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IB Chemistry (By Topic)
IB Chemistry (By Topic)
TOPICAL QUESTIONS
1. QUANTITATIVE CHEMISTRY
2. ATOMIC THEORY
3. PERIODICITY
4. BONDING
5. ENERGETICS
6. KINETICS
7. EQUILIBRIUM
8. ACIDS AND BASES
9. REDOX
10. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
IB Chemistry SL
Topic1 Questions and Answers
A. 0.0030
B. 0.030
C. 0.30
D. 3.0
(Total 1 mark)
2. Which compound has the empirical formula with the greatest mass?
A. C2 H6
B. C4 H10
C. C5 H10
D. C6 H6
(Total 1 mark)
When the equation above is balanced, what is the coefficient for oxygen?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
(Total 1 mark)
4. 3.0 dm3 of sulfur dioxide is reacted with 2.0 dm3 of oxygen according to the equation below.
What volume of sulfur trioxide (in dm3 ) is formed? (Assume the reaction goes to completion
and all gases are measured at the same temperature and pressure.)
A. 5.0
B. 4.0
C. 3.0
D. 2.0
(Total 1 mark)
1
5. What will happen to the volume of a fixed mass of gas when its pressure and temperature
(in Kelvin) are both doubled?
B. It will increase.
C. It will decrease.
A. 0.050
B. 0.10
C. 20
D. 80
(Total 1 mark)
A. CH2
B. C3 H4
C. C7 H10
D. C9 H10
(Total 1 mark)
A. 4
B. 6
C. 8
D. 10
(Total 1 mark)
2
9. Lithium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide as follows.
What mass (in grams) of lithium hydroxide is needed to react with 11 g of carbon dioxide?
A. 6
B. 12
C. 24
D. 48
(Total 1 mark)
10. Which change in conditions would increase the volume of a fixed mass of gas?
11. How many hydrogen atoms are contained in one mole of ethanol, C 2 H5 OH?
A. 5
B. 6
C. 1.0×1023
D. 3.6×1024
(Total 1 mark)
What is the mole ratio of C:H in the empirical formula of this compound?
A. 1:1
B. 1:2
C. 1:6
D. 6:1
(Total 1 mark)
3
13. What is the coefficient for O 2 (g) when the equation below is balanced?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 5
D. 7
(Total 1 mark)
14. What amount of NaCl (in moles) is required to prepare 250 cm3 of a 0.200 mol dm–3 solution?
A. 50.0
B. 1.25
C. 0.800
D. 0.0500
(Total 1 mark)
15. For which set of conditions does a fixed mass of an ideal gas have the greatest volume?
Temperature Pressure
A. low low
B. low high
C. high high
D. high low
(Total 1 mark)
A. 1 g of CH3 Cl
B. 1 g of CH2 Cl2
C. 1 g of CHCl3
D. 1 g of CCl4
(Total 1 mark)
4
17. Which of the following compounds has/have the empirical formula CH 2 O?
I. CH3 COOH
II. C6 H12 O6
A. II only
B. III only
C. I and II only
18. Assuming complete reaction, what volume of 0.200 mol dm–3 HCl(aq) is required to neutralize
25.0 cm3 of 0.200 mol dm–3 Ba(OH)2 (aq)?
A. 12.5 cm3
B. 25.0 cm3
C. 50.0 cm3
D. 75.0 cm3
(Total 1 mark)
19. Under what conditions would one mole of methane gas, CH 4 , occupy the smallest volume?
20. The temperature in Kelvin of 2.0 dm3 of an ideal gas is doubled and its pressure is increased by
a factor of four. What is the final volume of the gas?
A. 1.0 dm3
B. 2.0 dm3
C. 3.0 dm3
D. 4.0 dm3
(Total 1 mark)
5
21. Which is a correct definition of the term empirical formula?
D. formula showing the simplest ratio of numbers of atoms of each element in a compound
(Total 1 mark)
22. The reaction of ethanal and oxygen can be represented by the unbalanced equation below.
When the equation is balanced using the smallest possible integers, what is the coefficient
for O2 ?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
(Total 1 mark)
What is the amount (in mol) of carbon dioxide formed by the complete combustion of three
moles of butane?
A. 4
B. 8
C. 12
D. 24
(Total 1 mark)
24. Which solution contains the greatest amount (in mol) of solute?
6
25. A fixed mass of an ideal gas has a volume of 800 cm3 under certain conditions. The pressure (in
kPa) and temperature (in K) are both doubled. What is the volume of the gas after these changes
with other conditions remaining the same?
A. 200 cm3
B. 800 cm3
C. 1600 cm3
D. 3200 cm3
(Total 1 mark)
26. The complete oxidation of propane produces carbon dioxide and water as shown below.
What is the total of the coefficients for the products in the balanced equation for 1 mole of
propane?
A. 6
B. 7
C. 12
D. 13
(Total 1 mark)
27. The relative molecular mass (M r) of a compound is 60. Which formulas are possible for this
compound?
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
A. 1 mol of H2 SO4
C. 2 mol of H2 O2
D. 2 mol of NH3
(Total 1 mark)
7
29. Avogadro’s constant has the same value as the number of
30. What is the total of all the coefficients in the balanced equation for the reduction of 1 mol of
MnO4 – ?
A. 5
B. 9
C. 17
D. 19
(Total 1 mark)
31. Which contains the same number of ions as the value of Avogadro’s constant?
C. 1.0 mol Na 2 O
32. A reaction occurring in the extraction of lead from its ore can be represented by this unbalanced
equation:
When the equation is balanced using the smallest possible whole numbers, what is the
coefficient for O2 ?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
(Total 1 mark)
8
33. The equation for a reaction occurring in the synthesis of methanol is
What is the maximum amount of methanol that can be formed from 2 mol of carbon dioxide and
3 mol of hydrogen?
A. 1 mol
B. 2 mol
C. 3 mol
D. 5 mol
(Total 1 mark)
35. A cylinder of gas is at a pressure of 40 kPa. The volume and temperature (in K) are both
doubled. What is the pressure of the gas after these changes?
A. 10 kPa
B. 20 kPa
C. 40 kPa
D. 80 kPa
(Total 1 mark)
C. Molar mass
D. Mass number
(Total 1 mark)
9
37. The empirical formula of a compound is C 2 H4 O. Which molecular formulas are possible for this
compound?
I. CH3 COOH
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
When 50 g of calcium carbonate are decomposed, 7 g of calcium oxide are formed. What is the
percentage yield of calcium oxide?
A. 7
B. 25
C. 50
D. 75
(Total 1 mark)
__ Na + __ H2 O → __ NaOH + __ H2
What is the total of all the coefficients when the equation is balanced using the smallest possible
whole numbers?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 6
D. 7
(Total 1 mark)
10
40. What is the total number of ions present in the formula, Al2 (SO4 )3 ?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 5
D. 6
(Total 1 mark)
41. A 4 g sample of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, is dissolved in water and made up to 500 cm3 of
aqueous solution. What is the concentration of the resulting solution?
42. Methane, CH4 , burns in oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide and water. How many moles of
carbon dioxide will be formed from 8.0 g of methane?
A. 0.25
B. 0.50
C. 1.0
D. 2.0
(Total 1 mark)
43. What is the empirical formula of a compound containing 50 by mass of element X (Ar = 20)
and 50 by mass of element Y (Ar = 25)?
A. XY
B. X3 Y2
C. X4 Y5
D. X5 Y4
(Total 1 mark)
11
44. Assuming complete reaction, what volume of 0.200 mol dm–3 potassium hydroxide solution
(KOH(aq)), is required to neutralize 25.0 cm3 of 0.200 mol dm–3 aqueous sulfuric acid,
(H2 SO4 (aq))?
A. 12.5 cm3
B. 25.0 cm3
C. 50.0 cm3
D. 75.0 cm3
(Total 1 mark)
If the reaction is made to go to completion, what volume of ammonia (in dm3 ) can be prepared
from 25 dm3 of nitrogen and 60 dm3 of hydrogen? All volumes are measured at the same
temperature and pressure.
A. 40
B. 50
C. 85
D. 120
(Total 1 mark)
46. The temperature in Kelvin of 1.0 dm3 of an ideal gas is doubled and its pressure is tripled. What
is the final volume of the gas in dm3 ?
1
A.
3
2
B.
3
3
C.
2
1
D.
6
(Total 1 mark)
12
47. On complete combustion, a sample of a hydrocarbon compound produces 1.5 mol of carbon
dioxide and 2.0 mol of water. What is the molecular formula of this hydrocarbon?
A. C2 H2
B. C2 H4
C. C3 H4
D. C3 H8
(Total 1 mark)
48. When excess BaCl2 (aq) was added to a sample of Fe(NH 4 )2 (SO4)2 (aq) to determine the amount
in moles of sulfate present, 5.02×10–3 mol of BaSO4 was obtained. How many moles of sulfate
ions and iron ions were in the sample of Fe(NH 4 )2 (SO4 )2?
49. What volume of 0.500 mol dm–3 sulfuric acid solution is required to react completely with 10.0
g of calcium carbonate according to the equation below?
A. 100 cm3
B. 200 cm3
C. 300 cm3
D. 400 cm3
(Total 1 mark)
50. Which expression gives the amount (in mol) of a substance, if the mass is given in grams?
mass
A.
molar mass
molar mass
B.
mass
1
C.
molar mass
13
51. What is the total number of atoms in 0.20 mol of propanone, CH 3 COCH3 ?
A. 1.2×1022
B. 6.0×1023
C. 1.2×1024
D. 6.0×1024
(Total 1 mark)
52. When the equation below is balanced for 1 mol of C 3 H4 , what is the coefficient for O 2 ?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
(Total 1 mark)
53. Ethyne, C2 H2 , reacts with oxygen according to the equation below. What volume of oxygen (in
dm3 ) reacts with 0.40 dm3 of C2 H2 ?
A. 0.40
B. 0.80
C. 1.0
D. 2.0
(Total 1 mark)
54. Ethyne, C2 H2 , reacts with oxygen according to the equation below. What volume of oxygen (in
dm3 ) reacts with 0.40 dm3 of C2 H2 ?
