vertical cities asia

yongsan, seoul
capstone/studio 2012 Taubman College
Credits

Design Direction:
Erin Guido
Alex Jendrusch

Design and Production:

Erin Guido

Authors:
Hanok City
Erin Guido
Alexandra Jendrusch
Jonathan Adams Moore
Justin Meyer
William Tardy

A Watershed Moment
Bokole Braun
Elliot Weiss
Dinghao Zhou

Instructors:
María Arquero de Alarcón,
Assistant Professor of Architecture and Urban and
Regional Planning
Paul Fontaine,
Lecturer in Urban and Regional Planning

Capstone/Studio Winter 2012

Copyright © 2012
All rights reserved
Taubman College of Architecture and Urban and
Regional Planning
The University of Michigan
 tabletable of
of contents contents
contents
introduction.........................i

the competiton: vertical cities 2012 .............................i-8

the rise of the city ............................i-10
plan for a rapidly aging population .............................i-8
seoul is... ..........................i-14
the competition site is... ...........................i-16
demographics ...........................i-20
natural history ...........................i-22
transportation ............................i-30
seoul’s subway system ............................i-32
site details ............................i-34
building typologies ............................i-36

plan A: hanok city........................a

unique identity: the new multigenerational home.............................a-5

accessible...........................a-11
healthy...........................a-29
social...........................a-47
tour of the home...........................a-67
building the home...........................a-83
graphic key.........................a-104
additional references.........................a-106

plan B: a watershed moment........................b

concept............................b-6
systems..........................b-18
urban design..........................b-42
implementation..........................b-90

annex........................x

brief capstone agenda.............................x-4

precedent studies.............................x-7
expert in studio...........................x-24
final boards...........................x-26
student biography...........................x-28
i n t ro d u c t ion
 the competition:

vertical cities asia 2012

“everyone ages”

Seoul, South Korea

100,000 people / 1km2

“Everyone Ages” is the name for the 2012 Vertical Cities Asia
competition, a theme that explores rapidly aging societes
in Asia. The challenge is to house 100,000 people living and
working in 1 km2, almost half of which will be above age 65
by 2050. The competion asks planners and designers for a
visionary paradigm to address the anticipated social, economic,
and environmental challenges of a rapidly aging population. It
requires research on and thoughtful integration of urban density,
verticality, domesticity, work, food, infrastructure, nature,
ecology, structure, and program.

The particular site is located in Yongsan-gu, an area within the

Seoul’s Metropolitan City in South Korea. Plans for the site
will consider sustainability, quality of life, technical innovation,
relationship to context, and feasibility as part of their design
solutions to a rapidly aging and highly dense area. They revisit
concepts such as “active aging” and “aging in place” with
forward-thinking, inclusive, and integrative design.
introd u c t i o n

the r i s e o f t h e c i t y
A s i a ’s m e g a c ities

Seoul
Tokyo

Shanghai

Taipei
Hong Kong
Mumbai
Bangkok

Singapore

population centers of the asian continent Jakarta

The human race is rapidly urbanising. By 2015, the UN predicts
that 52% of all people - approximately 3.8 billion people - will
live in cities. To support this transition, the city must evolve.
Where it once existed as a component of a regional landscape,
the city must become the region. Where it once sought to
dominate the native landscape, the city must learn to blend the
built and the natural. Where it once relied on intellectual elite to
inform its polices, the city must utilize the wisdom and energy of
the crowd. In order to serve as the definintive vehicle for human
habitation, cities must become living laboratories. In no place is
this reality more tangible or more immediate than Asia.
Asia’s megacities are redefining what is possible. Their
prosperity provides them the resources and cultural
momentum to challenge norms and define a vision of the
future for the entire globe.

i-10
 global context

Seoul: 20.5 M

Tokyo: 32.4 M

Shanghai: 16.6 M

Mumbai: 19.2 M

Jakarta: 18.9 M
i-11
introd u c t i o n

pla n f o r a r a p i d l y a g ing population

d e s i g n c o n s i derations and context

c o m p e t i t i o n o bjective
The objective of the competition is to seek a holistic solution or
a new urban paradigm for a rapidly growing Asian city, which
also faces the issues of sustainability and quality of life of an
increasingly aging population in Asian cities.

1:200,000
Absolute Scale

Kilometers
0 1.25 2.5 5 7.5 10

unprecedented density

100,000 inh/km2

d e s i g n c o n s i d erations +
The design should consider the following issues holistically
and integratedly.

• Sustainability:
The design should examine a closed loop paradigm, A s i a ’s a g i n g p o p u l a tion
ecological and resilience attributes in their solution.
age 65 and older population increasing
• Quality of Life:
The consideration for inclusiveness and sense of
community.

• Technical Innovation:
The appropriate and innovative use of technology and 207 million in 2000
technique.

• Relationship to Context:
Sensitive consideration of the place, climate, and cultural
context.
857 million in 2050
• Feasibility:
The rigour of the research and criticality of design in
addressing the issues.

i-12
 competit ion challenge

Yo n g s a n
100,000 inh/km2
<

+ +
Manila 42,858 inh/km2 Mumbai 20,694 inh/km2 New York 10,455 inh/km2

Population projections present the challenge of urban and architectural innovation. In the 100,000 inh/km2, the residential
component will make up 50% of the total built area. Source: www.nyc.gov, www.wikepedia.com

i-13
introd u c t i o n

seo u l i s . . .

6,000 years old

the second-largest metroplitan in the world with 23

million people

a global center for technology and finance an international destination for culture
i-14
 regional context

... home to people of many generations

source: www.nytimes.com

i-15
introd u c t i o n

the c o m p e t i t i o n s i t e is...
... a regional transit hub

in Yongsan-gu, a district in Seoul

located on the Han River

2.2 km2, a large part occupied by

unused rail yards

Regional Transportation Systems

The site is located in the heart of Seoul, where a number of The regional transportation lines in and out of the site come
transit modes intersect. The site is 1 hour and 15 minutes through Yongsan Station, which serves rail, bus, and subway
from Incheon International Aiport and just 25 minutes from transit. The 13 rail platforms alone see approximately 90,000
downtown Seoul. passengers each day.

i-16
 site context

Uijongbu

Goyang

Kuri
Seoul

Gimpo Airport Yongsan

Puchon
Incheon Airport
Incheon
Seoul Ab

Seongnam

Anying

Uiwang

Rail lines include:

• Jungong Line (commuter)
• Korean Train Express - KTX (high speed)
• Hanam Line (regional)
• Janghang Line (regional)
i-17
introd u c t i o n

the c o m p e t i t i o n s i t e is...
connected to the region’s natural systems

Ansan Mountain

Nam Mountain

Yongsan
Park

Yeouido
Park

Nodeil Island

Existing Natural Systems

The site’s location among a number of other parks and right on • The Han Riverfront Park also has plans for redevelopment;
the Han River presents a great opportunity to connect these currently it exists only as a bike path and is accessible by
systems. water taxi.

• Yongsan Park currently exists; however, there are plans to

expand and improve the park in 2016.

i-18
 site context

... host to a number of existing and proposed sites

2 3
4

Int’l Business
District Yongsan Park
(proposed) (proposed
expansion)

existing cultural sites

Yongsan Station 1 electronics mall
(existing) 2 close-knit neighborhood
6 fabric
3 Wooribank site
4 Korean War Memorial
5 5 National Museum of
Korea
6 Historical church

cultural sites
Riverfront Park parks
Han River (proposed improvement) IBD
Yongsan Station
Regional Urban Context

Many of the existing and proposed conditions on and
immediately surrounding the site have national and
international significance that speaks to the heritage, prowess,
and culture of Seoul.
Due to Seoul’s growth and presence in the global economy, the
city aims to use part of the site for an International Business
District (IBD). The winning proposal for the Yongsan IBD
competition was 34 million built sq. ft, estimated to attract 140
million visitors, create 360,000 permanent jobs, and generate
67 trillion won in added value.

i-19
introd u c t i o n

dem o g r a p h i c s

South Korean population by age group, 1950-2050

population (millions)

key
elderly (65+)
working age (20-64)
youth (0-19)
total population
source: South Korean Statistical
Information Service

i-20
 demographic context

age group trends

elderly and working age populations elderly and youth populations

Today, there are 7 working age By 2050, 2 out of 5 South Koreans will be
persons per elder. 65+.

In 2050, there may be only 1 working age person per

By 2050, there will be 3 elders for every child.
elder.

By 2050, 1 of every 3 elderly could be without any By 2050, the number of elders 80+ will match the
public pension. number of childern under the age of 15.

As of 2004, 40% of elders were supported by

family, versus 20% in 1980.

retirement trends

30% of South Koreans will work in other sectors

65 years and older
(e.g. farming, self-employment, short-term)

mandatory retirement age at 96% of medium/large firms

55 years and older minimum age requirement for National Pension System eligibility
this groups makes up less than 4% of regular empoyees medium and large firms

40 years and older considered nearly impossible to get a new job in a high-paying sector

i-21
introd u c t i o n

nat u r a l h i s t o r y
p h y s i o g r a p h i c features

In earlier periods of development, the natural world was east asian monsoon paths
conceptualized as a competitor, an entity that strived to
undermine the success of human communities. With this
mindset, humanity sought to develop tools capable of usurping
nature and eliminating any of its unwanted attributes.

Today, humanity’s view is much different. By pursuing our own

domination of nature, we ironically discovered the depths of
our reliance on it. In reflection of this revelation what was once
seen as competition is now conceptualized as an ongoing
process of collaboration. For the purpose of city planning, this
new dedication translates to a thorough review of not only the
raw physiographic features which make up a site, but also the
cultural concepts associated with them.

climate

Seoul is located in the northwestern portion of South

summer monsoon winter monsoon South Korea
Korea, not far from the Yellow Sea. Its climate is considered
continental with hot, humid summers and cold, dry winters. the Han River Basin
The primary driver of the region’s climate is the annual
monsoons. In the summer, warm, moist air from the Indian
Ocean travels northeast across South Korea dropping
substantial rain as its passess the nation’s mountainous
interior. In the winter, conversely, cold, dry air from the Asian
mainland travels west bringing with it a fine dusty sediment
known as loess.1

topography

In general, the Korean Peninsula is a mountainous region with

substatial areas that are not considered arable. Located near
the coastal plain, the elevation around Seoul is more gentle
and rolling, but nonethless punctuated with small ridges and
steep slopes.

South North major Han basin

Seoul Korea cities
Korea River edge

i-22
 natural histroy

Seoul’s historic waster ways
Seoul’s elevation ranges from 5 meters along the Han River
to 265 m atop Mt. Namsan.2 Within the project site, however,
elevations varies between 30 meters at its northeastern edge
to 5 meters at the river’s edge.3 Across the site, slopes are
mild with the existing grades highest at the north, west, and
east perimeters and lowest in the center of the site and along
the south border.

hydrology

The city of Seoul is situated along the banks of the Han

River, Korea’s fourth longest system. At its headwaters in the
peninsula’s rocky inland, the Han moves rapids and actively
shapes the nearby terrian. By the time it reaches Seoul and
the coastal plain much of this energy has been lost, and the
Han assumes a very wide (up to one km) and very slow flowing
character. During the seaonal mosoons, the Han River routinely
source: www.lib.utexas.edu leaves its banks and floods nearby areas. Photographs of the
1925 flood sugggest that Yongsan station and the majority of
1945 site hydrology the surrounding area is well within the traditional floodplain.4

Historical maps of Seoul indicate that the project site was once
traversed by a number of small streams.5 Over the course of
Seoul’s development, however, these streams have seen since
been buried.6

ecosystems

Based on their proximity to the Han River, both Seoul and

the site were likely dominated by wetlands prior to human
settlement. Although few remenants of these habitats exist,
migrtatory birds continue to use the corridor as a major
passage.7

source: www.lib.utexas.edu

i-23
introd u c t i o n

nat u r a l h i s t o r y
topography

existing northeastern boundary section

a1 a2

existing water front section

b2 b1

25 m
75 m

i-24
 natural history

existing countour lines

22

22 20

22 18

22
20 24

16
a1
20

26
22

14
16 14

18
24
a2
16

18

20
18
16
b2

22
14
18
12
4

b1
18
8
10
22

12
16
20
18

14

100 m
300 m

i-25
introd u c t i o n

nat u r a l h i s t o r y
e n v i ro n m e n t a l risks factors

flooding flooding opposite the site, june 2011

The intrusion of the Han into Seoul has created risk for its
residents since the city was founded. Historically, the most
significant sources of this flooding has been the summer
monsoons. To respond to this regional development challenge,
the South Korean government has constructed a series of
dams along the length the Han.8

With the metro area, Seoul’s leadership complimented the

national flood control measures but consolidating open
areas along the Han into a continous flood buffer zone.9
In June 2011, record setting floods proved this investment
wise as the Han filled the buffer zone with minimal damage
to private property. The photos at right illustrate how the
system performed directly around the site. In both images it is
important to note that segments of the highway system that
follows the park were submerged.
source: www.boston.com

In addition to problems with water entering the city, the rapid flooding all the site’s riverfront, june 2011
expansion of Seoul’s area has also generated problems with
drainage. Located at the bottom of a basin, Seoul’s recieves
runoff from not only its own impervious surfaces, but also
neighboring areas. Under normal conditions, Seoul manages
this runoff by storing it in its combined sewer system.10 During
period of heavy rain, however, the capacity of the existing
system is overwhelmed and runoff can generate substaintial
loss of propety.11

To alleviate existing problems of undersized infrastructure , as

well as anticipate future climate change issues, in December
2011 Seoul Metropolitan Government released a policy
paper identifying a precipitation rate of 10 cm per hour as the
capacity standard for all proposed system renovations.12

source: www.flickr.com

i-26

cso emptying untreated sewage
source: www.greatlakes.com
water pollution
As is the case in most for most rivers near major cities, the Han
serves as both the area’s primary source of drinking water and
the region’s vehicle for waste water disposal.13
Over the past ten years, Seoul and the South Korean
government have made substantial strides to reconcile this
conflict by drastically improving the quality and safety of the
area’s waste water treatment plants.14 Despite this investment,
however, stormwater runoff and overflows from Seoul’s
combined sewer system continue to generate widespread
public concern. For households that have the means, it is not
uncommon for this concern to lead to a complete reliance on
bottled water.15
natural history
a view from Seoul Tower
source: ryanrstw.blogspot.com
air pollution
Like many large cities, Seoul suffers from air pollution
problems. Unlike many other asian cities, however, the
dominant source of this pollution is not power production but
the diesel engine.16
In 2005, Seoul Metropolitan Goverment resonded to its
air quality problem by establishing an agressive emissions
contol program for private diesel automobiles and the city
bus fleet. By 2009, the campaign installed emission control
devices on162,000 automobiles and replaced 86% of the
city’s bus fleet (6,508 vehicles) with compressed natural gas
models.17 In 2006, the city built on this momentum by using
popular ballots to establish “car-free” days on major and minor
roadways.18
i-27
introd u c t i o n

nat u r a l h i s t o r y
urban ecology

crossing the Cheongyecheon Restoration Project in downtown Seoul

source: www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheonggyecheon

Natural History References:
1. Savada, A.M. & Shaw, W (ed.) (1990) South Korea: A Country Study. Washington: Library of
Congress
2. Korea Tourism Organization (2012) North Seoul Tower. retrieved from http://english.
visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_4_4_3.jsp
3. Yongsan-gu. 37 deg 31’41.20” N 126 deg 58’04.86” . GOOGLE EARTH. 2012. Retrieved
February 15, 2012
4. City History Compilation Committee (2002) Seoul through Pictures: Seoul Under Japanese
Agression (1910-1945), 2, Seoul: Mayor of Seoul
5. US Army (1946) Kyongsong or Seoul (Keijo) Kyonggi-do (Keiki-do), Korea Austin, TX:
University of Texas Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection, retrieved from http://www.lib.
utexas.edu/maps/korea.html on 2/10/2012
6. Yongsan-gu. 37 deg 31’41.20” N 126 deg 58’04.86” . GOOGLE EARTH. 2012. Retrieved
February 15, 2012
7. Author Unknown (1/10/2012) Bamseom Island In Han River to be added to
Ramsar list. The Korea Times. retrieved from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/
nation/2012/01/117_102561.html on 3/1/2012
8. Han River Flood Control Office (2012) History. Seoul: Ministry of Land TRansport and Maritime
affairs, Republic of South Korea, retrieved from http://www.hrfco.go.kr/html/eng/eng_main.jsp
9 . Cheong Hueng Soo (1994) Seoul City’s Approaches and Problems in Preventing Metropolitan
Disasters: Disaster Management in Metropolitan Areas for the 21st Century. Nagoya, Japan:
United National Centre for Regional Development. retrieved from http://desastres.usac.edu.gt/
documentos/pdf/eng/doc5825/doc5825.pdf
10. Inhyeok Park et al.(2010) Probability mass first flush evaluation for combined sewer
discharges, Journal of Environmental Sciences, 22(6), Pages 915-922
11. Ibid
12. Lim Chun-geun (2011) Minimizing Measures of the Flood Damages for Seoul in Order to
adapt the abnormal climate. Seoul: Seoul Metropolitan Government
13. Unknown Author (09/01/2011) Arisu guarantees health for Seoulites, The Korean Times.
retrieved from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/include/print.asp?newsIdx=94044

i-28
 natural history

descending into the Yeouido Park wetland silver grass in bloom in Haneul Park

source: Robert Koehler (www.rjkoehler.com) source: www.thetravelworld.com

a view over Seokchon Lake

14. Inhyeok Park et al.(2010) Probability mass first

flush evaluation for combined sewer discharges,
Journal of Environmental Sciences, 22(6), Pages
915-922
15. Kim Rahn (02/20/2012) Tap water poses
dilemma for Seoul. The Korean Times. retrieved
from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/
nation/2012/02/117_105304.html
16. Seoul Metropolitan Government (2009) Seoul air
quality reaches OECD levels. retrieved from http://
english.seoul.go.kr/gtk/news/news_view.php?idx=6960
17. ibid
18. ibid
19. Mayor Oh Se-hoon (2009) The Seoul Vision. Urban
World, 1(4), pp.5-7 ,

source: www.flikr.com

i-29
introd u c t i o n

tra n s p o rt a t i o n
n a t i o n a l , re g i onal, local

travel mode percentage, 2009

N. AMERICA
SEOUL AIR TRANSPOR

Transportation around Seoul and South Korea comes in a

diversity of forms. Planes, trains, automobiles, taxis, buses, EUROPE

water taxis, subways, bikes, and walking are all available JAPAN

options to the residents of Seoul. Of course, some modes are Gimpo Airport

more popular than others. Over 50 percent of travelers take Incheon Int’l Airport

public transportation in the form of buses and subways (see

next page). Even with the high usage of public transportation,
Seoul still faces problems with traffic congestion.

South Korea’s busiest international and domestic airports are

located near Seoul. Incheon International Airport is 45 minutes
from the Yongsan site. In 2011, it served over 34 million
passengers, and has been ranked the best airport in the world EAST ASIA

the past seven consecutive years.1

Busan

Gimpo International Airport served as South Korea’s main

Mokpo
international airport until Incheon International Airport opened Yeosu-Expo

in 2001. Today, Gimpo mostly serves domestic air travel.2

air travel
1
http://www.airport.kr/iiacms/pageWork.iia?_scode=C1401010000 Jeju-si
international
2
http://www.theairdb.com/airport/GMP.html
domestric

i-30
transport ation context

i-31
introd u c t i o n

seo u l ’s s u b w a y s y s t em
y o n g s a n s t a t i on and the metropolitan subway

The Seoul Metropolitan Area boasts one of the most robust

and well used subway systems in the world. Made up of lines
from numerous public and private companies, the system has
close to 300 stops and serves 5.6 million passengers daily.1

Yongsan Station is one of Seoul’s most important inter-modal

hubs, connecting three subway lines with standard and
high-speed rail and bus routes. The station also houses the
I’Park Mall and CVG Cinema and is connected to the Yongsan
Electronics Market via elevated footbridge.2

1
http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2012/04/291_65888.html
2
http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=1357936

i-32
 transport ation context

Line 1
Line t
Line L
s eoul
Korail
a nnua
n umb
n umb
Dobongsan Line 2
Line t
Line L
s eoul
a nnua
n umb
Nowon n umb
Chang-dong
Line 3
Line t
Line L
s eoul
Korail
Taereung
Seokgye
a nnua
n umb
Mangu n umb
Sangbong
Line 4
Line t
Hoegi Line L
s eoul
Korail
Media City Jongno 3-ga Dongdaemon a nnua
Dongmyo
Sinseoldong n umb
Eujiro 3-ga n umb
DdmHCP Wangsimni
Songieong Eujiro 4-ga Sindang
City Hall
Chungleongno Chungmuro
Cheonggu Gunja Line 5
Hongkik Uni
Line t
Hapjeong Seoul Station Line L
Gongdeok
Oksu Seongsu s eoul
Cheonho
Yongsan Konkuk Uni Korail
Dangsan Gangdong
Samgakji a nnua
Kkachissan
Noryangjin n umb
Saelgang n umb
Yeongdeungoo gu Office Ichon Gangnamgu Office
Singil Jamsil Line 6
Sindorim
Line t
Seolleung
Guro Ogeum Line L
Dongjak Express Bus Terminal
Seoul Nat Uni of Edu s eoul
Daerim Isu Gangnam
Garak Market a nnua
Onsu Dogok
Susao
n umb
Gasan Digital Complex
Sadang Yanglee n umb

Bokjeong Line 7
Line t
Line L
s eoul
a nnua
n umb
n umb
Moran
Line 8
Geumjeong Samgakji Line t
Line L
s eoul
a nnua
n umb
Yongsan n umb
Sinongsan

Ichon 1:100,000
metro subway system 1:100,000 subway and rail 1:25,000
1:25,000
i-33
introd u c t i o n

site d e t a i l s
s i t e c o n d i t i o ns, routes and barriers

While the site has great transportation opportunities in Most of the site is also cut off from the Han River and
Yongsan Station, the rail infrastructure also forms a barrier waterfront park by a long series of housing slabs and a
running the length of the area. complex expressway system (see above section and images).

i-34
 transport ation context

Legend

Current Road Subway Waterfront Bus Stop

Proposed Road Bike Route Yongsan Station P Parking

Railroad Pedestrian

i-35
introd u c t i o n

bui l d i n g t y p o l o g i e s
t r a d i t i o n a l , d etached, and towers

h a n ok housing detach e d h o u s i n g highrise towers

Study Area 200*200m Study Area 200*200m Study Area 200*200m

DENSITY DENSITY DENSITY

3-5 Number of Floors 20
Number of Floors 1 Number of Floors
386 Housing Units 29
Housing Units 207 Housing Units
12 Persons Per Unit 240
Persons Per Unit 5 Persons Per Unit
1158 Inhabitants/Ha 1740
Inhabitants/Ha 258 Inhabitants/Ha
3.3ha Coverage Area 0.18ha
Coverage Area 2.8ha Coverage Area
82.5% Site Coverage 4.5%
Site Coverage 70% Site Coverage

A traditional housing typology in Korea, Detached housing has the most Towers have the housing capacity to
hanok has a system of enclosed significant site coverage rate because meet the density requirements on the
courtyards and its residents are usually it has neither the hanok’s courtyard nor site. Moreover, this typology has green
are multigeneration families. the tower’s grade level green space. open space on the ground level.

