Dowell

Cement Additives

Additives
1
Dowell
Well Conditions
ADDITIVE CATEGORY

PROBLEM SLURRY PARAMETER SOLUTIONS

Well control Density Extenders
over pressure and Weighting agents
weak formations
Temperature Thickening time Accelerators
Retarders
Permeable formations Fluid Stability FLAC
Fluid loss control
Mud removal Rheology Dispersants
Friction pressure Gelling Agents
Mixability/Pumpability
Lost circulation Plugging/Bridging properties LCM
Density Extenders
Abnormal and specialized conditions:
Strength retrogression Hydration product Silica
Foaming agent &
Foamers Stabilized foam capability { stabilizers
Foam Foaming tendency Anti foamers

Additives
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Dowell
Cement Additives
l Accelerators and Retarders
n Change thickening time
n Alter rate of compressive strength development

l Extenders
n Reduce slurry density
n Increase slurry yield

l Weighting Agents
n Increase density

l Dispersants
n Improve mixability
n Reduce friction pressure

Additives
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Dowell
Cement Additives
l Fluid Loss Control
l Lost Circulation Material
l Specialty:
n Antifoam/defoamer additives
n Bonding agents
n Expansive additives
n Gas migration control additives
n Gelling and suspending additives
n Foaming additives

Additives
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Dowell
Conductors
l Prevents washing out under
rig
l Short rig downtime
l Quick setting cement - rapid
development of compressive
strength
l Accelerated slurries, e.g..:
n Neat cement + NaCl (D44) 3-5%
n Neat Cement + CaCl2 (S1) 2-4%
n Neat cement + seawater

l Lightweight slurries
Additives
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Dowell
Surface Casings
l Unconsolidated zones
l BOP support
l Protect surface waters
l Prevent fluid flow
l Very large volumes of slurry
l Light weight slurries
l Strong slurry at shoe (accelerated)
l Extended lead with neat tail, e.g..:
n Prehydrated bentonite 2-3% 12.8 ppg
n Neat cement + 0.5-1% S1 15.8ppg

Additives
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Dowell
 Thickening & Setting Time
l Control to
n Reduce WOC (reduce rig-time)
n Reduce chance for fluid/gas flow
n Allow time to complete job

l Affected by
n Temperature
n Pressure
n Cement type (class and grind)
n Mixing and placement methods
n Accelerators and Retarders
n Other additives (salt, dispersant, fluid loss additives)

Additives
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Dowell
Accelerators
l Applications
n Shallow casings (conductor, surface)
n Low temperature conditions
n Offset retarding effects of other additives

l Additives
n Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) - 1-4%
n Sodium Chloride (NaCl) - <15%
n Other salts (carbonates, silicates, nitrates, etc..)
n Organic chemicals (formates, oxalic acid, etc..)

l Reduced water

Additives
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Dowell
Calcium Chloride
l S1, S2, D77
n Most active accelerator
n Range 1-4%
n Effect on Thickening Time

Thickening Time (h:mn)

CaCl2 91oF 103oF 113oF
(%BWOC)
0 4:00 3:30 2:32
2 1:17 1:11 1:10
4 1:15 1:02 0:58

Additives
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Dowell
Compressive Strength

Compressive Strength at Temperature

(psi)
60oF 80oF 100oF
CaCl2 6 hr 12 hr 24 hr 6 hr 12 hr 24 hr 6 hr 12 hr 24 hr
(%)
0 NS 60 415 45 370 1260 370 840 1780
2 125 480 1510 410 1020 2510 1110 2370 3950
4 125 650 1570 545 1245 2890 1320 2560 4450

Additives
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Dowell
Secondary Effects of CaCl2
l Increased temperature
n Heat of solution of CaCl2
n Additional accelerating effect (on surface?)
n Casing expansion

l Increased rheology (gelation)

l Possible permeability increase
n Reduced sulfate resistance

Additives
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Dowell
Sodium Chloride
l Sodium Chloride (D44) as an accelerator
nNot very efficient
nActs as an accelerator < 15% BWOW
nPreferred range is 3 - 5 % BWOW
Effect of Salt concentration:
8

136°F (58°C)
Time to reach 100 Bc (hr)

