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Analytical Study of Different Approaches For Active Control of Sound Transmission Through Double Walls
Analytical Study of Different Approaches For Active Control of Sound Transmission Through Double Walls
Analytical Study of Different Approaches For Active Control of Sound Transmission Through Double Walls
1916 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 103 (4), April 1998 0001-4966/98/103(4)/1916/7/$10.00 © 1998 Acoustical Society of America 1916
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k 2 p ~ 2 ! 1¹ 2 p ~ 2 ! 52 j vr 0 (i q ~i 2 !
r
r
1 r 0v 2W ~ 2 !d ~ z r ! H W~ s ~ 2 ! ! , ~6!
where q i r 5Q i r d (rr 2ri r ) is the source strength of the i r th
control source in the room and H W ( s (2) ) is a spatial window
function specifying the geometrical area of plate 2.
In this analysis, the plate velocities n (1) 5 j v W (1) and
n 5 j v W (2) are expanded as
(2)
cavity and room in the Z direction are denoted respectively p ~ 2 ! 5 @ F ~N2 ! #@ P~N2 ! # , ~10!
as z c and z r . The displacement W (1) of plate 1 is described 2 2
by where @ PN(1)
1
# 5 @ P (1) (1) (1) T
1 , P 2 ,..., P N 1 # and @ F N(1)1 #
5 @ F (1) (1) (1)
1 ,F 2 ,...,F N 1 # are, respectively, the modal ampli-
2m 1 v 2 W ~ 1 ! 1D 1 ¹ 4 W ~ 1 ! 52p ~ 1 ! ~ z c 50 ! 1p ext , ~2!
tude and mode shape vectors of the sound field in the cavity.
where m 1 and D 1 are, respectively, the surface mass and Substituting Eqs. ~7!–~10! into Eqs. ~2! and ~4!–~6!, and
bending stiffness of plate 1. p ext is the external sound pres- using the orthogonal properties of the modal shape functions,
sure on plate 1, which includes the block sound pressure of we obtained the modal equations for each subsystem in ma-
the incident sound wave and the back reaction of the radiated trix form. For example, the modal amplitudes of the sound
sound waves. p (1) is the cavity sound pressure. As the effect pressure in the cavity are expressed as
of sound radiation on the plate vibration is negligible, we @ P~N11! # 5 @ Z ~A12! #@ V~M22! # 2 @ Z ~A11! #@ V~M11! # 1 @ Z ~M1 c! #@ VMc # . ~11!
have
@ Z A(1)1 # is the modal acoustic transfer impedance matrix (N 1
p ext52A exp~ 2 j sin f cos u kx2 j sin f sin u ky ! .
3M 1 ) from plate 1 to the cavity:
F G
~3!
1,1! ~ 1 ! 1,1!
B ~1,1 /xA ¯ B ~1,M / x ~A1 !
The sound pressure in the cavity is composed of contribu- 1 1 1
tions from the acoustical control sources in the cavity, and @ Z ~A11! # 5 r 0 c 0 ] , ~12!
the vibration of plates 1 and 2: B ~N1,1,1! / x ~A1 ! !
B ~N1,1,M / x ~A1 !
1 N1 ¯ 1 1 N1
2 ~1!
k p 1¹ p 2 ~1!
52 j vr 0 (i q ~i 1 ! 2 r 0 v 2 @ W ~ 2 ! d ~ z c 2L z c !
c
where
E
c
1,1! 1,1!
1
2W ~ 1 ! d ~ z c !# , ~4! B ~I,J 5B ~J,I 5 S ~J1 ! F ~I 1 ! ~ z c 50 ! d s ~13!
Af Af
where q i(1) 5Q i(1) d (rc 2ri c ) is the source strength of the i c th is the modal coupling coefficient and
c c
control source in the cavity. L z c is the distance between the
M ~A1 !
x ~A1I! 5 j
I
two plates. 2
~ k A,I 1 j h A 1 l k A2 I 2k 2 ! . ~14!
The displacement of plate 2 is determined by following r 0 kA f 1
1917 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 103, No. 4, April 1998 J. Pan and C. Bao: Double wall sound transmission control 1917
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F G
(1)
2,1! ~ 1 !
