see for a feeder fault.
To protect any conductor within its Primary and Backup zone against thermal damage for
fault levels that may be experienced by it.
The following time grading margin between the feeder and upstream devices should be
used:
If the upstream relay is electronic - 300ms minimum, 400ms preferred
If the upstream relay is an induction disk type - 400ms minimum.
The following time grading margin between the feeder and downstream devices should be
used:
If the feeder relay is electronic - 300ms minimum, 400ms preferred
If the feeder relay is an induction disk type - 400ms minimum.
Overcurrent IDMT curves - Where possible, IEC 60255 “SI” or “VI” curves are preferred.
Other curves may be used where the downstream protection does not suit the use of the
preferred curves.
High Set Overcurrent Elements - Where available, high set overcurrent elements may be
used, provided that the element is not capable of reaching to any downstream recloser
under maximum fault conditions or operating due to feeder energisation inrush. In order to
prevent malgrading with distribution transformer fuses, a 300ms definite time delay setting
is preferred over an instantaneous setting.
Earth Fault pickup – The primary Earth Fault pickup should be set as follows:
significantly less than the feeder Overcurrent pickup
As low as possible
To grade with downstream protection, but not with distribution transformer fuses, and
not with fuses in general if it can be justified that time grading is still likely to exist
between these devices for all practical fault situations
Typically a maximum of 100 A at the zone substation.
The Earth Fault pickup should be set so as to ensure the following Operating Factors are
observed:
Primary Protection Operating Factor - The Primary Earth Fault Operating Factors should
apply:
For feeders without SEF protection - 1.75 (based on 20 ohm fault resistance)
For feeders with SEF protection - 1.75 (based on 0 Ohm fault resistance).
Backup Protection Operating Factor - The Backup Earth Fault Operating Factors should
apply:
For feeders without SEF protection - 1.5 (based on 20 ohm resistance as per Minimum
Fault Level definition in section 2)
For feeders with SEF protection - No specific Operating Factor is required, provided an
SEF relay operating factor of 2.0 is maintained.
It is noted that in accordance with Essential Energy‟s proposed implementation of EG(0)
Power System Earthing Guide, it is not required to have backup protection for faults to earth
which include a „remote‟ conductive structure in the earth path. The term „remote‟ here
means „remote‟ as defined in EG(0).
Earth Fault Timing – The Earth Fault relay timing should be set as follows:
Above all downstream devices for earth faults up to the maximum fault levels present
at the downstream device location. Note that time grading should be achieved over
distribution transformer fuses; however time grading does not need to be achieved
over larger fuses
Below upstream devices, up to the maximum fault level that the feeder and upstream
device shall simultaneously see for a feeder earth fault
To protect any conductor within its Primary and Backup zone (where required) against
thermal damage for fault levels that may be experienced by the conductor.
The following time grading margin between the feeder and upstream devices should be
used:
If the upstream relay is electronic - 300ms minimum, 400ms preferred
If the upstream relay is an induction disk type - 400ms minimum.
17 April 2012 – Issue 4
Approved By: General Manager Subtransmission Engineering
Page 30 of 47
UNCLASSIFIED UNCONTROLLED COPY IF PRINTED
OPERATIONAL PROCEDURE – Protection Guidelines
UNCLASSIFIED CEOP8002
The following time grading margin between the feeder and downstream devices should be
used:
If the feeder relay is electronic - 300ms minimum, 400ms preferred
If the feeder relay is an induction disk type - 400ms minimum.
Earth Fault IDMT curves - Where possible, IEC 60255 “SI” or “VI” curves are preferred.
Other curves may be used where the downstream protection does not suit the use of the
preferred curves.
High Set Earth Fault Elements - Where available, high set Earth Fault elements may be
used, provided that the element is not capable of reaching to any downstream recloser
under maximum fault conditions or operating due to feeder energisation inrush. In order to
prevent malgrading with distribution transformer fuses, a 300ms definite time delay setting
is preferred over an instantaneous setting.
*Note: Sensitive Earth Fault Protection shall not be applied to a feeder to which an un-
isolated single wire earth return (SWER) line is connected. Sensitive Earth Fault Protection
shall not be applied to any underground distribution systems.