A. 0.40
B. 0.80
C. 1.0
D. 2.0
(Total 1 mark)
14
55. What is the coefficient for H + when the redox equation below is balanced?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
(Total 1 mark)
56. How many hydrogen atoms are in one mole of ethanol, C 2 H5 OH?
A. 1.00×1023
B. 3.61×1024
C. 5.00
D. 6.00
(Total 1 mark)
57. What is the coefficient for H 2 SO4 (aq) when the following equation is balanced, using the
smallest possible integers?
A. 1
B. 3
C. 4
D. 7
(Total 1 mark)
58. Air bags in cars inflate when sodium azide decomposes to form sodium and nitrogen:
Calculate the amount, in moles, of nitrogen gas produced by the decomposition of 2.52 mol of
NaN3 (s).
A. 1.68
B. 2.52
C. 3.78
D. 7.56
(Total 1 mark)
15
3 –3 3 –3
59. What volume, in cm , of 0.200 mol dm HCl(aq) is required to neutralize 25.0 cm of 0.200 mol dm
Ba(OH)2 (aq)?
A. 12.5
B. 25.0
C. 50.0
D. 75.0
(Total 1 mark)
60. The relative molecular mass of aluminium chloride is 267 and its composition by mass is 20.3%
Al and 79.7% chlorine. Determine the empirical and molecular formulas of aluminium chloride.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
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(Total 4 marks)
1.15 g of sodium is allowed to react completely with water. The resulting solution is diluted to
250 cm3 . Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3 , of the resulting sodium hydroxide solution.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(Total 3 marks)
16
62. (i) Calcium carbonate is added to separate solutions of hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid
of the same concentration. State one similarity and one difference in the observations you
could make.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(2)
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
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(2)
(iii) Determine the volume of 1.50 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid that would react with exactly
1.25 g of calcium carbonate.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
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(3)
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(2)
(Total 9 marks)
17
63. An organic compound, A, containing only the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen was
analysed.
(a) A was found to contain 54.5 C and 9.1 H by mass, the remainder being oxygen.
Determine the empirical formula of the compound.
(3)
(b) A 0.230 g sample of A, when vaporized, had a volume of 0.0785 dm3 at 95C and 102
kPa. Determine the relative molecular mass of A.
(3)
(c) Determine the molecular formula of A using your answers from parts (a) and (b).
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
64. An organic compound A contains 62.0 by mass of carbon, 24.1 by mass of nitrogen, the
remainder being hydrogen.
(i) Determine the percentage by mass of hydrogen and the empirical formula of A.
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...................................................................................................................................
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(3)
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(2)
18
(iii) The relative molecular mass of A is 116. Determine the molecular formula of A.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
65. An organic compound A contains 62.0 by mass of carbon, 24.1 by mass of nitrogen, the
remainder being hydrogen.
(i) Determine the percentage by mass of hydrogen and the empirical formula of A.
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...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(3)
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(2)
(iii) The relative molecular mass of A is 116. Determine the molecular formula of A.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide and water vapour produced and the volume of oxygen
remaining, when 20.0 dm3 of propane reacts with 120.0 dm3 of oxygen. All gas volumes are
measured at the same temperature and pressure.
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(Total 3 marks)
19
67. State and explain what would happen to the pressure of a given mass of gas when its absolute
temperature and volume are both doubled.
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(Total 3 marks)
68. (i) Crocetin consists of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Determine the empirical
formula of crocetin, if 1.00 g of crocetin forms 2.68 g of carbon dioxide and 0.657 g of
water when it undergoes complete combustion.
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(6)
(ii) Determine the molecular formula of crocetin given that 0.300 mole of crocetin has a mass
of 98.5 g
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
20
69. A solution containing ammonia requires 25.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid to reach
the equivalence point of a titration.
(i) Write an equation for the reaction of ammonia with hydrochloric acid
(1)
(ii) Calculate the amount (in mol) of hydrochloric acid and ammonia that react.
(2)
70. A toxic gas, A, consists of 53.8% nitrogen and 46.2% carbon by mass. At 273 K and
1.01×105 Pa, 1.048 g of A occupies 462 cm3 . Determine the empirical formula of A.
Calculate the molar mass of the compound and determine its molecular structure.
(Total 3 marks)
excess hydrogen
burning
hydrogen
gas
oxide of copper
in a dish
HEAT
After heating, the stream of hydrogen gas was maintained until the apparatus had cooled.
(a) Explain why the stream of hydrogen gas was maintained until the apparatus cooled.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Calculate the empirical formula of the oxide of copper using the data above, assuming
complete reduction of the oxide.
.....................................................................................................................................
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(3)
21
(c) Write an equation for the reaction that occurred.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d) State two changes that would be observed inside the tube as it was heated.
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
72. Copper metal may be produced by the reaction of copper(I) oxide and copper(I) sulfide
according to the below equation.
A mixture of 10.0 kg of copper(I) oxide and 5.00 kg of copper(I) sulfide was heated until no
further reaction occurred.
(a) Determine the limiting reagent in this reaction, showing your working.
....................................................................................................................................
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(3)
(b) Calculate the maximum mass of copper that could be obtained from these masses of
reactants.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
22
73. The reaction below represents the reduction of iron ore to produce iron.
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(Total 5 marks)
74. 0.502 g of an alkali metal sulfate is dissolved in water and excess barium chloride solution,
BaCl2 (aq) is added to precipitate all the sulfate ions as barium sulfate, BaSO 4 (s). The precipitate
is filtered and dried and weighs 0.672 g.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) Determine the amount (in mol) of the alkali metal sulfate present.
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Determine the molar mass of the alkali metal sulfate and state its units.
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(2)
23
(d) Deduce the identity of the alkali metal, showing your workings.
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(2)
(e) Write an equation for the precipitation reaction, including state symbols.
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(2)
(Total 9 marks)
75. 0.600 mol of aluminium hydroxide is mixed with 0.600 mol of sulfuric acid, and the following
reaction occurs:
2Al(OH)3 (s) + 3H2 SO4 (aq) → Al2 (SO4 )3 (aq) + 6H2 O(l)
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(2)
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(2)
(c) Determine the amount (in mol) of excess reactant that remains.
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(1)
24
(d) Define a Brønsted-Lowry acid and a Lewis base.
Brønsted-Lowry acid
.....................................................................................................................................
Lewis base
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(e) H2 SO4 (aq) is a strong acid. State the name and the formula of any weak acid.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
25
1. B
2. B
3. D
4. C
5. A
6. A
7. B
8. C
9. B
10. D
11. D
12. B
13. C
14. D
15. D
16. A
17. C
18. C
19. B
20. A
21. D
22. C
23. C
24. C
25. B
26. B
27. C
28. A
29. A
30. D
31. A
26
32. C
33. A
34. C
35. C
36. C
37. C
38. B
39. D
40. C
41. B
42. B
43. D
44. C
45. A
46. B
47. D
48. A
49. B
50. A
51. C
52. C
53. C
54. C
55. D
56. B
57. C
58. C
59. C
60. Al 20.3 Cl 79.70 or similar working (no penalty for use of 27 or 35.5);
26 .98 35 .45
27
empirical formula AlCl3 ;
Al2 Cl6 ;
Full credit can be obtained if the calculations are carried out
by another valid method. Two correct formulas but no valid
method scores [2 max].
[4]
(iv) 1:1 ratio of CaCO3 to CO2 /use 0.0125 moles CO2 (allow ECF);
(0.0125×22.4) = 0.28 dm3 /280 cm3 /2.8×10–4 m3 (allow ECF); 1
Accept calculation using pV=nRT.
[9]
C2 H4 O; 3
If atomic numbers or incorrect Ar values used, only first mark
can be scored.
Award [3] for correct formula without working.
mRT
(b) pV = nRT/pV = /correct rearrangement;
Mr
28
0.230 8.31 368
Mr = ;
102 10 3 0.0785 10 −3
Award [1] for 368 even if incorrect expression given.
Mr = 87.8; 3
Accept answer in range 87.8 to 88.
Do not allow ECF.
Award [3] for correct final answer
(c) C4 H8 O2 ; 1
Answer does not need to show working to receive the mark.
Do not allow ECF.
[7]
64. (i) C N H
C3 NH8 ; 3
Correct empirical formula scores [3].
OR
(iii) C6 N2 H16; 1
[6]
65. (i) C N H
29
cannot be scored.
If H % calculation incorrect apply ECF.
C3 NH8 ; 3
Correct empirical formula scores [3].
OR
(iii) C6 N2 H16; 1
[6]
80.0 dm3 H2 O;
20.0 dm3 O2 ; 3
Apply −1(U).
[3]
OR
Use PV = nRT, Since n and R are constant;
V and T are both doubled;
P will remain unchanged;
OR
OWTTE for mathematical interpretation
e.g. T P, therefore 2P;
V 1/P, therefore ½P;
No change to P, ½P×2P = P; 3
empirical formula: C5 H6 O; 6
For C5 H6 award [4 max].
Steps used to arrive at the correct amounts (in moles) are
required for full marks.
328
( = 4)
82.11
M r = 51.9 (g mol–1 );
:N C⎯C N:; 3
[3]
6.35 1.60
= 79.8% = 20.2%
7.95 7.95
70 .8 20 .2
= 1.25 = 1.29
63 .5 16
31
(c) H2 + CuO → Cu + H2 O; 1
Allow ECF.
0.672 g
n(BaSO4 ) = = 0.00288 / 2.88×10−3 (mol); 2
−1
233 . 40 g mol
ECF from M value
m 0.502 g
(c) M = = = 174.31 / 174.3 / 174;
n 0.00288 mol
ECF
units: g mol−1 ; 2
32
(174 − (32 + (4 16 )
(d) (2(Ar) + 32 + 4(16) = 174, thus) Ar = 39 / Ar = =39;
2
Accept answer between 38.9 and 39.2
ECF
potassium/K;
ECF from Ar value
75. (a) 0.600 mol Al(OH)3 ≡ (1.5)(0.600) mol H2 SO4 /0.900 mol H2 SO4
needed, but only 0.600 mol used;
H2 SO4 limiting reactant; 2
Some working must be shown in order to score the second
point.
