Spain national police

The National Police Corps is the national civilian police force of Spain. The CNP is mainly responsible for policing urban areas, whilst
countryside policing is generally the responsibility of the Civil Guard, the Spanish gendarmerie. The CNP operates under the authority of
Spain's Ministry of the Interior. They mostly handle criminal investigation, judicial, terrorism and immigration matters. The powers of the
National Police Corps varies according to the autonomous communities, Ertzaintza in the Basque Country, Mossos d'Esquadra in Catalonia,
and Policía Foral (Foruzaingoa) in Navarreare the primary police agencies while BESCAM in the Madrid region is more of a resources
provider. In Andalusia, Aragon, Asturias, Galicia, and Valencia the National Police units are functionally acting directly under the orders of
the autonomous communities to which they are attached.

History
The 1986 organic law unifying the separate uniformed and plainclothes branches of the national police was a major reform that required a
considerable period of time to be brought into full effect. The former plainclothes service, known as the Cuerpo Superior de Policía (Superior
Police Corps), but often referred to as the "secret police", formerly the Cuerpo General de Policía (General Police Corps), consisted of some
9,000 officers. Prior to 1986, it had a supervisory and coordinating role in police operations, conducted domestic surveillance, collected
intelligence, investigated major crimes, issued identity documents, and carried out liaison with foreign police forces. [2]
The uniformed service, the Cuerpo de Policía Armada (Armed Police Corps) which became the National Police in 1979, was a completely
separate organization with a complement of about 50,000 officers, including a small number of female recruits who were first accepted for
training in 1984. The Director General of the National Police Corps, a senior official of the Ministry of Interior, commanded 13 regional
headquarters, 50 provincial offices, and about 190 municipal police stations. In the nine largest cities, several district police stations served
separate sections of the city. The chief of police of each station was in command of both the uniformed and the plainclothes officers attached
to the station. A centrally controlled Special Operations Group (Grupo Especial de Operaciones—GEO) was an elite fighting unit trained to
deal with terrorist and hostage situations.[2]
The principal weapons regularly used by the uniformed police were 9mm pistols, 9mm submachine guns, CETME and NATO 7.62mm rifles,
and various forms of riot equipment. Their original uniform consisted of light brown trousers and dark brown jackets. [2]
The initial training phase for recruits to the National Police Corps was nine months, followed by a year of practical training. Promotions to
corporal, sergeant, and sergeant major were based on seniority, additional training, and performance. In the Franco era, most police officers
were seconded from the army. Under a 1978 law, future police officers were to receive separate training, and army officers detailed to the
police were to be permanently transferred. By 1986 only 170 army officers remained in the National Police Corps. Under the 1986 organic
law, military-type training for police was to be terminated, and all candidate officers were to attend the Higher Police School at Ávila, which
previously had served as the three-year training center for the Superior Police Corps. The ranks of the plainclothes corps—commissioners,
subcommissioners, and inspectors of first, second, and third class—were to be assimilated into the ranking system of the uniformed police—
colonel, lieutenant colonel, major, captain, and lieutenant. Two lower categories—subinspection and basic—would include all nonofficer
uniformed personnel. The newly unified National Police Corps was to be responsible for issuing identity cards and passports, as well as for
immigration and deportation controls, refugees, extradition, deportation, gambling controls, drugs, and supervision of private security forces.[2]
Franco's Policía Armada had once been dreaded as one of the most familiar symbols of the regime's oppressiveness. During the 1980s,
however, the police underwent an internal transformation process, being brought to adopt the new democratic spirit of the times. The police
supported the legally constituted government during the 1981 coup attempt. Led by the new police trade union, the police demonstrated in
1985 against right-wing militants in their ranks and cooperated in efforts to punish misconduct and abuses of civil rights by individual
officers.[2]
The current sidearm is the Heckler & Koch USP Compact 9x19mm
 Ranks
Spanish Nacional Police workmark logo as seen in uniforms and vehicles.