B ~1,1 /xA ¯
2,1!
B ~1,M / x ~A1 ! The velocity components of plate 1 are related to @ PN # and
1 1 1 1
external sound pressure:
@ Z ~A12! # 5 r 0 c 0 ] , ~15!
B ~N2,1,1! / x ~A1 ! ¯
!
B ~N2,1,M / x ~A1 ! @ V~M11! # 52 @ Y ~P11! #@ P~N11! # 1 @ Y ~Mext1 ! #@ P~Mext1 ! # , ~25!
1 N 1 1 1 N1
E
(M 1 3N 1 ) from the cavity to plate 1:
F G
2,1! 2,1!
1
B ~I,J 5B ~J,I 5 S ~j 2 ! F ~I 1 ! ~ z c 5L z c ! d s . ~16! 1,1! ~ 1 ! 1,1! ~ 1 !
Af Af B ~1,1 /xP ¯ B ~1,N /xP
1 1 1
@ VMc # in Eq. ~11! is the control source vector (M c 31) in the 1
@ Y ~P11! # 52 ] ,
cavity: r 0c 0
B ~M1,1,1! / x ~P1 ! ¯
!
B ~M1,1,N / x ~P1 !
1 M1 1 1 M1
@ VMc # 52 @ Q ~11 ! ,Q ~21 ! ,...,Q ~M1 c! # T /A f ~17! ~26!
and the corresponding modal acoustic transfer impedance where
matrix (N 1 3M c ) is
F G
M ~P1 !
F ~11 ! ~ r ~11 ! ! / x ~A1 ! ¯ F ~11 ! ~ r ~M1 ! ! / x ~A1 ! x ~P1j! 5 j
J
~ k 2P 1 J 1 j h P 1 J k 2P 1 J 2k 2 ! . ~27!
r 0 kA f
1 c 1
@ Z ~M1 C! # 5 r 0 c 0 ] .
F ~N1 ! ~ r ~11 ! ! / x ~A1 ! F ~N1 ! ~ r ~M1 ! ! / x ~A1 ! In Eq. ~27!, M (1)
P j 5m 1 L P J A f is the modal mass of plate 1
(1)
¯
P J 5(1/A f ) * A f @ S j # d s . k P i j and h P 1 J are, respec-
where L (1)
1 N 1 1 c N1 (1) 2
~18!
tively, the modal ‘‘wave number’’ and loss factor of the Jth
The pressure in the room is obtained as mode of plate 1. The loss factors of the plate modes are
@ P~N22! # 52 @ Z ~A2 ! #@ V~M22! # 1 @ Z ~M2 r! #@ VMr # , ~19! related to the imaginary part of the complex Young’s modu-
lus.
where @ Z (2)
A # is the modal acoustic transfer impedance matrix The modal acoustic transfer mobility matrix (M 1
(N 2 3M 2 ) from plate 2 to the room:
F G
3M 1 ) from the external sound pressure to plate 1 is
F G
2,2! ~ 2 ! 2,2!
B ~1,1 /xA ¯ B ~1,M / x ~A2 ! 1/x ~P1 ! ¯ 0
1 2 1
1
@ Z ~A2 ! # 5 r 0 c 0 ] ~20! 1
, @ Y ~Mext1 ! # 52 ] . ~28!
B ~N2,2,1! / x ~A2 ! !
B ~N2,2,M / x ~A2 ! r 0c 0
2 N 2
¯ 2 2 N 2 0 ¯ 1/x ~P1 !
M 1
here
The modal pressure components due to the external sound
2,2!
B ~I,J 2,2!
5B ~J,I 5
1
Af
E Af
S ~J2 ! F ~I 2 ! ~ z r 50 ! d s ~ 2 ! , ~21!
pressure is expressed by an (M 1 31) vector:
F G
2
~31!
F ~12 ! ~ r~12 ! ! / x ~A2 ! ¯ F ~12 ! ~ r~M2 ! ! / x ~A2 ! (M 2 3N 1 ) and
@ Y (2) (M 2 3N 2 ) are, respec-
@ Y (2)
1 r 1 where P1 # P2 #
@ Z ~M2 r! # 5 r 0 c 0 ] tively, the modal acoustic transfer mobility matrices from the
cavity to plate 2 and from the room to plate 2:
F G
F ~N2 ! ~ r~12 ! ! / x ~A2 ! ¯ F ~N2 ! ~ r~M2 ! ! / x ~A2 !