33
IB Chemistry – SL
Topic 2 Questions
1. Consider the composition of the species W, X, Y and Z below. Which species is an anion?
A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z
(Total 1 mark)
A. evenly spaced.
D. arranged randomly.
(Total 1 mark)
3. Which is related to the number of electrons in the outer main energy level of the elements from
the alkali metals to the halogens?
I. Group number
A. I only
B. II only
C. Both I and II
D. Neither I nor II
(Total 1 mark)
Page 1 of 19
4. How do bond length and bond strength change as the number of bonds between two atoms
increases?
6. The molar masses of C2 H6 , CH3 OH and CH3 F are very similar. How do their boiling points
compare?
19 –
7. What is the correct number of each particle in a fluoride ion, F?
8. Which statement is correct for the emission spectrum of the hydrogen atom?
B. The lines are produced when electrons move from lower to higher energy levels.
C. The lines in the visible region involve electron transitions into the energy level closest to
the nucleus.
D. The line corresponding to the greatest emission of energy is in the ultraviolet region.
Page 2 of 19
9. Which is the correct description of polarity in F2 and HF molecules?
10. Which types of bonding are present in CH 3 CHO in the liquid state?
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
11. Which statement(s) is/are generally true about the melting points of substances?
I. Melting points are higher for compounds containing ions than for compounds
containing molecules.
II. A compound with a low melting point is less volatile than a compound with a high
melting point.
A. I only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
12. How many valence electrons are present in an atom of an element with atomic number 16?
A. 2
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8
(Total 1 mark)
Page 3 of 19
13. A certain sample of element Z contains 60% of 69 Z and 40% of 71 Z. What is the relative atomic
mass of element Z in this sample?
A. 69.2
B. 69.8
C. 70.0
D. 70.2
(Total 1 mark)
59 59
14. What is the difference between two neutral atoms represented by the symbols Co and 28
Ni?
27
24 +2
15. How many electrons are there in one 12 Mg ion?
A. 10
B. 12
C. 14
D. 22
(Total 1 mark)
16. The electron arrangement of sodium is 2.8.1. How many occupied main electron energy levels
are there in an atom of sodium?
A. 1
B. 3
C. 10
D. 11
(Total 1 mark)
Page 4 of 19
17. Information is given about four different atoms:
A. W and Y
B. W and Z
C. X and Z
D. X and Y
(Total 1 mark)
A. Electrons absorb energy as they move from low to high energy levels.
B. Electrons absorb energy as they move from high to low energy levels.
C. Electrons release energy as they move from low to high energy levels.
D. Electrons release energy as they move from high to low energy levels.
(Total 1 mark)
18
19. How many neutrons are there in the ion O2– ?
A. 8
B. 10
C. 16
D. 20
(Total 1 mark)
A. 2.4
B. 2.8
C. 2.8.4
D. 2.8.8
(Total 1 mark)
Page 5 of 19
21. Which statement is correct about the isotopes of an element?
210 210
22. What is the difference between two neutral atoms represented by the symbols 84
Po and 85
At?
23. Which statements are correct for the emission spectrum of the hydrogen atom?
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
24. What is the symbol for a species that contains 15 protons, 16 neutrons and 18 electrons?
31
A. 16 S
B. 31
16 S 3−
C. 31
15 P−
D. 31
15 P 3−
(Total 1 mark)
Page 6 of 19
25. What is the electron arrangement of an Al3+ ion?
A. 2, 8
B. 2, 3
C. 2, 8, 3
D. 2, 8, 8
(Total 1 mark)
26. What will happen to the volume of a fixed mass of gas if the pressure and the Kelvin
temperature are both doubled?
132 2+
B. 54 Xe
132 2−
C. 54 Xe
128 2+
D. 52 Te
(Total 1 mark)
28. What is the correct sequence for the processes occurring in a mass spectrometer?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
Page 7 of 19
(b) A 1.00 g sample of the hydrocarbon at a temperature of 273 K and a pressure of
1.01×105 Pa (1.00 atm) has a volume of 0.399 dm3 .
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
30. State the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in the ion 15
7
N3– .
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(Total 2 marks)
31. A sample of germanium is analysed in a mass spectrometer. The first and last processes in mass
spectrometry are vaporization and detection.
(a) (i) State the names of the other three processes in the order in which they occur in a
mass spectrometer.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) For each of the processes named in (a) (i), outline how the process occurs.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
Page 8 of 19
(b) The sample of germanium is found to have the following composition:
70 72 74 76
Isotope Ge Ge Ge Ge
Relative abundance / 22.60 25.45 36.73 15.22
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of germanium, giving your
answer to two decimal places.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 2 marks)
Si ........................................................................................................................................
P 3– ........................................................................................................................................
(Total 2 marks)
34. Identify the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in the species 33 S2– .
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
(Total 1 mark)
Page 9 of 19
35. State the electron arrangement for atoms of aluminium, nitrogen and fluorine.
(Total 2 marks)
36. The relative atomic mass of chlorine is 35.45. Calculate the percentage abundance of the two
isotopes of chlorine, 35 Cl and 37 Cl in a sample of chlorine gas.
(Total 2 marks)
37. (a) Describe the following stages in the operation of the mass spectrometer.
(i) ionization
(2)
(ii) deflection
(2)
(iii) acceleration
(1)
85
(ii) Calculate the percentage abundance of the two isotopes of rubidium Rb and 87 Rb.
(2)
(iii) State two physical properties that would differ for each of the rubidium isotopes.
(1)
(iv) Determine the full electron configuration of an atom of Si, an Fe 3+ ion and a P 3–
ion.
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
38. Naturally occurring copper has a relative atomic mass, (Ar), of 63.55 and consists of two
isotopes 63 Cu and 65 Cu.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 10 of 19
(ii) State and explain which is the more abundant isotope.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 2 marks)
50 51
39. The element vanadium has two isotopes, 23 V and 23V, and a relative atomic mass of 50.94.
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(1)
50
(b) State the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in 23V.
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(2)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(1)
(d) State the name and the mass number of the isotope relative to which all atomic masses
are measured.
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
40. (a) State a physical property that is different for isotopes of an element.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Chlorine exists as two isotopes, 35 Cl and 37 Cl. The relative atomic mass of chlorine is
35.45. Calculate the percentage abundance of each isotope.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 3 marks)
Page 11 of 19
41. (a) Define the term isotope.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
................................................................................................................................... ..
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
56
(c) State the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in the ion Fe3+.
79
42. The element bromine exists as the isotopes Br and 81 Br, and has a relative atomic mass of
79.90.
(a) Complete the following table to show the numbers of sub-atomic particles in the species
shown.
79
(b) State and explain which of the two isotopes Br and 81 Br is more common in the element
bromine.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 12 of 19
(c) The element calcium is in the same period of the Periodic Table as bromine.
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
43. Some vaporized magnesium is introduced into a mass spectrometer. One of the ions that reaches
the detector is 25 Mg+.
25
(a) Identify the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the Mg+ ion.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) The 25 Mg2+ ion is also detected in this mass spectrometer by changing the magnetic field.
Deduce and explain, by reference to the m/z values of these two ions of magnesium,
which of the ions 25 Mg2+ and 25 Mg+ is detected using a stronger magnetic field.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
44. (a) List the following types of electromagnetic radiation in order of increasing wavelength
(shortest first).
I. Yellow light
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 13 of 19
(b) Distinguish between a continuous spectrum and a line spectrum.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) The thinning of the ozone layer increases the amount of UV-B radiation that reaches the
Earth’s surface.
Based on the information in the table above explain why UV-B rays are more dangerous
than UV-A.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 14 of 19
IB Chemistry – SL
Topic 2 Answers
1. A
[1]
2. B
[1]
3. A
[1]
4. C
[1]
5. A
[1]
6. D
[1]
7. C
[1]
8. D
[1]
9. D
[1]
10. A
[1]
11. B
[1]
12. C
[1]
13. B
[1]
14. D
[1]
15. A
[1]
16. B
[1]
17. B
[1]
18. D
[1]
19. B
[1]
20. C
[1]
21. B
[1]
Page 15 of 19
22. D
[1]
23. C
[1]
24. D
[1]
25. A
[1]
26. A
[1]
27. A
[1]
28. A
[1]
empirical formula is CH 2 ; 2
1.00 g
= 56.3 (g mol–1 ) 2
0.017 mol
OR
= 72.89; 2
No other final answer acceptable.
Award [2] for correct final answer.
[9]
33. Si 2.8.4/2,8,4;
3−
P 2.8.8/2,8,8; 2
[2]
35. Al − 2,8,3;
N − 2,5;
F − 2,7; 2
Award [2] for three correct, [1] for two or one correct.
Accept correct configuration using s,p,d notation.
[2]
35x + 37(100 − x)
36. Ar(Cl) = 35.45 = ;
100
35
Cl = 77.5% and 37 Cl = 22.5%; 2
[2]
37. (a) (i) to produce positively charged ions;
by the bombardment of fast moving electrons; 2
Page 17 of 19
85x + 87(100 − x)
(ii) Ar(Rb) = 85.47 = ;
100
Accept other valid mathematical alternatives.
85
Rb = 76.5 and 87 Rb = 23.5%; 2
1
38. (i) ratio of average mass of an atom to the mass of C-12 isotope/
12
average mass of an atom on a scale where one atom of C-12 has a mass of 12/sum
of the weighted average mass of isotopes of an element compared to
C-12/OWTTE; 1
Award no mark if ‘element’ is used in place of ‘atom’
63
(ii) Cu (more abundant) since Ar (Cu) is closer in mass to 63; 1
Explanation needed for mark
[2]
39. (a) atom of same element/same number of protons but with different
mass number/number of neutrons; 1
(b) protons 23
electrons 23
neutrons 27 2
Three correct [2], two correct [1].