From 1979 to 1986 the Police sported a military rank system, a holdover of the old Armed Police.
Above the cadet ranks (there are five cadet ranks), the current ranks are:

 Policía - Policeman/policewoman
 Oficial de Policía - Police Officer
 Subinspector - Sub-inspector
 Inspector - Inspector
 Inspector Jefe - Chief Inspector
 Comisario - Commissioner
 Comisario Principal - Principal Commissioner
 Jefe Superior - Superior Chief
 Comisario General - Commissioner General, and Jefe de División - Divisional Chief [equal ranks]
 Subdirector General - Sub-Director General
 Director Adjunto Operativo - Assistant Director of Operations
 Director General de la Policía - Director-General of Police

Deput
Catego y
Superior Grades Superior Executive Basic Student
ries Inspe
ctor

Inspecto
Comisari Inspecto Inspecto
Director r Policía
Subdirec o Comisari Oficial r r
Adjunto Jefe Comisari Inspecto Inspecto Subinspec Alumno en Policía
Spain Operativ
tor General/
Superior
o
o r Jefe r tor
de Policía
en
Alumno Alumno
Práctica Alumno
General Jefe de Principal Policía de 2º de 1º
o (DAO) Práctica s
División año año
s

requirements[edit]

 Born or naturalized Spanish

 More than 18 years old.
 At least 1.65 metres (5 ft 5 in) tall, for men, and 1.60 metres (5 ft 3 in) metres for women
 Not to have been convicted of fraud or dismissed by the state, autonomous or local governments, or prevented from holding public
functions.
 Hold a driving licence of the class specified by the government.
Basic Scale:

 Have or to be in conditions to obtain the Certificate of Bachillerato or equivalent.

Executive Scale:

 Have a Technical Engineer, Technical Architect, Qualified University student or equivalent or top formation degree
The Swedish Police Authority is the central administrative authority for the police in Sweden, responsible for law
enforcement, general social order and public safety within the country.
The agency is headed by the National Police Commissioner, who is appointed by the Government and has the sole
responsibility for all activities of the police. Although formally organised under the Ministry of Justice, the Swedish
police is—similar to other authorities in Sweden—essentially autonomous, in accordance with
the constitution.[3][4][a] The agency is governed by general policy instruments and is subject to a number of sanctions
and oversight functions, to ensure that the exercise of public authority is in compliance with regulations. [5][6] Police
officers typically wear a dark-blue uniform consisting of combat style trousers with a police duty belt, a polo shirt or a
long sleeve button shirt, and a side-cap embellished with a metal cap badge.[7] The standard equipment includes a
handgun, pepper spray and an extendable baton.[8]
The first modern police force in Sweden was established in the mid-19th century, and the police remained in effect
under local government control up until 1965, when it was nationalized and became increasingly centralized,[9]to
finally organize under one authority January 1, 2015. Concurrent with this change, the Swedish Security
Service formed its own agency.[10] The new authority was created to address shortcomings in the division of duties
and responsibilities, and to make it easier for the Government to demand greater accountability.[11] The agency is
organized into seven police regions and eight national departments.[12] It is one of the largest government agencies in
Sweden, with more than 28,500 employees, of which police officers accounted for approximately 75 percent of the
personnel in 2014.[1][10] It takes two and a half years to become a police officer in Sweden, including six months of paid
workplace practice.[13] Approximately a third of all police students are women, and in 2011 women accounted for 40
percent of all employees.[14][15]
Nils Henric Liljensparre, Stockholm Police Commissioner, 1776

