SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE EFFECTS OF DRUGS
NO. DRUG SUBJECTIVE EFFECTS
1 Atropine - Dryness of mouth , Constipation,
- Blurring of near vision ;
Photophobia
I
I
I
2 Nitroglyc:erine ~
- Headache
I'
- Giddiness ; Palpitations
I
I
3 Adrenaline ( in - Relief from breathlessness , --
I Bronchial Asthma) - Palpitations ; Tremors
4 Morphine - Analgesia ( in presence of pain ) -
- Euphoria ; Sedation
- Constipation ; Emesis
I
5 Pethidine - Analgesia ( in p;esence of pain )
- Euphoria, Sedation
- Constipation ( .J, Morphine )
- Emesis
6 Digoxin ( in CCF ) - Relief from Dyspnoea ; Diuresis
- Nausea and vomiting
- Visual disturbances
I
7 Salbutamol ( In - Relief from breathlessness
Bronchial Asthma ) - Palpitations
- Tremors ; restlessness
I
8 Propranolol - Fatigue ,.J,Exercise capacity
- Worsening of symptoms on
stoppage
- Cold hands and feet
- Anxiolysis
OBJECTIVE EFFECTS
- Tachycardia
- Mydriasis ; 1' Raised I. 0. T. i in
Acute Congestive Glaucoma )
-.J, Volume of salivary secretion
-Tachycardia ,.J, B.P.
-1'Peak Expiratory Flow Rate
- 1' FEVl
- Tachycardia, 1' B.P.
- Pin-point pupils
- .J, Res::iiratory rate
- .J, Tidal Volume
- Miosis ( .J, than Morphine )
- Tachycardia ( Antimuscarinic
Action)
-1'Cardiac Output, Bradycardia
- ECG Changes
( 1' PR interval ; .J, ST interval )
-1'Peak Expiratory Flow Rate
- 1' FEVl
- Tachycardia
- Bradycardia
- Impaired Carbohydrate tolerance
- Altered Lipid Profile
( 1'Total Triglycerides ;
1'LDL Cholesterol;
.J, HDL Cholesterol )
.j
 URINARY EXCRETION DATA FOR DIURETICS

URINARY ELECTROLYTE EXCRETION I

CLASS DRUG/S PRIMARY MECHANISM EFFICACY
i Na+ K+ Ca++ I Mg++ Cl - HC03-
SITE OF OF ACTION
ACTION I
Thick
Loop Diuretics Furosemide ascending Inhibit Na+ High
Bumetanide limb of K+ 2CI- 1'1'1' 1' 1'1' 1'1' 1'1' 'i' I -
Loop of symport
Henle
Distal
Thiazides Hydrochlorothiazide convoluted Inhibit Na+ Inter- ·1'1' 1' ,J,, 1', - 1' 1'
Chlorthalidone tubule Cl- symport mediate

Limits water
Osmotic Diuretics Mannitol Loop of & electrolyte High 1'1' 1' 1' 'I' 1' 1' 1'
Glycerin Henle Reabsorption
osmotically

Min era locorticoid Spironolactone Late distal Inhibits Low 1' -J,, --1, -1,, 1' - ,1'
Receptor Antagonists Eplerenone tubule & Mineralocort
collecting icoid
duct Receptor

Renal Epithelial Cell Triamterene Late distal Inhibits renal Low 1' -J,, --1, --1, 1' - ,1'
Na+ Channel Inhibitors Ami lo ride tubule & epithelial cell
collecting Na+ channel
duct
Inhibits
Carbonic Anhydrase Acetazolamide Proximal Carbonic Mild 1' 1'1' - --1,, 1' 1', - 1'1'
Inhibitors tubule Anhydrase in
PT cells
 OCULAR EFFECTS OF DRUG CLASSES ACTING ON THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

DRUG CLASS DRUG/S OCULAR EFFECTS USES

Effect on Pupil I.O.T. Accommodation Light Reflex

Spasm of *Acute Congestive

Cholinergic drugs Pilocarpine Miosis Decreased Accommodation Maintained Glaucoma
Physostigmine (Contraction of *Wide Angle
Ciliary muscle) Glaucoma
Fixed near vision * lridocyclitis with
miotics
Paralysis of
Atropine I Accommodation *Mydriatic
Anticholinergic drugs Homatropine Mydriasis Increased (Paralysis of Ciliary Abolished * Fundoscopic
Tropicamide muscle) Examination
Cyclopentolate Fixed distant vision * lridocyclitis with
mydriatics

I *Wide Angle
Adrenergic drugs Adrenaline Mydriasis Decreased No effect on / No significant Glaucoma
Phenylephrine · accommodation / effect

*Narrow Angle
(Acute Congestive)
Beta Adrenergic blockers Timolol No effect Decreased No effect on / No significant Glaucoma
accommodation effect *Wide Angle
Glaucoma