COAL MINE PLANNING

&
DESIGN
-A.V.REDDY,
ADDL.MANAGER
The Singareni Collieries Company Limited
 Mining Methods
• Generally Coal is being mined by two main methods –
1. Surface or ‘Opencast’ mining
2. Underground mining.

• The choice of method is largely determined by the

depth, thickness and no. of coal seams, geology of the
coal deposit and other factors.
 Reconnaissance Survey
To plan for winning any coal deposit, the required
data/Information is

1. Geological Report of the Block

2. Surface features exists in and around the
deposit
 1.Geological Report / Geo-Model
 Geological Report will be generated basing on the
detailed exploration of the deposit.
 The Borehole data generated with detailed
exploration will be used for preparation of
Geological Report.
 Many soft wares are available for generating
geological report and the report generated through
soft ware is called Geo-Model.
 MINEX, SURPAC, DATAMINE are some of the soft
wares currently being used for preparation of Geo-
Model.
 What is Geological Report / Geo-Model?
Geological Report / Geo-Model consists of
• Surface Topography – Hills, contours, rivers of Flats
• Geological Map – in crops, Faults
• Graphic Lithologs
• Graphic correlation charts
• Floor/Roof contour plans of all seams
• Seam folio plans of all seams (seam out cop, floor
contours, faults, Iso-UHV, Iso-chore, Iso-depth).
• Geological cross sections
• Seam structure of all seams
• ISO parting plans
• ISO excavation plan for lower seam (surface constraints,
boundaries, faults at seam level, excavation area)
 Additional data – Geological Report
Geo-technical data - Diggability of materials, slope geometry and
stability of Working/permanent slopes, spoil
pile configuration for outside/inside dump,
stability, grainsizes after blasting etc.

Ground Water - Dewatering and depressurization

Hydrology Impact of dewatering on surrounding areas
- Impact on water quality

Surface Hydrology - Water quality

- make off water
- Mine flood protection
- Options for discharge of dirty water and
various discharge systems.
 2.Study of Surface Features

For opening up of any deposit, it is necessary to study the

surface features within and around the deposit and the
data which consists of
 Presence of villages/habitats - Densely populated areas
 Presence of rivers/Jores/nalahs/railway lines/roads etc.
 Type of land including land use - Forest/Non Forest
 Ecologically Sensitive areas like wild life sanctuaries,
Bio reserves, National Parks and archeologically
important structures/monuments
 Inter state/National boundaries
 Critically Polluted areas/Environmentally fragile areas
 Conceptual Stage
• After detailed study of Geological Report coupled with
study of detailed surface features, a Conceptual Report
will be prepared with various options.
• A detailed review on Conceptual Report will be taken
up before finalising the method of work to be adopted
and the technology to be used.
• After finalising the method of work, Detailed Project
Report will be prepared which includes Technical and
Financial feasibility.
 Deposit Tech-Aspects Economic aspects

Resources Production requirements

GR/MR Mining
Technology Minelife requirements
Mining depth Logistics,
Strata Sequa Options and
Suggestions Roads etc.
Thickness of
- coal Equipment
Cash out flow
- waste Cash inflow
- inter burden Surface
Constraints Required rate of
Coal Quality Return
Slope stability Cut-off SR
Water

Conceptual Mine Plan

Modification of concept
and or optimization

Pre-Feasibility Study
Accepted – Management Not accepted –
DPR New attempt
1. Opencast Mining
• Shovel Dumper Technology
• Drag line-Shovel Dumper Technology
 Extended Bench method
 Spoil Bank method
• In-pit Crusher & Conveyor Technology
• Surface Miner Technology
• Ripper - Shovel Technology
• Rock Breaker Technology
• High Wall Mining Technology

2. Underground Mining

Two types of access to the coal deposit for winning the coal with
underground technology

• Incline
• Shaft
• Adit
Underground Mining – Different technologies

• Bord & Pillar Technology

 Manual Mining
 Semi Mechanisation with SDLs/LHDs/Scrapers
 Depillaring with caving
 Depillaring with stowing

• Longwall Mining Technology

 Longwall advancing
 Longwall retreating
 Shortwall Mining

• Blasting Gallery Technology

• Continuous Miner Technology

 Mining Methods
Shaft Mine Incline Mine

Incline

Excavator

Adit Mine Opencast Mine

OPENCAST MINE PLANNING
&
DESIGNING
 Ideal conditions for Opencast Mining

1. Thickness of coal seams- > 5m

2. Flat gradient - < 1 in 6

3. Strike length - > 1 km

3. No.of seams - Less the better, with

higher thickness
5. Coal without stone bands

6. Free from surface structures / features.

7. Preferably non-forest land.

8. Availability of adequate place for dumping.

9. Stripping ratio depending on quality of the coal

 Basis for the initial study is Geological Report

• There will be some overlap between various studies/reports.