The first modern police force in Sweden was established in the mid-1800s.[16] Prior to that, police work wasn't carried
out by a law enforcement agency in the modern sense. In rural areas, the king's bailiffs (fogde) were responsible for
law and order until the establishment of counties in the 1630s.[17] In the cities, local governments were made
responsible for law and order, by way of a royal decree issued by Magnus III in the 13th century. The cities financed
and organized various watchmen, who patrolled the streets.[18] In the late 1500s in Stockholm the paroling duties were
in large part taken over by a special corps of salaried city guards. The city guard was organized, uniformed and
armed like a military unit; responsible for interventions against various crimes and the arrest of suspected
criminals.[19][20] These guards were assisted by the military, fire patrolmen, and a civilian unit that didn't wear a uniform,
but instead wore a small badge around their neck. The civilian unit monitored compliance with city ordinances relating
to—for example—sanitation issues, traffic and taxes.[21] In 1776, Gustav III ushered in a fundamental change in how
police work was organized in Stockholm, modelled after how law enforcement was organized in Paris at the time. The
office of Police Commissioner (polismästare) was created, with the first title holder being Nils Henric Liljensparre, who
was given command of the civilian unit responsible for law and order in the city, now partly financed by the
State.[16][20][22] The reform was considered a success, as it made the streets safer.[22] However, the system of fire
patrolmen and the city guard was still kept intact and administered separately. [16]In the mid-1800s, during a time of
widespread social unrest, it became increasingly clear that law enforcement didn't function properly. In 1848,
the March Unrest, broke out on the streets of Stockholm, inspired by a wave of revolutions in Europe. Large crowds
vandalized the city, shouting slogans of reform and calling for the abolition of monarchy. King Oscar I responded with
military force, killing thirty.[20][23] Simultaneously in the rural areas, local county administrators (länsman) was in charge
of law and order, reporting to the county governors. The office was a mixture of police chief, tax official and lower-
level prosecutor, who in turn was assisted by a number of part-time police officers (fjärdingsmän).[24] Increasingly, their
time was spent on tax matters, instead of doing actual police work. More police officers were duly employed, some
dubbed "extra police", devoted much more exclusively to police work.[23] In 1850, a new type of organization was
finally launched in Stockholm, where the entire police force was placed under one agency. The title of Police
Constable (poliskonstapel) was used for the first time in Sweden, and the police were also given their own uniforms
and was armed with batons and sabers. The police also began to specialize. In 1853, for example, four constables
were put in charge of criminal investigations, thus creating the first detective bureau in Sweden.[20]In the early 1900s,
the Swedish police had yet to uniformly organize or become regulated in legislation. The system of "extra police" did
not work well, partly because it was often a temporary position lacking job security, making it difficult to recruit and
retain skilled personnel.[25] Subsequently, the Riksdag adopted the first Police Act in 1925.[26] The act
essentially codified structures already in place, but also introduced a more unified police and better working
conditions for the police officers. Officers began wearing the same dark-blue uniforms nationwide, with the same
weapons and helmets.[27] Local ties remained strong, however, with 554 small districts that had great freedom to
organize police work as before, even though the State now had the power to issue a number of regulations about
everything from the leadership to the duties of the police.[28] There were still some problems maintaining order when
larger crowds gathered, as evidenced by the Ådalen shootings in 1931, where the military was called in as
reinforcement during a violent labor dispute, killing five. In rural areas, the detective work were also often
rudimentary. Accordingly, the Swedish State Police (statspolisen) was established in 1932, which would complement
the municipal police.[29]
Ranks

National
Police

CommissionerPolice

DirectorDeputy
Police

DirectorPolice
CommissionerDeputy
Police

CommissionerChief

SuperintendentAssistant
Police
CommissionerSuperintendentChief

InspectorInspector

SergeantSenior
Police

OfficerPolice

OfficerPolice

Trainee
Tactical units[edit]

Plasan Sand Cat, previously used by Piketen.

Operators from the National Task Force during the 2017 Stockholm terrorist attack.

Main articles: National Task Force and Reinforced Regional Task Force

In 2015 the Police reorganized its tactical capabilities under an umbrella known as NIK (Nationella Insatskonceptet, or the National
intervention concept). NIK established a framework for the existing regional units (then known as Piketen) and the National Task Force, it
also added regional intervention teams in the non-metropolitan units.
The main tactical units today are the Reinforced Regional Task Forces (formerly known as Piketen, from the French word piquet) which are
tactical response units based in the major metropolitan areas of Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö. These units are sometimes seconded to
neighbouring districts in connection with rapidly evolving events.[58][59] These units were formed in the wake of two major incidents. On 23
August 1973, a robbery in Stockholm devolved into a hostage-taking situation and subsequent six-day siege by the police. The
phrase Stockholm syndrome was coined by the criminologist and psychiatrist Nils Bejerot in connection with the protracted siege, as a state
where hostages start to sympathize with their captor. One and a half years later the Red Army Faction occupied the West German
Embassy in Stockholm, killing two hostages. Subsequently, the units were formed in 1979 as the regular police force were deemed
insufficiently trained and ill-equipped to deal with similar events. Today the unit is used for particularly difficult or dangerous operations and
often work in teams with a crisis negotiator.[60][59]
The National Task Force (Nationella insatsstyrkan) is a national counter terrorism/high-risk intervention unit under the command of the
National Operations Department. It was originally formed in 1991 solely as a counter-terrorist task force in the wake of the assassination of
Prime Minister Olof Palme, on the recommendations put forward by a 1988 Government inquiry.[61][62] It has evolved into a national police
resource deployed in extremely dangerous situations, e.g. high-risk interventions, search and surveillance operations, hostage situations,
tactical negotiations and various kinds of underwater operations.[63]
Other notable units and specialists[edit]
Marine police[edit]