154°F(68°C)
4

179°F (81°C)
210°F (99°C)
2

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
NaCl in Mix Water (% BWOW)
Additives
12
Dowell
Retardation of Cement Systems
l Applications
n Intermediate and production strings
n Surface and conductor casings (long pumping times)
n Squeeze and cement plugs
n High temperature and depth

l Chemical Classes of Retarders

n Lignosulphonates (D13, D81, D800, D801)
n Hydroxycarboxylic acids (D109, D110, D45)
n Inorganic compounds (D93, D74)
n Cellulose derivatives (D8)
n Blended retarders (D28, D150, D121)
n Special materials (D161)
n (Blend of above components)
Additives
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Dowell
Mechanisms of Retardation
l Factors affecting mechanism of action
n Chemical nature of retarder
n Chemical composition of cement

l Theories of mechanism of action

n Adsorption theory
n Precipitation theory
n Nucleation theory
n Complexation theory

l Possible negative effects on slurries

n Gelation
n Dispersion
n Increased fluid loss
n Incompatibility
Additives
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Dowell
Cement Retarders
BHCT oF Fresh Sea 37%
Retarder
100 200 300 400 NaCl

D13/D81 100 140 X X

D13/D81 with Dispersant 100 185 X X
D800/D801 125 250 X X X
D800/D801 with D93/L10 250 310 X X X
D110 175 300 X X
D110 with D93/L10 300 375 X X
D28/D150 220 300 X X X
D28/D150 with D121 300 350 X X X
D28/D150 with D93 300 400 X X X
D74 - for RFC only 100 140 X
D161 250 450 X

Additives
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Dowell
Lignosulfonates
l Low to mid temperature use
n D13 (D81) <185oF
n D800 (D801) 140o - 220oF

l Pulping by-product
n Variable performance

l Efficiency improved 150o - 175oF

l Tendency to gel at higher concentrations
l May require dispersion

Additives
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Dowell
Hydroxycarboxylic Acid
l Powerful retarders
n D110 (D109) - 175o - 325oF
n D45 (salt dispersant)

l Detrimental effect with lattices

l Some dispersion
l Recommended retarder for silicate extended slurry

Additives
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Dowell
Inorganic Retarders
l Retarder aid - D93
n Has no retarding capacity by itself
n Extends temperature range for other retarders
n Detrimental effect on fluid loss

l Sodium Chloride (D44)

n Retards at concentrations over 20%
n May over-retard at low temperatures

l D74 - Retarder for RFC (D53 version)

Additives
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Dowell
Cellulose
l CMHEC (D8) - Diacel LWL
n Sometimes used for retardation
n Viscosifying
n Effective to 250oF
n Some fluid loss control

l Other fluid loss additives

n D59, D60, D112

Additives
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Dowell
Blended Retarders
l Generally lignosulfonate with other material
n D28 (D150) - 220o - +300oF
n D121 - 250o - 350oF
l Dispersing action as well, especially at high
concentration
l D121 erratic below 300oF
l D121 may overdisperse

Additives
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Dowell
D161
l High Temperature Retarder (>250oF)
l Rapid Strength Development
n Lengthens Dormant Period; not Hydration Rate

l Reduced Sensitivity to
n Concentration Error
n Temperature Error

l Effective in Fresh Water, Seawater, and Salt Water

l Liquid

Additives
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Dowell
Applications
l Cementing Long Liners and Casing
n Single Stage vs. Two-Stage Jobs
n Single Slurry Replacing a Lead and Tail Slurry

l Squeeze Cementing
l Kick-off Plugs
l Coiled Tubing Applications

Additives
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Dowell
D161 Setting Characteristics
8
320@oF320oF

7
Conventional
6
oF350oF
psi50@psi

5
350@

4
TTR
@TT

3
of 50
to TTto
of TTR

2
RatioRatio

1 D161
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Thickening Time @ 350oF

Additives
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Dowell
CS to TT Ratio

D161 D121/D28 D93/D110

D66 (%BWOC) 35 35 35 35 35
D47 (gps) 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
D158 (gps) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Disp (% or gps) 0.06 1.00 1.00 0.06 0.06
Retarder (% or gps) 1.25 1.50 2.00 0.24 0.40
D93 (%BWOC) --- --- --- 0.40 0.40
Thickening Time (hr:min) at 350oF:
5:27 3:32 4:12 4:12 8:53
Compressive Strength (hr:min) at 320oF:
TTR 50 psi 8:18 19:03 25:46 35:52 30:13
TTR 500 psi 10:10 21:48 28:59 38:45 33:27
Ratio of TTR 50 psi @ 320oF toTT @ 350oF
1.5 5.4 6.1 8.5 3.4