Whilst the actual protection implemented on a particular bank may vary depending upon
capacitor type or configuration, the basic protection principles remain the same. These
principles are:
Protection of a bank against short circuit - This is often taken care of by the fuses in a
fused bank. Paper dielectric capacitors are known to produce gas under short circuit
conditions, which can lead to tank rupture and damage to healthy capacitors. Some
capacitor manufacturers provide Tank Rupture Time Current Curves which are used to
ensure the fuse selected will prevent rupture. Grounded capacitors are most
susceptible to tank rupture as the prospective fault currents are higher
Protection of the bank against overload (overheating) - This can occur when the bank
is subjected to prolonged excessive currents which have the effect of increasing can
temperature and reducing dielectric life. These currents are typically due to harmonics
or a high system voltage.
Protection of individual cans against overvoltage - Capacitors are sensitive to
overvoltages. Although quoted values vary, it is generally stated that capacitors
should not be subjected to greater than 110% of rated* volts continuously, otherwise
dielectric life will suffer. As substation bus voltages can normally be expected to be in
this vicinity, the failure of one or more cans may place an excessive voltage on the
remaining cans.
*The rated volts may vary between manufacturers. Some use the highest operating voltage
(“Um” as per AS1824.1 eg 24kV); others use the nominal system voltage (eg 22kV). Unless
otherwise known, the nominal system voltage should be used.
CT Ratio chosen – CT ratio should be chosen so that rated secondary current does not
flow at primary current LESS than 150% of the rated current of the capacitor bank
Overcurrent pickup – The primary overcurrent pickup should be set as follows:
o To the manufacturer‟s recommended setting
o In the absence of recommended settings then the pickup should be set as near
as practical to 140% of capacitor rated current. This is due to the fact that
capacitor banks are generally rated for 130% of nameplate current
Overcurrent timing – The relay overcurrent timing shall be set as such:
o Above any individual can or bank fuses (where installed). A time grading
margin of 200ms min, 300ms preferred should be used
o Below upstream devices, up to the maximum fault level that the capacitor
overcurrent relay and upstream device shall simultaneously see for a fault.
The following time grading margin between the capacitor overcurrent relay and upstream
devices should be used:
If the upstream relay is electronic - 300ms minimum, 400ms preferred
If the upstream relay is an induction disk type - 400ms minimum.
To ensure that the overcurrent relay will not operate during capacitor energisation. For a
numerical relay, a minimum tripping time of greater than 2 cycles is sufficient to provide
security against spurious tripping. Hence a TMS of 0.1 is usually sufficient.
High Set Overcurrent - If used, high set overcurrent elements in Numerical relays
must have at least a two cycle delay. It is recommended that high set elements not
be used unless recommended by the capacitor bank manufacturer
Earth Fault pickup – The primary Earth Fault pickup should be set as follows:
o To the manufacturer‟s recommended setting
o In the absence of recommended settings then the pickup should be set to 20%
of the capacitor bank current. Particular care should be taken when setting the
Earth Fault pickup for a grounded bank, as grounded capacitors will act as a
path for return fault current for nearby earth faults - refer to earth fault timing
Earth Fault timing – The relay Earth Fault timing shall be set as such:
o Above any individual can fuses (where installed) - note that grading over entire
bank fuses is not required due to the high settings that would be needed. A
time grading margin of 200ms min, 300ms preferred should be used.
o Below upstream devices, up to the maximum fault level that the capacitor
Earth Fault relay and upstream device shall simultaneously see for a fault.
The following time grading margin between the capacitor Earth Fault relay and upstream
devices should be used:
If the upstream relay is electronic - 300ms minimum, 400ms preferred
If the upstream relay is an induction disk type - 400ms minimum
To ensure that the Earth Fault relay will not operate during capacitor energisation. For
a numerical relay, a minimum tripping time of greater than 2 cycles is sufficient to
provide security against spurious tripping. Hence a TMS of 0.1 is usually sufficient
Grounded capacitors can act as a return path for earth fault currents. The capacitor
earth fault relay shall be set to time grade over any circuit Earth Fault protection for
an earth fault on that circuit. Due to the relatively low fault currents flowing in the
capacitor compared to the feeder, time grading shall not be usually difficult to achieve.
CT Ratio chosen – CT ratio should be chosen so that rated CT secondary current does not
flow when a primary current of LESS than 150% of the rated primary current of the FI plant
flows through the CT primary.
Earth Fault pickup – The primary Earth Fault pickup should be set as follows:
To the manufacturer‟s recommended setting
In the absence of recommended settings the overcurrent relay should be set to 20%
of the rated current of the FI plant or 10A, whichever is the greater.