51
(c) 23
V /51 nearer to Ar value of 50.94; 1
Page 18 of 19
therefore, x = 0.775; 2
35
Cl = 77.5% and 37 Cl = 22.5%;
(need both for mark);
[3]
41. (a) atoms of the same element/same number of protons/same atomic number;
having different numbers of neutrons/different (mass number); 2
Award only [1] max if reference made to elements but
not atoms.
42. (a)
3
79
(b) Br because Ar is closer to 79/OWTTE; 1
Topic 2 Questions
2. What is the total number of p orbitals containing one or more electrons in germanium (atomic
number 32)?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 5
D. 8
(Total 1 mark)
3. How many electrons are there in all the d orbitals in an atom of xenon?
A. 10
B. 18
C. 20
D. 36
(Total 1 mark)
Page 1 of 5
5. What is the total number of electrons in p orbitals in an atom of iodine?
A. 5
B. 7
C. 17
D. 23
(Total 1 mark)
6. A transition metal ion X2+ has the electronic configuration [Ar]3d9 . What is the atomic number
of the element?
A. 27
B. 28
C. 29
D. 30
(Total 1 mark)
A. 3
B. 5
C. 7
D. 9
(Total 1 mark)
A. [Ar]4s2 3d9
B. [Ar]4s1 3d10
C. [Ar]4s1 3d9
D. [Ar]3d10
(Total 1 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)
(ii) Give the formulas of two oppositely charged ions which have the same electron
configuration as argon.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
(Total 3 marks)
Page 2 of 5
10. (a) Use the Aufbau principle to write the electron configuration of an atom of germanium.
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) The successive ionization energies of germanium are shown in the following table:
(i) Identify the sub-level from which the electron is removed when the first ionization
energy of germanium is measured.
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the process occurring when
measuring the second ionization energy of germanium.
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Explain why the difference between the 4th and 5th ionization energies is much
greater than the difference between any two other successive values.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
11. (i) Explain why successive ionization energies of an element increase.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Explain how successive ionization energies account for the existence of three main
energy levels in the sodium atom.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 4 marks)
Page 3 of 5
IB Chemistry – HL
Topic 2 Answers
1. D
[1]
2. D
[1]
3. C
[1]
4. C
[1]
5. D
[1]
6. C
[1]
7. D
[1]
8. D
[1]
10. (a) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p2 /[Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p2 ; 1
Do not penalize for interchanging 4s2 and 3d10 .
(b) (i) (4)p; 1
(iii) 5th electron removed from energy level closer to nucleus/5th electron
removed from 3rd energy level and 4th electron from 4th energy
level/OWTTE;
attraction by nucleus or protons greater (for electrons closer to
nucleus)/OWTTE; 2
[5]
11. (i) same nuclear charge, fewer electrons (thus more energy required to
remove successive electrons)/harder to remove an electron from
an ion with increasing positive charge/nucleus has greater effect
on smaller number of electrons/OWTTE; 1
(ii) large increases in IE when 2nd and 10th electron removed; thus,
1st electron further from nucleus than 2nd electron; and 9th electron
Page 4 of 5
further from nucleus than 10th electron; large increases indicate
changes in main energy levels/OWTTE;
OR
Page 5 of 5
IB Chemistry – HL
Topic 3 Questions
1. Which of the following salts form coloured solutions when dissolved in water?
I. ScCL3
II. FeCl3
III. NiCl2
IV. ZnCl2
A. I and II only
A. a negative charge
B. M2+(g) → M3+(g) + e–
D. M3+(g) → M4+(g) + e–
(Total 1 mark)
4. Which electrons are lost by an atom of iron when it forms the Fe 3+ ion?
Page 1 of 9
5. Which properties are typical of d-block elements?
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
6. Which combination of ion charge and ion size produces the greatest lattice enthalpy?
I. FeCl3
II. NiCl2
III. ZnCl2
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
Page 2 of 9
9. Define the term ligand. Cu2+(aq) reacts with ammonia to form the complex ion
[Cu(NH3 )4 ]2+. Explain this reaction in terms of an acid-base theory, and outline the bonding in
the complex ion formed between Cu2+ and NH3 .
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... ...........
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
(Total 4 marks)
10. By reference to the structure and bonding in the compounds NaCl and SiCl4
(i) state and explain the differences in conductivity in the liquid state.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii) predict an approximate pH value for a solution formed by adding each compound
separately to water.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 3 of 9
11. Two characteristics of the d-block (transition) elements are that they exhibit variable oxidation
states and form coloured compounds.
(i) State two possible oxidation states for iron and explain these in terms of electron
arrangements.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Explain why many compounds of d-block (transition) elements are coloured.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
12. Silicon tetrachloride, SiCl4 , reacts with water to form an acidic solution.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction of silicon tetrachloride with water.
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
13. Magnesium chloride and silicon(IV) chloride have very different properties.
(i) Give the formula and physical state at room temperature of each chloride.
(2)
(ii) State the conditions under which, if at all, each chloride conducts electricity.
(2)
Page 4 of 9
(iii) Each chloride is added to water in separate experiments. Suggest an approximate pH
value for the solution formed, and write an equation for any reaction that occurs.
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
14. The elements in the d-block in the periodic table have several characteristics in common.
(ii) Explain what is meant by a ligand, and describe the type of bond formed between a ligand
and a d-block element.
(2)
(v) Identify the d-block element used as a catalyst in the Haber process and write an equation
for the reaction occurring.
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
15. (i) Explain why complexes of Zn2+ are colourless whereas complexes containing Cu2+ are
coloured.
(3)
(ii) Give the formula and describe the shape of the complex ion formed between Fe 3+ and the
ligand CN– .
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
(i) Define the term ligand, and identify the ligand in this complex.
(1)
(ii) Write the full electron configuration and draw the orbital box diagram of iron in its
oxidation state in this complex, and hence, determine the number of unpaired electrons in
this state.
(3)
(iii) Explain why many transition metal d-block complexes are coloured.
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
(i) State and explain the differences in electrical conductivity in the liquid state.
(3)
(ii) Predict an approximate pH value for the solutions formed by adding each compound
separately to water. Explain your answer.
(4)
Page 5 of 9
(Total 7 marks)
18. Elements with atomic number 21 to 30 are d-block elements.
(a) Identify which of these elements are not considered to be typical transition elements.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Complex ions consist of a central metal ion surrounded by ligands. Define the term
ligand.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) Complete the table below to show the oxidation state of the transition element.
(3)
oxidation state
(d) Identify two transition elements used as catalysts in industrial processes, stating the
process in each case.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(e) Apart from the formation of complex ions and apart from their use as catalysts, state two
other properties of transition elements.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Page 6 of 9
IB Chemistry – HL
Topic 3 Answers
1. B
[1]
2. D
[1]
3. B
[1]
4. B
[1]
5. A
[1]
6. B
[1]
7. A
[1]
8. C
[1]
(ii) NaCl pH = 7;
salt of strong acid and strong base/Na + and Cl– not hydrolysed;
SiCl4 pH = 0 to 3;
HCl is formed/strong acid formed; 4
[7]
Page 7 of 9
12. (i) van der Waals’ forces (between molecules);
Accept London or dispersion forces or temporary dipole-dipole
attractions.
14. (i) Ni2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d8 / [Ar]3d8 ; 1
(ii) species with lone pair of electrons used to bond with the ion;
co-ordinate bond/dative (covalent) bond; 2
(iii) +2;
+2; 2
Accept 2+ but not 2 or II.
(v) iron;
N2 + 3H2 2NH3 ; 2
No penalty for →.
[10]
15. (i) Zn2+ has full d sub-shell / Zn2+ does not have partially filled d sub-shell/
Cu2+ has partially filled d sub-shell/orbitals;
d orbitals are split (into two sets of different energy levels);
colour due to electron transition between (split) d orbitals; 3
5 unpaired electrons; 3
(ii) NaCl pH = 7;
salt of strong acid and strong base/Na + and Cl− not hydrolysed;
SiCl4 pH = 0 to 3;
HCl is formed/strong acid formed; 4
[7]
18. (a) scandium and zinc/Sc and Zn; 1
Both needed for the mark.
Accept copper/Cu if given in addition to Sc and Zn i.e. all three
needed for the mark.
(c)
[Fe(H2 O)6 ]3+ 2[CuCl4 ]2– Cr2 O7 2– ion
+3 +2 +6 oxidation state
Page 9 of 9
IB Chemistry – SL
Topic 3 Questions
A. Li + Br2
B. Li + Cl2
C. K + Br2
D. K + Cl2
(Total 1 mark)
I. Atomic radius
III. Electronegativity
A. I only
B. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
A. Li and Cl2
B. Li and Br2
C. K and Cl2
D. K and Br2
(Total 1 mark)
4. For which element are the group number and the period number the same?
A. Li
B. Be
C. B
D. Mg
(Total 1 mark)
Page 1 of 20
5. Which of the physical properties below decrease with increasing atomic number for both the
alkali metals and the halogens?
I. Atomic radius
A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
6. Rubidium is an element in the same group of the periodic table as lithium and sodium.
It is likely to be a metal which has a
7. When the following species are arranged in order of increasing radius, what is the correct
order?
A. Cl– , Ar, K+
B. K+, Ar , Cl–
C. Cl– , K+, Ar
D. Ar, Cl– , K+
(Total 1 mark)
8. What increases in equal steps of one from left to right in the periodic table for the elements
lithium to neon?
Page 2 of 20
9. Which property decreases down group 7 in the periodic table?
A. atomic radius
B. electronegativity
C. ionic radius
D. melting point
(Total 1 mark)
10. Which properties are typical of most non-metals in period 3 (Na to Ar)?
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
11. A potassium atom has a larger atomic radius than a sodium atom. Which statement about
potassium correctly explains this difference?
12. Which factors lead to an element having a low value of first ionization energy?
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
Page 3 of 20
13. Which statement about electronegativity is correct?
15. Which compound of an element in period 3 reacts with water to form a solution with a pH
greater than 7?