Because of its capacity limitations, it
can not be the major typology on the
site.
Its housing capacity is larger than that
of hanok housing, but it is still not big
enough to meet the requirement of
100,000 people living and working in
1km2.
Despite its “vertical sprawl” issue,
towers should be the major housing
typology on the site.

i-36
 building typology context

hanok housing detached housing highrise towers

i-37
 h a n o k city
a multigenerational home
Erin Guido - Alexandra Jendrusch - Jonathan Adams Moore - Justin Meyer - William Tardy
h a n o k city...

A2
 contents

a home for all generations

unique identity: the new multigenerational home A5

accessible A11

interconnected transit A14
flexible streets A16
the intermodal hub A18
services network A24

healthy A29

water A32
energy A38
waste management A40
landscape A42
urban ecology A44

social A47
network of social spaces A50
the parc A52
the boardwalk A58
the street marketplace A60
the village square A62
the parc promenade A64

tour of the home A67

building the home A83

connecting to the region A84
policy framework A86
block studies A90
site level implementation A92
block level implementation A96
vertical proximity requirement A98
vertical community space ratio A100

graphic key A103
A3
A4
 a home has a

u n i que
i d e n tity

the new multigenerational home

Hanok City combines the core qualities of Seoul’s culture

with urban density, transit accessibility, ecological vitality, and
livability. The people living and visiting Hanok City are in the
heart of an international business network, a diverse ecosystem,
and a historical city with cultural traditions that date back to 17
BC. This plan revisits the traditional understanding of family, the
home, and agglomeration.

Beyond the advantages of Hanok City’s geographical location

on the Han River and only 25 minutes from downtown Seoul,
the site’s infrastructure and density present another set of
advantages. The plan’s systems will not only accommodate a
highly dense and rapidly aging population, but also support it,
nurture it, and let it grow and change over time. Age-friendly
design considerations are woven into the urban fabric to ensure
that all of the opportunities in Hanok City can be utilized by
every person, young and old.

Hanok City will serve as a model for vertical cities and aging
populations around the world, showcasing a deep rooted
culture and celebrating an exciting future.

A5
hanok c i t y

the n e w m u l t i g e n e r ational home

l e a r n i n g f ro m south korean traditional family structure

Tr a di t i o n a l S o uth Korean family Hanok City brings the best aspe c t s

s t r u c t u re i s c hanging:
Today, three and four-generation families living in one household
is increasingly rare. According to the National Statistical Office
in South Korea, the number of households increased 11.1%
from 2001 to 2006 due to an increase in the number of single
households. About 55 percent of the 15.8 million households
in South Korea in 2006 were nuclear families, with only parents
and children living together. Only 6.9 percent were three-
generation families and only 0.1 percent of households were
four-generation families.
of multigenerational family life to t h e
urban realm:
Because the traditional structure of the Korean home is
changing, where a more globalized people prefer independence
from their family, then the city will need to take on the role of
the traditional home and facilitate a supportive and vibrant
environment for multigenerational interaction. Hanok City is
envisioned as this new multigenerational home, where people of
all ages and backgrounds are constantly interacting, supporting,
and learning from each other.

W h a t d o e s t h i s mean for life in South Hanok City represents a new design paradigm: leveraging
K o re a ? the advantages of an extremely dense urban environment (an
agglomeration of economies, peoples, and services) to create a
The change in family structure in South Korea is not necessarily vibrant, livable, and adaptive home for all generations.
a negative thing; a 1996 research report by The Institute for
Gerontological Studies of Korea stated that often the main
reasons for multi generational co-residence was “practicality”
rather than it being “natural”. Both young and old Koreans more
often prefer independence from extended family when it comes
to living arrangements. Even so, as more Koreans live in single
apartments and separate from relatives, many of the positive
aspects of multi generational living is lost. When young and old
reside together, family members often provide care, emotional
support, and a diverse social environment for each other. The
elderly can interact and be entertained by younger generations.
Children can learn from the experience and vast knowledge of
their parents and grandparents. Relatives can help parents with
household duties and childcare, and parents and other relatives
can provide care and support for their elderly family members.

A6
 unique identity

Tra d i t i o n a l S o u t h K o re a n f a m i l y s t r u c t u re : The future of Yongsan: multiple generations

mu l t i p l e g e n e r a t i o n s l i v i n g a n d i n t e r a c t i n g in the living and interacting in the city in a variety
sa m e h o u s e h o l d . of public and community spaces!

Typ i c a l u r b a n c i t i e s : d i ff i c u l t o r u n c o m f o r table The future of Yongsan: age-friendly amenities

liv i n g e n v i ro n m e n t s , e s p e c i a l l y f o r t h e e l derly and design to make a vibrant and attractive
an d t h o s e w i t h l e s s e r m o b i l i t y. environment for all!

A7
hanok c i t y

the n e w m u l t i g e n e r ational home

a c c e s s i b l e , h ealthy, and social

k e y c h a r a c t e r istics of a
m u l t i g e n e r a t i o nal home:

• Part of a larger regional community; one that connects to

the culture and resources around it.

• Accessible to all ages, incomes of people; one that

enables mobility and the potential for interaction.

• Promotes the health of people and nature, while protecting

them from threats to their wellbeing.

• Facilitates social interaction through a variety of

open spaces, community spaces, recreational and
entertainment venues.

• Adaptable to the changing needs of its residents.

A8
 unique identity

a home is...

accessible goal:
a central and
components:
interconnected transit
connected network complete and flexible streets
intermodal hub
services network

goal:
healthy
components:
environ mental water
sustainability that energy
lasts waste management
landscape
urban ecology

social goal: components:

flexible and vibrant network of spaces
nearest open spaces
social spaces the parc
10th floor
76th floor
the boardwalk
the parc, 5m the street marketplace
plaza, 10m the village square
the parc promenade

A9
A10
 a home is

a c c e s s ible
interconnected transit

complete streets

the intermodal hub

services network

An accessible home is one that is easy to get to, no matter your

age, handicap or even what language you speak. Positioning
the elderly at the center of its design, Hanok City is accessible
to any one and everyone. The transportation plan reinvents the
streets, manages congestion, expands open space, and makes
more room for pedestrians and bicycles. The design encourages
public transit use by incorporating bus rapid transit (BRT), light
rail, and local buses frequently on local streets. These transit
modes are affordable and easy to use with transportation
technology and wayfinding strategies. Furthermore, the design
incorporates access ramps and stairs together, creating a
cohesive sense of movement.

The Intermodal Hub is the heart of Hanok City’s transportation

network. It is a place where people are moving through all day,
but it is also a reference point, where people can stay for awhile
and shop, grab a bite to eat, sit and people-watch, and wait
for a friend. The Hub brings together commuter, metropolitan,
regional, and local lines into an integrated, transit-oriented
development at the center of the an international business
district.

A11
hanok c i t y

goa l : c e n t r a l a n d c o nnected network

m u l t i m o d a l t r ansportation system and major transit oriented developm e n t
p ro v i d e s a c c ess to all city amenities and services

k e y c h a r a c t e r istics

• Streets have large right of ways, with over 80% of space

given to pedestrian, bike, and/or public transportation.

• All buildings that contain residential units are within a 5

minute walk from both a public transportation and an
active transportation route (bike path or park path). Age-friendly and inclusive features are integrated into all
public transportation stops
• All needed services are provided and dispersed
throughout the site, especially those serving the elderly
and families.

• All site areas and services are easily accessible by public

transportation, with good connections and well-marked
routes and vehicles.

• Public transportation is reliable and frequent, even at

night, weekends, and holidays.

• The intermodal hub is central to the site and easily

accessibly by all public transportation routes, allowing
visitors and residents travel to and from Youngsan easily. touch
screen protected prominent
• Transport stops and stations are conveniently located, stops covered electronic and wayfinding
accessible, safe, clean, and have adequate lighting, clearly bike information accessible and map
seating and shelter. marked parking booths seating display

• Parking and drop-off areas are safe and conveniently

located close to other transportation options, and there
are priority parking and drop-off areas for people with
special needs.

• Complete and accessible information is provided to users

about public transportation stops and schedules.

A12
 accessible

Mobility for all! Residents and visitors, including the elderly, young, active, and handicapped, can easily go anywhere
on the site and beyond.
Large sidewalks to provide ample room walkers,
active storefronts and temporary uses like markets
and pop-up galleries.

Pedestrian refuge areas and pedestrian bridges

to provide safe and comfortable crossings on
metropolitan roads.

Over 4,000 street trees provide a natural amenity

on every street.

Bus rapid transportation provides efficient access

to and from the site and the intermodal hub.

A regional highway is recessed in the ground,

has a thick natural tree buffer, and has two
major pedestrian bridges to connect users to the
waterfront.

A connected system of bike-only paths are

provided on every street.

A local bus system and light rail connect users

throughout the site, to Yongsan Park, the
intermodal hub, Downtown Seoul, and across the
Han River.

Three main bridges for pedestrians, bikers, and

lightrail to connect users over the train tracks and
provide viewing platforms to watch high-speed
trains.

Underground tunnels provide access for service

vehicle and give through traffic an efficient means
to move through site.

Visitor parking in key areas lets nonresidents leave

their car and access the rest of the site on foot or
by public transportation.

A13
hanok c i t y

inte rc o n n e c t e d t r a n sit
m u l t i m o d a l a t regional, metropolitan, and local level

Hanok City transit infrastructure

A14
 accessible

Hanok City public transportation network

A15
hanok c i t y

flex i b l e s t re e t s
s t re e t s c a n c hange over time to include more active & public transpor t a t i o n

initial boulevard type

A16
 accessible

less motorized boulevard

A17
hanok c i t y

the i n t e r m o d a l h u b
a l a rg e - s c a l e transit oriented development

The intermodal hub is vital to the accessibility of Hanok

City. As an augmentation of the existing Yongsan Station,
its minimalist and expansive design seeks to better guide
residents, businessmen, visiting relatives, tourists, shoppers,
night life enthusiasts, and other users of all ages to their
destinations. It offers direct connections to the Boardwalk,
the Parc, Yongsan Park, museums, libraries, international
businesses, and shopping, as well as facilitates easy
connections between modes of transportation.

Taking advantage of its central location and access to

destination amenities in and around Hanok City, the intermodal
hub will be an economic engine that drives development in
Hanok City, in addition to being a prominent access point to
Seoul and the rest of Korea.

A18
 accessible

Night view of the intermodal plaza

A19
hanok c i t y

the i n t e r m o d a l h u b
a m u l t i - l a y e red station

sky Parc

retail mall

walkable
canopy park
direct access
to IBD
connection
to civic immediate
district access to Parc

4 high speed platforms local bus underground

ride share pickup point 4 metro platforms transit centre parking

east/west section, looking north

A20
 accessible

YONGSAN INTERMODAL HUB

RIDERSHIP 2010 2050 (estimate)

Yongsan Pop 227,400 440,000 (94% increase)

National Rail 33,000 ppl/day 63,850

Honam
Jungang
Jeolla
Gyeongbu

Local Rail/ 67,000 ppl/day 129,639

Subway
Line 1
K1

covered
walk to
station

access to yongsan park

bus rapid transit stop from elevated walkway

A21
hanok c i t y

the i n t e r m o d a l h u b
a m u l t i - l a y e red station

sky Parc

access to
canopy
park
access to
yongsan park
from elevated
walkway
walkable
canopy park
public plaza
immediate
access to Parc

underground
local road

north/south section, looking east

A22
 accessible

access to
Sky Parc pedestrian
overpass

underground underground metropolitan road

local road

A23
hanok c i t y

ser v i c e s n e t w o r k
p ro m o t e s i n t eraction

mixed retail

daycares
In Hanok City all the services a community needs are at its

neighborhood
fingertips. Unlike more traditional forms of development that
support consolidation and segregation of land uses, Hanok K - 12 schools
City supports multiple programs simultaneously.
fitness centers
The result of this effort is a place of crossing paths and
shared spaces. Regardless of their social status, residents of
Hanok City are constantly exposed to a variety of lifestyles police station
and perspectives. As the development matures, this constant
process of discovery and interaction will provide powerful neighborhood clincs
support for the evolution of Hanok City’s unique culture of
collaboration.

The services found within Hanok City fall into three categories:
hypermarkets
Neighborhood services are services with a small service
libraries
district
population and small average area. Able to seamlessly
integrate into a neighborhood, strong neighborhood services
are a cornerstone in the development of any area’s quality of fire stations
life.

District services are services whose assets attract users district hospital
beyond their surrounding blocks. Capable of creating nodes
of resident activity, district services often act as an anchor for
their neighbors.
big box retail
Regional services are services that are designed to serve
regional

metropolitan Seoul. As a result of this wide reach, regional

metropolitan
services present substantial benefits (i.e. real estate
hospital
development) and significant challenges (i.e. traffic modeling).
Hanok City addresses these development issues but using
continuing
regional services as a focal point for pedestrian circulation
education
models, development phasing, and general urban design.

A24
 accessible

Parc
right of way

Meters
50 150 500
Urban Services Distribution Strategy

health education retail emergency civic

metropolitan hospital continuing education big box stores fire department stations libraries
district hospital high schools hypermarkets

neighborhood clinic primary schools police stations fitness centers

A25
hanok c i t y

ser v i c e s n e t w o r k
a l l a g e s a n d abilities can easily access needed services

Focus Service Facility Types

Fitness centers in Hanok City are conceptualized as larger
neighborhood facilities because of their ability to play two
important roles. As health care facility they invigorate the
process of aging. By acting as community center they also
become nodes of multi-generational socialization and relation-
ship building.

maximum walking distance to nearest service facility

Police stations in Hanok City are one of the most well
distributed service facilities. This decentralization is purpose-
full response to the density of the site. Rather than allowing
governmental systems to grow beyond the scale of the citizen,
Hanok City integrates policing into the neighborhood fabric,
making it far more intimate.

Metropolitan hospitals are facilities designed to serve the

Greater Seoul Metropolitan Area. To warrant this scale, Hanok
City’s keystone medical facilities are conceptualized as centers
for the treatment and studying of aging. In addition to provid-
ing world-class service, this investment could grow a new
bio-tech market for Seoul.

Hypermarkets are retail facilities which provide both groc-

cery and general household goods. Integrated into the “Village
Square” block typology, hypermarkets in Hanok City become
anchors for commercial development, keep public plazas
busy, and make sure all residents have access to affordable,
healthy food.

Continuing education centers are Hanok City’s flagship edu-

cation facilities. Conceptualized as regional service providers,
these adult focused schools would give working adults and
elders throughout Seoul the skills they need to remain active in
the workplace.

*references about services on page a-106

A26
 accessible

facility type service population avg sqm # of facilities

libraries 25,000 2,300 9

civic

fitness centers 8,700 7,300 24

fire stations 27,800 1,100 8

emergency

police stations 10,200 460 21

metropolitan metro Seoul 26,125 2

hospital

health district hopsitals 29,500 3,000 7

neighborhood 17,200 750 13

clinics

big box retail 44,000 9,300 5

retail hypermarkets 22,000 6,000 10

mixed retail 450 280 510

continuing
metro Seoul 180,000 2
education
education K - 12 schools 6,700 6,200 33

daycares 730 160 303

A27
A28
 a home is

healthy
water

energy

waste management

landscape

urban ecology

A good home supports the health and wellbeing of its residents

and protects against threats to its citizens. To support the health
of its residents and combat global climate change, Hanok City
protects its natural features and incorporates many sustainable
technologies, including biogas reactors and pneumatic waste
collection, that minimize the City’s impact on the environment.
In its sustainability endeavor, Hanok City also recognizes the
necessity of an informed, engaged, and impassioned public. To
champion this cause, Hanok City assures that every sustainable
development initiative includes programs that operate at the
scale of the individual. Creating a forum for residents of social
classes to interact, these programs reinforce the mission of
Hanok City to bring all age and social groups together under
one roof.

A29
hanok c i t y

goa l : e n v i ro n m e n t a l sustainability that lasts

s u s t a i n a b l e s ystems

k e y c h a r a c t e r istics action items by stakeholder group

institution

Constructed infrastructure Fixture Flow Meters

Household Stormwater Recycling
• Retain and recycle all stormwater generated on site: Organic Waste Pre-processing
Water conservation is maximized by capturing stormwater, Solid Waste Sorting
creating flood tolerant landscapes, and empowering Community Forestry
citizens to reduce potable water use. Urban Agriculture

• Reduce per capita consumption of fossil fuels within the

site by 50%:
Low carbon energy is generated on site through the
anaerobic digestion of organic waste and the installation of
vertical axis wind turbines. business
• Become Seoul’s first zero-landfill district: In-building Stormwater Cisterns
Waste recycling is supported through a rapid, pneumatic Pervious Roofing Materials
waste collection and sorting system. Stormwater Irrigation Systems
In-building Waste Chutes
Electric Vehicle Facilities
Landscape infrastructure Native Species Landscaping
Garden Roofs
• Eliminate all automobile emissions:
Air Quality is improved through generous tree planting and
electric vehicle incentives.

• Create a 100% native species landscape:

Biodiversity is protected by exclusively using a native- community
species planting palette and constructing remediative
wetlands. Constructed Wetlands
Stormwater Vaults
• Provide 10 square meters of garden space per resident: Biogas Reactor
Food Security is strengthened by establishing a local food Pneumatic Waste Pipeline
crisis safety net. Waste Sorting Centers
Native Species Landscaping
Urban Forestry

A30
 healthy

Layout of Major Sustainable Systems Components throughout the Site

Parc Corridor Solid Waste Facilities

Bioswales Proposed Wind Turbine Sites Meters
Constructed Wetlands and Streams Public Right of Way
50 150 500
Stormwater Vaults Bioreactor Facility

A31
hanok c i t y

wa t e r
re c o n n e c t i n g people, place, and hydrology

action items by stakeholder group

Hanok City is a place where water ceases to be a commodity institution

and evolves into an active, omnipresent member of the
community. Through a series of public and private devices,
residents of Hanok City are encouraged and invited to
enrich their interactions with water, exposing opportunities
for exploration, utilization, and conservation. Over time, Support a Culture of Water
the accumulation of these opportunities will generate the Conservation and Activism
intellectual and cultural resources needed to empower future
development.

Flowing through buildings rather than over them, water in

Hanok City also serves as a critical component of large scale
urban patterns. Where water falls, the built environment offers
porosity. Where water flows, the ground becomes green
and playful. Where water pools, Hanok City responds with
generous water-tolerant landscapes. Together these design
business
responses forward a vision of urban environments serving as
engines for restoration rather than degradation.

To reflect the multifaceted nature of water use, Hanok City Construct Buildings which
examines sustainable water use through three themes: Monitor their Potable and
Wastewater Metabolism
Drinking Water is the Han’s most precious service. Hanok
City conserves this resource by using rainwater cisterns to
supplement the regional water supply.

Stormwater is one of the Han’s largest sources of pollution.

Hanok City ameliorates this threat by using bioswales and
pervious roofing to capture runoff. community
Floodwater can threaten life and property. In many cases
the waters of the Han are the primary source of this risk. Construct Infrastructure with the
To reduce this threat, Hanok City maintains a flood-tolerant Capacity to Recycle Stormwater
river side landscape. Flooding can also occur as the result of
poor drainage. Hanok City addresses this concern by using Develop Incentives to Motivate
constructed wetlands and underground vaults to sequester Innovations in the Market Place
heavy precipitation.