Dyckerhoff Red Label at 16.0 ppg

Additives
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Dowell
Compressive Strength Development

22
20 3000 psi
Time to reach compressive

18
strength at 320°F (hr)

16
500 psi
14
12 50 psi
10
8
6
4
2
0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Thickening time @ 350°F (hr)

Additives
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Dowell
Slurry Density
CHANGING OF SLURRY DENSITY

LIGHTER

MORE
WATER*

LIGHT
ABSORBENT
MATERIAL

LOWER
DENSITY

15.6 Class A
Neat Cement 15.8 Class G
16.4 Class H
* D124 and Foamed Cement are exceptions
Additives
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Dowell
 Cement Extenders
Extender or Slurry Density (lb/gal)
Lightweight System 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Bentonite 11.5 15
LITEPOZ* 3 D35 12 14.7
LITEPOZ 7 D61 10.8 13.6
TXI Lightweight Cement 12 14.2
Diacel D D56 11 14.5
Expanded Perlite D72 10.6 13.8
Gilsonite D24 12 15
KOLITE* D42 12 15
Sodium Metasilicate D79 11 14.5
Sodium Silicate D75 11.5 14.5
LITEFIL* D124 9 12
Foamed Cement 6 15
Microsilica 11 15
LiteCRETE* Cement 10.5 12.5
* Mark of Schlumberger
Additives
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Dowell
Classification of Extenders
l Water “absorbing” extenders
n Clays (Bentonite) - D20, D128
n Chemical extenders (Silicates) - D75, D79

l Low density solids

n Pozzolans (Fly ashes) - D35, D56, D61, D602
n KOLITE* and gilsonite - D42, D24
n Expanded perlite - D72
n Silica fume (Microsilica) - D154, D155

l Very low density materials

n Nitrogen - Foamed Cement
n Ceramic microspheres - D124 (LITEFIL*)
* Mark of Schlumberger
Additives
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Dowell
Bentonitic Extenders
BENTONITE CLAY

BENEFICIATED (PEPTIZED) NON - TREATED

MONTMORILLONITE - D20 ATTAPULGITE - D128

(FRESH) (SEA)

• General properties:
n
n Water based extender nn Economical and widely available
n
n SG = 2.65 nn Decreases compressive strength,
n
n Dry blended or pre-hydrated increases permeability
n
n Concentration range, 0-20% BWOC nn Viscosifies slurries
n
n Density range, 11.5 - 15 ppg nn Provides fluid loss control

Additives
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Dowell
Bentonite (D20)
l Allow addition of extra water, yet control free water
n Optimum water content must be determined
n Starting point - 5.3% additional water per 1% bentonite
l Additional water means
n Reduced cost (increased yield)
n Reduced strength
n Increased permeability
n Reduced resistance to chemical attack by brines
l Viscosifies slurries (requires dispersant >6% D20)
l Slurry stabilizer (free water and sedimentation)
l High concentrations (>12%) provide fluid loss control (<400
mL/30 min
l May be prehydrated (1% prehydrated = 4% dry)
l Inhibited by salt
Additives
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Dowell
Chemical Extenders
l Silicates
n React with cations in cement system (Ca2+, Mg2+)
n Form viscous, gelatinous silicate gel
- Capable of binding extra water
- Low free water separation
n Low rheologies for turbulent flow
n Better properties and mixing than bentonite slurries
n No inherent fluid-loss control
n Relatively low concentrations required
n Ca - Silicate formed acts as accelerator
n Use D110 (or D109) retarders

l D79, Sodium Metasilicate - dry

l D75, Sodium Silicate - liquid
Additives
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Dowell
Point of Departure

20 Class G + 2% D79 (12.5 ppg)

68100
100 Schedule 4g6 (118oF) 170*
80 245*
Consistency (Bc)

60

40
470* 468*
20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time (min)

* 24 hr compressive strength (psi) of slurry removed and cured at 170oF

Point of Departure is the time at which the slurry begins to

increase in consistency.
Additives
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Dowell
D75 Slurries