Earth Fault timing – The relay Earth Fault timing shall be set as such:
Below upstream devices, up to the maximum fault level that the FI set Earth Fault
relay and upstream device shall simultaneously see for a fault
The following time grading margin between the capacitor Earth Fault relay and
upstream devices should be used:
If the upstream relay is electronic - 300ms minimum, 400ms preferred
If the upstream relay is an induction disk type - 400ms minimum
To ensure that the relay does not operate during isolating Transformer energisation.
An IEC 60255 curve time multiplier of 0.1 or more should be adequate.
The type of fault covered by this type of protection is rarely, if ever transient in nature and
often may be a danger to the general public.
Sensitive earth fault protection shall not be used to initiate an automatic reclose operation.
Distribution feeders
For the purpose of automatic reclose, distribution feeders can be categorised into overhead
or underground types of feeders.
Overhead distribution feeders can be further categorised into the following groups:
Urban overhead distribution feeders
Any overhead feeder that supplies predominantly urban areas, i.e. towns, villages etc
Rural overhead distribution feeders
Any overhead feeder that supplies predominantly rural areas, i.e. farms, hamlets etc
Industrial overhead distribution feeders
Any overhead feeder that supplies predominantly industrial areas, i.e. industrial parks
etc. Automatic reclose should not be implemented. Where a feeder traverses a large
section of rural area which may be subject to transient faults, automatic reclose may
be considered
Automatic reclose shall not be used for customer owned lines or for lines dedicated to one
customer unless authorised by the customer.
General statistics indicate a 70% successful reclose when slow reclosing is used, a further
5% on a second attempt and 1% on the third attempt. The possible success of reclosing
against potential permanent damage to equipment needs to be considered when applying
reclose. Only two reclose attempts are recommended unless used in conjunction with
sectionalisers.
Due to safety concerns involving automobile accidents with fallen conductors a maximum of
one reclose attempt should be used on urban overhead distribution feeders, set at 10s.
There should be two reclose attempts allowed on rural overhead distribution feeders, except
where sectionalisers requiring additional reclosers are installed. These should be set to 10s.
The accumulated trip and reclose times should not be greater than 25s due to possible
safety implications.
Field reclosers
The same principle detailed above should generally be applied to field reclosers.
Reclaim time must in all cases be longer than the operating time of any protection that may
initiate an auto-reclose operation. (See 1 below)
Reclaim time settings must consider the mechanical limitations of the CB and protection
relays, which include but are not limited to:
switch operating mechanism reset and stabilise time, such as spring charge time
required to set up CB for a normal trip-close-trip sequence
thermal limits requiring cooling time between successive fault current incidents in
equipment
time for electromechanical relays to reset.
Refer to Attachment A for Total Fault Clearing Time calculations, methods and Terms.
1
This can be quite long for an Extremely Inverse IDMT overcurrent relay operating at about 120% of its nominal
setting.
Modern automatic reclosers enjoy the feature that they can employ different curves for each
reclose attempt. If there are line section fuses downstream of the recloser it is beneficial to
have at least one fast shot to provide some protection for the fuses for a transient fault.
Reclosers Classifications
Automatic circuit reclosers are classified on the basis of single or three phases, Hydraulic;
Electronic or Microprocessor controls, Oil or vacuum interrupters.
When selecting reclosers for field application, consideration should be given to ensure the
unit is suitably rated for the interrupting capacity at the location being installed.
Overcurrent Protection covering phase and earth faults shall be set to detect faults on the
line in the recloser‟s zone. The line recloser shall meet the same requirements as laid down
in the distribution part of the guideline on Overcurrent and Earth Fault for grading and
backup (including the setting of SEF protection).
Inrush Restraint
Used to temporarily prevent the recloser tripping on the initial close due to inrush currents.
Before implementing inrush restraint, consideration should be given as to the need for its
implementation and the setting required, which will be dependent on the load type and
overcurrent and earth fault protection settings in the recloser. It is important to note that if
turned on, inrush restraint may become active in times of very light load.
Typical settings for this function are 4 x full load current with a time setting of 0.15 second.
Used to temporarily prevent higher than normal load currents causing a trip due to loss of
diversity when switching on to a system after an extended outage. Cold load pickup
temporarily increases recloser protection pickup settings It is recommended to turn on
cold load pickup only where necessary. Various reclosers apply this principle using
different methods of application. It is important to understand the particular implementation
in the recloser being set (refer to manufacturer‟s literature). It is important to note that if
turned on in reclosers cold load pickup may become active in times of very light load.