A32
 healthy

Layout of Major Water System Components

Parc Corridor Stormwater Vaults Meters

Bioswales Major Drainage Pipes
Constructed Wetlands and Streams 50 150 500
Public Right of Way

A33
hanok c i t y
wa t e r
s p e c i a l i z e d i nterventions
constructed wetlands
Wetlands are ecosystems specially adapted to the physical
conditions associated with regular flooding. In the hydrologic
cycle, their ability to hold and filter water plays a key role in
maintaining the quality of water bodies and recharging the
local water table. The constructed wetlands in Hanok City play
a similar role.
Located along the waterfront, constructed wetlands are used
to create a landscape where flooding can occur safely. Along
the rail yard, wetlands protect sensitive infrastructure and
convert wasted space into valuable habitat. Within the Parc,
wetlands similarly provide an environment where stormwater
can gather, be processed by natural systems, and help re-
establish the area’s native hydrology.
stormwater vaults
In high density sites, even moderate amounts of runoff can
overwhelm surface storage systems. In areas where seasonal
monsoons often generate large volumes of stormwater, like
Seoul, it is therefore necessary to develop redundant storage
systems. In Hanok City, underground vaults provide this
overflow protection.
Linked to block drainage systems, Hanok City’s stormwater
vaults provide enough storage capacity to hold 10 cm of
precipitation (220 cu m). The distribution of the vault system
mirrors the wetland system, and therefore allows renovation
without disturbing roadways. Through site-level utilities, the
vault system’s reserves can be used for irrigation purposes
A34
building systems
Water resource conservation begins in buildings. As the
largest source of impervious surface, buildings represent the
largest generator of stormwater. To compensate, all buildings
in Hanok City contain cisterns large enough to store 10 cm of
precipitation.
Buildings also support the vast majority of potable water
consumption. To offset this consumption, the plumbing in
Hanok City buildings contain stormwater plumbing for non-
potable water uses. To inform consumption flow meters are
installed on every household fixture. Connected to both a
household log and the utility metering system, these fixture
meters allow greater understanding of how and when potable
water use can be reduced.
surface flows
One of the keys to any successful conservation program is
public awareness. With regard to surface water quality, this
program component is satisfied by showcasing the movement
of water through the site.
The movement of water across the surface of Hanok City
occurs as three different scales. Within the block, a planted
bioswale between the sidewalk and the curb brings water
management into the neighborhood. In the district, the
construction of channel along the bed of historic stream makes
water a central focus for the entire site. At the scale of metro
Seoul, restoration of the waterfront facilitates the reintroduction
of the public with their city’s greatest natural asset.
 healthy

Restored in 2005, the Cheonggyecheon is a historic stream channel that cuts through the heart of downtown Seoul. As a visitor moves from the
stream’s headwater plaza down to its terminus at the banks of the Han, they encounter a series of landscapes which celebrate different aspects of
the city’s relationship with water. This gradient serves as a primary inspiration for Hanok City’s interpretation of infrastructure development. Photo
credit: Jean Chung for The New York Times

A35
hanok c i t y

ene rg y
re i n v e n t i n g t he grid

action items by stakeholder group

institution
Help Build Hanok City’s
Electric Vehicle Fleet

Hanok City challenges the traditional logic of the electrical Incorporate Organic Waste process-
grid. Rather than conceptualizing districts as simply ing into Household Chores
consumers, Hanok City situates the urban environment as a
tool to generate, store, and recycle energy. The heart of this Provide Vocal Support for Structural
initiative is a biogas production system that is capable of not Wind Turbines
only increasing gross energy supply, but also reduce the total
amount of energy consumed for the transport and processing
of organic waste and municipal sewage.

business
Biogas is the market term given to methane gas that has
been produced from the decomposition of organic materials in Provide Electric Vehicle Charging
environments devoid of oxygen (anaerobic). In the past, biogas Facilities in all Parking Garages
technology focused on industries such as agriculture, food
processing, and other sectors where large amounts of organic Include Organic Waste Processing
waste was produced and energy demand was high. More Facilities in all Buildings
recently, however, waste management utilities have begun
adapting biogas facilities to convert sewage and municipal Provide Loans for Wind Turbine
solid waste into methane. Inspired by this advance, Hanok Construction
City takes biogas out of the remote sewage treatment plant
into the city. The key to this transition is unifying the organic
waste stream.

community
Waste disposals elements are a common feature in many
homes. Most commonly they are used to grind food waste.
Hanok City, however, asks them to do more. Mimicking a Construct and Manage Biogas
project run Siemens in the City of Milwaukee, WI, USA, Hanok Reactors and Facilities
City uses high strength garbage disposals to turn virtually
any household organic wastes, including cardboard, into a Create Incentives to Install Wind
homogeneous product ideal for anaerobic digestion. Turbines

A36
 healthy

Layout of Major Energy Facilities Throughout Hanok City

Parc Corridor
Bioreactor Facility
Proposed Wind Turbine Sites
Meters
Sewage Mains
Public Right of Way
50 150 500

A37
hanok c i t y

ene rg y
c l o si n g t h e l oop

Supporting innovation in energy management requires

the utilization of multiple complimentary programs and an
integrated network of tools. Hanok City embraces this call
for diversity by using wind energy and fuel cell technology to
supplement its premier biomass program.

Sanitary sewers are the next key piece of the biogas system.
Hanok City’s sanitary sewers transport the organic waste
slurry to an array of biogas digesters located beneath the
IBD. Within this series of tanks, the waste slurry is inoculated
with a culture of methane producing bacteria that expedite
decomposition. Capable of being completed in 24 hours,
effective digestion will convert a substantial amount of the
slurry into gas, thus reducing the overall volume of waste that
must be treated and transported. The methane itself can be
burned on site to generate heat, be used to power a steam
turbine, or pumped through a fuel cell to directly produce
electricity.

Vertical axis wind turbines are known for their compact size,
low vibrations, and ability to generate electricity even at low
wind velocities. For all of these reasons, vertical axis wind
turbines are being targeted as a attractive design for highrise
wind power generation. Hanok City embraces the opportunity
to further wind energy design and provides a builder incentive
structure for installing rooftop turbines on high rise structures.

Electric Vehicles are most often conceptualized as private

assets and not pieces of regional energy infrastructure. Hanok
City challenges this conception by arguing that electric vehicle
fleets stored within the district can, during low consumption
periods, act as reservoirs for excess energy. Electric vehicles
attached to the grid during periods of excess energy
production can store unused electricity in their batteries.
During periods of high energy demand, the grid can then draw
energy back out of the electric vehicles, and thereby reduce
the need for expensive, supplemental power plant operation.

A38
 healthy

popular consumption

energy recapture

organizing the waste stream

biogas production

Creating innovative energy systems cannot be accomplished alone. Their success requires investments on the parts of multiple stakeholders.
With the regard to the development of biogas facilities, perhaps the most central of these investments is made by the public. As the generators
of waste, the public is uniquely situated to deconstruct the waste stream into separate, more uniform components. Just like a refined ore, the
inventiveness of the private sector can then begin to experiment with ways to create value from these components. Rather than priming the
market, institutions can then work to make the infrastructural polices and investments needed to formalize emerging technologies. In the case of
biogas production, investments of this kind might include establishing pricing schemes for biogas-sourced energy or loan programs for emerging
utility providers.

A39
hanok c i t y

wa s t e m a n a g e m e n t
m a k i n g a m o untain into a mole hill

action items by stakeholder group

Seoul and South Korea as a nation already maintain a highly institution

advanced solid waste management program. Unlike the United Sort the Waste Stream into its
States where household garbage is generally unsorted, all Individual Components
solid waste from households and small businesses must be
disposed in content specific bags. The bags can be purchased Generate a Demand for Products
from a variety of vendors, and their price reflects the cost of with Minimal Packaging and Non-
managing that particular part of the waste stream. In most Recyclable Components
places this program has lead to a segregation of recyclable
from non-recyclable items. In some more progressive areas,
however, the South Korean bag system has lead to the
consolidation of household kitchen scraps into a distinct,
composting waste stream. Based on this success, the
challenge of Hanok City is not to organize a muddled waste
stream, but instead to facilitate its collection and reprocessing.
business
The basis of the Hanok City solid waste collection system is a
pressured pipeline that quite literally sucks sorted garbage out
of structures and into two centralized sorting facilities. The are Integrate Disposal Conduits into Building
three major components of this pneumatic system: Design and Construction

Disposal hatches are the first major component. They can Test the Feasibility of On-site
be inside units or along sidewalks. They can be locked private Recycling Facilities
facilities or they can operate much like trash cans in a public
park.

The pipeline network is the second major system component.

Consisting of pressured pipes both within structures and within
the public right of way, this network requires strong public-
private cooperation to construct. community
Construct and Manage
Centralized sorting facilities are the final system element.
Pneumatic System
Located beneath the IBD and at the southeast corner of the
Infrastructure
site, the structures sort, store, and prepare household for being
shipped to processing centers.
Continue Developing Pricing
Signals to Incentivise Reduced
Waste Production

A40
 healthy

Disposal Hatches

Pneumatic Pipeline

Layout of Major Energy Facilities Throughout the Site

Parc Corridor
Solid Waste Processing Facilities
Pneumatic Pipeline Meters
Public Right of Way
50 150 500

A41
hanok c i t y

lan d s c a p e
c u l t i v a t i n g e cosystem services

The Parc serves as Hanok City’s premier piece of landscape action items by stakeholder group
infrastructure. At its northeastern tip, it functions as a
transitional buffer between the more forested condition
institution
proposed for Yongsan Park and the heavy residential areas to
Create community forestry programs
the south. Along its western edge, a historic stream channel is
to care for neighborhood tree
uncovered and a series of constructed wetlands and channels
canopy
reintroduce native floodplain species into the site. Along the
site’s riverfront, the Parc reach its full potential, providing
Develop gardening programs
abundant tree cover and extensive wetlands amidst a premier
and clubs to expose the youth
social space.
to traditional Korean gardening
techniques
In Hanok City, the natural world is a key partner in the
collaborative development process. As a contributor to the
management of physical infrastructure, native landscapes
freshen the air, reduce the urban heat island effect, and guard
against flooding. As a component of Hanok City’s cultural
systems, elements of the region’s natural history create a
shared identity through which young and old can build rapport. business
The three main components of this system are: Develop nurseries to provide native
species planting stock
Rooftop gardens, although domesticated, provide a very
tactile way for youth to reconnect with the rural traditions of Integrate landscape systems into
earlier generations. As a component of district wide food building design and real estate
security plan, they can also help a community relieve periods development projects
of food scarcity.

Tree canopy help reduce the severity of urban heat islands,

freshen the air, and absorb significant amounts of stormwater.
In Hanok City tree canopy are present along every right of way,
in concentrated stands along the waterfront, the Parc, and the
rail corridor.
community
Constructed wetlands are a central part of Hanok City’s Regulate landscaping to ensure the
water management system. By providing a place for water to use of native species
accumulate and be metabolized, they substantially reduce the
district’s ecological footprint. As a collection of native species, Train parks personnel to care for
however, these pocket-habitats also act as reservoirs of native naturalized park environments
biodiversity.

A42
 healthy

bioswales throughout the parc

creek/storm water basin

step pool and fountain

Yongsan buffer

greenways

wetland buffer

stormwater flow

Meters

Stormwater Flow Accumulation and Supporting Landscape Infrastructure 50 150 500

A43
hanok c i t y

urb a n e c o l o g y
a n e n v i ro n m ent that supports itself through biodiversity

492 species of birds

216 species of freshwater fish found in Korea’s rivers

and lakes (carp are the most common)

shade intolerant plants flood tolerant plants shade tolerant plants

quercus aliena lindera erythrocarpa (tree) acer pseudosieboldianum

(a.k.a. the oriental white oak) (a.k.a. the Korean maple tree)

zoysia japonica (grass) miscanthus spp. (shrub) euonymus japonica (shrub)

Landscape Various landscape interventions throughout the site, including

The Parc promotes the site’s natural green and water features. greenways and local art, help guide people to the Parc. The
It provides fresh air, sunlight, and water amidst a highly dense Parc’s pathway connects Yongsan Park all the way to the
and built urban fabric. riverfront.

A44
 healthy

bioswales throughout
the parc

greenways

creek/storm water basin

step pool and fountain

earth ramp

earth ramp

earth ramp

Meters

50 150 500
Layout of Major Landscape Infrastructure

A45
A46
 a home is

social
network of spaces

the parc

the boardwalk

the street marketplace

the village square

the parc promenade

Hanok City connects people by creating the physical space

for interaction to occur. These spaces are found in traditional
places like the street and parks, but also in the vertical realm
as well.

Public transit in Hanok City is a great option, but in designing

social spaces, pedestrians must come first. Earth ramps,
non-motorized pathways, and sky parks preserve safety for
pedestrians and bicycles and create stimulating environments
throughout Hanok City that everyone can access and enjoy.

As soon as people arrive at the intermodal hub, they are greeted

with colorful signage and breathable spaces along the canopied
platform, which directs people to the Parc, the Boardwalk, and
Parc Promenade, where they will pass many more vibrant social
spaces along the way.

A47
hanok c i t y

goa l : f l e x i b l e a n d v i brant social spaces

o p t i o n s f o r e veryone

k e y c h a r a c t e r istics
• Entry points to open spaces are plentiful in number,
conveniently located, and accessible for people with
special needs.

• Affordable public options and transit stops located

strategically near public open spaces ensure that every
person has access regardless of age, ability, and social
class.

• A pathway along the Parc minimizes traffic barriers and

maximizes safety by passing under streets, providing nearest open spaces
pedestrians with a continuous, safe place to walk and
enjoy fresh air.
10th floor

76th floor
• Variety in types of spaces provides the elderly with
numerous options for leisure activities where they can
choose to be alone or with others.
the parc, 5m

plaza, 10m
• Skyparks and vertical space requirements ensure that
no person is more than 5 minutes from public space in
either a building or at street level.

• Community space requirements ensure that spaces

reflect the preferences of their users.

• Wayfinding and signage provide users with information

about routes, access, and a sense of whereabouts.

• Open spaces are clean, well-maintained, not

overcrowded, and have plentiful sitting areas.

A48
 social

ting with ng
ac

pi
something

th
r

shop
inte

e
g

water

in

ne
learn

w
street ve
nd
ors

plazas

pedestr
ian mall lling flow
se

er
s
transit
nd stop
ou
r
playg

rooftop
e share d
bik
ini
ng

A49
hanok c i t y

net w o r k o f s o c i a l s paces
p a r k s , p l a z a s , and community-owned spaces

A variety of social spaces at multiple levels gives people the

option to be with other people, watch other people, or to enjoy
time alone. At ground level, the Parc encourages all types of
passive and active recreation.

The streets are a place for the community to be creative, where

pedestrians come first and sidewalks become vibrant markets.
Tree-lined sidewalks create greenways between parks,
provide shelter from sun and rain, and assist in stormwater
management.

To meet demands for social space, especially for those with

more leisure time, the plan proposes untraditional social
spaces within buildings themselves. Because being able to
reach street level may actually be a five minute trip down an
elevator, vertical social spaces offer an innovative alternative.

In community- and publicly-owned spaces, described in detail

in “building the home” (pg A83), people connect above street
level - on rooftops, on the skypark, and in studios that they
have made their own. The social initiative introduces light, air,
and spontaneous interaction to towers.

social spaces, vertical realm

parks and greenways
hard-scaped plazas
community-owned spaces
publicly-owned spaces

A50
 social

Yongsan Park

Han River

Meters

50 150 500

public open space

parks and greenways
hard-scaped plazas streets
courtyards institutional courtyards
station marketplace commercial courtyards

A51
hanok c i t y

the p a rc
a re g i o n a l a n d local natural asset

bioswales creek/wetland

Environmental Benefits
• The creek is a year-round amenity where activities change
with the season.
The creek runs through a large portion of the Parc, starting
• The wetland is vegetated and graded to assist in storm
water management, especially during monsoon season
near the Station in the north and bringing people to the river.
and flood events.
•
It serves social and environmental purposes by providing an
Bioswales, located throughout the Parc and on streets, are
attractive water amenity and a practical storm water mitigator.
used to convey surface water in order to reduce surface
runoff.
A52
 social

Ansan Mountain
Nam Mountain

Yongsan
Park

Yeouido
Park

Nodeil Island

Connecting Regional Parks Systems

The Parc is the backbone of the social space network; The Parc is the so-called “living room” of the home where
activities surround it in every direction. It gets the name from there are a variety of spaces, both shared and private.
its arc shape, which completes a continuous, regional parks
system by connecting Yongsan Park to the Han riverfront.

A53
hanok c i t y

the p a rc
a t t r a c t i o n s , a ctivities, and accessibility

5
E
ing
water INE URg
ow
SH N LT r
M eat
RE
SU
CU
fl AR v
4 KE ie EDU 7
TU
TS ws C
7
sh

AT
A 6 c on IO
op

N ne N
SP

f
p
O

ou
in

ing
RT

cting to
nt a
S &R

2 3
ri v
ECRE

Yon
8

gs
ATION

1 Pa

an
R rk
T EI N
EN A N T
T E
M
9

r
e

f ro
n
t
civic attractions
The Parc
1 marina
2 conference center
The Parc connects people to a large network of the civic
3 international business district
attractions and activities. Most spaces are passive recreation
4 pedestrian mall
and are intended to allow residents to reinvent the space as 5 health & wellness cluster
preferences and users change over time. Greenways and 6 intermodal hub
nonmotorized pathways facilitate movement from one major 7 education clusters
attraction to another. 8 Yongsan Park

A54
 social

PEDESTRIAN AND BIKE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION

DESTRIAN AND BIKE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
BIKE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION stops
Designated Bike Lanes stops
Designated Bike Lanes High Speed Train
N AND BIKE Pedestrain Overpass stops PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
BikePedestrain
Lanes PEDESTRIAN Overpass AND BIKE
PUBLIC PUBLICTRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION High Speed Train
Park PEDESTRIAN
Path AND BIKE stops High Speed Train PUBLIC
Commuter TRANSPORTATIO
Train
Overpass
gnated Park Bike Lanes
PEDESTRIAN
Path AND BIKE PUBLIC
stops TRANSPORTATION PUBLIC
stops TRANSPORTATION
Commuter Train
nes PEDESTRIAN Designated
AND BIKE Bike Lanes
stops PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
stops
Subway
strain Overpass Street sidewalk Designated Bike Lanes Commuter HighTrain Speed stops Train
Street sidewalk Pedestrain PUBLIC
Overpass stops TRANSPORTATION High Speed Train Subway High Speed Train
s PEDESTRIAN Designated
AND BIKE Bike Lanes High Speed Train stops TRANSPORTATION
PUBLIC Light Rail High Speed T
walk
Path DesignatedPedestrain Bike Lanes Overpass SubwayCommuter Train Commuter
High Speed Train
Train
CAR AND SERVICE Park Path
Pedestrain Overpass stops High CommuterSpeed Train
Train Light Rail
PEDESTRIAN AND
Pedestrain BIKE Overpass Commuter Train PUBLICstops High
TRANSPORTATION
Bus Speed
Rapid TrasitTrain
Commuter Tra
Rt sidewalk
AND SERVICE Designated ParkLanes
Bike Path Light Rail Subway Subway
Commuter Train
Park StreetPath
PEDESTRIAN sidewalk AND BIKEHigh CommuterSpeed
Subway Train
Train Bus Rapid PUBLIC
Trasit TRANSPORT
E
EDESTRIAN At Grade
Park BIKE
AND Underpass
Path Street sidewalk Subway PUBLICstops TRANSPORTATION Commuter
Local
High Bus
SpeedStopsTrain
Train
Subway
At Grade Pedestrain
Designated Underpass Bike OverpassLanes Bus Rapid Light Rail
Trasit Light
Subway Rail
Street sidewalk Commuter
Subway
Light Rail Train Local Bus Stops
stops
ERVICE Underground CAR StreetAND sidewalk Tunnel
SERVICE (Local Traffic)
Designated Bike Light Lanes Rail stops High Subway
Speed
Water taxi Train
Commuter Train
Light Rail
nderpass Park
Pedestrain
Designated Bike
Underground Path Overpass
Tunnel Lanes (Local Traffic) Local Bus
Bus Rapid
Stops Trasit Bus
Light Rapid
Rail Trasit
CAR AND SERVICE SubwayLightBus Rail
Rapid Trasit Water taxi High Spee
dadeTunnel
Underpass Underground
(Local
Park StreetPath Traffic)
sidewalk Tunnel (Through
Pedestrain Traffic)
Overpass
Bus Rapid Trasit Light
Commuter
High Speed
Subway Rail
Train
Train Bus Rapid Tra
CAR
Pedestrain
Underground AND SERVICE
Overpass
Tunnel
At Grade (Through
Underpass Traffic) Light Water Local
taxi Bus Stops BusLocal
RapidBus Stops
Trasit
CARUndergroundAND SERVICE Tunnel Park(Through &Local
Service Bus Rail
Local Rapid Bus Trasit
Stops Commute
drground
Tunnel
Park (Through
Tunnel
StreetPathsidewalk (LocalTraffic) At(Through
Traffic) Grade Path
Underpass BusVehicals)Stops Water taxi Commuter
BusRail
Subway
Light Rapid Local
Train TrasitBus Sto
Underground
(Local At Tunnel
Underground
Grade Underpass &
Tunnel Service
(Local Vehicals)
Traffic) Water
Local Bus taxi
Stops
CARTraffic)
dlrground
Traffic)
Tunnel ANDAbove,
(Through
Tunnel AtSERVICE bridging
Grade &
(Through Service over
Underpass Street
Underground Vehicals)
Traffic) sidewalk
Tunnel WaterBus Local
(Local
Rapid
Water
taxi Bus
Traffic)
Trasit
taxi Stops
Light
Subway Local
BusRail
RapidBus Stops
Trasit
Water
Subway
taxi
Street bridging
Above, sidewalk over
Underground
Underground Tunnel
Tunnel (Local(Through Traffic) Traffic)
Local
ughCAR Traffic)
(Through
AND
Traffic) Traffic)
Street
SERVICE
Underground Local Water Bus taxiStops Water taxi Light Rail
ging over
rground
Street Tunnel
At Grade (Through Underpass
Underground &Tunnel
Underground
Service (Local
Tunnel
Tunnel
Vehicals) Traffic)
(Through
(Through Traffic)
& Service Vehicals) Bus
Light Water
Rapid
Rail
Local Bustaxi
Trasit
Stops
Through
cal(Through
Traffic) Traffic)
& Service Underground
CARVehicals) ANDTunnel SERVICE (Through Water Traffic) taxi & Service Vehicals) Bus Rapid
ugh
AR & Service
AND
e, bridging SERVICE
At over Vehicals)
Underground
Underground
Grade Underpass Tunnel
Underground
Tunnel (Through
(Local Tunnel
Traffic) Traffic)
(Through
Above,
Underground bridging Tunnel over (Through & Service Vehicals) BusLocal
Rapid
WaterBus Stops
Trasit
taxi
Through
rough Traffic) & Service Underground Vehicals)Tunnel At(Local
Grade Underpass
(Through &lineService Vehicals) Local Bus
t Underground
Underground
At Grade Underpass Above,
TunnelTunnel bridging
(Through Traffic) over
Traffic)
(train being discontinued)
Water
Local Bustaxi
Stops
rough & Service Street
Above,
Vehicals) bridging over (train line being discontinued) (above street)
Above,
Underground
Underground bridging
Street
TunnelTunnel Underground
over (Through
(Through Tunnel
& Service
Traffic) (Local
(above street) Traffic)
Vehicals) Water taxi
Underground StreetTunnel
(train line
(Local Traffic)
being discontinued)
Water taxi
Streetbridging
Above,
Underground Tunnel Underground
over
(above street)
(train(Through & Tunnel
Service(Through Vehicals) Traffic)
Underground Tunnel (Through Traffic)
line being discontinued)
(train line being discontinued)