2 N2 2 r N2
2,1! ~ 2 ! 2,1! ~ 2 !
~23! B ~1,1 /xP ¯ B ~1,N /xP
1 1 1
and the velocity vector (M r 31) of the acoustical control 1
@ Y ~P21! # 52 ] ,
sources is r 0c 0
B ~M2,1,1! / x ~P2 ! ¯
!
B ~M2,1,N / x ~P2 !
@ VMr # 52 @ Q ~12 ! ,Q ~22 ! ,...,Q ~M2 r! # T /A f .
2 M 2 1 M
~24! 2 2
~32!
1918 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 103, No. 4, April 1998 J. Pan and C. Bao: Double wall sound transmission control 1918
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F G
2,2! ~ 2 ! 2,2! ~ 2 !
B ~1,1 /xP ¯ B ~1,N /xP r 0c 0
1 2 1 Z ~I c ! 52 f ~I 2 ! ~ r ~c2 ! ! . ~39!
1 x ~AI2 !
@ Y ~P22! # 52 ] ,
r 0c 0 (2)
B ~M2,2,1! / x ~P2 ! ¯
!
B ~M2,2,N / x ~P2 ! Because all the elements in @ PN # are orthogonal to each
2 M2 2 2 M2 2
F G
has a minimum value corresponding to an optimal control
S ~12 ! ~ s ~12 ! ! / x ~P2 ! ¯ S ~12 ! ~ s ~M2 ! ! / x ~P2 ! input (V (c)
r ) opt :
1 p2 1
3 ] , ~ E ~p2 ! ! min
5 @ P~Np! # H @ L ~N2 ! #@ P~Np! #
S ~M2 ! ~ s ~12 ! ! x ~P2 ! ¯ S ~M2 ! ~ s ~M2 ! ! / x ~P2 ! V ~02 ! /4r 0 c 20 2 2 2
2 M2 2 p2 M 2
(p) the room and plate modes. As a result, Eq. ~42! can only be
where the vector @ PN # is the modal components of the un- satisfied at those frequencies where the primary sound field
2
controlled sound pressure in the room due to primary bound- is dominated by a single room mode and the modal overlap
ary structural vibration: in the room is low. For this case, if the control source is
M2 located so as to excite the dominating mode only, Eq. ~42!
r 0c 0
P ~I p ! 52
x ~A22!I
(
J51
2,2! ~ 2 !
B ~I,J VJ ~38! will be approximately satisfied and large reduction of poten-
tial energy at this frequency is expected.
In practical rooms, only at very low frequencies is the
(c)
and @ ZN # is the impedance vector for the point sound source primary sound field dominated by a single mode and the
2
in the room: contribution of nonresonance modes small. Above this fre-
1919 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 103, No. 4, April 1998 J. Pan and C. Bao: Double wall sound transmission control 1919
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(2) 21
M2 # 1 @ a M 2 #
5 @ V(P)
quency range, increases in modal density and damping often @ Y (c) (C)
M 2 ,M p2 # ( P s 2 ) opt) is significantly
make it difficult for control source to generate the required reduced, and so is the resultant total sound pressure.
modal components without exciting others. Numerical ~2! Equation ~48! can also be satisfied when the con-
results12 from the active control of sound radiation from a
M2 # 5 @ VM2 #
@ V(2) (P)
trolled plate velocity vector
steel panel into in a highly damped room show that a large 21
reduction of potential energy is only achieved at the very low 1 @ a (2)
M # @ Y (c) (C)
M ,M # ( P s ) opt is orthogonal with the
2 2 p2 2
frequencies. In the low-frequency range, the arrangement row vectors in @ Z (2) A # ~or is orthogonal with those row
with the acoustic control source near the radiating panel vectors corresponding to the dominating pressure com-
gives larger reduction than that with a control source located ponents in @ PN(2)
2
# !. For this case, the controlled plate ve-
at the far corner of the room. locity is not necessarily attenuated. The magnitude and
phase of each mode in plate 2 are rearranged such that
B. Control force applied to plate 2 the superimposed contribution of all the elements in
When only one point vibrational control actuator is ap- @ V(2)
M2 # to the sound pressure components in the room is
plied to plate 2 to control the transmitted sound field, Eq. significantly reduced.