• Every step deals with Mining Technology, equipment, production

scheduling, capital cost, revenue cost, internal rate of return, dispatches
etc. However the degree of accuracy of data on the above aspects
increases with each step.

• Generally After F.R. approval, there is need to go in for long term planning,
medium term planning (about 5 years) and S.T.P. Short-term planning (6
months – one year).

• These reports should adapt circular analysis approach by considering

various aspects like additional information available while operating the
mine, slippages occurred, reserves, pit-slopes, pit-limits, pit scheduling to
control faster rate of extraction from coal inventory which otherwise may
lead to reduction in coal production in subsequent years or more
equipment for higher OB removal to maintain targeted production.
Steps in designing of Opencast

A. Study of deposit exploration (GR)

B. Final pit limits.
C. Development sequence.
D. Design of Access Ramp and Haul Roads
E. Pit design
F. Annual production capacity – system availability – Mining
technology
G. Main Mining Equipment – Matching to Mining Plan
H. Optimizing Dumping strategy and balancing
I. Year-wise / Stage – Wise plans
J. Financial viability (Capital & Revenue)
K. Coal Washing
L. Environment Stipulations
 A. Study of GR on the deposit Exploration

Salient Information

• Extent of deposit i.e. strike and dip rise widths.

• Geology – Geological succession, sequence of beds, drilling, logging,
no. of seams, sequence of coal seams, description.
• Inter seam partings.
• Structure – No. of faults, Throws, dip of seams and beds
• Reserves – Quality wise/seam wise/depth-wise etc. based on Block
model, Gridded seam model & polygonal Model
• O.B. volumes & S.R. – Sector-wise, depth-wise etc.
• Coal seam analysis, proximate and ultimate , Ash etc. & OB strata
hardness etc.
• Drilling details (Lithology)
• Physiography
• Climate and Vegetation
• Preliminary EMP information
 B. Final pit limits
The criteria for delineation of boundaries of an Opencast Project
Rise side boundary - Usually incrop of the bottom most seam

Lateral sides - Usually by Geological disturbances like faults,

surface structures / features like nalah, river etc
or limitation of the strike length of the deposits.

Dip side - Depends on the economical stripping ratio, in

absence of natural constraints
Haul analysis
Lead, lift increase cost - Decides mode of transport
Dump area -100m from mine boundary
Dump limits - Dump area - 50 m from internal access road.
- Dump area - 80-100 m. from mine infrastructure

Mineable Reserves - various losses, batter, barrier etc.

- dilution etc (50 Cm against Roof, floor)
Maximum depth - increases haul cost (30-40% of total cost at 1 1/2
Km lead)
B. Final pit limits Contd.
Estimation of Coal, OB & Stripping ratio
Rough assessment is given below
• Assuming Pit slopes of 450, the Quarry floor and Quarry surface are
delineated

• Volume of Coal & OB = Average area x Average depth - (A)

• Average area = (Quarry surface area + Quarry floor area) / 2

• Average depth = (Minimum depth + maximum depth) / 2

• Volume of Coal=(Quarry floor area x Cumulative thickness of all coal

seams) - (B)

• Coal in tonnes = Volume of coal x Specific gravity – (C)

• OB Volume = Coal + OB Volume (A) – Coal Volume (B) - (D)

• Stripping ratio = OB Volume (D) / Coal in tones (C)

For accurate S.R,the volumes of OB and coal are to be made seam wise
 B. Final pit limits Contd.
The boundaries are firmed up based on the economic stripping ratio.
Economic stripping ratio varies with:

• Average sales realization i.e. higher the quality of coal,

higher the realization.
• Capital investment requirements
• Operating cost.
• Also surface constraints
The following thumb rules may be of some Help (with outsourcing OB removal):

Projects are likely to be economically viable upto a maximum SR indicated

against the grade of coal
Grade Stripping ratio
(Cum/T)
F 6
E 7
D 8
C 10
C. Development Sequence
Opening the deposit – Access trench
Box cut - To accommodate all equipment
Mine phases - Depends on the shape of the property
Progress of Benches
Coal production schedules
OB excavation schedules
Note:- Maximize inventory of coal in the initial years
• Differ OB stripping requirements as much as possible – Average
SR versus natural SR
• Income generated in the first 5 to 10 years but not remote economics
will either make or break the project.
• Profits for in the future have practically no impact on the project NPV.
Each successive phase will be less profitable and the ultimate
limit will be loss even after ploughing in earlier profits.
 D. Design of Access Ramp & Haul roads

Location of Access ramp is guided by the following:

1) Generally located at the minimum depth of incrop of bottom most

seam – So as to reduce initial waste stripping (unproductive work)

2) Should facilitate maximizing of internal dumping and sectional

working.