Above,
(train line being discontinued)
Streetbridging Underground Tunnel (Through
(above street)
& Service street) Vehicals)
street) over
(train line being discontinued) (above
Underground (aboveTunnel (Through & Service Vehicals)
(above street) (train line being discontinued)

Above, bridging over

(train line being discontinued) (train line being discontinued) (above street)

Above, Street bridging over (above street)

(train line being discontinued) (above street)
(above street)
(train line being discontinued) Street
Street PEDESTRIAN AND
(above BIKE
street) PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
(train line being discontinued)
(above street)
transit modes
stops
Designated Bike Lanes (train line being discontinued)
Main Points of Access (above street)high speed High Speed Train
train
Pedestrain Overpass (train line being discontinued)
Park Path (train line being discontinued) commuter Commuter
train Trainstreet)
(above
Public transit systems and handicap-accessible entries (above street)
Street sidewalk subway Subway
provide multiple modes of accessing the Parc. Signage and
light rail Light Rail
wayfinding strategies orient people within the park wherever
CAR AND SERVICE bus rapid Bus Rapid Trasit
transit
they are, especially at entry/exit points. Meters
At Grade Underpass local busLocalstopsBus Stops
primary access
Underground Tunnel (Localsecondary
Traffic) access 50 150 500
water taxi Water taxi
Underground Tunnel (Through Traffic)
Underground Tunnel (Through & Service Vehicals) A55
hanok c i t y

the p a rc
h i g h l y t r a ff i c ked and inventive spaces for the community

6 m sidewalk light rail four car tr

Parc and Street Section & tree line lane li

A56
 social

ree bike walk Park river walk public space, commercial activity  higher education cluster  (plus

ine lane & tree line & pedestrian path  residential/mixed use) 

A57
hanok c i t y

the b o a rd w a l k
s i t fo r a w h i l e, watch the trains come in, then head to the parc!

Surrounding program

parc

library

continuing
education
center

youngsan
train station two auditorium/
theaters
station
boardwalk

viewing plat-
form to watch
trains enter and
exit station

Entering, exiting, passing through

ramp/sitting
steps leading
to parc and
library

The boardwalk welcomes people to Hanok City, escalator

providing an atmosphere that speaks to the exciting
escalator
dichotomies of the place. exit escalator
through
Hanok City celebrates a lively transportation hub filled with station/IBD
trains, subways, and buses, with pedestrian-oriented design. It buildings
presents towers and technology at a human scale. exits through
exit to boardwalk auditorium
The boardwalk is the first place that people go after arriving from station buildings
plaza
at the intermodal hub, and it is immediately that they are
presented with a refreshing mix of people, interacting in small
ways around every corner and curve.

A58
 social

Aerial of the boardwalk, the welcoming point in Hanok City.

A59
hanok c i t y

the s t re e t m a r k e t p l a ce
w i d e s t re e t s are for people (and some cars)

The plan’s conceived street life represents the objective

to provide for the pedestrian first. Large right of ways are
a flexible and sustainable model for urban development,
allowing public transit to flow while providing safe
pedestrian bridges with visually stimulating qualities.

These pedestrian connections are another way to

connect people above ground - over transit-heavy streets
and between buildings - while still maintaining a close
relationship with the street.

A60
 social

Pedestrian bridge on metropolitan road with BRT stop

A61
hanok c i t y
the v i l l a g e s q u a re
a c t i v a t i n g t h e neighborhood
establish footprint consolidate setbacks
Block making process
At the densities proposed by Hanok City, occupation of the
street can become highly problematic. In highly desirable
areas, formal and informal commercial activity will both
begin to protrude into the way of busy pedestrians. In less
desirable areas, such as small roads passing between high-
rise structures, the height and bulk of the built environment will
stifle community use.
A62
activate the square
To resolve both of these issues, many of Hanok City’s more
residential blocks were designed around the replication of the
village square. Using either a two or four block configuration,
the design of the village square occurred in three stages: 1)
establishing the maximum building footprint, 2) consolidating
setbacks to create interior space, and 3) activate the interior
space with key neighborhood services, such as daycares,
clinics, and space for street vendors.
 social

The village square is a safe and active place.

Hanok City’s courtyards provide space for neighborhood services

like schools, clinics, small theaters, and local grocery stores. They
also allow informal, temporary uses like markets, street vendors,
and pop-up retail. Midrise interior buildings and barriers between the
street and the square help create more intimate, protected space for
sensitive uses, like childcare and geriatric medical service.

A63
hanok c i t y

parc p ro m e n a d e
h a n o k c i t y ’s main shopping destination

The Parc Promenade reinterprets the existing Yongsan By establishing a relationship directly adjacent to the Parc,
electronics market in a way that increases visibility and this lively commercial area draws people onto a decorated
connectivity with the different systems on the area. live-work-play pedestrian boulevard anchored by a cineplex
entertainment mall.

A64
 social

live

residents: 5600
community open space: 20,000 sqm
surfaced public space: 56,000 sqm
park: 12,000 sqm

work & play

commercial/office: 245,000 sqm

retail/restaurant: 205,000 sqm
cineplex mall: 130,000 sqm
hospitality: 30,500 sqm
institution: 10,000 sqm

residential public institution

community open space cineplex mall
park hotel
retail/restaurant public space
commercial/office

A65
A66
 tour of the
home
arriving at the station

watching the trains

walking to the library

strolling along the parkway

kayaking in the parc

shopping at the parc promenade

biking along the han river

A home is not just a collection of goods and activities, but an
entire experience. The Parc is an organizing element in this home
that brings together the exciting programs and opportunities in
Hanok City in a setting that is sustainable and easy to navigate.
It draws on indigenous species of plants and animals, local
art, and adaptable materials to weave together a complex
environment in one legible landscape. The harmonious setting
balances resident and visitor uses.

Upon arrival at the intermodal hub, fresh air and landscaping

interventions lead to the Parc, which is devised to showcase
transit connections, cultural institutions, and economic vibrancy.
This green arc celebrates togetherness in the city and creates
experiences through different “rooms” along the Parc.

A67
hanok c i t y

arr i v i n g a t t h e s t a t i on
t h e i n t e r m o d al hub plaza

Light and airy space that is easy to navigate welcomes visitors

to Hanok City.

A68
tour of the home

A69
hanok c i t y

wa t c h i n g t h e t r a i n s
t h e t r a i n v i e wing deck on the boardwalk

After exiting the intermodal hub, relax and enjoy views of the
trains entering Hanok City.

A70
tour of the home

A71
hanok c i t y

wa l k i n g t o t h e l i b r a r y
c u l t u re & n a t ure coming together

A winter view of the main

library opening to the
Parc and Hanok City’s
auditoriums.

A72
tour of the home

A73
hanok c i t y

stro l l i n g a l o n g t h e p arkway
a c t i v e a n d g reen street life

Whether using public

transportation or walking,
the journey is part of the
experience.

A74
tour of the home

A75
hanok c i t y

kay a k i n g i n t h e p a rc
re c re a t i o n a rea that promotes sustainability

Enjoy year-round recreational activities in the Parc.

Its design also enhances safety for pedestrians,
incorporates stormwater management capacity, and
promotes environmental education.

A76
tour of the home

A77
hanok c i t y

sho p p i n g a t t h e p a rc promenade
h a n o k c i t y ’s entertainment destination

The Parc Promenade features an

exciting international street life and a
variety of shops and restaurants.

A78
tour of the home

A79
hanok c i t y

bik i n g a lo n g t h e h a n river
e n j o y i n g t h e han river park

The Parc connects directly

to Seoul’s Han River Park
System and gives bikers
and pedestrians expansive
views of Seoul and Hanok
City.

A80
tour of the home

A81
A82
 building the
home
connecting to the region

policy framework

site phasing and implementation

block phasing and implementation

vertical proximity requirements & space ratio

In order to build for a myriad of inhabitants in such a dense

environment, the Hanok City plan uses a flexible framework
of policies, block typologies, social programming and builder
incentives.

This framework allows for collaboration between multiple levels

of stakeholders and a customizable approach to urbanity. There
is the potential for the government, the private sector and the
community to all have roles in shaping Yongsan from the scale
of the site down the roof of a building.

The system’s easy adaptability to open space uses and building

typologies presents new possibilities for people-based policies.
Rather than developing an implementation systembased on
current planning and development methods, this plan has a
system so flexible it can embrace as many functions for spaces
as possible (“building the home”). This philosophy respects
the ever increasing and aging population, the innovative culture
rooted in the city, and the need for sustainable systems.

A83
hanok c i t y

con n e c t i n g t o t h e re gion
u s i n g s e o u l ’s assets

Seoul is a global megacity with culture bursting at the seams. existing attractions
The site, located at the heart of the Yongsan District, is
do
exposed to increasing density and development pressures in t o ww n
e l n
its surroundings.
e nsntia
d de
i
The plan uses urban design strategies to enhance Yongsan’s r es
connections to the entire Seoul metropolitan area in terms 2
blic
of cultural identity, transportation, and natural systems.
1
pu
Capitalizing on Seoul’s assets - cultural sites, natural systems,
green
and emerging business hubs - Hanok City renders a unique
sp
identity in the metropolitan area. ac
e
nal
While programmatic clusters exist, there is a sprinkling of natio
intesriness
all uses throughout Hanok City at the block level. The plan bu
embraces density and development pressures, integrating
them throughout the site to create connections with context.
de
v
h uelopme 1 Yongsan Station
• Existing historical precints in the site and the residential b s nt 2 Electronics Mall
tissue at the periphery are carried over to provide a
seamless transition in the urban fabric. integrating existing fabric while creating regional assests

• The riverfront design brings back the contact of people

with water, and consolidates the continuity of the Han
e al
riverwalk across the site. ns nti
deside
re
•

ts
green

ric
Urban Ecology principles guide the design of public sp
i c Seoul

st
b l ac

di
spaces to enhance the relationship between people and
pu e
nature.
int’l
more

s
• busines
tio

The abundant offer of cultural destinations positions the

va
no

site as a metropolitan center for the arts.

in

• The International Business District (IBD) capitalizes on the

close proximity to Yongsan Intermodal Hub.

A84
 building the home

program clusters within mixed-use fabric

low-rise neighborhood international buisness district institutional cluster innovation buisness cluster
commercial/shopping regional medical center cluster the intermodal hub neighborhood

A85
hanok c i t y

pol i c y f r a m e w o r k
f o r b l o c k s t r ucture, affordable housing, and community and public sp a c e

k e y c h a r a c t e r istics

Block structure Public space

• To ensure permeable blocks for pedestrians, cyclists and • In the vertical city public space is not limited to the
other non-motorized travelers, policies should encourage ground plane. Policies should preserve south-oriented
public through-ways in the middle of blocks longer than interior space within the buildings for public or residential
100 meters. community use.

• Every urban block should have a diversity of uses. No
block should be 100 percent residential.
• Lot coverage requirements of blocks with residential units
limit buildable area to 60-70 percent of the lot in order to
provide ground level public space and help ensure light
access into buildings and courtyards.
Affordable housing
• Open space should also be available above the ground.
A percentage of roof space should be dedicated to the
public or the residential community.
• By requiring a percentage of green roofing, these vertical
spaces could also provide ecological benefits in the form
of water management, improved air quality and urban
farming.

• In expectation of a high proportion of elderly residents,

developments with 50 or more residential units must
devote ten percent of all units to affordable senior
housing.

• Developers should be encouraged to build more

affordable housing through incentives. For example,
for every additional five percent of affordable housing
provided, the developer would receive a FAR bonus for
non-residential use or some tax relief on market rate units.

• Policy should help intermingle senior housing with market

rate housing and housing for families. Incentives should
be offered for duplex apartments or other innovative units
encouraging multi-generation families living together.

A86
 building the home

green roofs

vertical open space

affordable senior housing

flexible typologies

diverse uses

family services

permeable blocks

A87
buildin g a h o m e

blo c k s t u d i e s

block size tests 100x100m block

To balance the need for density with the need for an
most efficient
accessible, walkable space, we looked to the grid system.
As a method used for millenia to demarcate property and FAR = 13.72
efficiently hold density in cities (notably Barcelona, New York
and San Francisco in modern times), the grid system also
facilitates greater accessbility by providing more intersections
and by eliminating ‘dead-ends,’ or roads that only lead to one
destination.
140 100
Adjusting the size, or major horizontal dimension of the built
area, of the block can achieve different effects. Keeping 1 block =
density constant, a large block allows lower Floor to Area Ratio 19,600 m^2 area
(FAR), and generally speaking, shorter buildings. However, 137,200 m^2 built
a smaller block means a shorter walking distance between floor area
1,960 people
blocks, but a higher FAR to satisfy density goals.

For our study, we looked at three blocks (100 meters, 80

meters, and 60 meters) as well as four general building lot
coverages (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). The assumptions for
220
these studies include:
73 110
55
40m right-of-way widths (average)
50% residential
4m floor heights 1km^2 = 51.02
35m^2 living space per person blocks
100,000 people/km^2 supported 7,000,000 m^2
built floor area
1000,000 people
We found that the 100x100m block was the most efficient of
the three in carrying density while providing quality sky access. best access to sky overall

Keeping the100x100m block as a base concept across 10 degrees 50-75% coverage

the site allows us to create flexible density even in larger
blocks, dividing them with public non-motorized right-of-ways
87 degrees
instead of roads.

A88
 building a home

80x80m block 60x60m block

most walkable
FAR = 15.75 FAR = 19.44

120 80 100 60

1 block = 1 block =
14,400 m^2 area 10,000 m^2 area
100,800 m^2 built 70,000 m^2 built
floor area floor area
1,440 people 1,000 people

311
252

84 126 156
63 104
78

1km^2 = 69.44 1km^2 = 100

blocks blocks
7,000,000 m^2 7,000,000 m^2
built floor area built floor area
100,000 people 100,000 people

9 degrees 7 degrees

51 degrees
71 degrees

A89
hanok c i t y

site l e v el i m p l e m e n t ation
p h a s i n g a n d key actors

i m p l e m e n t a t i o n actors phase 1

public sector:
Seoul Metropolitan Government
Korea Land and Housing Corporation IBD hub construction
Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation
Korail

phase 2
private sector:
Samsung Group
LG Group the parc
Hyundai Group
Eugene Constructions Company

community organizations: phase 3

church groups
school organizations arena and convention
neighborhood coalitions center

public + private partnership

+ phase 4

yongsan park
public + community partnership
+

community + private partnership

+ phase 5
hospital and
continuing education
campus

phase 6

A90
 building the home

phase 1

IBD construction starts

+ around the transit hub

new road infrastructure

clearing rail yard

Saenamteo Church preserved

+

phase 2

construction of the Parc

+

parc area develops

northwest urban fabric preservation

+ zone established

library and performance arts center

+ anchor west parc ends

A91
hanok c i t y

site l e v el i m p l e m e n t ation
p h a s i n g a n d key actors

phase 3
arena and convention
+
center built

acquires right-of-way for elevated

link to yongsan park

development fills in around IBD

light rail systems developed

phase 4
yongsan park completed

elevated park link

+ connects park systems,
yongsan station

pixel park system

+ connects residents on
the east side

yongsan park attracts residents to

the east of the site

A92
 building the home

phase 5
district hospital built

continuing education campus

built

development starts to reach site

edge

residential density starts to reach

100,000 inh/km across entire site

phase 6
continuing collaboration
+ at all levels carries the site
into the urban future

A93
hanok c i t y

blo c k l e v e l p h a s i n g / implementation
p u b l i c - p r i v a t e partnership scenario

p u b l i c - p r i v a t e development scenario pre-development phase

This scenario represents one possible way in which a block Land cleared and parcels and mandatory dedication divided.
on the site might develop and represents flexibility in land
acquisition, phasing, programming and building typologies.

developer 1 (D1) - private developer

developer 2 (D2) - private developer

developer 3 (D3) - korea land and housing corporation+

private developer

Here the private developers act quickly and start building out
their parcels. The public-private partnership takes longer to
aquire total funding and leases the space under their parcels
for underground parking to help close the gap. This time loss
for the third private developer is offset by the tax savings
gained from the provision of additional affordable housing and
a public school.

Block Statistics
Residential
block dimensions........................................... 107m X 190m Affordable Senior Housing
number of residents...................................................... 2520 Commercial
housing units................................................................... 578 High School
types.....................................................1br, 361 2br, 144 3br Green Roof
high school.............12,300 sqm,1000 students, 50 teachers Rooftop Open Space
commercial/retail space..................................... 24,200 sqm Ground Level Public Space
ground level open space.....................................12,000 sqm Developer
rooftop open space.............................................. 6,800 sqm Mandated Dedication
Negotiated Public Space
green roofs........................................................... 5,400 sqm
Under Construction
Underground Parking

A94
 building the home

phase 0 phase 1
Parcels bought by developers, collective public space Developers 1 and 2 start construction, developer 3 leases
negotiated. their underground space for parking to help finance further
development.

phase 2 phase 3
Developer 3 starts construction after receiving public matching All construction is complete, project enters management
funds for the school portion. phase.

A95
hanok c i t y

ver t i c a l p ro x i m i t y re quirement
n o o n e f a r t h e r than a “5 minute elevator” ride from community or pub l i c
space

People of any level of mobility should be no farther than a

short elevator ride to a garden, a playground, an art gallery, a
reading room, a library, a theater, or a cafe. In the vertical city,
no one should feel isolated in a building or feel far away from
activities or people.

Working with the vertical community space ratio, the vertical

proximity requirement ensures that there are sufficient
moments of community and public gathering within the dense,
vertical environment.

Developments with heights that require more than one

vertical community space will be rewarded with FAR bonuses,
depending on district location.

A96
 building the home

B a s i c R u l e : communal or public space no farther than 90 vertical mete r s f ro m

t h e s t re e t or another communal/public space

space 2

90 m

space 1

90 m

<90 meters 90 meters 90 - 180 meters >180 meters

IBD district

innovation district

commercial district

residential district

residential district

A97
hanok c i t y

ver t i c a l p ro x i m i t y re quirement
d i s t r i c t re q u i rements
social space requirements

<90m 90-180m >180m

central
vertical
includes: international business district proximity
average FAR: 18
community
commercial: 1,956,000 sqm
space
residential: 1,436,000 sqm
institutional: 795,000 sqm SKY PARC
population: 44,815 inhabitants (20.3%) (public open space)

northeast

includes: residential and

vertical
innovation clusters proximity
average FAR: 15
commercial: 567,000 sqm
residential: 774,000 sqm community
institutional: 228,000 sqm space
population: 24,143 inhabitants (11%)
southwest

includes: commercial and vertical

instituational clusters proximity
average FAR: 15
commercial: 1,642,000 sqm
residential: 2,053,000 sqm community
institutional: 410,000 sqm space
population: 64,029 inhabitants (29.1%)

southeast

includes: residential clusters vertical

average FAR: 12 proximity
commercial: 362,000 sqm
community
residential: 1,691,000 sqm
roof space
institutional: 362,000 sqm
population: 52,795 inhabitants (24%) community
space
northwest

includes: low-rise, residential,

medical, and institutional clusters
average FAR: 10
commercial: 183,000 sqm community
residential: 1,098,000 sqm roof space
institutional: 549,000 sqm community
population: 34,266 inhabitants (15.5%) space

A98
 building a home

FAR b o n u s e s ownership

<90m 90-180m >180m

BONUS private
FAR= community
BONUS
FAR=
+
+
+
x1.50 public
x1.50

BONUS
FAR=
BONUS
FAR=
+
+
x1.25
x1.25

BONUS
FAR=
BONUS
FAR=
+
+
x1.25
x1.25

BONUS
FAR=

BONUS +
FAR=
x1.00

BONUS
FAR=

A99
hanok c i t y

ver t i c a l c o m m u n i t y space ratio

s h a re d n e i g h borhood space in residential areas

The Hanok City plan aims to create integrated infrastructure

for neighborhoods by setting up a specific ratio of mandatory
community space for every individual housing complex.
Community spaces could be used to encourage the mingling
of classes and ages and provide needed activities and social
programs for building residents.