A. SiO2
B. SiCl4
C. NaCl
D. Na2 O
(Total 1 mark)
A. F(g) + e– → F– (g)
B. F– (g) → F(g) + e–
C. F+(g) → F(g) + e–
D. F(g) → F+(g) + e–
(Total 1 mark)
A. Halide ions are all reducing agents, with iodide ions being the weakest.
B. Halogens are all oxidizing agents, with chlorine being the strongest.
Page 4 of 20
18. Which of the following statements are correct?
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
A. Ca
B. Cr
C. Ge
D. Se
(Total 1 mark)
20. When Na, K, and Mg are arranged in increasing order of atomic radius (smallest first), which
order is correct?
A. Na, K, Mg
B. Na, Mg, K
C. K, Mg, Na
D. Mg, Na, K
(Total 1 mark)
I. SiO2
II. P 4 O6
III. SO2
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
Page 5 of 20
22. Which series is arranged in order of increasing radius?
23. Describe the acid-base character of the oxides of the period 3 elements Na to Ar. For sodium
oxide and sulfur trioxide, write balanced equations to illustrate their acid-base character.
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
(Total 4 marks)
24. Table 6 of the Data Booklet lists melting points of the elements. Explain the trend in the melting
points of the alkali metals, halogens and period 3 elements.
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
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........................................................................................................................................................
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........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... .............
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
(Total 8 marks)
Page 6 of 20
25. (i) Explain how the first ionization energy of K compares with that of Na and Ar.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(3)
(ii) Explain the difference between the first ionization energies of Na and Mg.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(4)
(iii) Suggest why much more energy is needed to remove an electron from Na + than from
Mg+.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)
(ii) State the electron arrangement of nitrogen and explain why it is found in period 2 and
group 5 of the periodic table.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(3)
(Total 4 marks)
Page 7 of 20
27. Table 8 of the Data Booklet gives the atomic and ionic radii of elements. State and explain the
difference between
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
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……………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
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(1)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
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……………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
28. State and explain the trends in the atomic radius and the ionization energy
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
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……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(4)
Page 8 of 20
(ii) for the period 3 elements Na to Cl.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
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……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(4)
(Total 8 marks)
29. (i) Describe three similarities and one difference in the reactions of lithium and potassium
with water.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
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……………………………………………………………………………………………
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……………………………………………………………………………………………
(4)
(ii) Give an equation for one of these reactions. Suggest a pH value for the resulting solution,
and give a reason for your answer.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
30. (a) Classify each of the following oxides as acidic, basic or amphoteric.
……………………………………………………………………………………
(1)
……………………………………………………………………………………
(1)
Page 9 of 20
(iii) sulfur dioxide
……………………………………………………………………………………
(1)
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
(1)
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
(a) Explain, in terms of their structure and bonding, why the element sulfur is a non-
conductor of electricity and aluminium is a good conductor of electricity.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(4)
(b) Explain, in terms of its structure and bonding, why silicon dioxide, SiO 2 , has a high
melting point.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
(i) the first ionization energy of magnesium is lower than that of fluorine.
(2)
(i) Explain why the ionic radius of chlorine is less than that of sulfur.
(2)
(ii) Explain what is meant by the term electronegativity and explain why the electronegativity
of chlorine is greater than that of bromine.
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
35. (a) (i) State the meaning of the term electronegativity and explain why the noble gases are
not assigned electronegativity values.
(2)
(ii) State and explain the trend in electronegativity across period 3 from Na to Cl.
(2)
(iii) Explain why Cl2 rather than Br2 would react more vigorously with a solution of I– .
(2)
MgO Al2 O3 P 4 O6
(iii) State and explain the trend in the ionization energy of alkali metals down the group.
(3)
(iv) Explain why the electronegativity of phosphorus is greater than that of aluminium.
(2)
(v) Table 8 in the Data Booklet contains two values for the ionic radius of silicon. Explain,
by reference to atomic structure and electron arrangements, why the two values are very
different.
(4)
(Total 11 marks)
37. Explain why sulfur has a lower first ionization energy than oxygen, and also a lower first
ionization energy than phosphorus.
(Total 4 marks)
(iii) explain why the other non-metal elements of period 3 have low melting points.
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
39. Describe the acid-base character of the oxides of the period 3 elements Na to Ar. For sodium
oxide and sulfur trioxide, write balanced equations to illustrate their acid-base character.
(Total 3 marks)
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
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(1)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the process occurring when
measuring the first ionization energy of aluminium.
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 12 of 20
(b) The first ionization energies of the elements are shown in Table 7 of the Data Booklet.
Explain why the first ionization energy of magnesium is greater than that of sodium.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) Lithium reacts with water. Write an equation for the reaction and state two observations
that could be made during the reaction.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
42. (a) State the meaning of the term electronegativity.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) State and explain the trend in electronegativity across period 3 from Na to Cl.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) Explain why Cl2 rather than Br2 would react more vigorously with a solution of I – .
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 13 of 20
IB Chemistry – SL
Topic 3 Answers
1. D
[1]
2. B
[1]
3. C
[1]
4. B
[1]
5. B
[1]
6. C
[1]
7. B
[1]
8. C
[1]
9. B
[1]
10. A
[1]
11. C
[1]
12. A
[1]
13. C
[1]
14. D
[1]
15. D
[1]
16. D
[1]
17. D
[1]
18. A
[1]
19. B
[1]
20. D
[1]
21. C
Page 14 of 20
[1]
22. C
[1]
Na2 O + H2 O → 2NaOH;
SO3 + H2 O → H2 SO4 ; 4
Must be balanced for marks.
Award marks for alternative correct equations such as SO3 with
NaOH.
[4]
halogens:
non-polar/van der Waals’ forces between molecules;
as size increases van der Waals’ forces increase (and melting point increases);
period 3 elements:
increase in melting points of metals (Na, Mg, Al) due to increase in number of
valence electrons and decrease in size/the way atoms are packed as solids;
Award mark just for “increased number of delocalized or valence electrons”.
silicon:
network covalent solid (with very high melting point);
Award mark also for “many or strong covalent bonds”.
P → Ar:
simple molecular (atomic in case of Ar) substances with weak van
der Waals’ forces (and lower melting points);
trend in P 4 , S8 , Cl2 , Ar due to size/mass of particles; 8
Award mark for “decreasing mass or size”.
Molecular formulae not necessary.
[8]
(iii) N3– >N/ionic radius > atomic radius because N 3– has more electrons
than protons; so the electrons are held less tightly/OWTTE; 2
3–
Award [1] for greater repulsion in N due to more
electrons (no reference to protons).
[5]
28. (i) Li to Cs
atomic radius increases;
because more full energy levels are used or occupied/outer electrons
further from nucleus/outer electrons in a higher shell;
ionization energy decreases;
because the electron removed is further from the nucleus/increased
repulsion by inner-shell electrons; 4
Accept increased shielding effect.
(ii) Na to Cl
atomic radius decreases;
because nuclear charge increases and electrons are added to same
main (outer) energy level;
ionization energy increases;
because nuclear charge increases and the electron removed is closer to the
nucleus/is in the same energy level; 4
Accept “core charge” for “nuclear charge”.
In (i) and (ii) explanation mark dependent on correct trend.
[8]
Page 16 of 20
29. (i) similarities [3 max]
the metal floats/moves on the surface;
fizzing/effervescence/bubbles; (accept sound is produced)
solution gets hot;
solution becomes alkaline/basic;
they react to form the metal hydroxide;
hydrogen is evolved;
differences [1 max]
flame/hydrogen burns with potassium (and not with lithium)
/reaction faster/more vigorous with potassium/slower or
less vigorous with lithium; 4
max
pH 11;
LiOH/KOH is a strong base/strong alkali/high concentration of OH– ; 3
[7]
32. (i) electron removed from higher energy level/further from nucleus/
greater atomic radius;
35. (a) (i) the ability of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons;
inert/do not react/do not attract electrons/stable electron
configuration/full outer electron shell/do not form bonds; 2
P 4 O6 − acidic oxide;
P 4 O6 + 6H2 O → 4H3 PO3; 7
All equations must be balanced.
[13]
36. (i) minimum energy required to remove one (mole of) electron(s) from
(one mole of) (a) gaseous atom(s)/OWTTE; 1
Page 18 of 20
(ii) 2Li(s) + 2H2 O(1) → 2LiOH(aq) + H2 (g)/Li(s) + H2 O(1) → LiOH(aq)
+ 1/2H2 (g); 1
State symbols not required
41. (a) (i) the (minimum) energy required/needed for the removal of one electron;
from a gaseous/isolated atom; 2
effervescence/fizzing/bubbles/OWTTE;
lithium moves around/decrease in size of piece;
Accept dissolves or disappears.
heat produced; 3
Award [1] each for any two of last three observations.
[8]
Page 20 of 20
IB Chemistry – SL
Topic 4 Questions
1. What is the formula for the compound formed by calcium and nitrogen?
A. CaN
B. Ca2 N
C. Ca2 N3
D. Ca3 N2
(Total 1 mark)
2. Element X is in group 2, and element Y in group 7, of the periodic table. Which ions will be
present in the compound formed when X and Y react together?
A. X+ and Y–
B. X 2+ and Y–
C. X+ and Y2–
D. X2– and Y+
(Total 1 mark)
A. B―C
B. C―O
C. N―O
D. O―F
(Total 1 mark)
A. O S O
B. O S O
C. O S O
D. O S O
(Total 1 mark)
1
5. Which substance is most soluble in water (in mol dm–3 ) at 298 K?
A. CH3 CH3
B. CH3 OCH3
C. CH3 CH2 OH
6. According to VSEPR theory, repulsion between electron pairs in a valence shell decreases in
the order
A. lone pair-lone pair > lone pair-bond pair > bond pair-bond pair.
B. bond pair-bond pair > lone pair-bond pair > lone pair-lone pair.
C. lone pair-lone pair > bond pair-bond pair > bond pair-lone pair.
D. bond pair-bond pair > lone pair-lone pair > lone pair-bond pair.
(Total 1 mark)
A. SO2
B. CO2
C. H2 S
D. Cl2 O
(Total 1 mark)
A. H2 CO
B. SO3
C. NF3
D. CHCl3
(Total 1 mark)
2
10. What happens when sodium and oxygen combine together?
11. Which statement is correct about two elements whose atoms form a covalent bond with
each other?