Class G + 0.28 gps D75 @ 12.5 ppg

Class G + 0.24 gps D75 @ 13.0 ppg
Shear 24 hr Compressive Strength
(min) (psi) D109 POD Time to 70 Bc
(gps) (hr:mn) (hr:min)
20 650
0 1:50 +4:00
90 640
0.04 2:00 3:15
140 470
0.07 4:10 5:35
260 200
Tests at 118oF
POD is 90 minutes - plateau of 40 Bc at 150 minutes
Test at 131oF

Additives
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Dowell
Silicate Slurry Design
l Point of departure is the thickening time
n Optimize D75/D110

l Use D110 (D109) as retarder (erratic behavior with

lignosulfonates)
l Calcium chloride has little effect on compressive
strength
l Mixing
n Do not mix D75 with any other liquid additive
n Add CaCl2, then D75, then D110 if using fresh water
n Keep water/D75 solution agitated (keep gel suspended)

Additives
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Dowell
Lightweight Aggregates
l POZZOLANS: Fly Ash( D35), Volcanic Ash and
Diatomaceous Earth (D61, D602)
n React with calcium hydroxide in cement
n Corrosion brine resistance
n Low permeability
n Thermal resistance
l EXPANDED PERLITE (D72)
n Inert material and does not affect thickening times
n Normally add 2 - 6% BWOC bentonite to prevent floatation
n Gives reduced cement permeability
n Bridging action at higher concentrations
l MICROSILICA (Silica Fume, D154, D155):
n Pozzolanic material
n Good slurry properties
Additives
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Dowell
Pozzolans
l Naturally occurring
n Volcanic ashes
n Diatomaceous earth (D61)

l Artificial
n Fly ash
u Type F (D35, D48) - most common
u Type C (D132) - more reactive (cementitious)

l Key Properties
n React with Ca(OH)2
u Contribute strength
u Reduce permeability
n Increased brine resistance

Additives
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Dowell
Microsilica (silica fume)
l Amorphous sub-micron spheres
l Pozzolanic properties (reactive)
l Low bulk density (<15 lb/ft3)
l Provides some slurry stability
l Frequently blended with other lightweight additives (HiLITE -
blend with D124)
l Bulk blending is difficult with dry material
l Liquid can be stored with minimal agitation
l Concentration up to 20%
l Dispersant is required to effectively disperse in water and
prevent gelation
l Additives
n D154 - dry
n D155 - liquid

Additives
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Dowell
Ultra-Lightweight Extenders
l Ceramic microspheres, LITEFIL* D124
n Ceramic or glass microspheres
n Inert
n Specific gravity 0.7 - 0.8
n Fragile - pressure limitation of 5,000 psi
n Density range: 8.5 lb/gal to 14.5 lb/gal
n Enhanced strength and permeability

l Foamed cement systems

n Nitrogen injected into slurry with foamer
n Very low densities > 6.0 lb/gal
n Good mechanical properties
* Mark of Schlumberger

Additives
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Dowell
Lost Circulation Control
lReduce density
lReduce friction pressure
lAdd LCM
n Granular
n Flake

Additives
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Dowell
Granular Lost Circulation Materials
l D42 - KOLITE* additive
n Ground coal
n SG - 1.3
n Concentration - 5 - 25 lb/sk
n Slurry stability is key

l D24 - Gilsonite
n Ground asphaltinic material
n SG - 1.07
n Similar to D42
n Temperature limitation of 300oF due to softening

l Mechanism
n Bridging
n Mixing difficulties at high concentrations
Additives
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Dowell
Flake Lost Circulation Materials
l D29 (Cellophane flake)
n Concentration - 1/8 to 1/2 lb/sk

l D130 (Polyester flakes)

n Concentration - 1/8 to 1/2 lb/sk

l Mechanisms
n Form “mat” on fractures, vugs, etc..

l Handling
n Mixing difficulties at high concentrations

Additives
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Dowell
Intermediate Casings
l Protect weak or sensitive
formations (production)
l May be 2 stage
l Low cost
l Extended lead and neat tail
l Most slurries are retarded
l May require fluid loss control
l May require special properties
(e.g.. gas migration control)