Developers/architects would incorporate reserved space

in parts of the vertical buildings during the planning/design
stage; the spaces would then be used in the future either by
the residents of the building or block.

The residents’ participation would be needed for deciding

the location and the function of the open space from the
beginning stage of the planning. There would be incentives
for participation, which could include a reduction of the price
of the residential unit or preference of housing units near the
space.

A ratio of open community space would be reserved in each

building with over 100 residential units when the development
is initiated, and would be owned and operated by a
cooperation of the residents.

10% open space for buildings 30 stories or less

15% open space for buildings 31 stories or more

By using a ratio of community space, each resident is

guaranteed more intimate, neighborhood space in addition
to the ample public space provided. With a flexible system,
residents can better control their own space and program it as
it best suits their vertical neighborhood. Here we present three
scenarios to show how diverse one community space might
turn out depending on the residents of a building.

A100
 building the home

In one scenario, a community is interested in agriculture and

gardening. This community has all active green roofs for
gardens, urban farming, and a small orchard. They also have
a community kitchen for food start-up businesses, and other
amenities like a recreation center, coffee shop, and communal
dining.

S c e n a r i o 1 : G re e n G ro w ers Community

A101
hanok c i t y

ver t i c a l c o m m u n i t y space ratio

s h a re d n e i g h borhood space in residential areas

In another scenario, the vertical community has a high

proportion of families with children, so they choose to
create a child care center and a number of playscapes
and playgrounds. This community has passive green
roofs, an educational garden, and amenities like a
community coffee shop, sports fields, and a rock
climbing wall.

S c e n a r i o 2 : F a m i l y M a t t e r s Community

A102
 building the home

In the last scenario, the community is interested in the

arts and other cultural amenities. They create a theater,
artist studios and a printmaking shop, and an outdoor
cinema. They have all passive green roofs, and also have
a cafe with outdoor dinning and a yoga center.

S c e n a r i o 3 : C re a t i v e C l u s ter Community

A103
hanok c i t y

gra p h i c k e y

D4
P5
S3
D3
3
4
2
P6 P2
P4
P7

P3 1
P8 5

D5 S2

D1
6

D2

P9
P1

S1

A104
 graphic key

SPECIAL PLACES

1 the intermodal hub (pA18)

2 the boardwalk (pA58)
3 cultural cluster (p58)
4 the parc (p52)
5 the parc promenade (p64)
6 the han river park (p80)
7 yongsan park (p52)

DISTRICTS (p96)

D1 central
D2 southeast
D3 northeast
D4 northwest
D5 southwest

IMAGES

P1 the village square (pA63)

P2 the intermodal hub entrance (pA19)
P3 arriving at the station (pA68)
P4 watching the trains (pA70)
P5 walking to the library (pA72)
7 P6 shopping at the parc promenade (pA78)
P7 strolling along the parkway (pA74)
P8 kayaking in the parc (pA76)
P9 biking along the han river (pA80)

S1 north/south section (pA22)

S2 east/west section (pA20)
S3 parc promenade section (p64)

A105
hanok c i t y

add i t i o n a l re f e re n c e s

106
 additional references

a d d i t i o n re ferences: services
1. civic service centers: Facility sizing and gross amount of facility space for the civic service were based on per capita assements. Facility
design, sizing, and gross built area for the library system was based on two documents. The first was a multi-city review of per capita rates of
facility availability for collection cities;Providence Associates Inc (2002) A Master Facilities Plan for the Louisville (KY) Free Public Library. Louisville,
KY, USA: City of Louisville, KY. retrieved from http://www.lfpl.org/district/master-plan.htm. The second was a community design guide; Dahlgreen,
A. C. (2009) Public Library Space Needs: A Planning Outline. Madison, Wisconsin, USA: Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction. retrieved
from http://dpi.wi.gov/pld/pdf/plspace.pdf. Facility design and sizing for the fitness centers were also based on per capita ratios. Those ratios
were derived from a review of recreational sports facilities within urban college campuses; University of California-Los Angeles Department of
Cultural and Recreational Affairs (2003) The UCLA Community’s Demand for Recreational Space, Los Angeles, CA, USA: University of California-
Los Angeles.

2. emergency services facilities: Facility sizing and the gross amount of facility space for emergency service facility was based on recommended
per capita rates of services provision. For the fire stations, the number of stations based on service levels established by the U.S. National Fire
Protection Association; Karter, M.J. (2011) U.S. Fire Department Profile Through 2010. Quincy, MA, USA: National Fire Protection Association.
retrieved from www.nfpa.org/assets/files/pdf/os.fdprofile.pdf. Facility design and sizing was based on a community specific design report:
Mooney, Jones, & Stokes (2007) City of Brawley Final Service Area Plan. Brawley, CA, USA: City of Brawley. retrieved from http://www.iclafco.com/
CMS/Media/Brawley-SAP---Table-of-Contents.pdf. Police facilities gross area was based on per capita design specifications: Unknown Author
(2005) City of Westmorland Service Area Plan-Law Enforcement. Westmorland, CA, USA: City of Westmorland. retrieved from http://www.iclafco.
com/CMS/Media/0810201075c30feed397481/7-Law-Enforcement.pdf. Facility sizing and design was based on surveys of existing police station
distribution and design within the site, as provided by Google Earth; Yongsan-gu. 37 deg 31’41.20” N 126 deg 58’04.86” . GOOGLE EARTH (2012)
retrieved February 15, 2012

3. health service facilities: Facility sizing and the gross amount of facility space for health service facilities was based on per capita
reccomendations. The basis for this recommendation was an audit of the South Korean health care system; Chang Bae Chun et al. (2009)
Republic of Korea Health System Review. Health Systems in Transition, 11(7). Copenhagen, Denmark: World Health Organization. retrieved from
http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/101476/E93762.pdf. This document provided a per capita number of patient beds for a wide
range of facility types. To determine the size and number of facilities that would house the required number of patient beds, case studies of the
Yonsei Medical System, one of Seoul’s pre-eminent service providers, were conducted. Data concerning facility design was retrieved from http://
www.yuhs.or.kr/en/about_yuhs/yuhs/General_Info/

4. retail service facilities: The gross amount of retail space appropriate for the site was determined based on per capita recommendations for
general retail and groccery retail. To establish the appropriate rate of service provision for groccery stores a metropolitan-scale food retail case
study was used; AECOM (2010) NYC Full Service Groccery Store Analysis. New York City, NY, USA: NYC Department of Health and Mental
Hygiene. retrieved from http://www.nyc.gov/html/misc/pdf/nyc_store_analysis.pdf. Unfortunately, establishing per capita rates for general retail
lacks industry concensus. To compensate for this lack of data, case studies of dense, large scale mixed use development were conducted. From
these studies a general rate of 4 sq m per person was established for neighborhood retail. The remaining retail area was conceptualized as serving
hypothetical regional development demand. There is no quantitative evidence for this regional demand. Facility design and sizing was based
on case studies of the three different retail formats. The hypermarket format was based case studies of TESCO hypermarket design. Big box
retail store design was based on urban store formats for Target and Walmart. The mixed retail format was based on case studies of small scale
businesses including chain resturants (Panera Bread and Starbucks), convience stores (7-Eleven), and boutique retail.

3. Education service facilities: The sizing and design of k-12 educational facilities was based on a per student service provision ratio. The age
groups included in the projected student body were identified based on an overview of the South Korean educational system; Sorensen, C.W
(1994) Success and Education in South Korea, Comparative Education Review, 38(1),pp.10-35 retrieved from http://faculty.washington.edu/
sangok/education.PDF. Facility size and design for grades k-12 were then established using a school design guide; Unkown Author (2012) School
Construction Square Foot Recommendations. Bismark, ND, USA: North Dakota Department of Public Instruction. retrieved from http://www.dpi.
state.nd.us/finance/construct/. Daycare facility design was based on a similar design guide; White, R. & Stoecklin,V. (2003) The Great 35 Square
Foot Myth. Kansas City, MO, USA: White Hutchinson Leisure and Learning Group. retrieved from http://www.whitehutchinson.com/children/
articles/35footmyth.shtml. Continuing education facility design and sizing is purely speculative and does not have quantitative justification.

107
a w a t e r s h e d m o m ent
Elliot Weiss - Dinghao Zhou - Bokole Braun
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

a w a tershed moment

B4
concept B6

systems B18

urban design B42

implementation B90
B5
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

con c e p t
i n t ro d u c t i o n

B6
“A watershed moment” is about water, sure. But not just
water. It’s about creating complex and interdependent social,
economic, and ecological geographies; it’s about seizing
an opportunity. With demographic, commercial, and natural
assets, Yongsan can become an urban environment that
makes it easy to enjoy a sustainable and fulfilling lifestyle.

The project is premised on the following concepts:

reinvigorate the Korean LANDSCAPE to structure the

urban evironment

promote SOCIABILITY by ‘extroverting the bang’

design supportive environments for the entirety of the human

LIFECYCLE

harness the power of the MARKET to make the triple

bottom line

embrace innovative TECHNOLOGY to create a ‘smart

city’

B7
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

con c e p t
t h e u r b a n p a lympsest

Yongsan 1946 Yongsan 2010 Yongsan 2055

h i s t o r i c a l e v o l ution
The development of this masterplan began with copious downtown Seoul and flowing south to the Han River.
research. Throughout the process, we discovered that while
the Korean national identity has lways been imbued by the Both of these streams were gone by 2010. Yongsan evolved to
legacy of the landscape, a large wave of urbanization in the accommodate industrial uses and large infrastructure projects.
post-World War II era removed natural features like creeks, The quality of the urban environment has been compromised.
rivers, and forests from the urban ecosystem.
The masterplan envisions Yongsan as a place where a density
The recent daylighting of the Cheonggyecheon in downtown of interaction and a restored landscape create a liveable
Seoul shed light on the potential of waterways once buried in environment with profound social and economic prowess.
a rush to complete massive development projects. Hailed as These features are noticeable in the proposed figure ground
a great success, the Cheonggyecheon is now a world-class above. Density is configured in a way that enhances the urban
public amenity with millions of visitors annually. environment while respecting the context of the surrounding
fabric and the social and cultural histories in play.
Yongsan, too, was home to several natural waterways prior
to heavy industrialization. The 1946 figure ground, above,
illustrates these features. One stream, on the south side of the
site, began in the hills of what is now Yongsan Park; the other,
the Uk’Cheon, ran from the foothils of Inwang-san, past the
Seodaemun Prison and the Independence Gate, before skirting

B8

analysis
Having gained an appreciation for the historic evolution
of Yongsan, we turned our attention back to the existing
condition. Our team conducted a rigorous analysis of assets
and liabilities on the site.
We found that Yongsan is home to numerous cultural
institutions, natural amenities like the Han riverfront and
Yongsan Park, major retail destinations like the Electronics
Mall, and a few vibrant neighborhoods. Furthermore, the site
has excellent connectivity to other parts of Seoul.
The redevelopment plans in place for parts of the site,
including for Yongsan Park and Yongsan IBD, are ambitious
and indicate a willingness to invest in the area.
*
**
* *
* *
SWOT Analysis: repositioning the site
concept
However, our design team also took notice of the history
of major flooding in Yongsan, which threatens lives and
commerce.
Major infrastructural elements, such as the rail lines leading to
Yongsan Station or the large expressways running north-south
and east-west, largely disconnect entire swaths of residential
land from other amenities while simultaneously creating
terrible congestion. And while current development projects
aim to improve the site, many have produced negative social
externalities by displacing existing residents and destroying
neighborhoods that represent the traditional urban fabric.
*
B9
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

con c e p t
l a n d s c a p e / urbanism

Given the site analysis summarized above, our challenge is

to retain the best of Yongsan while repurposing the site for
an incredibly dense urban environment, without sacrificing
livability and access.

Density can be configured in any number of ways, but

the predominant models each have advantages and
disadvantages.

A uniform distribution of density, seen in many European

cities, disperses density throughout buildings of similar height.
Because these types of cities are often heavily regulated, Geophysical 1: Uniform
density typically requires either small unit sizes or a large
footprint. On the other hand, uniform distributions often create
livable cities that respect historical context, since they tend to
be dense without relying on overwhelming height.

The monocentric model is common in North American cities,

with density concentrated in the center city or downtown. This
core is surrounded by lower density development of suburban
character. Concentrated density has the advantage of creating
economies of scale for business and resident services, but can
also create oppresive environments marred by congestion,
pollution, and perpetual shade. Geophysical: monocentric

A polycentric or distributed model mimics the peaks and

valleys of the Korean landscape, contrasting neighborhoods
of tremendous density with more human scaled environments
in a small area. This model provides a number of benefits for
Yongsan, including sunlight filtration, accessible verticality, and
a unique aesthetic. Our design relies heavily on this model, Y
Z

expressed in infrastructure, massing, building typology, and X

landscape. XY = site area

Z = density

Geophysical: Distributed (peaks and valleys)

B10

Source: www.big.dk
Zira Island, carbon-neutral resort city, Bjarke Ingels Group
The idea that the built environment can mimic the natural
in form and function is not new. A prominent example of
this thinking may be found in Bjarke Ingels Group’s Zira
Island Master Plan for a carbon-neutral resort community in
Azerbaijan. In the words of Ingels, the plan:
“is an architectural landscape based on the natural
landscape of Azerbaijan. This new architecture not only
recreates the iconic silhouettes of the seven peaks, but
more importantly creates an autonomous ecosystem where
the flow of air, water, heat and energy are channeled in
almost natural ways.
concept
A mountain creates biotopes and eco-niches, it channels
water and stores heat, it provides viewpoints and valleys,
access and shelter. The Seven Peaks of Azerbaijan
are not only metaphors, but actual living models of the
mountainous ecosystems of Azerbaijan.”
In this way, distributing density along a series of “peaks and
valleys” can create a city that restores the ecological integrity
of the Korean landscape, promotes sociability among
diverse populations, creates supportive environments for the
human lifecycle, and harnesses the power of the market
and innovative technology to effectively and efficiently
manage urban issues.
B11
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

con c e p t
landscape

Source: http://asiasociety.
com

p r i s t i n e w i l d er ness

s w i f t s t re a m s

wide rivers

f e r t i l e w e t l a nds

jagged peaks

Source: tasotyosotbosot.blogspot.com Source: Wikipedia Commons Source: groovekorea.com Source: english.visitkorea.or.kr

B12
 concept

sociability

v e rd a n t p arks

g r a n d p l a zas

s e a s o n a l adventures

noraebang

jimjilbang

Source: http://2.bp.blogspot.com Source: http://farm8.staticflickr.com Source: http://www.travelpod.com Source: http://lofbomm.com

B13
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

con c e p t
lifecycle

Source: http://journalism.berkeley.edu

mu l t i g e n e r ational tradition

m e a n i n g f u l employment

accessibility

f a m i l y - o r i e nted design

s o c i a l s e r v i ces

Source: farm4.static.flickr.com Source: http://www.toxel.com Source: http://flickr.com/users/ Source: http://voicesofny.org

B14
 concept

market

Source: han-guk-hoods.blogspot.com

i n t e r n a t i onal business district

i n n o v a t i ve product types

s t r a t e g i c phasing

d e v e l o p er incentives

e c o n o m ic justice

Source: http://www.interiordesign.net Source: gtresearchnews.gtech.edu Source: http://www.locoa.org

B15
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

con c e p t
technology

Source: http://www.nytimes.com

“ s m a r t c i t y ” partnerships

e ff e c t i v e a nalytics

i n t u i t i v e w a yfinding

s us t a i n a b l e energy

s t re a m l i n e d service provision

Source: freeassociationdesign.wordpress.com Source: digitalwellbeinglabs.com Source: http://energy.gov Source: http://asmarterplanet.com

B16
 concept

***
*

*
** *
**
** ****
*** *
*

B17
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

sys t e m s
districts

The distribution of population and economic activity among

five districts is core to the Peaks and Valleys concept. Defined
spatially by major geographic and infrastructural features,
each of the individual districts provide adequate living, working Singu
and social amenities while simultaneously serving a particular
niche. Population and labor is densely concentrated at the
International
district downtown known as the “peak” to accommodate more
human-scaled “valleys” at the periphery.
Business District Keystone
The Keystone – the centerpiece of the site, the Keystone is
located along the railroad corridor and Hanango Road at the
nexus of the other four districts. Yongsan Station, located at
the “center of the center” is among the busiest transit hubs in
Korea. Range

Business District – bound by the Uk’cheon stream to the west

and Hangangno Road to the east, the Business District is
home to some of the most valuable commercial real estate in
Korea.

The Range - the residential compliment to the dense least dense most dense
concentration of office space in the Keystone and Business
Districts, the Range holds the largest residential population of
the five districts and is bound by Hangangno Road to the west Singu
and Yongsan Park to the north. The Range’s Ichon’cheon links
Yongsan Park to the Han River. International

International District – Bisected by Hangango Road and

defined by its historic proximity to the U.S. Army Garrison, the Keystone
International district is Yongsan’s cultural melting pot. Business District

Singu – The Korean word for “old and new,” Singu is defined
by the exhumed Uk’cheon stream and the site’s largest historic Range
preservation overlay zone.

B18
 systems

p ro g r a m + land use

= 50 persons

residential

commercial

institutional

transportation

B19
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

sys t e m s
verticality

When the demand for floor area is so high (at over 11 million
square meters site wide) and the supply of land area so low,
vertical development is inevitable. Across the site, building
heights range from as low as two stories in the Singu
preservation overlay zone to as over 120 stories along the main
strip of towers in the Business District. The strategic regulation
of verticality and building typology is necessary in order to
maximize sun exposure to as many residents as possible.

B20
B21
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

sys t e m s
topography

>31.25 meters

29 - 31.25

25.75 - 29
>31.25 meters

22.5 - 25.75
29 - 31.25

25.7519.25
- 29 - 22.5

22.5 - 25.75
16 - 19.25
19.25 - 22.5
<16 meters
16 - 19.25

<16 meters

Topography plays an essential role in the individual district
site plans as well as the greater Yongsan-wide storm water
management strategy. Given the Han River’s tendency to
flood entire portions of the site from time to time, the team
investigated the potential of grading and other site engineering
techniques in mitigating flood risk.
Watershed Moments takes on an approach similar to Studio
Daniel Libeskind’s Archipelago 21 proposal to mount towers
and the street grid on a vast multi-story parking deck. Raising
roughly two-thirds of the Business District eight meters above
grade provides enough clearance for two stories of parking
with internal circulation below street level. Moreover, the grade
change effectively elevates the heavily commercial portion of
the Business District above the flood plain.
The Han Waterfront zone, however, will inevitably remain within
the flood plain. Flood risk along the Waterfront is mitigated
through the enforcement of design guidelines and regulations.
The reintroduction of naturalistic streams to the site not only
provides scenic public space amenities but also constructs
major channels for storm water. The resultant soil cut volume
from stream excavation will be redistributed as fill volume for
earthwork related to the raising of the Business District and
burial of railroad infrastructure. Aggregated across the site
over the duration of the development project, cut volume will
equal fill volume to minimize environmental impact and carbon
footprint related to moving soil on and off site.

B22

s t o r m w a t er management
Managing the impact of the wet season’s potentially
devastating major storm events is a highly complex endeavor.
The introduction of 220,000 residents and substantial
infrastructure improvements only intensifies the need for
sophisticated management strategies.
On a very basic level, the drafting of policies pertaining to the
regulation of paved surfaces and materials will have to rely on
expertise beyond the traditional planning establishment.
systems
Climate change related volatility will further complicate the
planning and management processes.
Watershed Moments calls for the integration of built, natural/
landscape, and “smart” (i.e. data driven) systems to structure a
larger stormwater and watershed management strategy. This is
achieved through the use of constructed wetlands, mandates
on green space provision, innovative building codes and a
state-of-the-art system
B23
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t
sys t e m s
s t o r m w a t e r management
Managing the impact of the wet season’s potentially
devastating major storm events is a highly complex endeavor.
The introduction of 220,000 residents and substantial
infrastructure improvements only intensifies the need for
sophisticated management strategies. On a very basic level,
the drafting of policies pertaining to the regulation of paved
surfaces and materials will have to rely on expertise beyond
the traditional planning establishment.
Climate change related volatility will further complicate the
planning and management processes.
B24
Watershed Moments calls for the integration of built, natural/
landscape, and “smart” (i.e. data driven) systems to structure a
larger stormwater and watershed management strategy. This is
achieved through the use of constructed wetlands, mandates
on green space provision, innovative building codes and a
state-of-the-art system that can sense potential stormwater
threats as they are unfolding and respond automatically. In
the event that a storm water event overwhelms the system,
emergency management officials will be notified immediately
so that evacuation procedures may begin promptly.
 systems

w a s t e w a t e r and water management

rain water grey water

black water solar collector
grey water green roof rain water
collector collector hot water

An effective grey water recycling system can save energy and Filtered rain water heated by solar energy could be used
sometimes scarce —as is the case during the dry season— for showers. While the resultant grey water must undergo
water resources. Some structures, such as high-rise residential preliminary filtration within the building, it can eventually
towers, produce large volumes of grey water on a twenty-four undergo an additional layer of filtration through green roof
hour/weekly basis. In most contemporary buildings, grey water systems.
is treated as waste rather than a resource. In large-enough
towers, descending grey water can be used to power turbines
that generate electricity for low-intensity building systems like
thermostats.