~19! can be expressed as
Previous work suggested that the modal suppressing
@ P~N22! # 52 @ Z ~A2 ! # $ @ V~MP2! # 1 @ a ~M2 2! # 21 @ Y ~Mc !2 ,M p2 # P ~sC2 ! % , mechanism is effective when the transmitted energy is car-
~43! ried mainly by one dominating panel mode.1 On the other
hand, the modal rearrangement mechanism is associated with
where the primary velocity vector in plate 2 is the sound transmission into the room controlled modes
@ V~MP2! # 52 @ a ~M2 2! # 21 @ Y ~P21! #@ Z ~A11! #@ a ~M1 1! # 21 @ Y ~Mext1 ! #@ P~Mext1 ! # , where energy is transmitted from several plate modes. As
21
~44! @ a (2)
M 2# @ Y (c) (C)
M 2 ,M p2 # P s 2 is due to the point control force and
and P s(C) is pressure generated by the point control force at @ VM2 # is generated by the distributed sound field, Eq. ~49!
(P)
2
can be approximately satisfied at the frequencies where plate
plate 2.
2 is dominated by a single mode ~e.g., panel controlled
In Eq. ~44!, @ a (1)
M 1 # and @ a M 2 # are respectively (M 1
(2)
mode!. For this case, although the room sound pressure field
3M 1 ) and (M 2 3M 2 ) matrices: may consist of multiple components coupled with the domi-
@ a ~M1 1! # 5 @ I # 2 @ Y ~P11! #@ Z ~A11! # , ~45! nating plate mode, the effective suppression of the dominat-
ing plate mode will result in significant reduction of all the
@ a ~M2 2! # 5 @ I # 2 @ Y ~P21! #@ Z ~A12! # 2 @ Y ~P22! #@ Z ~A2 ! # 1 @ Y ~P21! #@ Z ~A11! # pressure components.
When the plate response is dominated by several modes
3@ a ~M1 ! # 21 @ Y ~P1 ! #@ Z ~A1 ! # ~46! and suppression of the response of these modes using a
1 1 2
single control force becomes impossible, the second mecha-
M 2 ,M p2 # in Eq. ~43! becomes a vector with its elements
@ Y (c) nism may be at work. The optimal control force will adjust
expressed as the magnitude and phase of each plate mode, such that the
1 sound pressure components due to the superimposed excita-
c!
Y ~I,1 52 S ~12 ! ~ s ~12 ! ! . ~47! tion of all the plate modes @ V(2) M 2 # through the modal acoustic
r 0 c 0 x ~p12 !
transfer impedance matrix @ Z (2) A # are suppressed.
Using a similar analysis as for the acoustical control in the
room, it can be shown that total reduction of the potential C. Acoustic control source in cavity
energy in the room can be achieved only if the following When only one acoustic actuator is used in the double
relationship is satisfied: wall cavity to control the transmitted sound field, the sound
@ Z ~A2 ! #@ V~MP2! # 5b @ Z ~A2 ! #@ a ~M2 2! # 21 @ Y ~Mc !2 ,M p2 # , ~48! pressure vector in the room can be expressed as:
where b is a complex constant. Although Eq. ~48! shows a @ P~N22! # 52 @ Z ~A2 ! #@ V~M2!2 # , ~50!
result similar to that shown in Eq. ~42!, it suggests that at- where
tenuation of the sound field in the room ~to reduce the mag-
(2)
nitudes of all elements in @ PN # ! by controlling the vibration @ V~M2!2 # 5 @ b ~N22! # 21 @ Y ~P21! #@ P~N11! # , ~51!
2
in plate 2 can be achieved by two mechanisms:
@ P~N11! # 52 @ b ~N11! # 21 $ @ Z ~A11! #@ Y ~Mext1 ! #@ P~Mext
1
!