Additives
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Dowell
Production Casings
l Isolate production zones
l Smaller diameter casings
l Cost less important
l Good bonding
l Fluid loss control is usually
required
l Low friction pressures
l Mud removal is important
l 15.8 ppg or more slurries
l All slurries to be retarded

Additives
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Dowell
Dispersants
l Cement slurry rheology
n Volume of particles / total volume
n Particle interactions
n Aqueous phase rheology

Change with dispersants

l Why dispersants ?
n Reduce viscosity and yield point
n Reduce friction pressures
n Improve cement slurry mixability
n Reduced water slurries (density up to 18.0 lb/gal)
n Improve efficiency of fluid loss additives
Additives
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Dowell
Dispersants
l TIC* Additive
l Superplasticizers
n PNS - D65, D80, D604M, D604AM
n PMS - D145

l Plasticizers
n Cement retarders (D13, D81, D800, D801)
n Mud thinners

l Organic salts and acids

n D45
n D121

* Mark of Schlumberger

Additives
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Dowell
Dispersant Action
SO3
C2SH- +Ca+ -0
3S

CEMENT

C2SH- +Ca+ -0
3S
SO3
Dispersant
Molecule
• Amount of dispersant adsorbed depends on concentration
• Cement grain surfaces become uniformly negative
• Like signs repel one another ---> dispersion

Additives
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Dowell
Use of TIC D80 in ETD
20 30 30
Underdispersed Overdispersed

25 Yield value Acceptable Range 25

15
Yield Value ( /100ft2)

20 20

Free water Free Water

10 15 15 (%)

10 10
5
Plastic Viscosity Viscosity
5 (Cp) 5

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

D80 (gal/sk)

Note: ETD Cement at 185°F

Additives
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Dowell
Use of TIC D604M in ETD
20 30 30
Underdispersed

25
Yield value 25
15 Acceptable Range
Yield Value (lb/100ft2)

20 20

Viscosity
Free Water
10 15 15 (%)

10 10
5
Plastic Viscosity
Free water
5 (Cp) 5

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

D604M (gal/sk)

Note: ETD Cement at 185°F

Additives
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Dowell
Fluid Loss in Cement Slurries
l Definition:
n Filtrate lost to the formation
n Filter cake deposited at formation face
n Cement particles left in annulus

l Why cement loses water:

n Differential pressure
n Permeable medium (formation)

l Fluid loss stages:

n Dynamic
n Static

Additives
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Dowell
Dynamic vs. Static Fluid Loss
l Dynamic
n Placement
n Loss is proportional to time
n Filter cake reaches pseudo-stable thickness
n Density increases
n Slurry properties change

l Static
n After placement
n Loss is proportional to square root of time
n Cake grows
n May result in annular restrictions
u Causes loss of hydrostatic pressure

Additives
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Dowell
Effect of Fluid Loss
l Damage to some formations by filtrate
l Gas migration through thick filter cake and through
poor quality cement
l Other properties:
REDUCED INCREASED
n
n Slurry yield n
n Hydrostatic
n
n Free water n
n Slurry density
n
n Thickening time n
n Plastic viscosity
n
n Settling n
n Yield point
n
n Bulk Shrinkage n
n Compressive strength
n
n Mud removal efficiency (?) n
n Bonding

Additives
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Dowell
Thickening Time versus Density
160
Thickening Time (min)

TH
ICK
EN
ING

Yield Value
TIM
E

E
YIELD VALU
40

15.6 Slurry Density (ppg) 16.4

Additives
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Dowell
Mechanisms of Fluid Loss Control
l Reduce cement filter cake permeability
n Particulate materials to fill voids
n Polymer particles to plug pores
n Change cement particle distribution with dispersants

l Increase viscosity of aqueous phase

n Water soluble polymers
n Small effect compared to permeability reduction

Additives
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Dowell
Mechanisms

Particle Plugging Polymer Plugging

Additives
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Dowell
FLAC* Additives
l Particulate -
n Gel - D20
n Latex - D600 (MT,M-HD,L) D134(HT,HD,L)
n Microgels - D300, D500(AD,LT,L)
l Water Soluble Polymers
n Cellulose Derivative
u D60, D59(MT,ND,S) D112(MT,LD,S)
n Non-Ionic Polymer
u D127(LT,S) B30(LT,S) D159(L-MT,AD,L) D160(L-MT,AD,S)
n Anionic Polymer
u D603(MT,ND,L) D143, D158(M-HT,HD,L), D156(LT,AD,S)
n Cationic Polymer - D73.1(M-HT,ND,L)
n FLAC Enhancer - D136 (below 200oF)