A. Cu(s)
B. Hg(l)
C. H2 (g)
D. LiOH(aq)
(Total 1 mark)
13. When the following bond types are listed in decreasing order of strength (strongest first), what
is the correct order?
3
15. What is the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory used to predict?
A. NaF
B. CsF
C. MgF2
D. BaF2
(Total 1 mark)
A. GaI3
B. BF3
C. FeCl3
D. PBr3
(Total 1 mark)
2Al + 3S → Al2 S3
A. CO2
B. NH3
C. CH4
D. C2 H4
(Total 1 mark)
4
20. In which substance is hydrogen bonding present?
A. CH4
B. CH2 F2
C. CH3 CHO
D. CH3 OH
(Total 1 mark)
B. Negatively charged metal ions are attracted to positively charged metal ions.
A. Hydrogen bonds
B. Covalent bonds
C. Dipole-dipole attractions
A. CO2
B. PF3
C. CH4
D. BF3
(Total 1 mark)
24. What are responsible for the high electrical conductivity of metals?
C. Delocalized atoms
5
25. Which compound has the least covalent character?
A. SiO2
B. Na2 O
C. MgCl2
D. CsF
(Total 1 mark)
26. When C2 H4 , C2 H2 and C2 H6 are arranged in order of increasing C–C bond length, what is the
correct order?
A. C2 H6 , C2 H2 , C2 H4
B. C2 H4 , C2 H2 , C2 H6
C. C2 H2 , C2 H4 , C2 H6
D. C2 H4 , C2 H6 , C2 H2
(Total 1 mark)
A. MgCl2
B. HCl
C. H2 CO
D. NH4 Cl
(Total 1 mark)
28. When the species BF2 +, BF3 and BF4 – are arranged in order of increasing F−B−F bond angle,
what is the correct order?
A. CO3 2–
B. SO3 2–
C. NF3
D. PCl3
6
30. When C2 H4 , C2 H2 and C2 H6 are arranged in order of increasing C–C bond length, what is the
correct order?
A. C2 H6 , C2 H2 , C2 H4
B. C2 H4 , C2 H2 , C2 H6
C. C2 H2 , C2 H4 , C2 H6
D. C2 H4 , C2 H6 , C2 H2
(Total 1 mark)
31. What is the formula for an ionic compound formed between an element, X, from group 2 and an
element, Y, from group 6?
A. XY
B. X2 Y
C. XY2
D. X2 Y6
(Total 1 mark)
32. In the molecules N2 H4 , N2 H2 , and N2 , the nitrogen atoms are linked by single, double and triple
bonds, respectively. When these molecules are arranged in increasing order of the lengths of
their nitrogen to nitrogen bonds (shortest bond first) which order is correct?
A. N2 H 4 , N2 , N 2 H2
B. N2 H 4 , N2 H2 , N2
C. N2 H 2 , N2 , N 2 H4
D. N2 , N 2 H 2 , N 2 H4
(Total 1 mark)
33. The compounds listed have very similar molar masses. Which has the strongest intermolecular
forces?
A. CH3 CHO
B. CH3 CH2 OH
C. CH3 CH2 F
7
34. What is the shape of the CO 3 2– ion and the approximate O–C–O bond angle?
A. Linear, 180
D. Pyramidal, 109
(Total 1 mark)
35. Which combination of Hvaporization and boiling point is the result of strong intermolecular
forces?
36. What is the formula of the compound formed when aluminium reacts with oxygen?
A. Al3 O2
B. Al2 O3
C. AlO2
D. AlO3
(Total 1 mark)
37. Which statement is true for compounds containing only covalent bonds?
A. They are held together by electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged
ions.
C. They are made up of a metal from the far left of the periodic table and a non-metal from
the far right of the periodic table.
A. 4
B. 6
C. 10
D. 12
(Total 1 mark)
8
39. Which compound has the highest boiling point?
B. CH3 CH2 OH
C. CH3 OCH3
D. CH3 CHO
(Total 1 mark)
40. What type of solid materials are typically hard, have high melting points and poor electrical
conductivities?
I. Ionic
II. Metallic
III. Covalent-network
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
41. The boiling points of the hydrides of the group 6 elements are shown below.
400
300
Boiling point / K
200
100
0
H2 O H2 S H 2 Se H 2 Te
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(2)
9
(ii) Explain why the boiling point of water is higher than would be expected from the group
trend.
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
42. (i) State the shape of the electron distribution around the oxygen atom in the water molecule
and state the shape of the molecule.
………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………….
(2)
(ii) State and explain the value of the HOH bond angle.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
43. Explain why the bonds in silicon tetrachloride, SiCl4 , are polar, but the molecule is not.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(Total 2 marks)
44. The diagrams below represent the structures of iodine, sodium and sodium iodide.
A B C
10
(a) (i) Identify which of the structures (A, B and C) correspond to iodine, sodium and
sodium iodide.
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(1)
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(3)
(b) (i) Sodium and sodium iodide can both conduct electricity when molten, but only
sodium can conduct electricity when solid. Explain this difference in conductivity
in terms of the structures of sodium and sodium iodide.
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(4)
(ii) Explain the high volatility of iodine compared to sodium and sodium iodide.
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
45. (i) Draw Lewis (electron dot) structures for CO 2 and H2 S showing all valence electrons.
(2)
11
(ii) State the shape of each molecule and explain your answer in terms of VSEPR theory.
CO2 .............................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
H2 S .............................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
46. Identify the strongest type of intermolecular force in each of the following compounds.
CH3 Cl ...................................................................................................................................
CH4 .......................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
(3)
12
(iii) State the H–N–H bond angle in an ammonia molecule.
………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
(1)
……………………………………………………………………………………
(1)
(ii) Explain why the H–N–H bond angle of NH3 is different from the H–N–H bond
angle of NH4 +; referring to both species in your answer.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
48. State the type of bonding in the compound SiCl4 . Draw the Lewis structure for this compound.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(Total 3 marks)
13
49. Outline the principles of the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(Total 3 marks)
50. (i) Use the VSEPR theory to predict and explain the shape and the bond angle of each of the
molecules SCl2 and C2 Cl2
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(6)
(ii) Deduce whether or not each molecule is polar, giving a reason for your answer.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
14
51. Draw a Lewis structure of a water molecule, name the shape of the molecule and state and
explain why the bond angle is less than the bond angle in a tetrahedral molecule such as
methane.
(Total 4 marks)
52. Predict and explain the order of the melting point for propanol, butane and propanone with
reference to their intermolecular forces.
(Total 4 marks)
53. The elements sodium, aluminium, silicon, phosphorus and sulfur are in period 3 of the periodic
table.
Describe the metallic bonding present in aluminium and explain why aluminium has a higher
melting point than sodium.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ ..
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
(Total 3 marks)
54. Draw the Lewis structure of NCl3 . Predict, giving a reason, the Cl – N – Cl bond angle in NCl3 .
(Total 3 marks)
55. Arrange the following in decreasing order of bond angle (largest one first), and explain your
reasoning.
56. (i) Outline the principles of the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory.
(3)
(ii) Use the VSEPR theory to deduce the shape of H 3 O+ and C2 H4 . For each species, draw the
Lewis structure, name the shape, and state the value of the bond angle(s).
(6)
(iv) Using Table 7 of the Data Booklet, predict and explain which of the bonds O-H, O-N or
N-H would be most polar.
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
57. Predict and explain which of the following compounds consist of molecules:
NaCl, BF3 , CaCl2 , N2 O, P 4 O6 , FeS and CBr4 .
(Total 2 marks)
15
58. Diamond, graphite and C60 fullerene are three allotropes of carbon.
59. State two physical properties associated with metals and explain them at the atomic level.
(Total 4 marks)
(1)
(c) State and explain the relationship between the length and strength of the bonds between
the carbon atom and the two oxygen atoms in methanoic acid.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
16
IB Chemistry – SL
Topic 4 Answers
1. D
[1]
2. B
[1]
3. B
[1]
4. D
[1]
5. C
[1]
6. A
[1]
7. B
[1]
8. B
[1]
9. B
[1]
10. B
[1]
11. B
[1]
12. C
[1]
13. A
[1]
14. D
[1]
15. B
[1]
16. B
[1]
17. D
[1]
18. B
[1]
19. B
[1]
20. D
17
[1]
21. C
[1]
22. D
[1]
23. B
[1]
24. B
[1]
25. D
[1]
26. C
[1]
27. D
[1]
28. B
[1]
29. A
[1]
30. C
[1]
31. A
[1]
32. D
[1]
33. B
[1]
34. C
[1]
35. A
[1]
36. B
[1]
37. D
[1]
38. A
[1]
39. B
[1]
40. B
18
[1]
44. (a) (i) A – sodium iodide, B – sodium, C – iodine (three correct [1]); 1
Accept correct formulas.
45. (i) O C O ; 2
H S H;
Accept dots, crosses, a combination of dots and crosses or a
line to represent a pair of electrons.
19
CH3OH – hydrogen bond; 3
[3]
47. (a) (i) (relative) measure of an atom’s attraction for electrons; in a bond; 2
(ii)
– +
xx
N H hydrogen bonding
+
+H H
xx
– +
N H
+
+H H
(iii) 107°; 1
Accept answer in range 107 to 109° .
Cl
Cl Si Cl
Cl
Accept lines for electron pairs.
Award [1] for covalent bonds and [1] for lone pairs.
[3]
49. find number of electron pairs/charge centres in (valence shell of) central atom;
electron pairs/charge centres (in valence shell) of central atom repel each other;
to positions of minimum energy/repulsion/maximum stability;
pairs forming a double or triple bond act as a single bond;
non-bonding pairs repel more than bonding pairs/OWTTE; 3 max
20
50. (i) SCl2 two bonding pairs, two non-bonding pairs;
angular/bent/non-linear/V-shaped;
Both these marks can be scored from a diagram.
90° < angle < 107°;
angle = 180°; 6
51.
H
H O H
H O
Allow a combination of dots, crosses or lines.
bent/V shaped/angular
104.5;
Accept answers in range 104 to 106.