B25
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

sys t e m s
water

The waterways on site all receive their flow from different

sources. The Uk’cheon (upper right) is a daylighting project,
similar to the heralded Cheonggyecheon. It’s base flow is
supplements by runoff.

The stream in the Retail Valley (middle right) is supplied by

purified greywater from the buildings on-site. Runoff from the
IBD would also settle here.

The Ichon’cheon (lower right) relies almost exclusively on

runoff, but also gathers water naturally from the hilly terrain of
Yongsan Park, at its headwaters.

These streams aid in stormwater infiltration, but other

techniques help prevent damage from flooding. Mobile phone
applications like Creek Watch allow residents to supply
management partners with a library of information on waterway
performance. This aids in flood prediction and preparedness.

On the other hand, when the inevitable flood does occur,

flood-resistant architecture (below), which is mandatory in the
waterfront overlay zone, helps protect residential uses from
damage.

Source: http://www.architecture.com

B26
 systems

Uk’cheon

Retail Valley

Ichon’cheon

B27
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t
sys t e m s
u n d e rg ro u n d infrastructure
In order to meet floor area requirements while maintaining
livability, Watershed Moments optimizes land usage by burying
the railroad tracks north of Yongsan Station.
In order to break-up the partition between the east and west
sides of the site and to protect pedestrian safety,
B28
Hangang Road has been narrowed to four lanes of traffic at
street level. Two south and north-bound lanes of high-speed
through-traffic, however, have been placed underground to
maintain the major thoroughfare. Additionally, a Bus Rapid
Transit line has been placed underground (with surface access
in the Keystone).
 systems

In an effort to make emergency response in Yongsan the

fastest in Seoul, two high-speed emergency vehicle lanes have
been placed underground. The emergency lanes provide direct
access to the emergency room at Yongsan Medical Center.

B29
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

sys t e m s
transportation

In an effort to maintain legibility and minimize infrastructure

costs, the Watershed Moments road network is arranged in
a relatively familiar grid pattern. Much of the existing road
fabric, especially in the Singu preservation overlay, has been
maintained with a few minor altercations. The grid in the
Bussiness and Range districts, however, are almost entirely
new.

Given the difficulty in predicting the long term trajectory of

transportation technology, lane widths and parking space
dimensions—which determine much of our street hierarchy—
are based on current standards.

To promote walkability, secondary and tertiary streets are

narrowed and certain overlay zones are actually closed-off to
automobile traffic from time to time.

secondary road

tertiary road

major railroad

major railroad
(buried)

major arterial road

major arterial road

(buried)

B30
 systems

ro a d s y s t e ms

B31
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

sys t e m s
transportation

The abundance of public transportation alternatives should

minimize—and is, in fact, capable of eliminating—automobile
dependence in Yongsan.

Extra-site transport is accommodated by subway, commuter

rail, bus, bus rapid transit, water taxi and automobiles.
Intra-site transport is serviced by a street car system, local
automobile and pedestrian traffic circulation.

subway

street car line A

street car line B

bus rapid transit

bus route A

bus route B

bus route C

water taxi

transit stop

B32
 systems

transit

B33
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

sys t e m s
open space

Open Space can convey a sense of the larger

landscape and of the great web of life. Orientation
to the city itself can be improved by contrast and
the views which are opened up.
- Kevin Lynch, The Openness of Open Space

High urban density only intensifies the need for qulity

urban space. In recent decades, research from the social, Green Space
behavioral and health sciences has highlighted the link
Naturalistic
between adequate exposure to natural scenes and
Park
psychological and physiological wellbeing. The health
benefits of quality green space can be enjoyed by people of
all ages.
Public Square

Inevitably, housing 100,000 people safely and comfortably

per square kilometer will come at the expense of open space
and vise-versa. The Watershed Moments master plan only
Pedestrian Greenway
allocates about fifteen percent of site area to open and green
space. Moreover, with the intent of distributing open space
evenly throughout the site, most of these parks and plazas
have been made relatively small— hardly large enough to
evoke a sense of extent from the dense urban environment. Vertical Green
Space
Beyond the allotted fifteen percent at ground level, rooftops
and residual surfaces from podiums and setbacks create
opportunities for non-traditional open spaces. Landscaped
medians, alleyways and pedestrian overpasses constitute an
additional category of open space, one that serves the dual
purpose of open space and transit amenity. Paved Space

Residents can acquire a sense of “Contrast,” by traversing Plaza

the vast Yongsan and Hangang Parks, located just east and
south of the site respectively. Nearly two-and-a-half square
kilometers in total area, these naturalistic green spaces are
Marina
spacious enough for residents to literally lose themselves in.

Promenade/
Esplanade

B34
 systems

h i e r a rc h y of open space

1 cm = 35 m 1 in = 290 ft

B35
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

sys t e m s
vegetation

The Trident Maple is a small to

medium sized tree that grows
well in tight locations. It re-
quires a 1m2 well and grows to
approximately 7.5 meters (25
feet) in height.

Crape Myrtle trees are small

but sport beautiful summer
blossoms in red, pink, and
white.

The Camphor tree is a large

(12 meter/40 foot) tree with
an aggressive root system. It
needs a lot of space but is an
attractive evergreen.

Ginkgo trees are popular street

trees worldwide because
they are adaptable to urban
conditions, behave well around
hardscape, and are disease-re-
sistant. They grow to 9 meters
and produce great fall color.

B36
 systems

The Chinese Pistache grows

to 15 meters (50 feet) and
provides ample shade. It is
well-behaved around concrete
and has good fall color, but it
prefers dry, well-drained soils.

The Goldenrain is a medium

sized tree, reaching heights of
9 meters (around 30 feet). It is
drought tolerant and is used at
higher elevations on site. This
tree flowers in the summer.

The Evergreen Pear is a me-

dium sized tree that sprouts
beautiful white blooms in
spring.

Korean Pines are found in

mountainous regions of Korea
and grow to be very big. How-
ever, as a member of the White
Pine family, there are several
varieties appropriate for urban
conditions. They are tolerant of
severe cold.

B37
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

sys t e m s
s m a r t i n f r a s t ructure

The project transforms Yongsan into a leader in the global

Smart Cities Initiative. The Data-driven, computer interface
assisted infrastructure provides city administrators and the
public the means to access large amounts of detailed real-time
information on traffic and public transit and the electric grid
among other things.

Smart Transit – network of sensors, GPS devices and heavy

infrastructure used to maximize commute times on public http://us.aving.net/news/view.php?articleId=179156

transit and optimize private vehicle traffic volumes.

Rapid Response – network of sensors, traffic flow monitoring

devices and specially dedicated lanes and rout≠es for the
purpose of improving emergency response times.

Smart Grid – network of Advanced Metering Infrastructure and

smart meters used to coordinate energy supply and safeguard
against brown/black outs.

Central Command – based in the Keystone, the Yongsan

Central Command Terminal (YCCT) houses the main servers,
super computers, dispatchers and emergency management
personnel that coordinate the networks.

http://news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-10424110-54.html

http://www.barco.com/en/References/2009-12-15---metr-rio.aspx
Yongsan Central Control Terminal

B38
 systems

smart transit rapid response smart grid central command

B39
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

sys t e m s
w a s t e a n d e n ergy flows

Our design minimizes the disconnect between consumption

and waste through the concept of a “waste energy flow.”
Traditionally, cities have failed to capitalize on valuable energy
and material resources like food waste, grey water and solid
municipal waste (SMW). Greywater

The waste energy flow system essentially streamlines the

waste recycle process by keeping as much of the process at
the district or even building scale as possible.

Rather than relying on a single public or private sector Food /Organic Waste
utilities provider, energy production has been decentralized to Produce Nearly
encourage innovation and capitalize on economies of scale 128,000 metric tons
of MSW per year
and scope.

A minimum of two thirds of a new building’s energy

consumption (one third for older existing buildings) must be Plastic and
Plastic Metal
and Metal
met by energy produced somewhere on site. This can be Waste
Waste
achieved using a closed-loop module at the individual building
or block scale or through an open-loop module for block
clusters and neighborhoods.

Cogeneration units are likely to cover the minimum

requirement, however, incentives will be provided to Grey Water Recycling Building Un
Systems (Closed Loop Sy
developers who capitalize on other alternative energy sources
and innovations in energy production.

Cogeneration Plant

On-Site Compost
and Anaerobic Digestor

Recycling Pre-Sort Center

B40
 systems

Greywater Recycling Electricity

and Energy Recapture

Anaerobic Digestion Methane/Natural Gas Cogeneration Electricity

Consume Nearly
6,000 GwH of
electricity per year

Recycling
RecyclingPre-Sorting
Pre-Sorting ScrapMaterial
Scrap Material Smelting
Smelting and
and Refining
Refining Usable
Usable Materials
Materials

67%
MINIMUM
nit of a new building’s energy
ystem) demand must be gener-
ated on-site District Unit
(Network System)
On-Site Compost
and Anaerobic Digestor

33%
MINIMUM
Recycling Pre-Sort Center
of an existing building’s
energy demand must be
generated on-site

Cogeneration Plant

B41
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

urb a n d e s i g n
overview

Traditional neighborhood fabric is preserved, providing a

vibrant urban neighborhood and a diverse mix of housing
types.

A series of signature office buildings provide world-class space

for international corporations in the International Business
District.
The Landmark Tower is a 365 meter tall commercial mega- d.
structure and is the tallest building in Seoul by 101 meters. It roR
o
also encludes phenomenal facilities for post-secondary and nhy
adult education. Wo Cheon
gparo
Rd.
The Uk’Cheon, a daylighted stream, is the backbone of a large
linear park and provides ample opportunities for recreation.

Yongsan Plaza is a large public space for gatherings and

events; at the southwest entrance to Yongsan Station, the
space is designed to accommodate hundreds of thousands of
people daily.

The Retail Valley projects as one of the world’s most iconic

shopping streets; the pedestrian promenade is lined by
flowering trees and a landscaped canal.

Yongsan Marina is a premier waterfront on the Han River. With

slips for boats large and small, a generous esplanade, a water
taxi stop, and an in-river heated swimming pool, the Marina is
detined to be a major attraction.

Saenamteo Catholic Church is preserved as one of Yongsan’s

major religious and historical treasures; the church was built in
1987 to honor Dae-Gun and other Korean martyrs.

The Skyline Terrace is simultaneously a infrastructural solution

and a public space; ramping up to a height of 14 meters,
Han River
the Terrace provides space for exercise classes and casual
strolling, all with superb skyline and river views.

B42
 urban design

A necklace park provides varied public spaces for informal

markets, recreation, and leisure.

Hanggangro Road’s high-speed traffic is diverted below

ground to access parking, with individual lanes resurfacing at
major intersections. The surface road caters to slower, local
traffic, making streets safer for pedestrians.

A state-of-the-art regional medical center provides cutting

edge care to in-patients and visitors from all over Korea. It’s
central location makes it easily accessible by foot, bike, car, or
train.

Redesigned Yongsan Station is an intermodal hub for the

future, with retail and generous interior/exterior landscaping.
Serving tens of millions of passengers each year, the station
anchors the entire site.

The international design competition for Yongsan Park is

underway, but guidelines for the contest call for areas of
agriculture, active and passive recreation, and naturalized
landscapes.

A green overpass leads from Yongsan Park directly to Yongsan

Station, allowing pedestrians to move between the two without
.

competing against vehicular traffic.

Rd
g

Modern residential towers are retained and complemented by

an
ng

an ambitious infill strategy to densify and vivify the existing

Ha

urban environment.

Urban agriculture can provide fresh, healthy food for

neighborhood residents and can also create meaningful
employment opportunities for older adults.

Ich Ichon’cheon is a stream flowing from the hills of Yongsan Park

ond
ong to the Han River. Wider and flatter than the Uk’Cheon, the
Gang gil stream is dependent on seasonally heavy rainfall and provides
Rd.
byeo recreational opportunities for hikers and bicyclists during the
nbuk
ro dry season.

B43
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

urb a n d e s i g n
overview

POPULATION AREA LAND COVER FLOOR AREA FAR

YONGSAN 220,116 2.2 KM 2 65% 11,275,000 M 2 800%

KEYSTONE 12,994 .08 KM 2 - 828,357 M 2 1000%

B U S I N E S S D I STRICT 35,335 .53 KM 2 - 3,040,269 M 2 600%

THE RANGE 89,058 .60 KM 2 - 3,389,515 M 2 600%

I N T E R N AT I O NAL 34,947 .31 KM 2 - 1,742,467 M 2 700%

SINGU 47,832 .68 KM 2 - 1,762,467 M 2 300%

Each district is imbued with a unique character and identity.
These identities are predicated on historical and existing
conditions, unique characteristics, demographics, natural
features, and/or other criteria.
All five districts represent all five of our development concepts,
and they are linked in ways that all them function symbiotically.
However, each of the districts are mated with a concept that
is expressed in a more powerful fashion within the district’s
geographic confines.
The Range is paired with the Landscape concept because it
is an impressionistic take on the Korean terrain. The peaks,
valleys, and streams are reminiscent of South Korea’s
ubiquitous highlands and lowlands.
The International District is enhanced by the legacy of a
international presence in the form of the U.S. garrison. It is also
the home of Seoul’s largest Mosque and it is well-connected
with Icheon-dong, which is largely populated by expatriates.

The Keystone District is mated with the concept of
technological innovation. As the home of Yongsan’s “smart
city” command center, many of the processes that make
Yongsan an efficient city of the future are run from here.
The Business District is mated with the Market concept
because the district is a hub for global economic activity.
Singu is unique for the area of preserved urban fabric. This
area has a singularly vibrant social pattern, where pedestrians
take priority on the streets and busy uses crowd the sidewalks.
For this reason, Singu most clearly expresses the concept of
Sociability.

B44
 urban design

Arrival: Approaching Yongsan from the northwest on the expressway.

B45
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

urb a n d e s i g n
keystone

B46
 urban design

SCALE The Keystone District structures the flows of people and

resources across the site, and is the site where hundreds of
ACTIVITY thousands of people arrive or depart daily. It is very dense, but
RENT large public spaces channel the density and activity into a 24/7
asset.
RESIDENTIAL
COMMERCIAL
NIGHTLIFE

Existing Context: Yongsan Station contains a mix of uses but

the architecture is imposing and somewhat impenetrable. The
public plaza at the front of the station is rather inhospitable.

Existing: Inside the station, commuters are bathed in darkness.

Amenities abound, but the experience is neither intuitive nor
enjoyable.

B47
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

urb a n d e s i g n
keystone

Source: Foster and Partners Source: http://inhabitat.com

B48
 urban design

Source: 3.bp.blogspot.com Source: inhabitat.com Source: http://inhabitat.com Source: http://judiciaryreport.com

B49
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

urb a n d e s i g n
keystone
Keystone

The Keystone District contains a mix of residential, commercial,

and institutional uses. Many mixed-use towers have an
extremely high FAR, but their unique designs make them
livable.
s 175 m
ter eters
e Block sizes are larger than average for the site, but they

40m accommodate a tremendous number of people walking to and

KEYSTONE
1 56% Land Cover from Yongsan Station.

9% 17% 27% 31%

23% 21% 11% 22%
23%

21%
56% 67% 74% 42%

Station Towers Tower + Podium Silo Tower + Plinthe Tower + Plinthe

600% FAR 1700% FAR 1300% FAR 500% FAR 600% FAR

Source: http://static.dezeen.com Source: http://www.holcimfoundation.org Source: inhabitat.com Source: http://bp.3.blogspot.com

B50
 urban design

Yongsan Plaza foregrounds the Landmark Tower and the

skyline of the International Business District. The mouth of
the Retail Valley and several cultural institutions (museums, a
college) create non-stop activity.

The stream that runs through the Retail Valley springs from
Yongsan Station and cuts through the center of Yongsan Plaza,
creating an intuitive connection to the Retail Valley and the
waterfront.

Source: http://judiciaryreport.com

Source: http://judiciaryreport.com

B51
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

urb a n d e s i g n
i n t e r n a t i o n a l business district

B52
 urban design

SCALE The International Business District contains millions of square

meters of commercial space for world-class multinational
ACTIVITY tenants.
RENT Our design is inspired by the vision of Daniel Libeskind Studio,
which won the international competition of the design of
RESIDENTIAL
Yongsan IBD. Retained from the winning proposal are the
COMMERCIAL marina, landmark tower, and skyline terrace.
NIGHTLIFE

Existing: the site for the IBD is almost entirely occupied by a

rail yard that has been in use since before World War II.
Source: http://judiciaryreport.com

Existing: large slab or A-pa-tu style apartment buildings line

the hill overlooking the waterfront, disconnecting the majority
of the site from the Han River.

B53
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

urb a n d e s i g n
i n t e r n a t i o n a l business district

Source: http://www.otmarketing.com Source: http://www.holcimfoundation.org Source: inhabitat.com Source: http://bp.3.blogspot.com

B54
 urban design

Source: http://www.holcimfoundation.org Source: inhabitat.com Source: http://inhabitat.com Source: http://travel4all.org

B55
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

urb a n d e s i g n
i n t e r n a t i o n a l business district
Business District

Land uses are thoroughly mixed in the IBD. Many of the

largest structures are dominated by office uses, but several
s 23
ter 0m mid-rise buildings and shorter towers contain residential and
e ete institutional uses.
m rs
0
21 The typologies are selected to create a vibrant street scene
and to minimize shadows in what is, in reality, a very tall
58% Land Cover district.

BUSSINESS

18% 9% 11%
32%

91% 89%
82% 68%

Landmark
Landmark Tower
Spire Extruded Courtyard
Ziggurat Hexagonal
Lego Blocks Stack Perimeter
Modified Courtyard
Courtyard
FAR1200%
12 FAR FAR 1400%
14 FAR FAR700%
7 FAR FAR FAR
500% 5

Source: http://www.otmarketing.com Source: http://www.holcimfoundation.org Source: http://www.designboom.com Source: http://bp.3.blogspot.com

B56
 urban design

The Retail Valley runs from Yongsan Station to the waterfront.

While the retailers are open for shopping yearround, the
stream that structures the Valley freezes in the winter. During
this time, residents and visitors strap on ice skates to enjoy the
Source: http://www.urbancapture.com
lively scene.

B57
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

urb a n d e s i g n
i n t e r n a t i o n a l business district

In summer, too, the IBD is buzzing with

activity. The waterfront features a full-
service marina and water taxi terminal.
Retail and entertainment options abound,
and there is a pool that sits in the Han River.

The view of the skyline from a boat is

astounding.

B58
urban design

B59
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

urb a n d e s i g n
the range

B60
 urban design

The Range is a dense district, but is distinct for its more

SCALE
tranquil character. A bit of a respite from the non-stop activity
ACTIVITY of the Keystone and International Business Districts, the Range
RENT is home to more residents than any other district on site.

RESIDENTIAL
COMMERCIAL
NIGHTLIFE

Existing: there is a tremendous amount of new development

occurring in the Range, as towers sprout up every year. Some
of these are retained in the proposal, but in general the large
setbacks are too inefficient to achieve our desired density.

The new development (above) is contrasted with the smaller,

more traditional fabric (left), which is rapidly disappearing.
The Range is also characterized by saignificant rail and road
infrastructure.

B61
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

urb a n d e s i g n
the range

Source: http://jpalbuquerque.blogspot.com Source: http://www.holcimfoundation.org Source: inhabitat.com

B62
 urban design

The Range

s 110 Land uses are primarily residential, and the typologies selected

ter me tend to reflect this. However, there is still a large amount of

e ter neighborhood-serving retail at street level. To maximize sun
0 m s exposure and emulate the “peaks and valleys”, many of the
22 57% Land Cover buildings in the Range employ public or semi-private terraces.

7%
36% 24% 15%
100% 18%
43%
18%
57%
64% 52% 67%

Terraced Podium Terraced Corner Triangular Prism Bridged Towers

Podium
FAR 6 + Tower Lego2 Tower
FAR Triangular Prism LinkedFAR
Hybrid
3 Podium FAR
+ Terrace
14
600% FAR 200% FAR 300% FAR 1400% FAR 1100% FAR

Source: http://www.otmarketing.com Source: http://www.holcimfoundation.org Source: http://htpphoto.com Source: http://www.bustler.net

B63
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

urb a n d e s i g n
the range

The Range is also notable for the Ichon’cheon, a seasonal

stream that provides recreational and aesthetic amenities.
Seen here (above) in the rainy late-summer months, the stream
is full of water as it helps mitigate localized flooding.

B64
 urban design

Source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com Source: http://www.brianrose.com Source: http://www.designboom.com Source: www.bostonmuseum.org

B65
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

urb a n d e s i g n
t h e i n t e r n a t i onal district

B66
 urban design

The International District is designed by the legacy of the

SCALE
U.S. Army Garrison and its connection to the international
ACTIVITY population in Icheon-dong. The district is known for ethnic
RENT diversity, but is also diverse in amenities, typologies, and
lifestyles.
RESIDENTIAL
COMMERCIAL
NIGHTLIFE

Existing: The Garrison (right) terminates many of the district’s

streets, creating discontinuity.

Existing: mid-rise and low-rise buildings dominate the area,

with a few new residential towers here and there. The less
dense areas are being subjected to infill development, create a
mix of old and new structures.

B67
 a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

urb a n d e s i g n
t h e i n t e r n a t i onal district
The Bridge

s 50
er me
et te
m rs
0
22 Like the other districts, there is a rich mix of uses in the
International District. The most unique feature, however, is the
regional medical center. This large institutional use is clustered
with smaller clinics and relevant retail.