* Mark of Schlumberger
Additives
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Dowell
Dispersant Effect on Fluid Loss
Mechanism of action
•• Disperse cement grains and improve packing --> reduced permeability
•• Flocculate w/salt ---> plugging action

FILTER CAKE
WITHOUT DISPERSANT WITH DISPERSANT

RANDOM PACKING ORDERED PACKING

HIGH PERMEABILITY LOW PERMEABILITY

Additives
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Dowell
Acceptable Fluid Loss Limits
l Gas zones 30 - 50 mL/30 min
l Liner < 50 mL/30 min
l Casing 200 - 300 mL/30 min
l Horizontal well <50 mL/30 min
l High density slurries: <50 mL/30 min
l Squeeze :
n Formation with K < 1 md 200 mL/30 min
n Formation with K 1 md - 100 md 100 - 200 mL/30 min
n Formation with K > 100 md 35 - 100 mL/30 min

Neat cement = +1000 mL/30 min

Additives
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Dowell
Slurry Density
Changing Slurry Density

Lighter Heavier
More Less Less
Water* Water Water

Light Heavy
Absorbent Dispersant
Material Material

Lower Higher
Density Density

15.6 Class A
Neat Cement 15.8 Class G
16.4 Class H
* D124 and Foamed Cement are exceptions
Additives
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Dowell
Weighting Agents
l Requirements
n High specific gravity
n Compatible particle size and distribution (settling)
n Low water adsorption (efficiency)
n Availability and acceptable cost
n Purity and consistency of product
n Inert

l Commonly used weighting agents

Code Agent SG Additional water
D31 Barite 4.33 0.024 gal/lb
D76 Hematite 4.95 0.0023 gal/lb
D157 MicroMax 4.80 0.0011 gal/lb
Cement 3.15 0.049 gal/lb

Additives
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Dowell
Strength Retrogression
Above 230oF cement undergoes:
n Reduction in strength
n Increase in permeability
l Due to crystalline changes in CSH gel
CSH gel ---------> alpha dicalcium silicate
amorphous crystalline
strong, impermeable weak, permeable
C/S = 1.5 C/S = 2.0
l Prevented by addition of 30 - 40% BWOC silica (reduces C/S
ratio of C-S-H gel)
CSH gel + silica ---------> Tobermorite
C/S = 0.8
Tobermorite ---------> Xonotlite + Gyrolite
C/S + 1.0 C/S + 0.8
Care should be given to production temperatures
Additives
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Dowell
D30 Silica Sand & D66 Silica Flour
D30 D66
NAME SILICA SAND SILICA FLOUR
Particle size US Mesh 70 - 200 > 200

±10% + 12%
Additional Water 1.12 gal/sk 1.34 gal/sk
Specific gravity 2.63 2.63
Applications:

High density Preferred Alternative

Low density Alternative Preferred

Settling Problems Alternative Preferred
Mixing Problems Alternative
(Rheology) Preferred

Use above 300°F Alternative Preferred

Additives
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Dowell
Antisettling Agent D153
l Controls free water and/or sedimentation
l Compatible with all Dowell products and cements
l No significant effects on slurry properties, except
rheology
l Dry-blend or prehydrated (preferred), fresh or sea
water
l Temperature range: less than 302oF (150oC)
l Concentration: 0.1 to 1.5%BWOC (depending on
density)

Additives
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Dowell
Slurry Stability

Additives
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Dowell
Antifoam Agents
l Purpose
n Prevent slurry gelation
n Allow true slurry density to be mixed and pumped
n Prevent pump cavitation (due to aeration)
l Mechanism of action:
n Lower surface tension
n Reduces film and causes rupture
l Types of antifoam agents
n Polyglycol ethers
Solid : D46 (0.2 lb/sk)
Liquid : D47 (0.05 gal/sk)
n Silicones
Liquid : D144 (0.01 - 0.02gal/sk)
Liquid : M45 (0.05 gal/sk)
Additives
64
Dowell