21
54.
Cl
Cl N
Cl
lone pair-lone pair > lone pair-bonded pair > bonded pair-bonded pair/
lone pairs of electrons repel more than bonding pairs of electrons/OWTTE; 5
Do not accept repulsion between atoms.
[5]
56. (i) Find number of electron pairs/charge centres in (valence shell of)
central atom;
electron pairs/charge centres (in valence shell) of central atom repel
each other;
(ii) 6
Lewis (electron-dot)
Species Shape Bond angle(s)
structure
– +
O Trigonal/triangular Allow values in the
H 3 O+ H ;
H H pyramidal; range 106° to 109.5°;
22
Accept crosses and dots for electrons in Lewis structures also.
As the Lewis structures were asked for, and not 3D
representations, do not penalize incorrectly drawn geometries.
Do not accept structure of hydronium cation without lone pair
on oxygen.
No penalty for missing charge.
58. (i) 3
Allotrope Structure
Diamond 3D array/network involving tetrahedral
carbons/each carbon atom joined to four others;
Graphite layer structure involving trigonal (triangular) planar
carbons/with each carbon atom joined to three
others/with hexagonal (six-membered) rings of
carbon atoms;
C60 fullerene truncated icosahedrons;
Accept carbon atoms form a ‘ball’ with 32 faces, of
which 12 are pentagons and 20 are hexagons,
exactly like a soccer ball. Do not accept soccer ball
alone.
23
Malleability:
Can be hammered into thin sheets;
atoms capable of slipping with respect to one another; 4
[4]
60. (a)
H C
O H 1
No mark without lone electron pairs.
Correct shape not necessary.
Do not award mark if dots/crosses and bond lines are shown.
Accept lone pairs represented as straight lines.
(b) O − C − O = 120°/H − C − O = 120°;
C − O − H = 109°/<109°; 2
No mark for 109.5°
Accept answer in range 100–109°
24
IB Chemistry HL
Topic4 Questions
2. What is the number of sigma () and pi () bonds and the hybridization of the carbon atom in
O
H C O H
Sigma Pi Hybridization
A. 4 1 sp2
B. 4 1 sp3
C. 3 2 sp3
D. 3 1 sp2
I. PC14 +
II. PCl5
III. PCl6 –
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
I. Diamond
II. Graphite
1
5. What is the molecular shape and the hybridization of the nitrogen atom in NH 3 ?
A. Sigma bonds are formed only by s orbitals and pi bonds are formed only by p orbitals.
B. Sigma bonds are formed only by p orbitals and pi bonds are formed only by s orbitals.
C. Sigma bonds are formed by either s or p orbitals, pi bonds are formed only by p orbitals.
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
2
9. Which particles can act as ligands in complex ion formation?
I. C1–
II. NH3
III. H2 O
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
A. 90
B. 109.5
C. 120
D. 180
12. Which types of hybridization are shown by the carbon atoms in the compound CH 2 = CH−CH3 ?
I. sp
II. sp2
III. sp3
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
3
13. Identify the types of hybridization shown by the carbon atoms in the molecule
I. sp
II. sp2
III. sp3
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
A. XeO4
B. XeF4
C. SF4
D. SiF4
15. What is the hybridization of nitrogen atoms I, II, III and IV in the following molecules?
H 2N N H 2 HNN H
I II III IV
I II III IV
C. sp2 sp2 sp sp
D. sp3 sp3 sp sp
16. What is the molecular geometry and the Cl–I–Cl bond angle in the ICl4 – ion?
C. Tetrahedral 109
4
17. What is the geometry of the bonds around an atom with sp2 hybridization?
A. 2 bonds at 180
B. 3 bonds at 120
D. 4 bonds at 109
18. How many sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds are present in the structure of HCN?
σ π
A. 1 3
B. 2 3
C. 2 2
D. 3 1
19. How many lone pairs and bonding pairs of electrons surround xenon in the XeF 4 molecule?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) State the type of hybridization shown by the carbon atom in the H–C≡N molecule, and
the number of and bonds present in the C≡N bond.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 7 marks)
5
21. (i) Draw the Lewis structures for carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and the carbonate ion.
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii) Identify the species with the longest carbon-oxygen bond and explain your answer.
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
22. In 1954 Linus Pauling was awarded the Chemistry Nobel Prize for his work on the nature of the
chemical bond. Covalent bonds are one example of intramolecular bonding.
(i) σ bonding
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
(ii) π bonding
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
6
(iii) double bonds
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
23. Atomic orbitals can mix by hybridization to form new orbitals for bonding.
Identify the type of hybridization present in each of the three following molecules.
Deduce and explain their shapes.
(i) OF2
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(3)
(ii) H2 CO
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(3)
(iii) C2 H2
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
7
24. For the following compounds
(i) Draw a Lewis structure for each molecule in the gas phase.
(Show all non-bonding electron pairs.)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii) State the shape of each molecule and predict the bond angles.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(6)
(iii) Deduce whether or not each molecule is polar, giving a reason for your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
8
25. (i) Explain the meaning of the term hybridization.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(6)
(Total 7 marks)
26. (a) Draw the Lewis structures for the compounds XeF4 , PF5 and BF4 – .
(3)
(b) Use the valance shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory to predict the shapes of the
three compounds in (a). State and explain the bond angles in each of the three
compounds.
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
27. (a) State the meaning of the term hybridization. State the type of hybridization shown by the
nitrogen atoms in N2 , N2 H2 and N2 H4 .
(4)
(b) By referring to the N2 H2 molecule describe how sigma () and pi () bonds form and
describe how single and double bonds differ.
(4)
(Total 8 marks)
28. (i) Explain why the first ionization energy of magnesium is lower than that of fluorine.
(2)
(ii) Write an equation to represent the third ionization energy of magnesium. Explain why the
third ionization energy of magnesium is higher than that of fluorine.
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
9
29. Draw the Lewis structures, state the shapes and predict the bond angles for the following
species.
(i) PCl5
(3)
(ii) SCl2
(3)
(iii) ICl4 –
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
(ii) State the type of hybridization around the carbon atoms in C 60 fullerene, diamond
and graphite.
(3)
(iii) Explain why graphite and C60 fullerene can conduct electricity.
(2)
(b) (i) Compare how atomic orbitals overlap in the formation of sigma () and pi ()
bonds.
(2)
(ii) State the number of sigma bonds and pi bonds in H 2 CC(CH3 )CHCH2.
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
31. (i) Apply the VSEPR theory to deduce the shape of NO 2− , ICl5 and SF4 . For each species,
draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure, name the shape, and state the value of the bond
angle(s).
(9)
(iv) State the hybridization involved in the NO 2− ion and comment on the nitrogen-oxygen
bond distances.
(2)
(v) Using Table 7 of the Data Booklet, predict and explain which of the bonds O-H, O-N or
N-H would be most polar.
(2)
(Total 18 marks)
10
IB Chemistry HL
Topic4 Answers
1. C
2. A
3. C
4. C
5. D
6. C
7. B
8. D
9. D
10. B
11. A
12. C
13. C
14. B
15. B
16. A
17. B
18. C
19. D
(b) sp;
Do not award mark if sp 2 or sp 3 is also stated.
one sigma and two pi (bonds); 2
11
21. (i)
2–
C O O C O C
O O
OTTWE 3
Award [1] each. Need charge on CO32– for [1].
Penalize missing lone electron pairs only once.
(ii) CO3 2– ;
bond order 1 13 / 1 13 bonds each compared to double bonds in CO 2 and
triple bond in CO;
the fewer the number of bonding electrons, the less tightly nuclei
are held together, the longer the bond; 3
[6]
22. (i) “head on” overlap of (2) orbitals;
along axial symmetry/along a line drawn through the
2 nuclei/OWTTE; 2
Accept suitable diagram for 2nd mark.
(ii) H2 CO
sp2 ;
trigonal planar;
2 areas of electron density/negative charge centres; 3
(iii) C2 H2
sp;
linear;
2 areas of electron density/negative charge centres; 3
Accept suitable diagrams for shapes.
Allow [2] for ECF if correct explanation given for
incorrect formula, e.g. C2 H4.
[9]
12
24. (i)
Award [1] for each correct Lewis structure.
PCl 3
Cl P Cl
Cl
PCl 5
Cl
Cl
Cl P
Cl
Cl
POCl 3
Cl P Cl
Cl
3
Accept use of dots or crosses to represent electron pairs.
Subtract [1] if non-bonding pair on P in PCl3 is missing.
Subtract [1] if non-bonding pair(s) on Cl or O are missing.
Accept legitimate alternatives for POCl3, e.g. see below.
Cl P Cl
Cl
Cl P O Cl
Cl
(ii)
PCl3 PCl5 POCl3
trigonal pyramid; trigonal bipyramid; tetrahedral;
Accept answers in range 90° and 120°; Accept answers in range
100° to 108°; 100° to 112°;
13
(iii)
PCl3 PCl5 POCl3
polar, polarities do not non-polar, polarities polar, polarities do not
cancel/OWTTE; cancel/OWTTE; cancel/OWTTE;
3
Award [2] for three polarities correct, [1] for two polarities
correct, and [1] for correct reason(s).
Accept argument based on dipole moments.
Allow ECF if based on legitimate chemical structure.
[12]
C of CH3 is sp3 ;
other two C are sp2 ; 6
Accept suitable diagrams.
[7]
26. (a) 3
xx xx
x
xF
xx
xx F xx
xx
xx Xe xx ; lone pairs on Xe required for the mark.
x xx
xF F xx
xx xx
xx
x x
xx xFx
x
xF xx
xx
xx P F xx
xx
x
xF
xx
x x
x Fx
xx
xx
x
x F xx
xx xx
x
xF B F xx ; square brackets and charge required for the mark.
xx
xx
x x
x xFx x
14
Accept any combination of dots, crosses and lines.
Penalise missing fluorine lone pairs once only.
(b) XeF4
Square planar and 90;
PF5
trigonal bipyramid and 90 and 120;
BF4 –
Tetrahedral and 109.5/109; 3
Allow clear suitable diagrams instead of name.