CB90-class police boat, 2012

The Swedish Marine Police (sjöpolisen) have around 12 boats in total at their disposal. Most common types are high-performance RIBs,
capable of speeds up to 60 knots, or CB90-class boats — 15-metre patrol vessels, capable of speeds of up to 40 knots. There are about 80
marine police officers in total, half of which work only during the summer. The marine police coordinate with several other agencies and
organizations, like the Coast Guard, Customs Service and the Sea Rescue Society.[64][65]

Police aviation[edit]

The Swedish Police Air Support Unit (polisflyget)—organized the National Operations Department—employs approximately 60 personnel,
currently operating seven Bell 429 helicopters[66] from five different bases; ranging from Boden in the far north
to Östersund, Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö in the south.[67][68] Until 2015-2016 this fleet consisted of six Eurocopter EC135. The
helicopter units are fully manned 24 hours a day, often tasked with providing aerial surveillance, assisting in vehicle pursuits, search and
rescue operations. The helicopters are also used for transport, to reduce time to target during critical interventions by bomb technicians and
officers of the National Task Force.[69][70][71] In 2018 the Police made a decision to purchase two additional helicopters in order to reinforce its
aviation and counter terrorism capabilities. It's yet to be specified if these are additional Bell 429's. One will be based in Stockholm alongside
the National Task Force and the other one in Skåne.[72] Black Hawk helicopters, operated by the Armed Forces and on 24-hour stand-by, are
also available to the National Task Force, EOD and Regional Task Forces at their requests.[73]

Mounted police and police dogs[edit]

There are about 400 police dogs with as many dog handlers, available to all police districts and used approximately 25,000–30,000 times in
total per year. Police Region West has a national responsibility to coordinate, develop and review the regulatory framework for dog handlers.
The region is also responsible for the dog training school. The most common dog breeds are German Shepherd Dogs (70%) and Belgian
Malinois (20%).[74][65] There are also mounted police forces in the counties of Stockholm, Västra Götaland and Skåne, with approximately 60
horses in total or twenty horses in each mounted unit, which can be dispatched to other counties. Operations are planned and carried out
locally, according to a joint national concept developed by Police Region Stockholm.[75][65]
The cantonal police (French: Police cantonale, German: Kantonspolizei, Romansh: Polizia
Chantunala, Italian: Polizia cantonale) are the law enforcement agencies for each of the
26 cantons of Switzerland. Law enforcement in Switzerland is mainly a responsibility of the
26 cantons of Switzerland, which each operate cantonal police agencies. Some cities also
operate municipal police agencies as provided for by cantonal law. The federal
governmentprovides specialised services and is responsible for the protection of the Swiss
border.
The 26 cantonal police agencies and numerous municipal police agencies are the backbone
of Swiss law enforcement. They are not subordinate to federal authorities. Their
commanding officers report to the head of the respective cantonal or municipal department
of police, who is a member of the cantonal or municipal governing council.
Police training is conducted in cantonal service academies and at the Interkantonale
Polizeischule Hitzkirch, a joint police academy of twelve police agencies established in
2007. Throughout Switzerland, the police may be reached by the emergency telephone
number 1-1-7.

Organization[edit]
Currently, the police authority is exercised by the cantons, which are considered sovereign states within the Confederation.[1] The
organization of cantonal police forces generally reflects that of the country whose language is the primary language of that canton.[1]
In the French-speaking cantons, the police are divided into two sections:[1]

 the gendarmerie, a uniformed organization which performs the tasks of police patrol and response, and may conduct judicial enquiries.
However, in certain cantons, the gendarmes have the ability to conduct local or judicial enquiries.
 the sûreté ('security' or 'safety'), civil investigators who work in the Criminal Investigation Department (average and serious crime)
In German-speaking cantons, the police are divided into three sections:[1]

 the Kriminalpolizei (criminal police), who investigate crime and conduct criminal investigations (similar to the sûreté).
 the Schutzpolizei ('security' or 'protection' police), who respond to emergency calls and conduct patrols (similar to the gendarmerie).
 the Autobahnpolizei (highway patrol) who enforce traffic laws and investigate road traffic accidents.
In Italian-speaking cantons, the police are divided into geographical areas.[1]
 cantonal Police
Kantonspolizei Bern
date1998

POLIZEISOLDAT ASPIRANT GEFREITER

KORPORAL WACHTMEISTER FELDWEIBEL FOUR ADJUDANT

LEUTNANT OBERLEUTNANT HAUPTMANN

MAJOR OBERSTIT OBERST