ASSIGNMENT No: 2

(Units 5-9)
Total Marks: 100 Pass Marks: 40

Q.1 Read about ‘Compare and Contrast’ on Pages 147-148. You should also have read
about a brief comparison and contrast between Abu Dhabi and Ajman given on
Page 149.

a. How both of the cities are similar (provide a comparison between

Rawalpindi and Islamabad)?
The Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area is Pakistan's third most
populous metropolitan area. It consists principally of the twin
cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, along with smaller towns such
as Murree, Wah Cantonment, Taxila, Gujar Khan, Golra Sharif, and
several gated suburbs including Bahria Town and DHA Islamabad.
The metro area is connected by a network of highway's with the rest of
the country. Within the metro area the Islamabad Highway and Kashmir
Highway provide the primary link between Islamabad and Rawalpindi.

B. How both of the cities are different (provide a contrast between

Rawalpindi and Islamabad)?
Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan and Rawalpindi is NOT.

Q.2 Read about ‘Academic Reading’ on Pages 183-185. Now briefly EXPLAIN the
following terms (in your own words) with appropriate examples:

a. Reading
What Is Reading?
Reading is defined as a cognitive process that involves decoding symbols to
arrive at meaning. Reading is an active process of constructing meanings of
words. Reading with a purpose helps the reader to direct information towards a
goal and focuses their attention. Although the reasons for reading may vary, the
primary purpose of reading is to understand the text. Reading is a thinking
process. It allows the reader to use what he or she may already know, also called
prior knowledge. During this processing of information, the reader uses strategies
to understand what they are reading, uses themes to organize ideas, and uses
textual clues to find the meanings of new words. Each of the three components of
reading is equally important. Let's take a look at the components!
Examples of comprehension skills that can be taught and applied to all
reading situations include:

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• Summarizing.
• Sequencing.
• Inferencing.
• Comparing and contrasting.
• Drawing conclusions.
• Self-questioning.
• Problem-solving.
• Relating background knowledge.

b. Skimming
Skimming is reading a text quickly to get a general idea of meaning. It can
be contrasted with scanning, which is reading in order to find specific
information, e.g. figures or names.
Example
A learner taking a reading exam decides to approach text by looking at the
title, introductions, and any diagrams and sub-headings, then skim reading
to get a clear general idea of what the text is about.
In the classroom
Skimming is a specific reading skill which is common in reading
newspapers, messages and e-mails. It is important that learners understand
that there is no need to read every word when skimming, so often teachers
set this as a timed task to encourage speed

c. Scanning
Scanning is reading a text quickly in order to find specific information,
e.g. figures or names. It can be contrasted with skimming, which is
reading quickly to get a general idea of meaning.
Example
A learner taking a reading test needs to scan a text on population rates
quickly to find out if a series of statements about the population figures
are true or false.

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 In the classroom
As the above example shows, scanning is a specific reading skill which is
often used in combination with others such as skimming and intensive
reading. Learners need to learn different ways and understand that
choosing how to read is an important step in building reading skills.

d. Reading technique
Reading is a method of communication that enables a person to turn writing into
meaning.
It allows the reader to convert a written text into a meaningful language with
independence, comprehension, and fluency, and to interact with the message.
7 Reading Techniques or Styles are the following:
1. Scanning.
2. Skimming.
3. Active Reading.
4. Detailed.
5. Speed.
6. Structure-Proposition-Evaluation
7. Survey-Question-Read-Recite-Review.
e. Guessing meaning
Although the skill of guessing word meanings from context is widely
acknowledged as a useful skill there has been little research in this area and very
little useful guidance for teachers or learners. This article describes a strategy for
guessing meanings from context and suggests ways of practising this strategy. The
strategy involves four steps: 1, determining the part of speech of the word; 2,
looking at the immediate grammar; 3, studying the wider context (usually the
conjunction relationships); 4, guessing the word and checking the guess. A basic
list of conjunction relationships is given in the Appendix. The previous research,
and value and applications of the skill are discussed and suggestions are made for
future studies.

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Q.3 Keeping in mind the pre-reading activities given in the unit, complete Exercise 8
(given on Page 198). Look at the picture carefully and WRITE down a
paragraph of about 100 words predicting and guessing about the background of the
picture.
Wagah, a village situated on the Grand Trunk Road between Amritsar of India
and Lahore in Pakistan. The Wagah border is situated at a distance of 29 kms.
from Lahore (Pakistan) and 27 kms. from Amritsar (India). Radcliffe Line which
had been drawn during 1947, Split one country into two parts. Radcliffe Line
passes through the village Wagah on the Indian side. Wagah border is the crucial
point between India and Pakistan and is open for tourists on a regular basis.

