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IB Definitions CHEM HL
IB Definitions CHEM HL
CORE
relative atomic mass of an element is the weighted mean mass of all the naturally
occuring isotopes of an element relative to the mass of an atom of 12C
6
relative molecular mass is the average mass of the molecules in a given sample of pure
substance relative to the mass of an atom of carbon 12
The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
The atomic number is equivalent to the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Isotopes are atoms which have the same atomic number but different mass numbers (due
to the presence of different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei)
The first ionization energy is the minimum energy required to remove the
outermost electron from each atom in a mole of gaseous atoms
The standard enthalpy change of a reaction is the enthalpy change when one mole
of reactants is transformed into products at 298K and 101.3 KPa (1atm)
Activation energy (Ea) is the minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to
occur
A Lewis acid is an electron pair acceptor (eg BF3 + NH3 --> BF3.NH3)
A Lewis base is an electron pair donor (eg OH-, NH3, H2O…)
Oxidising agent is a substance which will usually easily remove electrons from other
substances in a redox reaction (eg halogens, O2, Ag+ --> Ag(s) …).
Reducing agent is a substance which will usually easily lose electrons to other
substances in a redox reaction (eg Al in : 2Al(s) + Fe2O3 (s) ---> 2Al2O3 + 2Fe
N.B. Things which are easily reduced are good oxidising AGENTS
Things which are easily oxidised are good reducing AGENTS
HL
(eg CO in Ni(CO)4, Cl in [NiCl4]2- , You may see en (ethylene diamine) and edta
(ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid). These are also ligands)
Define and apply the terms standard
state, standard enthalpy change of
formation (_H ) f
Ö and standard
enthalpy change of combustion
(_H ) c
Standard state is the accepted form of the substance at 298K and 101.3KPa
(1atm) (eg graphite for carbon and not diamond, O2 for oxygen and not O3)
Standard enthalpy change of formation is the enthalpy change when one mole of a
substance is formed from its elements in their standard states. Reactants and
products at 298K and 101.3 Kpa (1 atm)
e.g. ΔHfo C(graphite) =0 KJ mol-1, ΔHfo S8 = 0 KJ mol-1, ΔHfo SO2 = -296.84 KJ mol-1
Standard enthalpy change of combustion is the enthalpy change when one mole of
a substance is completely burned in oxygen. Reactants and products at 298K and
101.3 Kpa (1 atm)
The lattice enthalpy is the energy evolved when one mole of an ionic
compound is formed from gaseous ions under standard conditions
Electron affinity is the energy change that occurs when an electron is added to a
gaseous atom or ion
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