#
~1! Equation ~48! can be satisfied if the control system is
arranged such that @ V(p) (2) 21
M2 # and @ a M 2 # @ Y (c)
M 2 ,M p2 # are in 2 @ Z ~M1 ! #@ VMc # % . ~52!
c
proportion. That is (1)
@ b N 1 # and @ b N(2)2 # are, respectively, (N 1 3N 1 ) and (N 2
@V~MP2! # 5b @ a ~M2 2! # 21 @ Y ~Mc !2 ,M p2 # . ~49! 3N 2 ) matrices
For this case, the optimal control force can be used to @ b ~N11! # 5 @ I # 2 @ Z ~A11! #@ Y ~P11! # 2 @ Z ~A12! #@ b ~N22! # 21 @ Y ~P21! # , ~53!
effectively suppress the modal amplitudes of in plate 2.
As a result, the source term in Eq. ~43! ~i.e., @ V(2) @ b ~N22! # 5 @ I # 2 @ Y ~P22! #@ Z ~A2 ! # . ~54!
M # 2
1920 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 103, No. 4, April 1998 J. Pan and C. Bao: Double wall sound transmission control 1920
Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://acousticalsociety.org/content/terms. Download to IP: 84.88.136.149 On: Fri, 05 Dec 2014 12:57:03
Equation ~49! shows that the ‘‘source’’ of the room sound III. CONCLUSIONS
pressure is the velocity of plate 2 ( @ V(2)M2 # ), while the This paper presents a model for sound transmission
‘‘source’’ of the velocity components of plate 2 is sound through double plate structures in such a way that the mecha-
pressure in the cavity @see Eq. ~51!#. nisms of the several different active control arrangements
It has been shown that a significant reduction of the can be analysed. For either acoustic control in the room, or
acoustic potential energy in the room requires primary sound structural acoustic control on plate 2 or acoustic control in
pressure components in the room to be proportional to that the partition cavity, the condition for effective reduction of
due to the control sources: acoustic potential energy in the room is that the primary and
secondary pressure vectors in the room are proportional as
@ Z ~A2 ! #@ b ~N22! # 21 @ Y ~P21! #@ b ~N11! # 21 @ Z ~A11! # ^ @ Y ~Mext1 ! #@ P~Mext
1
!
#& described by Eqs. ~42!, ~48!, and ~55!. Using the optimal
control input, the system may choose different mechanisms
5a @ Z ~A2 ! #@ b ~N2 ! # 21 @ Y ~P2 ! #@ b ~N1 ! # 21 @ Z ~M1 ! #@ VMc # , ~55! to achieve the reduction of acoustic potential energy in the
2 1 1 c
room.
where a is a complex constant. Equation ~55! suggests that The analysis of the physical mechanisms involved in
the proportional condition can be realized by following three each control arrangement shows:
possible mechanisms: ~1! When the transmitted sound field in the room is di-
rectly controlled by using one acoustic control source in the
~1! The control system may be arranged such that the pri-
room, the suppression of the room modal response is the
mary sound pressure components in the cavity,
only possible mechanism. It is difficult for the secondary
@ b N(1)1 # 21 @ Z A(1)1 # ^ @ Y (ext)
M 1 #@ PM1 # &
(ext)
is proportional to
(1) 21
sound field generated by a point acoustic control source to
@ b N # @ Z M # . That is,
1
(1)
c satisfy the required proportional relationship with the pri-
mary field generated by distributed structural vibration. Con-
trol can be achieved only at those frequencies where the
@b~N11!#21@Z~A11!#^@Y ~Mext1 ! #@ P~Mext
1
!
# & 5a @ b ~N11! # 21 @ Z ~M1 r! # . ~56! primary sound field is dominated by a single room mode and
the control source can excite this mode without the strong
If the condition in Eq. ~56! can be satisfied, the sound
excitation of other modes.
pressure in the cavity will be effectively suppressed. For
~2! The sound pressure in the room can be attenuated
this case, the suppression of the sound pressure modal
through the control of sound radiation into the room using a
response in the cavity results in a significant noise reduc-
vibrational control source on the radiating structure. The
tion in the room.