Q.4 Read about ‘Implied Meaning and Making Inferences’ on Pages 217-228. Now
briefly EXPLAIN the following terms (in your own words) with appropriate
examples:
a. Implied meaning
Imply means to express, suggest, or show something without stating it
directly: A friend’s gruff manner would imply that she’s in a foul mood.

the verb imply comes from a Latin word meaning “enfold or entangle” but
has come to mean “to hint at.” You might imply something that you don’t
want to outright say if you’re feeling coy. If you don’t call someone back
after she leaves eight messages, you imply that you don’t want to chat.
When you make a subtle suggestion, you imply.

b. Making inferences
Making an inference involves using what you know to make a guess about what
you don't know or reading between the lines. Readers who make inferences use
the clues in the text along with their own experiences to help them figure out
what is not directly said, making the text personal and memorable. Helping
students make texts memorable will help them gain more personal pleasure from
reading, read the text more critically, and remember and apply what they have
read.

c. Denotation
Denotation is the literal meaning, or "dictionary definition," of a word. Denotation
is defined in contrast to connotation, which is the array of emotions and ideas
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 suggested by a word in addition to its dictionary definition. The words "house"
and "home," for example, have the same denotation—a building where people
live—but the word "home" has a connotation of warmth and family, while the
word "house" does not. A word's denotation does not include any of the
subjective or emotional associations that are part of that word's connotation.

d. Connotation

Connotation refers to a meaning that is implied by a word apart from the thing
which it describes explicitly. Words carry cultural and emotional associations or
meanings, in addition to their literal meanings or denotations.

Q.5 Go to Exercise 5 on Page 232 and carefully READ the two situations given there.
Now complete the exercise by answering the two questions: (5+5)

a. Why students reacted in this manner (Situation 1)?

A disrespectful student can get under a teacher’s skin like almost nothing
else.
When confronted with disrespect, it’s easy to take it personally. This is a
normal reaction from a passionate teacher.
But it’s a colossal mistake.
Because when you take behavior personally, you’re likely to react in ways
that make managing that student’s behavior much more difficult.

b. Why the colleagues wrote this type of notice (Situation 2)?

The workplace can be dangerous, even more so in an industrial environment.
Numerous factors can cause accidents, ranging from overexertion to mishandling
of hazardous materials. There are also a multitude of variables that can contribute
to or influence a workplace incident.

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Q.6 Read about ‘Denotation and Connotation’ on Pages 249-260. Now carefully READ
the text titled as ‘Life in the Indus Valley’ on Pages 238-243 and take out the
words which have either NEGATIVE or POSITIVE connotation.

Positive Negative
slowest
Flat
Prosperous
Fertile
Rumbling

Q.7 Keeping in mind the definitions of ‘Denotation’ and ‘Connotation’, COMPLETE

Exercise 2 (given on Pages 262) by numbering the words. Follow the examples
given.
1 Gaze Look Stare Watch Ogle Gape glance
STARE Gaze glance Look leer Stare
2 Uprising Riot Demonstration Gathering Protest Disturbance
Mob
3 Guerilla Freedom Fighter Mercenary Soldier Terrorist revolutionary
Freely Kick Bomb Freedom

Q.8 Which English newspaper is your favorite? What benefits do you think you are
getting out of reading it on daily basis?
I cannot begin my day unless I read The Times of India. It adds to the relish of my
morning tea 'The Nation: ' is my most favorite newspaper.

It satisfies the reading taste of all. At a low cost it gives ample of variety of
reading matter to the readers. It gives the latest news from at over the globe. It
depicts a detail, clear picture of current wan in Pakistan as well as in the other
corners of the world, A glance over its columns keeps the readers in touch with
happening in every fields from politics and commerce to art and literature. From
these one feels the pulse of the nations on the globe. This newspaper is the mirror
of public opinions.
The Benefits of Reading Newspapers
Reading newspaper is a good habit that can provide a great sense of educational
value. It carries information about politics, economy, entertainment, sports,
business, industry, trade and commerce. With this habit, it will not only enhance
your knowledge about general information but it will likewise improve your
language skills and vocabulary.
• Newspapers carry the news of the world.

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 • Newspapers provide information and general knowledge.
• Newspapers provide news about a country’s economic situation, sports,
games, entertainment, trade and commerce.
• Reading newspaper makes a good habit and it is already part of the
modern life. This habit will widen your outlook and will enrich your
knowledge.
• Reading newspaper makes you well informed. It enables you to take part
in every discussion pertaining to the world’s current events.
• Reading newspapers will improve your knowledge in general and it will
be easy for you to relate to other people who often talks about current
events and politics.
• Through newspapers, you will have a clear idea and understanding of what
is happening in your country and the whole world.

Q.9 Which page of your favorite newspaper you like the most? Why?

My Favorite Page in Newspaper is Column because of i m love column. A

column is a recurring piece or article in a newspaper, magazine or other
publication, where a writer expresses their own opinion in few columns allotted to
them by the newspaper organisation. Columns are written by columnists.
What differentiates a column from other forms of journalism is that it is a regular
feature in a publication – written by the same writer or reporter and usually on the
same subject area or theme each time – and that it typically, but universally,
contains the author's opinion or point of view.
Some types of newspaper columns are:
>Advice column >Community correspondent
>Critic's reviews >Editorial opinion
>Exchange column >Fashion column
>Features column >Food column >Gossip column
>Humor column or causerie >Sports column >opinion column