3) Should be near the External dump / Coal yard / Mine service

facilities etc.
4) Main haul road upto the pit limit should be planned in the
beginning only.
5) Since haul costs constitute about more than 40% and tyre costs
about 10% of the total mining costs,priority for design,construction
and maintenance should be given.
6) Gradient,width,drainage,curves,super elevation,base,sub
base,type and thickness of top dressing should be like that of
national high ways for heavy traffic.
 D Contd.
D. Design of Access Ramp & Haul roads

Sl.No Particulars
1 Width Should facilities two way traffic,
dozer movement, formation of
drains, lighting arrangement
(Normal width – 30m, but depends
on capacity of dumpers).
2 Gradient 1 in 16
3 Lesser number of curves
4 In flat seams of larger Haul roads can be formed over the
strike length floor of the seam
5 In steep seams Haul road for Coal & OB benches
can be planned along highwall
slopes say every 30m. This will
also facilitate internal dumping.
 E. Pit design
General design parameters and planning data

• Density of seams, total coal column thickness

• Thickness of partings
• Gradient
• Geological disturbances
• Strike lengths, shape of property
• Geological Reserves
• Surface constraints/adjacent habitat
• Dump yards availability with lead and lift
• Mining system, optimum mining concept
• Depth of operation, mineable reserves after various losses, OB
volumes, SR
• Spoil characteristics
• Work practices in the Area
• Diggability characteristics
 E Contd.
E. Pit design

As per Regulation 98 of CMR 1957,

In alluvial soil etc. - Sides shall be sloped at 450 or

Benched – height not more than 1.5m
Width – not less than height

In hard ground - Sides adequately benched/sloped so as

to prevent danger from fall of sides

Coal - Sides shall be sloped at 450 or

Benched – height not more than 3m

However, exemption can be sought from Inspectorate.

 E Contd.
E. Pit design

Overall slope of a pit depends on several factors of the pit slope:

a) Geological disturbances like faults etc.

b) Hydrological condition of strata

c) Orientation of slip planes

d) Nature of strata – i.e. hardness, material consolidation etc.

e) Depth of workings

f) Design of haul roads & ramps in the highwall

g) Stratigraphy – thickness, spacing of the clay bands or other weak

layers
 E. Pit design E Contd.
In general for OC mines upto a depth of 200m, overall slope angle of 450 is
permitted.
 E Contd.
E. Pit design
For deeper mines flatter highwall slopes will be necessary from safety point of
view (for 35 T dumpers & above)
 E Contd.
E. Pit design
For deeper mines flatter highwall slopes will be necessary from safety point of
view (dumpers below 35T capacity)
 E Contd.
E. Pit design
Typical High wall layout
 E Contd.
E. Pit design

Working benches

1) General
Width - 40 – 45m
Height - Generally equal to height of the boom or in some cases
upto 3m above the boom height.
In case of Backhoe – digging height of machine
Bench slope - 560 to 700

2) Dragline:
Width of the cut - 60m
Height of bench - maximum digging depth

3) In order to even out the yearly OB removal quantities and the

economics sometimes alternative workings and non-working benches
(around 25 m wide) are proposed.
 F. Fixing annual production capacity
After defining the boundaries, the annual production capacity will be fixed
based on the following criteria :

1) The available mineable coal reserves

2) Geometry of the deposit - Strike & dip rise lengths

3) Structure of the deposit - Thickness of seams, partings, faults,

gradient etc.

4) Linkage - Basket, Captive use etc.

5) HEMM configuration - Capacity of HEMM.

6) Surface structures - Limits the material to be blasted.

G. Excavator machine productivity G Contd.
–Based on ,
-Dipper cycle time
-Waiting time for truck spotting
-Bad blast factor
-Truck loading time etc.
Annual capacity is based on
-Equipment available hours
-Utilization percentage
Proper fragmentation,less throw off material,bench height,bench
slopes ,avoiding toes and secondary blasting,improves shovel
efficiency
Optimum fragmentation-cost of drilling,blasting vis-à-vis cost of
dozing,loading,hauling and dumping.
 G Contd.