If cold load pickup is implemented consideration should be given to the impact on backup
and primary operating factors while cold load pickup is active.
Typical settings for this function are 1.5 - 2 x full load current and a time setting of 120
minutes.
Dead times should take into account slow reset times of hydraulic reclosers and margins
between hydraulic devices should be increased with the number of reclose attempts.
Where fuse saving schemes are employed that use fast/slow curves upstream reclosing
devices shall have sequence control enabled.
Installation of a sectionaliser does not affect the operating factor required at the recloser.
Coordination will depend on the number of shots set on the recloser for the downstream
fuses.
In rural areas where transient faults may be a problem, reclosers are normally set to give at
least one instantaneous trip, so if the fault is of a transient nature, it can be cleared without
blowing the fuse and interrupting supply.
For optimum coordination between a recloser and fuse their characteristics should be such
that whilst all transient faults would be cleared by one or more instantaneous recloser
operations without the fuse blowing, permanent faults would blow the fuse before the
recloser reached the lockout condition.
This ideal is not always attainable for all faults values, yet a reasonable compromise can
often be achieved by examination of recloser and fuse characteristics where ideally the fuse
characteristic should fit between the instantaneous and the delay tripping for the recloser.
Where fast curves are employed on reclosers to protect fuses during transient faults, a 1.5
times operating factor should be used for fault detection.
With electronic reclosers when using instantaneous trips then a minimum time (usually 0.1
sec) can be considered to prevent unnecessary spurious trips and provide protection
stability e.g. from indirect lightning surges etc.
Consideration should be given to fuse element heating when coordinating with fuses, the
grading margin will decrease for source side fuses with subsequent reclosers, an increased
grading margin and/or reclose times should be considered to ensure grading, the grading
margin for load side fuses will be increased by successive reclosers.
1000.0
0
15A 20A
SLOW SLOW
100.0
0
20A
FAST
15A
FAST
10.0
0
Time in
Second
s
DELAYED
CURVE
1.0
0
INSTANTANEOUS
0.1
0
0.0
1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000
It is common on isolated SWER systems and rural zone substations for fuses being the
primary SWER isolation or zone substation transformer protection, with downstream
reclosers used to clear faults on the SWER or 3-phase distribution network respectively.
The source side fuses will normally be rated to provide protection to the transformer, and
will basically determine what the combination of recloser curves used, so that the fuse does
not interrupt the circuit for any fault current on the recloser. The recloser‟s modified delayed
curve must be faster than the fuse‟s minimum melt curve.
For the maximum available recloser fault current, the fuse minimum melting time must be
greater than the average clearing time of the recloser delayed curve, multiplied by a specific
factor “K”.
A comparison of the time-current curves of the fuse and recloser will require that either the
fuse or the recloser curves to be shifted horizontally on the current axis (adjusted for the
same voltage level). Since the fuse size is generally determined by the transformer rating, it
is usually easier to shift the fuse curve and compare to the different recloser curves.
Typical K factors for source side fuses and load side reclosers, used to multiply the time
values of the delayed curve (B, C, D for Cooper reclosers).
The intersection of the K-factor adjusted delayed curve with the fuse minimum-melting time
curve determines the maximum coordinating current.
The load-side device must clear permanent or temporary faults before the source side
device interrupts the circuit (fuse link) or operates to lockout (recloser)
Outages caused by permanent faults must be restricted to the smallest section of the
distribution system.
These principles primarily influence the selection of curves and the sequences of operation
of both source side and load side devices, and the general location of these devices on the
distribution system. The placements of a number of devices to restrict outages to the
“smallest section of the system” are determined by individual cases and the protection
guidelines.
Reclosers should be located to ensure fault coverage and to meet backup requirements.
Excessive use of series reclosers can cause grading problems, and sectionalisers should be
considered. It is recommended to not use more than three reclosers in series on any one
line section.
Reclosers should be the minimum requirement for new single customer spurs above 1MVA
as the connection point device.
All fuses operate in the same way. A conductor of limited cross-section is heated by current
passing through it until it melts. This takes time, represented in time/current
characteristics for the fuse. On melting, a break is caused in the element, at which an
electrical arc is established. The arc burns in the fuse until the current returns to zero. Thus
there are two stages in fuse operation:
The pre-arcing time (time/current characteristics)
The arcing time.
The arcing behaviour is different for small, large and intermediate overcurrents.