28% 28% 30% 16% 34%

11%

89% 72% 72% 70% 50%

Twin Highrises on Podium Tall Row Houses Courtyard + Terrace Central Park West
Terraced Riverbank I
FAR 15 FAR 4 FAR 3 FAR 9
Twin Towers Row House FAR 4
Hillside Terraced Courtyard Podium + Tower
1500% FAR 400% FAR 400% FAR 500% FAR 900% FAR

Source: http://www.holcimfoundation.org Source: inhabitat.com Source: http://static.dezeen.com

B68
 urban design

The design for the regional medical center is intended to

provide views and ample sunlight to all in-patient rooms. A
large glass skyway projects through the four hospital buildings,
taking patients from their room to the Uk’cheon stream. The
hospital is located a short walk from Yongsan Station, so it can
easily serve residents from all around Korea.
Source: inhabitat.com Source: http://bp.3.blogspot.com

B69
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

urb a n d e s i g n
international district: the Medical Center

The Regional Medical Center, Yongsan Station, and the Uk’cheon from the north.

B70
urban design

B71
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

urb a n d e s i g n
t h e i n t e r n a t i onal district

The International District will also share a border with Yongsan

Park, and the residential uses benefit from its proximity. The
design competition for the final Yongsan Park plan is ongoing,
but there will be recreational and cultural amenities, as well as
“productive” land targeted for urban farming.

B72
urban design

B73
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

urb a n d e s i g n
s i n g u ( o l d + new)

SCALE
ACTIVITY Singu’s character is defined by the relationship between older,
RENT traditional urban fabric and the new residential towers that are
RESIDENTIAL currently being built.

COMMERCIAL The plan creates a preservation zone to retain the unique low-
NIGHTLIFE rise fabric over time.

B74
 urban design

Existing: the narrow streets of the traditional fabric are dense

and well-used with a lot of people and a lot of color. Their
vibrancy is difficult to obtain with new construction, so we
propose a preservation zone that compliments this fabric with
contextual infill over time.

Existing: the Yongsan Electronics Mall is the largest in Korea

and is a major attraction. Our design relocates the mall, but
retains it as an economic driver.

Existing: new construction projects are rooting out the

traditional fabric. Such projects appear dense but have very
low lot coverages, making them ill-suited to the demands of
this design problem.

B75
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

urb a n d e s i g n
keystone

Source: Foster and Partners Source: http://inhabitat.com Source: www.laurakammermeier.com

B76
 urban design

Singu

Singu is home to a variety of land uses, but the most unique

typology (the preserved low-rise), is also a unique mix of uses.
115
me These streets consistently have retail uses at street level,
ters
s

with residential uses above. Unit sizes are small and cater to
er
et

locally-owned businesses that serve neighborhood residents

m

53% Land Cover directly.

60

36%
9% 27%
44% 37%
100% 45%

73% 63%
47% 19%

Traditional Low-Rise Hillside + Tower Hillside Podium + Tower Perimeter + Tower

200% FAR 800% FAR 400% FAR 1400% FAR 900% FAR

Source: http://www.holcimfoundation.org Source: inhabitat.com Source: http://static.dezeen.com

B77
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

urb a n d e s i g n
s i n gu

Singu is well-lit at night, as businesses crowd the street to

meet the needs of local shoppers. This atmosphere has
tremendous energy. In the background, the towers of the IBD
provide stunning relief.

B78
 urban design

A small tributary to the Uk’cheon begins in Singu. The

landscaping pattern makes playful use of old rail infrastructure
because the stream runs where the rail lines used to enter
Yongsan. Retail uses congregate along the stream at ground
level.

B79
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

urb a n d e s i g n
s i n gu

The Jade Necklace helps to insulate the preservation zone (at

right) from the denser environs of the rest of the district. It also
unites people from both areas, with diverse backgrounds, in
a series of shared public spaces. These may be suitable for
recreation, leisure, and informal commerce (e.g. a market).

B80
urban design

B81
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

urb a n d e s i g n
uk’cheon

Source: http://www.toxel.com Source: http://inhabitat.com

Source: http://0.tqn.com Source: http://inhabitat.com

These context photos prove some indication of the character

of the Uk’cheon. It flows swiftly for nearly 2.5km on-site, and it
could be extended to its historic headwaters for a total length
of over 7km. It is a recreational asset for all of Seoul. Source: http://inhabitat.com

B82
urban design

B83
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

urb a n d e s i g n
ichon’cheon

These context photos illustrate the wet/dry seasonality of the

Ichon’cheon. Recreational opportunities differ between sea-
sons, but the potential for an adventure is constant.

The stream begins in Yongsan Park and runs all the way to the
Han River. At it’s terminus, sedimentation from flash flooding
is expected to start the process of island seeding, whereby a
natural wetlands on the Han forms over time, creating habitat
for countless unique species.
Source: http://pinkbike.blogspot.com

The Ichon’cheon relies almost entirely on stormwater runoff for

flow, so during the dry months the stream bed may be empty.
The landscape is designed to accommodate uses like trail
running and mountain biking during such times, so the stream
may be used year round.

Source: http://www.mojavetrails.com

Source: http://cdn.coastalcare.org

Source: http://www.toxel.com

B84
urban design

B85
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

urb a n d e s i g n
w a t e r f ro n t

Source: http://www.toxel.com

The waterfront is a premier public space with cafes, bars,

shopping, boating, swimming, and more.

The esplanade running the length of Yongsan Marina preserves

the linear continuity of the Han Riverfront Park.

B86
urban design

B87
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

urb a n d e s i g n
w a t e r f ro n t

Source: http://www.toxel.com

B88
urban design

B89
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t
imp l e m e n t a t i o n
phasing
A well-conceived phasing plan can help city administrators
time infrastructure improvements and services with new
development, anticipate fiscal and environmental impact, avoid
potential land disputes and help financial planners hedge risk
and other liabilities. Phasing plans can also provide financiers
with helpful insights into how to schedule their investments
and when to expect returns. Moreover, the magnitude
and infrastructural complexity of the Watershed Moment
project further necessitate effective development phasing.
Nevertheless, the sheer length of the project—nearly forty
years in duration—almost assures the need for flexible long-
term planning as volatile natural, cultural, political and market
forces are likely to alter the project’s trajectory over time.
The following phasing plan should be viewed as tentative,
mutable and ultimately as a starting point for an ongoing
long-term planning process. While each phase begins and
ends at specified dates, it is possible for construction to
continue into the succeeding phase. However, in an effort to
avoid title disputes and assure that new development is met
with adequate infrastructure and services, demolition and new
construction should not be permitted prior to the start of its
respective phase.
Phase I (2016 – 2020)
This phase primarily consists of site preparation. Parcels
highlighted in red are set for demolition and will be acquired
prior to 2016. The construction of a two-story underground
parking deck, along with related earthwork will occur early in
the phase. Major infrastructure improvements, such as the
burial of the hatched portion of the rail and subway corridors
and four lanes of the major northwest arterial thoroughfare, are
scheduled to begin at the start of Phase I.
B90
Phase II (2020 - 2025)
Daylighting of the Uk’Cheon stream begins early in Phase
II. Re-development around the new Yongsan Station will
immediately follow the completion of the underground parking
deck and earthwork. Construction on several high-profile
towers locater just west of the station will begin towards the
end of the phase. This marks the emergence of the Keystone
and Business Districts.
Phase III (2025 – 2040)
As major infrastructure work reaches completion, development
of the Business District towards the waterfront picks-up.
Ichon-Cheon stream is introduced to the site early in the
phase. Existing buildings in the stream’s vicinity are set for
demolition.
Phase IV (2040 – 2050)
As construction in the Business District wraps-up, attention is
turned eastward as development of the Range begins early in
the phase. Development north of Yongsan Station capitalizes
on high land value along the Yongsan and Uk’Cheon park
fronts giving rise to the Singu and International districts.
Construction on the Yongsan Medical Center begins.
Phase V (2050 – 2055 and beyond)
Construction in Singu and International districts extends
northward towards the site boundary. Structurally unsound
buildings in Singu preservation zone are replaced by infill
development.
 implementation

phase i

existing development d e m o l i t i on raised infrastructure in earthed infrastructure

B91
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

imp l e m e n t a t i o n
phase ii

ex i s t i n g d e v e l o p m e n t n e w d e v e l o pment demolition stream

B92
 implementation

phase iii

e x i s t i n g d ev e l o p m e n t n e w d e v elopment demolition stream

B93
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t

imp l e m e n t a t i on
phase iv

ex i s t i n g d e v e l o p m e n t n e w d e v e l o pment demolition stream

B94
 implementation

phase v

e x i s t i n g d ev e l o p m e n t n e w d e v elopment demolition stream

B95
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t
imp l e m e n t a t i o n
i m p l e m e n t a t i on policy
Financing and administering the development of Watershed
Moments will require close collaboration between many
departments of city government, private sector consultants,
contractors, developers, investors and existing as well as
future Yongsan residents. Coordinating efforts between actors
and stakeholders is an intricate and often formidable endeavor.
In an effort to streamline the collaboration process, the
implementation of “A Watershed Moment” will be broken into
four primary Stages.
Stage 1: Planning
The planning stage begins with a visioning and master
planning process. Early in the planning process, government,
private and academic specialists should be called to submit
their research and visions for redeveloping the Yongsan site.
The resultant diversity of insights, recommendations and
admonitions should serve as a valuable resource in composing
a formal master plan.
During the master planning process, the city should seek
geotechnical and engineering expertise to ensure the feasibility
of the City’s vision for the Yongsan Site. Special attention
should be paid to storm water management threats and
climate change adaptation. Transportation planners and
engineers will play a major role in designing a phasing strategy
for infrastructure improvements and the construction of the
new Yongsan Station.
Public participation will also serve an important role in the
planning stage. Historically, the Seoul Government has
paid lip service to the concerns of residents, in areas set for
redevelopment. Planners should work to mitigate potential
conflicts of interest between the existing community and the
master plan as best as possible.
B96
Stage 2: Financing
Once the City has adopted a clear vision for the Yongsan site,
economic development and fiscal policy experts should be
consulted to form a coherent financial plan. The City should
pursue a rigorous public outreach campaign early in Stage 2 to
attract potential investors and private partnerships. Municipal
bonds should be issued at this time to ensure adequate
funding for at least the first phase of development. City
financial managers should develop a clear strategy for land
acquisition, debt amortization and revenue generating policies
and programs.
Stage 3: Development
Provided adequate capital is secured, the first phase of
construction should begin in 2016 as scheduled.
Stage 4: Management
As new development takes place and new residents begin to
inhabit Yongsan, the demand for public services and programs
will increase rapidly. The Yongsan District Administration
(YDA) and Yongsan Community Council (YCC) will begin
playing major roles in public management at the conclusion
of development Phase II at or around 2025. YDA will
administer utilities, on-site waste and energy management,
public education and employment programs and Yongsan’s
Smart City initiatives. YCC will address the concerns of
the community, and facilitate public participation and local
governance.
 implementation

i m p l e m e n t ation time FINANCING

line
STAGE1

STAGE2

STAGES

STAGE4
PLANNING DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT
- Master Planning - Bond Issuance - Demolition - Community Relations
- Site Engineering - Budget Drafting - Infrastructure Construction - Utilities
- Environmental Impact - Land Acquisition - Real Estate Construction - Public Services
STAGE1

STAGE2

STAGE4
3TAGE3
Analysis PLANNING FINANCING
- Contract Bidding DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT- Smart Systems
- Stakeholder- Master Planning
Analysis - Debt-Amortization
Bond Issuance - Demolition - Community Relations
- Welfare, Pensions and
- Site Engineering
- Public Hearings - Budget Drafting - Infrastructure Construction - UtilitiesEndowments
- Environmental Impact - Land Acquisition - Real Estate Construction - Public Services
Analysis - Contract Bidding - Smart Systems
- Stakeholder Analysis - Debt Amortization - Welfare, Pensions and
- Public Hearings Endowments

STAGE 4

STAGE 4
STAGE 3

STAGE 3
STAGE 2
STAGE 1 STAGE 2
STAGE 1
2012 2016 2020 2024 2028 2032 2036 2040 2044 2048 2052 2056
2012 2016 2020 2024 2028 2032 2036 2040 2044 2048 2052 2056
PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III PHASE IV PHASE V
PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III PHASE IV PHASE V
DEVELOPMENT PHASING
DEVELOPMENT PHASING
STAGE1

STAGE2

STAGE4
STAGE1

STAGE2

ST

STAGE4
PLANNING
PLANNING FINANCING
FINANCING DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT
TA

- Seoul Metropolitan
- Seoul Metropolitan GovernmentGovernment - Seoul- Seoul Metropolitan
Metropolitan Government
Government -- Seoul
Seoul Metropolitan
MetropolitanGovernment
Government - Seoul Metropolitan
- Seoul Government
Metropolitan Government
AGG

- Economic Planning Office - Economic Planning Office - Urban Planning Bureau - Housing Policy Office
- Economic Planning Office - Economic Planning Office - Urban Planning Bureau - Housing Policy Office
EE

- Urban Planning Bureau - Finance Bureau - Engineering Review Board - Health and Welfare Bureau
- Urban Planning Bureau - Finance Bureau -- City
Engineering Review Board - HealthReview
and Welfare
Board Bureau
33

- Engineering Review Board - Housing Policy Office Transportation Bureau - Engineering

- Engineering Review
- City Board Bureau
Transportation - Housing
- City Policy Office
Assessor -- Parks
City Transportation
and Landscape Bureau
Bureau - Water- Engineering Review Board
Management Bureau
- City Transportation Bureau
- Parks and Landscape Bureau - -City Assessor
Banks -- Seoul
ParksMetropolitan
and Landscape Bureau
Infrastructure - Green- Water Management Bureau
Seoul Bureau
- Parks- Private
and Landscape Bureau
Sector Consultants - Banks - Investors, Sponsors and Partners - Seoul
- Private Metropolitan
Sector Contractors Infrastructure - GreenSystems
- Information Seoul Planning
Bureau
- Private Sector -Consultants
Urban Planning + Design - Investors, Sponsors and Partners -- Private
Private Sector
SectorDevelopers
Contractors Bureau
- Information Systems Planning
- Architectural
- Urban Planning + Design -- Private
YongsanSector
Residents
Developers - Emergency
BureauPlanning Bureau
- Engineering + Geotechnical
- Architectural - Yongsan Residents - Urban- Emergency
Safety Office Planning Bureau
- Economic Development
- Engineering + Geotechnical - Urban Safety Office
- Public Utilities Providers
- Yongsan Residents
- Economic Development - Private Sector Developers
- Yongsan Residents - Public
- Yongsan Utilities Providers
Residents
- Private Sector Developers
- Yongsan Residents

B97
a wate r s h e d m o m e n t
imp l e m e n t a t i o n
h o u s i n g , l a b or and entitlement programs
Koreans, who as a whole, enjoy long life expectancies and
a relatively early retirement age can be faced with a sizable
dilemma as they enter their golden years: perpetually shrinking
finances and fewer prospects for generating their own income.
Korea’s low fertility and labor replacement rates further
complicate the matter as they imply potentially fewer workers
to fund social security programs. Moreover, the influences of
globalization have begun to erode the traditional family support
structure in Korea, often depriving the elderly of a historically
reliable safety net. Any program that reduces the cost of living
while increasing the income potential of retired people will
benefit the aged population and the economy as a whole.
Job Retraining and Entrepreneurship Program
While the collective knowledge of the elderly population
constitutes a tremendous asset to society, an increasing
number of jobs require technological literacy and other skills
which many aged people either lack or underperform in. A
jobs retraining program could provide retirees with marketable
skills.
The Business District, with its abundance of highly skilled
individuals, would be an ideal
location for a jobs education center.
Nevertheless, many retirees already possess valuable and
even lucrative skills. A charity or venture capital program could
assist these individuals with acquiring the funding to start
businesses that serve local needs.
While the elderly are certainly to gain from job retraining and
entrepreneurship programs, such services would be of great
benefit to individuals of all ages. Neither initiative is meant to
be exclusive.
B98
Affordable Housing
The map grades parcels based on their likely affordability.
Market rents and affordability are, however, influenced
by subsidies and other rent control policies. The Singu
preservation overlay zone, for example, is likely to experience
sharp increasing in rents as land value in other areas of the
site escalate. From a market perspective, it is unlikely that
such a low density neighborhood would survive in its current
configuration without government protections on land use,
building height or rent. The preservation zone is one of several
zones throughout the site targeted towards the elderly. All
housing in the overlay has been subsidized in an effort to
prevent this demographic from being priced-out of the area as
land values rise.
Housing Voucher and Welfare Endowment Program
In many countries, local governments incentivize private sector
developers to provide public goods or fund public programs
through the provision of development bonuses, tax breaks
and infrastructure improvements. The Seoul Metropolitan
Government can use public-private partnerships to create
programs that benefit the elderly and also current residents of
Yongsan. One possible way in which the city could do this is
through the issuance of housing vouchers for current Yongsan
renters. The vouchers would be used to purchase living units
during the early phases of development. Home ownership
would effectively safeguard locals from the gentrification likely
to ensue as land values escalate during the latter phases of
development. Another option is for the Seoul Government
to provide developers who dedicate a portion of their returns
towards a welfare endowment program with development
bonuses or other incentives. The endowment will grow as
development proceeds over the five phases. At maturity, the
endowment could fund social welfare programs and housing
subsidies for the elderly.
 implementation

a ff o rd a b i l i ty index

Most Affordable Least Affordable

B99
a n nex
annex: b r i e f c a p s t o n e a g e n d a
COURSE OVERVIEW
The Physical Planning and Design Capstone Winter 2012
frames a collaboration with Arch 562 Architecture Systems
Studio: EVERYBODY AGES, under the 2012 Vertical Cities
Asia International Competition. Sponsored by the National
Singapore University, the competition invites ten international
schools to address the contemporary dilemma of housing
an aging population in sustainable and highly dense
environments.
Building on the comprehensive nature of the agenda
established by the Taubman College, the urban planning
students enrolled in UP631 will collaborate with five different
Architecture Studio Sections in a highly coordinated setting.
The semester is structured to ensure a dynamic learning
structure, where students will alternate leadership roles in a
collaborative environment.
The architecture - planning partnership registers different
gradients of intensity over the semester, in order to accomplish
the pedagogic goals pertinent to each program. According
to the Urban Planning Capstone pedagogic goals, students
address the planning and design of sustainable physical
environments to assist social interactions across scales,
considering multiple agents and agendas, and the cultural
frameworks at play.
During the course of the semester, the group works on the
development of urban design schemes including infrastructural
systems design, studies on building typologies, and other
programmatic and performative considerations in the definition
of a series of distonct urban projects.
x-4
The course positions graphic representation as a powerful
tool to organize and communicate information associated
with complex problems with precision and clarity. The course
requires advanced graphic representation skills to facilitate
the development of the analytic and propositive phases in the
course of the semester.
The classes are structured to ensure a dynamic learning
structure, and include technical workshops, weekly lectures,
desk critiques, group discussions, and public presentations and
reviews with guest critics.
There are four assignments during the course of the semester:
• Assignment 01. This phase includes four stages: [a] the
research on the precedent, [b] the site analysis of the
competition, [c] the quick charette on the master plan, and
[d] the master plan workshop lead by Dan Wood.
This phase will require a high investment of time and
self-discipline given the tight schedule and complexity to
coordinate with the architecture sections and the expert
visiting.
• Assignment 02. This phase includes two stages: [a] master
plan schematics, and [b] the Identification of the areas of
focus for the urban design proposals.
• Assignment 03. This phase includes two stages: [a] Master
Plan development, and [b] Areas of focus development
• Assignment 04. This phase includes two stages: [a] Draft
Proposal and [b] Final Publication / report
The final publication registers the different assignments and
present the two final proposals as presented in the final
review in the Taubman College.
 “capstone
VERTICAL CITIES: “EVERYBODY AGES”
brief”
UP 631 Land Use and Physical Planning and Des
Time & Place: Mo/Th
Instructors:
Competition preamble
Vertical Cities Asia Competition encourages design
explorations into the prospects of “new models of urban
architecture”.
The competition will promote the development of ideas and
theories in urban growth and architectural form related to
density, livability and sustainability specific to the rapid and
exponential growth of urbanism in Asia.
[For more information: www.verticalcitiesasia.com]
UP 631 Land Use and Physical Planning and Design Capstone – Taubman College - W12
Competition Criteria Time & Place: Mo/Th 1.00 pm-6.00 pm, Third Floor A&A Building
1. Sustainability
[Environmental]
Instructors: Maria Arquero de Alarcon and Paul Fontaine
Aldo Van Eyck

2. Quality of life
The Physical Planning and Design Capstone Winter 2012 will collaborate w
[Inclusiveness and Community]
EVERYBODY AGES, under the 2012 Vertical Cities Asia International Com
3. Feasibility
[Buildability, Financial, Social Support] Singapore University, the competition invites ten international schools (1) t
4. Relation to Context housing an aging population in sustainable and highly dense environmen
[Place, Awareness of Conditions, Climate, Cultural Milieu] on the site and planning guidelines, will be public on January 1st, 2012.
5. Technical Innovation
Building on the comprehensive nature of the agenda established by the T
[Technology & Techniques]
students enrolled in UP631 will collaborate with five different Architecture
Taubman College Interdisciplinary Framework setting. The semester is structured to ensure a dynamic learning structure
The 5 master of architecture studio sections participating roles in a collaborative environment. In addition, planning students will be
under the Systems semester are: Architecture Studio faculty, and other events sponsored by the Architectu
• Over [populated]&Under [valued] L Graebner+J
McMorrough The architecture - planning partnership will have different gradients of int
• allsystemsgo! Jen Maigret + Geoffrey Thun accomplish the pedagogic goals as framed in each program. On our side
• New aged Collective Vivian Lee + El Hadi Jazairy planning and design of sustainable physical environments to assist social i
• Part to Hole Daubmann + Wigger multiple agents and agendas, and the cultural frameworks at play. The se
• Room, treet and Human Agreement M.Kennedy+T.Patterson urban design schemes including infrastructural systems design, studies on
performative considerations in the design of open public spaces.
x-5
nning and Design Capstone Winter 2012 will collaborate with Arch 562 Architecture Systems Studio:
annex: p re c e d e n t s t u d i e s

Cerda_Barcelona Haveneiland Kronsberg Orestad Masdar Wulijie

x-6
 global context

precedent
studies
Ijburg, Haveneiland, The Netherlands

Kronsberg, Hannover, Germany

Masdar, United Arab Emirated

Orestad, Copenhagen

Barcelona, Plan Cerda, Spain

Songdo_IBD, South Korea

Tianjin Eco-City, China

Wulijie, China

TianjinEco-city Songdo_IBD The Precedent Studies represent the first research stage in
the semester. The goal is to provide a critical approach to
different urbanization models and parameters currently under
development in the world.