System availability as a function of individual components

Calendar hours-(365x24) (Figures are Indicative only) 8760

scheduled working
Holidays and bad weather 2.5%- hours(SSH) 8463 / 6140

Operational delays-blasting, relocations,shift

change,Lunch etc 1 Hour/Shift(8%)

Preventive maintenance-i.e annual,weekly,daily,shift 15% of SSH Scheduled operating time or

wise and unexpected break downs Availabilty- 100% Equipment available hours 6563/4390

Shovel,dumper system 97% Effective Operating Time 6366/3960

12% - Crusher + 1 Conveyor 85% Effective Operating Time 5559/3730

2% Drop for each Belt

73%

System Availability 4804/3160

 G Contd.

Note: In seam Mining is always practiced in flat seams while in case of

steep seams Horizon mining, with its disadavntages, may have to be followed.
 G Contd.
G. Main mining equipment
1)Shovel dumper technology:

• This is the most commonly used technology in Opencast mines.

• Basically two variants – Rope shovels and Hydraulic shovels.

• Shovel used for excavation & Dumper for transport of material.

• Bucket capacities vary from 0.9 Cum to 40 Cum with matching

Trucks/Dumpers of 16 Cum to more than 240 T.

• Can be deployed for removal of varying thickness of materials.

• Harder materials require blasting.

• Can be deployed for removal of steep & thin seams (hydraulic shovels).
 G. Main mining equipment G Contd.

2)Draglines:
• A dragline bucket system consists of a large bucket which is suspended from a
boom with wire ropes.
• Draglines are deployed wherever there is scope for side casting overburden
above coal seam into the de-coaled area.
• It is very cost effective technology & can be deployed in flatter seams.
3)In pit crusher conveyor technology:
• The drilled & blasted OB is loaded by shovels and transported by dumpers to
Crushers. The crushed OB is then transported by a series of conveyors into a
spreader for dumping.
•Can be used in steep seams where laying of transport roads for the trucks is difficult.
•While S.R indicates volumes,cut off ratio indicates depth and reflects in dumper
haulage cost,which increase with depth and may become prohibitive where in
alternative haulage system may have to thought off.
•Ideally suited where material has to be transported over a large distance & lift.
4)Continuous Miner Technology:- Bucket Wheel Excavators
•Presently being used in Naveyali, Lignite Opencast mines, having soft strata.
•The buck wheel excavates the material without blasting which is transported by a
series of belt conveyors to spreader.
 G Contd.
G. Main mining equipment
5)Rock breaker technology:

• Rock breaker technology can be applied for breaking of rock/coal/ore

even about 500 kg/sq.cm.
• It can be used wherever it is not possible to go for blasting – near
vicinity of structures and habitations.
6)Surface Miner Technology:
•Used for selective mining.
•Larger strike length of about 600 m – 1000 m and widths of around
300 m are ideally suited for surface miner.
•Does not need drilling and blasting. The machine cuts the coal &
loads into trucks for onward transportation to Surface
Other common mining equipment to all the technologies
•Drills
•Dozers ,Graders & Compactors
•Water Sprinklers
•Pumps etc.
•Electrical equipment
•Crushers & Conveyors for Coal/OB
Rope Shovel & Dumper
Hydraulic Shovel & Dumper
An opencast mine with dragline
Corp.Plng. 14/Jan/2004 42
IN-PIT CRUSHER CONVEYOR TECHNOLOGY (Spreader in Operation)
Surface Miner
SURFACE MINER

Corp.Plng. 45
Rock breaker
H. Dumping strategy and balancing
Internal dumping:

Depends on the steepness of the seams.

As the gradient increases, the percentage of dumping reduces.
Internal dumping can be increased by sectorial working of the pit – which may
reduce the annual output.
Toe of the dump generally kept at a distance of 100 m from the working benches.
Floor of the pit to be roughened by blasting for increasing dump stability.
General design of dumps:
• Deck height – 30m
• Berm width – 30m
• Deck slope – 37½0
• Overall slope – 280
• Swell factor for OB-1.38,for coal –1.40
• Swell compact after initial settling – 1.20
Note:-Dump yard management and control is essential for the success of open cast
mining. In case of more than one External Dump yards, balancing the excavation
volume to either of the dump yard should be based on lead & lift and size of the
Dump yards.
 H Contd.
H. Dumping strategy and balancing

1. Total dump height- 90m

2. Deck height – 30m
3. Berm width – 30m
4. Deck slope-37 ½ 0
5. Overall slope-280
 H Contd.
H. Dumping strategy and balancing

1. Total dump height- 90m

2. Deck height – 15m
3. Berm width – 15m
4. Deck slope-37 ½ 0
5. Overall slope-24.830
 H Contd.

Internal Dumping reduces with the increase in the gradient of the seam.

