Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is irritation and swelling (inflammation) of the liver due to infection with the
hepatitis B virus (HBV).
Other types of viral hepatitis include hepatitis A, hepatitis C, and hepatitis D.

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Causes
Hepatitis B infection is caused by the HBV. You can
catch hepatitis B through contact with the blood or 1.3
body fluids (semen, vaginal fluids, and saliva) of a
person who has the virus.
Exposure may occur:
Symptoms
 After a needlestick or sharps injury
After you first become infected with the HBV:
 If any blood or other body fluid touches your
skin, eyes or mouth, or open sores or cuts  You may have no symptoms.
 People who may be at risk of hepatitis B are  You may feel sick for a period of days or
those who: weeks.
 Have unprotected sex with an infected  You may become very ill very quickly
partner (called fulminant hepatitis).
 Receive blood transfusions (not common in  Appetite loss
the United States)  Fatigue
 Have contact with blood at work (such as  Low fever
health care workers)
 Muscle and joint aches
 Have been on long-term kidney dialysis
 Nausea and vomiting
 Get a tattoo or acupuncture with unclean
needles  Yellow skin and dark urine 1.4
 Share needles during drug use
 Share personal items (such as toothbrush,
Treatment
razor, and nail clippers) with a person who
has the virus Acute hepatitis, unless severe,
 Were born to a hepatitis-B infected mother needs no treatment. Liver and other body
 All blood used for blood transfusions is functions are watched using blood tests.
screened, so the chance of getting the virus in You should get plenty of bed rest, drink
this way is very small. plenty of fluids, and eat healthy foods.
Prevention
Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and
water after any potential exposure to blood. Use ?
condoms with sexual partners. Avoid direct For more info about
contact with blood and bodily fluids. 1.4 colon cancer please
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Romel Jr. M. Duran Gr 8 – Discipline July 11, 2019
2 Digestive Diseases
Colon Cancer
Colon cancer typically affects older adults, though it can happen at any age. It usually
begins as small, noncancerous (benign) clumps of cells called polyps that form on the inside of the
colon. Over time some of these polyps can become colon cancers.

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Polyps may be small and produce few, if any, symptoms. For this reason, doctors
recommend regular screening tests to help prevent colon cancer by identifying and
removing polyps before they turn into cancer.
Colon cancer is sometimes called colorectal cancer, which is a term that combines
colon cancer and rectal cancer, which begins in the rectum
Treatment
Treatment will depend on the type and stage of Symptoms
the cancer, and the age, health status, and other Signs and symptoms of colon cancer include:
characteristics of the patient.  A persistent change in your bowel habits,
There is no single treatment for any cancer, but including diarrhea or constipation or a
the most common options for colon cancer are change in the consistency of your stool
surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.  Rectal bleeding or blood in your stool
Treatments seek to remove the cancer and  Persistent abdominal discomfort, such as
relieve any painful symptoms. cramps, gas or pain
 A feeling that your bowel doesn't empty
Prevention completely
 Standard preventive measures include:  Weakness or fatigue
 maintaining a healthy weight  Unexplained weight loss 1.4
 exercising
 consuming plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
 decreasing saturated fat and red meat intake
 People are also recommended to limit alcohol consumption and quit
smoking

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