The studies also generate a collective knowledge to be

applied and challenge over the semester and explores initial
representational techniques in 2 and 3D.

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annex: p re c e d e n t s t u d i e s

Ba rc e l o n a , P l a n C e rdá
Spain

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 global context

Barcelona, Plan Cerdá, Spain

Population: 1,621,537 inh. (262,485 inh. the eixample)

Density: 25,000 inh/km2
Project Area: 5.73 km2

IIdefons Cerda’s plan of reform and expansion for Barcelona in

1860 followed a grid structure with diagonals to allow the sea
breeze to flow through the city. At the time, the 6 m wall that
protected the City during medieval times prevented the City
from expansion. Cerda considered the intimacy of the home
the top priority. He believed that the ideal home is isolated and
rural, but also believed in the advantages of a compact city.
His plan attempted to combine both worlds by providing light,
ventilation, and semi-private space for all residents, while also
deploying public transportation, sanitation, open space, and
other public amenities.

While Cerda’s plan called for plenty of semi-private open

space, developers implemented more dense blocks, and
much of the open space was eliminated. Still, the idea of the
grid with apple-shaped blocks was carried out, along with an
excellent transportation and sanitation systems.

Barcelona has undergone a significant change since the

1980s. Early transformations were the result of an improved of
transportation system and new infrastructure connecting to the
sea. The 1992 Olympic Games was another force for of urban
transformation of the waterfront. The highway that seperated
the City from the sea was rebuilt underground in many areas.
In newly-open land, the City build new beaches, parks, and
neighborhoods. The Olympics were used to reshape the City’s
form by creating a more well-defined relationship to the water.

Cerda’s plan is still under development, and even today, the

City is improving the connections to the sea, and updating and
consolidating other areas. The flexibility of the scheme allows
for multiple updates and reconfigurations.

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annex: p re c e d e n t s t u d i e s

Haveneiland, Ijburg, Amsterdam

T h e N e t h e r l a nds

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 global context

Haveneiland, Ijburg, Amsterda m

Population: 65,000 inhabitants

Density: 52 dwellings/km2 (7,080 units)
Project Area: 1.35 km2

Designed by Claus, Van Dongen, Schaap, Haveneiland aimed

to facilitate mixing between social economic classes, and
required a parallel of diversity of housing types, including:
single family detached homes, row houses, and apartments.
The living working ratio is 2:1.

Transportation infrastructure in Haveneiland consists of

automobile, bicycle, and mass transit facilities. Roadways are
generally constructed of two opposing lanes. The main east-
west arterial is an exception to this rule, with two paired lanes
for each direction of travel. Water infrastructure in Haveneiland
consists of a series of perimeter drains which capture and
transport floodwaters away from the site.

Land use is rather homogenous and creates a landscape

where multi unit housing is seamlessly integrated with
single family districts. Services, like health care centers
and educational facilities, similarly enjoy full integration into
the community as a result of the island’s broad mixed use
classification. Parking is provided on-street facilities and
courtyard spaces. None of the commercial or instituational
buildings possess surface lots. By sacrificing a portion of
their first story, however, some buildings do provide covered
parking areas.

Natural spaces in Haveneiland are varied in their composition

and scale. Eco-preserves operate at the scale of the entire
development, and serve to balance disturbance with
conservation in the IJmeer. Reed beds are propagated in the
canals to aid in the filtration and absorption of stormwater.
Courtyards are generally located in the center of rectangular
apartment and row-house complexes.

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annex: p re c e d e n t s t u d i e s

Kro n s b e rg , H a n n o v e r
Germany

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 global context

Kronsberg, Hannover, German y

Population: 15,000 inhabitants

Density: 25,000 inh/km2
Project Area: 1.4 km2

The € 2.2 billion Modell Kronsberg project sought to address

a 20,000 person housing shortage in Hannover, through
ecologically sustainable suburban living. The project adhered
to United Nations Agenda 21 Sustainability Model, and in
1995, the Government declared full commitment to develop
the site through the participation of multiple stakeholders.

The first residential phase of the project was unveiled at the

2000 World Expo in Hannover. This international trading hub
represents a new model of free economic zone through the
development of a sustainably designed built environment.
Public institutions include an international school for 2,100
students, hospital and museum. The buildings follow rigorous
Low Energy Housing building standards and the UN Agenda
21. Combined Heat&Power are provided for every 750 housing
units to reduce 60% CO2 emissions of typical developments.

Kronsberg is arranged in a typical grid network. Average

urban block size ranges from 270’ x 340’ to 600’ x 1000’ for
residential tower blocks. Parking spaces are limited to only
0.8 per resident with an extra 0.2 allotted for street parking.
To limit the desireability of driving in Kronsberg, the urban
infrastructure accommodates non-motorized modes of transit:
an extensive network of bike and pedestrian paths. Kronsberg
is also accessible by the Hannover tram line.

Kronsberg spreads along a long low hill and the main

development is located about 30 meters above the land
surrounding it. Greater Hannover is home to an extensive
watershed of large and small lakes and rivers, and Kronsberg,
located at Hannover’s fringe, is surrounded by large swaths of
farmland, woodland and wetlands.

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annex: p re c e d e n t s t u d i e s

Øre s t a d
Denmark

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 global context

Ørestad, Copenhagen, Denma r k

Population: 5,000 inhabitants

Density: 3,125 inh/km2
Project Area: 3.10 km2

The Orestad Development Corporation is the local organizing

committee. CPH City & Port cleans and sells the sites
previously unused and undeveloped. Orestad is divided in four
districts, each with its own local plan, goals and expectations:
-Promote the business climate though
-Boast location, infrastructure, and architecture
-Follow a “Green and Blue Structure”
-Integrate canals, green areas, & bicycle paths
-Expected completion, 2020- 2030, housing 60-80k workers,
20k residents, 20k students
-The high-quality public transport service serves mos
buildings within 600 m of existing Metro stations

A robust urban infrastructure serves as a backbone for

development. The Metro opened in 2002, and it now counts
with 6 stations in Orestad. Orestad’s bicycle culture is
consistent with that of Greater Copenhagen: 1 in 3 people
own bicycles. 36% bike to work. A complete north-to-south-
canal system, with east-west outlets, is designed to capture
stormwater runoff and drainage and for recreation.Waterholes,
ponds and canals are characteristic elements of this former
marshland. Water bodies on site are estimated to retain
178,000 m3 of water.

The district plan for Orestad South was adopted 2005,

and scheduled for completion in 2020. There are two
spatial strategies for the district: “North of Town Common”,
dominated by commercial high-rises and “South of Town
Common”, dominated by residential mixed-uses; characterized
by narrow inner spaces, transitional areas, and architectural
distinctiveness and diversity. The three north/south curved
spaces are designed to provide access to the lake at their
southern ends.

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annex: p re c e d e n t s t u d i e s

Ma s d a r
U n i t e d A r a b Emirates

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 global context

Masdar, United Arab Emirates

Population: 65,000 inhabitants

Density: 11,344 inh/km2
Project Area: 5.73 km2

Economical background:
Site of first Economic Free Zone in South Korea
Incheon International Airport - largest in South Korea
Sea Port

Environmental Background:
1/3 wastewater+1/3 saline soil+1/3 abandoned saltpan
Built near sensitive wetlands and numerous fragile lakes

The design by Kohn Pederson Fox includes an international

busines district, and the development of residential and
commercial areas tied together by a robust multi-modal
transportation system with more than 40 km. of roads
15 minute drive to Incheon International airport
50 minute drive to the center of Seoul
36 Bus Stops, (1/4 mile radius from residential & retail)
Bike paths (24.6 km), bicycle rental network
Incheon subway (4 local stops), connected to the Seoul Water
taxi (4 km) from the coast into Central Park.

More than 1/3 of the land is devoted to open space.

Pocket park system based on the Savhannah plan
Central Park canals use salt water
Water recycling and management systems -green roofs and
bioswales- reduce use of fresh water.

This international trading hub represents a new model of free

economic zone through the development of a sustainably
designed built environment. Public institutions include an
international school for 2,100 students, hospital and museum
Average urban block size ranges from 270’ x 340’ to 600’ x
1000’ for residential tower blocks

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annex: p re c e d e n t s t u d i e s

Wu l i j i e
China

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 global context

Wulijie, Wuhan, China

Population: 100,000 inhabitants

Density: 10,000 inh/km2
Project Area: 22km2

Economical background:
90% of residents work in the Optics Valley

Environmental Background:
Climate: humid subtropical. Precipitation: 50 inches/year
Built near sensitive wetlands and numerous fragile lakes

The site plan by Turenscape deploys a robust “Ecological

Infrastructure” ensure that all resi­dents in Wulijie will be no
more than two blocks from a green­belt and water course.
This promotes natural infiltration of surface runoff, purifying
water before it enters larger natural systems. Furthermore, it
promotes the waterways as recre­ational and transportation
infrastructure, because their acces­sibility makes them
convenient travel routes.

Wulijie uses a number of low impact development (LID)

techniques to maintain clean, ecologically productive
waterways. Some of these techniques include bioswales,
constructed wetlands, and recon­structed streams and rivers.

Density is congregated in a ring around the city, with the least

dense neighborhoods fronting the major waterways. Blocks
range from 100-150 me­ters long, and the vast majority of
them are charac­terized by U-shaped mid-rise apartments
with an internal courtyard accessed by alleyway or pedestrian
thoroughfare.

The buildings house three to four stories of retail at street

level, and approximately 16 stories of residential space above.
They are roughly 225 feet tall. These large buildings front on a
pedestrian mall about 150 feet wide with water features and
active frontages.

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annex: p re c e d e n t s t u d i e s

Tia n j i n E c o - C i t y
China

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 global context

Tianjin Eco-City, China

Population: 350,000 inhabitants (projected)

Density: 11,700 inh/km2
Project Area: 30 km2

Economical background:
Employment: 50% local residents
Main drivers: creative industry

Environmental Background:
1/3 wastewater+1/3 saline soil+1/3 abandoned saltpan
Built near sensitive wetlands and numerous fragile lakes

International Collaboration between the China Academy of

Urban Planning and Design and the Urban Redevelopment
Authority of Singapore.
Located in non-arable land with poor ecological value, and
limited water resources, the development looks for commercial
viability and economic sustainability.

Goals and Objectives

-Healthy Ecological Environment (air, water, native plants,
wetland conservation) Local/Native plant index ≥0.7
-Balance of man-made environment (green buildings, noise,
carbon emission)
-Carbon emission/unit GDP <150tonneC/ US$1mil
-Renewable energy usage ≥ 20% of total usage
-Vibrant technology innovation
-Comprehensive Infrastructures: 90% green trips by 2020
-Solid waste recycling and disposal: recycling rate ≥60% Solid
waste generation ≤ 0.8kg/d/capita
-Provision of green space/recreational/ sports facilities per
capita ≥ 12m2
-Zero net loss of natural wetland
-100% potable tap water supply
-Quality of surface water bodies to meet GB Grade IV
-Water supply from non-traditional resources ≥ 50%

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annex: p re c e d e n t s t u d i e s

the N e w S o n g d o C i t y
S o u t h K o re a

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 global context

New Songdo, Incheon, South K o r e a

Population: 65,000 inhabitants

Density: 11,344 inh/km2
Project Area: 5.73 km2

Economical background:
Site of first Economic Free Zone in South Korea
Incheon International Airport - largest in South Korea
Sea Port

Environmental Background:
1/3 wastewater+1/3 saline soil+1/3 abandoned saltpan
Built near sensitive wetlands and numerous fragile lakes

The design by Kohn Pederson Fox includes an international

busines district, and the development of residential and
commercial areas tied together by a robust multi-modal
transportation system with more than 40 km. of roads.
15 minute drive to Incheon International airport
50 minute drive to the center of Seoul
36 Bus Stops, (1/4 mile radius from residential & retail)
Bike paths (24.6 km), bicycle rental network.
Incheon subway (4 local stops), connected to the Seoul Water
taxi (4 km) from the coast into Central Park.

More than 1/3 of the land is devoted to open space.

Pocket park system based on the Savhannah plan .
Central Park canals use salt water.
Water recycling and management systems -green roofs and
bioswales- reduce use of fresh water.

This international trading hub represents a new model of free

economic zone through the development of a sustainably
designed built environment.
Public institutions include an international school for 2,100
students, hospital and museum.
Average urban block size ranges from 270’ x 340’ to 600’ x
1000’ for residential tower blocks.

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annex: c o n t e x t a n a ly s i s a n d S t u d i o E x p e r t Wo rkshop

Expert in Studio|DAN WOOD of WorkAC

After the precedent studies, students recombined together

in ten different groups to develop the context analysis under
different thematic approaches. This stage brought together
students outside from their studio group, increasing the
exposure to other colleagues methods and others instructors
advice.

The research developed in this phase was presented at the

beginning of the workshop lead by the Studio Expert, Dan
Wood. Stemming from this study, and under Dan’s leadership,
students worked together in 5 different schemes for the
Yongsan site during the fourth week in the semester.

The images on the left portraits the working sessions, and

the drawings on the right represent three of the master plan
proposals emerging from the four days charette.

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 “expert in
Studio” &
workshop

DAN WOOD o f WorkAC

Dan Wood’s visit closes the first phase in the semester. The
Workshop learns from the previous research conducted by the
students in the precedent studies and the context analysis,
and fosters a playful approach to site, program and form.
During one week, planing and architecture students worked
together responding to the expert feedback.

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annex: f i n a l b o a rd s

A Wa t e r s h e d M o m e nt

Han o k C i t y

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x-27
annex

stu d e n t b i o g r a p h y
Desire for a more diverse and urban environment was a major factor in driving Jonathan
Moore from rural Maine to Ann Arbor and the University of Michigan, where he earned a
Bachelor of Arts in 2009, majoring in political science. After graduation, he helped start the
Ann Arbor College of Martial Arts, a practical self-defense and fitness center. Interest in the
community and urban experience led him to further studies at the University of Michigan in
the Master of Urban and Regional Planning Program. Jonathan’s studies and work ranged
from planning for more complete streets in Macomb County Michigan, to three-dimensional
modeling for engineers in Bangkok and collaborating with architecture students on a
lexicon for modern Chinese urbanism.

Alex Jendrusch received a Master of Urban Planning degree with a concentration in

Physical Planning and Design from the University of Michigan Taubman College. She
became interested in city planning and urban design after traveling abroad a number
of times and after developing an interest in placemaking around sport during her
undergraduate studies and soccer career. Through creativity and accuracy, she imparts
added value in projects with the representation of urban planning ideas and analysis.
Alex’s overarching goal is to leave a positive imprint on people’s urban experiences in even
the most mundane places, hoping to achieve that by maintaining a people-based approach
to planning at any scale and expanding her range of community-service experiences.

Elliot Weiss is from Davenport, Iowa, and grew up in towns large and small across that
state. He attended the University of Iowa and received degrees in Political Science and
International Studies, as well as a minor in Spanish. After graduation, he worked as an
Americorps VISTA in Iowa City, taking a leading role in community-focused redevelopment
and energy efficiency projects. An ever-present interest in urbanism then led to the Master
of Urban Planning program at the University of Michigan. In an effort to synthesize the
planning, design, and financing processes, Elliot chose to pursue a concentration in
Physical Planning and Urban Design and a Certificate in Real Estate Development. In
hopes of making concrete contributions to the built environment, he aspires to a career in
development.

After growing up in Dallas, Texas, Justin Meyer traveled to Stanford University in California
to study Product Design Engineering. Once graduating with his Bachelor of Science, he
worked for a couple years as a junior designer at Hill Glazier Architects before
continuing his design and engineering studies at the University of Cambridge. There,
Justin received a Master of Philosophy in Environmental Design and worked as a
graduate engineer for the engineering consultancy, Max Fordham, LLP. Realizing his
desire to impact the design and policy of places at the city-scale, Justin completed a
professional Master of Urban Planning degree at the University of Michigan and is
currently pursuing a PhD in Urban Planning.

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 student biography

Dinghao Zhou comes from Southeast China, where the incredible urban development
speed and the associated consequences have led him into the field of urban studies. He
has worked at various levels in planning and urban design industry ranging from 600-ha
new city international urban design competition to street-scape improvement design.
Dinghao holds a Bachelor’s Degree in Urban Planning and Urban Design from the Peking
University in Beijing, China and a Master’s Degree of Urban Planning in Physical Planning
and Design from the University of Michigan.

William Tardy is an environmental planner, specializing in urban natural area restoration and
stormwater management. His interest in planning began during his undergraduate study of
botany and ecosystem ecology at Ohio University. Following the completion of his B.S. in
2007, William worked in community development with Habitat for Humanity-New Orleans
and The Louisville Parks Conservancy. As a Master’s of Urban Planning student at the
University of Michigan, William deepened his understanding of the environment’s role in
community development through projects in park system naturalization, community urban
forestry, and stormwater utility development.

Bokole Braun (Bo) earned a BA in Public Policy and Urban Studies from Richmond,
Indiana’s Earlham College in 2010. His bachelor’s thesis, which examined Richmond’s
historic economic downturn, earned him Departmental Honors from Earlham’s Sociology
and Anthropology faculty. Bo’s interest in the economic development of cities lead him to
the Master of Urban Planning and the Graduate Certificate in Real Estate Development
programs at the University of Michigan. During his summers in college and graduate
school, Bo worked in the Manhattan office of Arthur John Sikula Associates, an
architectural firm specializing in liturgical design.

Erin Guido graduated from Indiana University Hutton Honors College with degree in fine
arts in May 2009. As an undergrad, she also participated in a semester-long architectural
studio program at Columbia University in New York. After school, Erin worked in her
hometown of Cleveland, OH as a project manager at a nonprofit public art organization.
She then studied city planning to explore how planning, art, and design can improve
the livelihood of urban neighborhoods. Erin received a Master of Urban Planning, with a
concentration in physical planning and urban design, from the University of Michigan in
May 2012. Through her experiences, she is continually convinced of the importance of
collaboration between professionals in many different fields and the need for creativity and
openness as we approach major urban issues.

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annex: j u r y m e m b e r s

ack n o w l e d g e m e n t s

We we would like to express our gratitude to everyone that contributed to this publication and shared with us their
time, energy, and expertise throughout the semester.

We owe an extra special thank you to our fantastic professors, María Arquero de Alarcón and Paul Fontaine. Each
contributed emense amounts of time and energy to our class, way beyond what is normally required or expected to
ensure that our minds were constantly challenged and our skills refined. Our studio was honored to have been led
by such a dynamic and inspiring team of instructors.

Many thanks also to all of the jury members and classmates that made time to hear our ideas at the many reviews.
Your knowledge and constructive criticisms continuously encouraged us to be creative and communicate clearly.

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J U RY M E M BERS:
Layla Aslani, Proposal Coordinator/ Planner Orchard,
Hiltz & Mc Climent, Inc.
Jay L. Berman, AIA, PEI COBB FREED & PARTNERS
Architects LLP
David Bieri, Assistant Professor in Urban and Regional
Planning
Craig Borum, Professor in Architecture
Scott Campbell, Associate Professor in Urban and
Regional Planning
Gina Cavaliere, Development Officer at Wayne County
Economic Development Growth Engine
Suzanne Lanyi Charles, Assistant Professor in Urban
and Regional Planning
Phil D´Anieri, Lecturer in Urban and Regional Planning
El Hadi Jazairy, Assistant Professor in Architecture
Chaerin Jin, Master Candidate Urban and Regional
Planning
Jeffrey Kahan, City Planner Ann Arbor and Adjunct
Professor
Doug Kelbaugh, Professor in Architecture and Urban
and Regional Planning
global context
Bryce Kelley, Development Officer at Wayne County
Economic Development Growth Engine
Wonhyung Elsa Lee, MSW, PhD Candidate Urban and
Regional Planning
Conrad Kickert, PhD Candidate Architecture
Jen Maigret, Assistant Professor in Architecture
Karl Daubmann, Associate Professor in Architecture
Judith K. De Jong, Assistant Professor at UIC, principal
Studio 2737 LLC
Kit McCullough, Lecturer in Architecture
Nick Rajkovich, PhD Candidate Urban and Regional
Planning
Gavin Shatkin, Associate Professor in Urban and
Regional Planning
Roy Strickland, Professor in Architecture
Lauren Tucker, Master Candidate Architecture and
Urban and Regional Planning
Sean Vance, Assistant Professor in Architecture
Claudia Wigger, Lecturer and principal at ICE-Ideas
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