Comparison between 1in4 and 1in8 Gradient

floor dipping at 1in4 floor dipping at 1in8

Assumptions:
Strike Length : 1000m
Max. Depth : 110m
Coal Seam thickness : 15m
Annual Rated capasity : 6.0 LTPA

Project Parameters 1in4 1in8

Area of Excavation : 0.59 Sq.km 1.04 Sq.km
Mineable Reserves : 90.0 L.T 180.L.T
Total OB Removal : 274.0 L.m3 480.5 L.m3
Stripping Ratio : 2.74 2.67
Life of the Project : 17 Years 32 Years
Volume of Internal Dumping : 39.85 L.m3 256.41 L.m3
Volume of External Dumping : 234.15 L.m3 134.00 L.m3
% of Internal Dumping : 14.54 53.36
(upto Ground Level)
Safe distance from coal bench
to toe of internal dump : 100m 50m
I. Designing the year-wise / stage – wise plans

I) Stage plans
• Stage plans are prepared based on Year-wise production
requirements (rated out put)

• Stage plans at the end of years – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & in intervals of 5

years are prepared.

• Also plans are prepared where any specific land mark like a new
box-cut, change in layout will take place.
J. Financial Viability

1) The requirement of HEMM & its capital is estimated.

2) Other capital like developmental works, CHP etc are worked

out.
3) Operating expenses are worked out to arrive at cost of
production.
4) Financial viability including profit & loss , IRR etc is
estimated.
5) Based on required IRR, anticipated selling price is also
worked out.
L. Environment stipulations

As per EP Act 1986

“Environment”
includes water, air and land and the inter-relationship which
exists among and between water, air and land and human
beings, other living creatures, plants, micro organism and
property
 L Contd.
 Air
◦ Impacts: Dust is generated from drilling, blasting,
excavation, crushing and transportation operations.
This dust becomes air borne and gets carried away to
surrounding areas.
◦ Mitigative Measures
 Extensive water spray arrangements at the Coal
handling sites.
 Wet-drilling methods are to be adopted.
 Water spraying on haul roads and permanent
transport routes at required frequencies. Provision
for mobile water sprinklers has to be made for this
purpose.
 Extensive Green Belt development around the quarry
and OB dump
 Black topping the transport routes and avenue
plantation on these roads.
Water spraying on the haul road
Continuous water spraying on the haul road
 L Contd.

 Water
◦ Impacts:
 Pollution of the surface water bodies with the mine
discharge water and domestic sewage.

◦ Mitigative Measures:
 The Mine Discharge water is to be treated in
settling tanks before discharging it into the surface
water bodies.
 Effluent from workshop is to be treated in ETPs.
 Sewerage treatment plant to be provided for
treating the domestic sewage from the colony.
 Impacts and Mitigative Measures L Contd.

 Impact
 The main sources of noise in the project are electrical
and diesel-powered machines, compressors, pumps,
drilling machines, dumpers, etc.
 During blasting operations blast vibrations will take
place.

 Control Measures
◦ Controlled blasting techniques using NONELs are to
be adopted .
◦ Creation of green belts of dense foliage in three rows
between mine areas and residential colonies.
◦ Proper maintenance of machinery including transport
vehicles.
◦ Protective devices like earplugs and earmuffs are to
be provided to the needy workers.
◦ Sound and dust proof cabins are to be provided in
the machines like dozers, shovels, dumpers and
feeder breakers at CHP etc.
 L Contd.

Over Burden Management

 Topsoil excavated from the quarry is to be dumped
separately at predetermined place and has to be
subsequently spread on external dumps for
plantation.
 Top soil dump is to be kept not more than 10m
height.
 Top soil has to be vegetated with grasses and
leguminous species to maintain its fertility.
 The reclamation of O.B dumps is to be done by
using Biological Engineering techniques for stability
of slopes and prevention of soil erosion from O.B
dumps.
 Construction of crib structures, Gabion structures,
forming of staggered Contour trenches are to be
practiced for stability of slopes.
 L Contd.
Impacts and Mitigative Measures

Over Burden Management

 Raising of seedlings on both top and slopes of the dumps
in the staggered contour trenches.