control source may directly suppress the amplitude of the
~2! The optimal volume velocity of the control source in the
dominating mode corresponding to the sound pressure field
cavity might be selected such that the controlled pressure
(1) in the room. However, when several plate modes participate
component vector in the cavity @ PN # is orthogonal to
1 in the coupling with a dominating room modes, the control
the corresponding row vectors in the modified modal source will rearrange the magnitudes and phase of the plate
acoustic transfer mobility matrix @ b N 2 # 21 @ Y (2)
(2)
P 1 # . As a modes such that the superimposed sound radiation from the
result of the modal rearrangement of the cavity pressure plate to the room is significantly reduced. Because there are
components ~for this case the pressure components may two possible control mechanisms, it is expected that better
not be reduced!, the magnitudes of the dominating attenuation may be achieved than for the case of room con-
modes in plate 2 are effectively reduced, and so are the trol for which only one mechanism applies..
sound pressure components in the room. ~3! The common understanding of the control of sound
~3! The optimal volume velocity of the control source in the transmission through double plates by inserting one acoustic
cavity might be selected such that the controlled modal control source between the double wall cavity is based on the
component vector in plate 2 ~due to the excitation of the fact that the low-frequency sound transmission is due to the
controlled pressure components in the cavity! @ V(2) M2 # is ~0,0,0! cavity mode. If the cavity is relatively small, the
orthogonal to the row vectors in @ Z (2) ~0,0,0! mode may dominate a reasonably wide frequency
A # . For this case, the
controlled plate velocity may not necessarily be attenu- range. The suppression of this dominating acoustic mode in
ated. The magnitude and phase of each mode in plate 2 the cavity will block the sound transmission path and there-
are rearranged by the control source in the cavity such fore transmitted sound pressure will be reduced. The analysis
that the superimposed contribution by all the elements of of this paper shows three possible mechanisms involved in
in @ V(2) this control arrangement, one of which is suppression of the
M2 # to the dominating sound pressure components
cavity modal response. The other two mechanisms are ~1!
in the room is significantly reduced.
the direct rearrangement of the cavity sound pressure com-
In both discussions of ~2! and ~3! above, the modal re- ponents to minimise the amplitude of the dominating radiat-
arrangement mechanism was at work. However, for the ing modes in plate 2; ~2! the indirect rearrangement of the
former case, the cavity sound pressure is rearranged directly modal components in plate 2 by adjusting the cavity pressure
to give an attenuated velocity in plate 2. For the latter case, components, such that the superimposed sound radiation into
the modal components in plate 2 are rearranged indirectly the room is reduced. These two modal rearrangement mecha-
through the rearrangement of the cavity pressure components nisms may be accompanied by an increase of sound pressure
to obtain an attenuated sound pressure field in the room. in the cavity. In addition, the three possible mechanisms may
1921 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 103, No. 4, April 1998 J. Pan and C. Bao: Double wall sound transmission control 1921
Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://acousticalsociety.org/content/terms. Download to IP: 84.88.136.149 On: Fri, 05 Dec 2014 12:57:03
explain the improved performance of the control using this control of sound transmission through stiff lightweight composite fuselage
arrangement9 relative to room or panel control. constructions,’’ Proceeding of the 14th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference
II, 552–560 ~1992!.
Although previous numerical calculation and experi- 6
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7
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9
panel into a cavity,’’ J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 84, 182 ~1988!. P. Sas, C. Bao, F. Augusztinovicz, and W. Desmet, ‘‘Active control of
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Am. 87, 2098–2108 ~1990!. L. Gagliardini and P. Bouvet, ‘‘DAP: the active controlled double wall,’’
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P. A. Nelson and S. J. Elliott, Active Control of Sound ~Academic, New
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4 12
C. R. Fuller, ‘‘Active control of sound transmission/radiation from elastic J. Pan and C. Bao, ‘‘Active attenuation of noise transmission through
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5
D. R. Thomas, P. A. Nelson, R. J. Pinnington, and S. J. Elliott, ‘‘Active pool, UK, III, pp. 1055–1060 ~1996!.
1922 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 103, No. 4, April 1998 J. Pan and C. Bao: Double wall sound transmission control 1922
Redistribution subject to ASA license or copyright; see http://acousticalsociety.org/content/terms. Download to IP: 84.88.136.149 On: Fri, 05 Dec 2014 12:57:03