Where possible an operating factor of 3.0 should be used when selecting fuses. Note that
fuse continuous rating is typically above nominal rating.
Low overcurrents
At low overcurrents, the fuse breaks initially at just one point – the „M‟ effect spot. This
single arc needs to lengthen before the voltage developed across the fuse is large enough to
allow extinction. It lengthens by burning away elements materials. The longer the time
taken to do this, the more probable is the catastrophic failure.
High overcurrents
The fuse element vaporizes at all its constrictions. This produces a voltage drop sufficient
to rapidly reduce the current to zero.
Current-time curves for both pre-arcing time and total operating time are published for
higher overcurrents, but there is a large tolerance band for both, which gets wider (as a
proportion of the total operation time) as the current increases. This is because both pre-
arcing and arcing times depend heavily on the degree of DC offset current in the fault,
which itself is determined by the point–on–wave of the voltage where the fault occurs (an
unpredictable variable). For this reason „virtual time‟ curves are used at high currents,
when operating times are less than about 0.1 sec.
The virtual time curves are not intended, therefore, to indicate actual operating times, but
serve as a guide to grading fuses. The virtual total operating time of the minor fuse lie
below the virtual pre-arcing time of the major fuse.
Intermediate overcurrents
The worst case energy dissipation in fuses may occur at intermediate currents. The
inductive energy dissipated by the arc, 0.5LI², does not continuously increase with
increasing prospective current, but peaks and then decreases.
The maximum Ldi/dt voltage developed across a fuse during operation is a function of the
element length and design (number of construction) rather than circuit inductance. This
voltage is limited by design and is fairly constant for any given fuse in a circuit up to its
voltage rating. Above this voltage, the peak voltage may rise as the wider parts of the
element disintegrate (due to persistent arcing caused by the higher circuit voltage) and
from globules. The moral of this is: do not use a fuse in a circuit that exceeds its voltage
rating!
An acceptable rule for coordinating fuse links is that the maximum clearing time of the
protecting link should not exceed 75% of the minimum melting time for the protected fuse.
This assures that the protecting fuse will interrupt and clear the fault before the protected
fuse is damaged in any way.
Expulsion type fuses are the most commonly used fuse in distribution systems, the
main duty of the fuse is to protect equipment against overcurrent and over load of the
system, secondary to indicate the fuse has been blown by dropping out of its in-
service position
Powder filled fuses
Vacuum fuses.
Reference should be made to the Distribution Fusing Policy CEOS5099 for the correct sized
fuses.
8 PROTECTION COORDINATION
In normal cases, a minimum 400ms shall be allowed for coordination between the operating
times of protection and upstream backup protection of the electro-mechanical type
(Main/Backup). In cases, where the upstream scheme utilises electronic devices, this time
may be reduced to 300ms. In special cases, the consideration of the characteristics of the
protection relays and the switching devices may allow a variation in coordination times.
9 RECORDS
The Essential Energy employees associated with protection shall be responsible for the
recording, storage and maintenance of all protection records. Details of all the current and
historic settings, tripping schemes, Instrument transformer ratios, reclose times,
configurations, software files, firmware and software versions, calculations and analysis
details etc of all transmission, subtransmission and distribution protection equipment and
devices, should be stored. All Essential Energy employees associated with planning,
protection, control and maintenance should have read access to current device data.
Our organization‟s records are our protection system memory, providing evidence of actions
and decisions and representing a vital asset to support our daily functions and operations.
11 GENERATORS
All Generation proposed for installation on Essential Energy‟s Network shall be assessed on
an individual case basis considering the type of Generator proposed and the proposed
location on the network.
Figure 1 and Figure 2 show the method of calculation of Total Clearing Time and clarify
some of the terms used.
Fault Detected
Trip Reclose Trip to Lockout
On
Off
Fault Detected
Reclose Trip to Lockout
Trip Trip Reclose Trip Reclose
On
Off
13 REFERENCES
CEOP1096 - Information Security Sensitivity Labelling and Handling
“Code of Minimum Electrical Protection”, C (b) 5 - 1968, Electricity Supply Association of
Australia
ENA C(b)1-2006 : Guidelines for design and maintenance of overhead distribution and
transmission lines.
“Guide to the Application of Autoreclosing to Radial Overhead Lines Supplying Urban and
Rural Areas”, D (b) 12 - 1991, Electricity Supply Association of Australia
14 REVISIONS
Issue Number Section Details of Changes in this Revision
2 All Sections To numerous to list