 By dibbling seeds of various species like Avisa, Subabool,

Babul, Neem etc.

 Safe disposal of rainwater by construction of garland

drains. Garland drains are to be provided around the
quarry and overburden dumps .
Safe disposal of water from Top of OB
UNDERGROUND MINE
PLANNING
&
DESIGNING
Our Technology – Under Ground
Technology
• Conventional underground
mining
• SDL & LHD
• Road Headers
• Longwall
• Blasting Gallery
• Continuous Miners
Operational Profile
• 36 UG Mines
• Coal: 11.9 MT
• Depths operated: 400 mts
• Depths Planned: 600 Mts.
Bord & Pillar (Manual Mining)

• Coal is broken by drilling and Blasting

• Blasted coal is manually loaded in to tubs
• Coal tubs are hauled to surface
 Bord & Pillar (Semi-Mechanisation)
• Coal is broken by drilling and Blasting
• Blasted coal is lifted by machines and
unloaded in to tubs or on to belt conveyors.
• Loading Machines
• SDL – Side Dump Loader
(for 140 and flat gradients)
• LHD – Load Haul Dumper
(for 100 and flat gradients)

Capacity : 1.0 Cu.M

SDL Avg. Production : 140 Tn/day

Capacity : 1.5 – 2.7 Cu.M

Avg. Production : 120 - 180 Tn/day LHD
 • Suitable for Thick seams around 10.0m
at 100 and flat gradient.
DIP
• Layout is more or less like Bord & Pillar
• Development of Large rectangular
pillars is done in bottom section (3.0m
height) by drilling & blasting. Loading
by LHD

LHD in a Blasting Gallery mine

 


 







  


 


• Roof coal is taken while extracting pillars by

Ring hole Blasting
  heavy
   blasting.
  

 
• Coal from Goaf is lifted safely by remotely
operated LHD.
• Annual output is around 3.0 Lt
 
 
 




  
 

 



  


  





  



Remote LHD
 TOP Gate • Two long Roadways are driven
parallel to each other by
machines and connected at the
end to form a Longwall face.
FACE
• The long rectangular block thus
created is cut in to slices by
Direction of retreat Shearer.
• Coal from Longwall face is
transported by series of Chain
conveyors and Belt conveyors.
Bottom
Gate
Road header
Supports

Shearer
Face Conveyor
Continuous Miner
The following mines are identified for Introduction
of Continuous miners in SCCL:
1. VK –7 Incline
2. GDK-11A Incline With Shuttle/Ram cars as Backup

Continuous miner Shuttle car Roof Bolter

Bolting -240 bolts/day

Rate of drivage –50 meters/day For seams of 1 in 5 gradient
and flatter
Production –1500 Tonnes/day
Thickness of 2.0 m to 5.0 m
For seams of 1 in 5 gradient
and flatter
Thickness of 3.0 m to 4.0 m
 Our Technology - Opencast
fuelling growth…
Technology
•Dragline
•Shovel & Dumper
•Surface Miner
•Inpit crushing – Conveying –
Spreading
•Highwall
Operational Profile
•13 OC Mines
•Coal: 25.8 MT OB: 140 M Cu M
•Stripping Ratio: upto 1:6
•Gradients operated : upto 18°
•Depths operated: 170 Mts.
•Depths
The Singareni Collieries Company Planned:
Limited(A Govt.400 Mts.
Company)
 Seams which are available at shallow depths and
where stripping ratio is economically favourable
Open Cast Mining is practiced
 Seams which are uneconimical due to high
stripping ratio are mined by Under ground
methods
 These coal seams are approached by vertical shafts
and inclines
 Inclines are preferred when the coal seams are
available at a depth of100 to 250 mts from the
surface.
 Shafts are preferred when the coal seams occur at
deeper depths

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SIDE DISCHARGE LOADER IN SEMI MECHANISATION

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Thank You
K. Coal Washing

Need for Washing

Power Houses consume about 75% of coal.

Power Houses are designed to accept Coal of ‘E’ Grade & above
(UHV>3300).

The percentage of production of coal below ‘E’ Grade is increasing .

MoEF stipulation – Presently the onus of responsibility is on end user for

using Coal of not more than 34% ash if he is located over 1000Km away.

Hence, the need to upgrade coals below ‘E’ Grade so as to suit the
requirements of Power houses.

Cost of washing is around Rs 120-130/T of raw coal.

Photograph of STP
Treatment plant for Work shop effluent