No ECF from (a).
[6]
N2 H2 −sp2 ;
N2 H4 −sp3 ; 4
(b) bonds (result from the) overlapping of orbitals end to end/along inter-nuclear
axis;
bonds (result from the) overlapping of parallel/sideways p orbitals;
(single bonds) bonds only;
(double bonds) have a σ bond and a bond; 4
Suitable clear and labelled diagrams acceptable for all marks.
[8]
28. (i) electron removed from higher energy level/further from nucleus/greater
atomic radius;
29. (i)
Cl
x x
x Cl
Cl ;
P
x x
Cl Cl
trigonal bipyramidal;
15
90;
120;
180; 3
Award [1] for 2 correct bond angles.
(ii)
xx
S xx
Cl x S
x ;
Cl
Bent/angular/V-shaped;
100−107; 3
(iii)
Cl Cl
I ;
Cl Cl
square planar; 3
90;
No ECF allowed.
Penalize once only [1] mark for missing lone pairs.
Accept structures using lines to represent bonding and lone
electron pairs.
[9]
graphite : sp2 ;
diamond: sp3 ; 3
(b) (i) sigma/ bonds are formed by orbitals overlapping end to end/
along the internuclear axis/along line directly between nuclei;
Accept suitable diagram.
16
31. (i)
Lewis (electron-dot)
Species Shape Bond angle(s)
structure
N Bent/V-
NO2 – ;
shaped/angular;
109.5° < θ < 120°;
O O
Cl |Inplane Cl-I-out-of-plane Cl| < 90°;
Cl Cl
ICl5 Allow corresponding correct
I ; Square pyramidal;
statement for other correctly identified
Cl Cl bond angles.
F |Equatorial F-S-Equatorial F| < 120°;
F Allow corresponding correct
SF4 S ; See-saw;
F statement for axial-equatorial and
F axial-axial F-S-F angles.
9
Accept crosses and dots for electrons in the Lewis structures
also.
If all ideal bond angles are given, penalize once only.
As the Lewis structures were asked for, and not 3D
representations, do not penalize incorrectly drawn geometries.
(ii) (equatorial F-S-equatorial F) less than 120° since non-bonding electron pairs
(exert greater repulsive forces and thus) compress the bond angles/OWTTE; 1
(iv) sp 2 ;
both N-O bond lengths equal, (intermediate between double and single
bonds) due to resonance/delocalisation; 2
17
IB Chemistry SL
Topic 5 Questions
1. What energy changes occur when chemical bonds are formed and broken?
A. Energy is absorbed when bonds are formed and when they are broken.
B. Energy is released when bonds are formed and when they are broken.
C. Energy is absorbed when bonds are formed and released when they are broken.
D. Energy is released when bonds are formed and absorbed when they are broken.
A. 0.36
B. 2.3
C. 9.0
D. 11
A. 910
B. 130
C. –130
D. –910
III. The products are more energetically stable than the reactants.
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
1
5. A sample of a metal is heated. Which of the following are needed to calculate the heat absorbed
by the sample?
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
6. The average bond enthalpies for O—O and O==O are 146 and 496 kJ mol–1 respectively.
What is the enthalpy change, in kJ, for the reaction below?
A. – 102 B. + 102
C. + 350 D. + 394
7. When the solids Ba(OH)2 and NH4 SCN are mixed, a solution is produced and the
temperature drops.
Ba(OH)2 (s) + 2NH4 SCN(s) → Ba(SCN)2 (aq) + 2NH3 (g) + 2H2 O(l)
Cu(s) + 1
2
O2 (g) → CuO(s)∆Hο = –156 kJ
2Cu(s) + 1
2
O2 (g) → Cu2 O(s)∆Hο = –170 kJ
what is the value of ∆Hο (in kJ) for the following reaction?
A. 142 B. 15
C. –15 D. –142
2
9. Which of the quantities in the enthalpy level diagram below is (are) affected by the use of a
catalyst?
I II
Enthalpy
III
Time
A. I only
B. III only
C. I and II only
Mg(s) + 1
2
O2 (g) → MgO(s) ∆Hο = –602 kJ
H2 (g) + 1
2
O2 (g) → H2 O(g) ∆Hο = –242 kJ
What is the ∆H° value (in kJ) for the following reaction?
A. –844 B. –360
C. +360 D. +844
11. For which of the following is the sign of the enthalpy change different from the other three?
B. Na(g) → Na+(g) + e–
12. Separate solutions of HCl(aq) and H 2 SO4 (aq) of the same concentration and same volume
were completely neutralized by NaOH(aq). X kJ and Y kJ of heat were evolved respectively.
Which statement is correct?
A. X=Y B. Y = 2X
C. X = 2Y D. Y = 3X
3
13. Which statements are correct for an endothermic reaction?
III. The bond enthalpy total for the reactants is greater than for the products.
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
14. The mass m (in g) of a substance of specific heat capacity c (in J g–1 K–1 ) increases by t°C.
What is the heat change in J?
A. mct
B. mc(t + 273)
C. mct
1000
mc (t + 273 )
D.
1000
15. The average bond enthalpy for the C―H bond is 412 kJ mol–1 . Which process has an enthalpy
change closest to this value?
16. The following equation shows the formation of magnesium oxide from magnesium metal.
B. 602 kJ of energy are absorbed for every mol of magnesium oxide formed.
C. 602 kJ of energy are released for every mol of oxygen gas reacted.
D. 1204 kJ of energy are released for every two mol of magnesium oxide formed.
4
17. The following equations show the oxidation of carbon and carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide.
CO(g) + 1
2
O2 (g)→ CO2 (g) HӨ = –y kJ mol–l
What is the enthalpy change, in kJ mol–1 , for the oxidation of carbon to carbon monoxide?
1
C(s) + 2
O2 (g)→ CO(g)
A. x+y B. –x–y
C. y–x D. x–y
18. A simple calorimeter was used to determine the enthalpy of combustion of ethanol. The
experimental value obtained was –920 kJ mol–1 . The Data Booklet value is –1371 kJ mol–1 .
Which of the following best explains the difference between the two values?
Which calculation will give the value, in kJ mol–1 , of HӨ for the reaction?
A. 2x + y –2z
B. 4z – 2x – y
C. 2x + y – 4z
D. 2z –2x – y
A. Bond enthalpies have positive values for strong bonds and negative values for weak
bonds.
B. Bond enthalpy values are greater for ionic bonds than for covalent bonds.
D. The carbon–carbon bond enthalpy values are the same in ethane and ethene.
5
21. An equation for a reaction in which hydrogen is formed is
Which energy change occurs when 1 mol of hydrogen is formed in this reaction?
22. The equations and enthalpy changes for two reactions used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid
are:
A. –100
B. –400
C. –500
D. –800
23. Approximate values of the average bond enthalpies, in kJ mol–1 , of three substances are:
H–H 430
F–F 155
H–F 565
2HF → H2 + F2
A. +545
B. +20
C. –20
D. –545
6
24. The standard enthalpy change of formation values of two oxides of phosphorus are:
A. +4600
B. +1400
C. –1400
D. –4600
A. The products are more stable than the reactants and H is positive.
B. The products are less stable than the reactants and H is negative.
C. The reactants are more stable than the products and H is positive.
D. The reactants are less stable than the products and H is negative.
I. The enthalpy of the products is less than the enthalpy of the reactants.
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
7
28. Consider the specific heat capacity of the following metals.
Which metal will show the greatest temperature increase if 50 J of heat is supplied to a 0.001 kg
sample of each metal at the same initial temperature?
A. Cu
B. Ag
C. Au
D. Pt
SO2 (s) + 1
2 O2 (g) → SO3 (g) HӨ = −98 kJ mol−1
What is the HӨ value (in kJ mol–1 ) for the following reaction?
A. –297
B. +297
C. – 493
D. +493
A. Bonds in the products are stronger than the bonds in the reactants.
B. Bonds in the reactants are stronger than the bonds in the products.
8
31. According to the enthalpy level diagram below, what is the sign for H and what term is used to
refer to the reaction?
H reactants
products
reaction progress
H reaction
A. positive endothermic
B. negative exothermic
C. positive exothermic
D. negative endothermic
32. When 40 joules of heat are added to a sample of solid H 2 O at –16.0°C the temperature increases
to –8.0°C. What is the mass of the solid H 2 O sample?
A. 2.5 g
B. 5.0 g
C. 10 g
D. 160 g
33. The HӨ values for the formation of two oxides of nitrogen are given below.
1
2 N2 (g) + O2 (g) → NO2 (g) HӨ = –57 kJ mol–1
Use these values to calculate HӨ for the following reaction (in kJ):
A. –105
B. – 48
C. +66
D. +123
9
34. How much energy, in joules, is required to increase the temperature of 2.0 g of aluminium from
25 to 30°C? (Specific heat of Al = 0.90 J g–1 K–1 ).
A. 0.36
B. 4.5
C. 9.0
D. 54
35. Which combination is correct for a chemical reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings?
A. 914
B. 126
C. –126
D. –914
10
37.
Number of
molecules
Ea Energy
The diagram shows the distribution of energy for the molecules in a sample of gas at a given
temperature, T1 .
(a) In the diagram Ea represents the activation energy for a reaction. Define this term.
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(1)
(b) On the diagram above draw another curve to show the energy distribution for the same
gas at a higher temperature. Label the curve T2 .
(2)
(c) With reference to your diagram, state and explain what happens to the rate of a reaction
when the temperature is increased.
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
38. (a) Define the term average bond enthalpy, illustrating your answer with an equation for
methane, CH4 .
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b) The equation for the reaction between methane and chlorine is
Use the values from Table 10 of the Data Booklet to calculate the enthalpy change for
this reaction.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
11
(c) Explain why no reaction takes place between methane and chlorine at room
temperature unless the reactants are sparked, exposed to UV light or heated.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
39. In aqueous solution, potassium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid react as follows.
The data below is from an experiment to determine the enthalpy change of this reaction.
50.0 cm3 of a 0.500 mol dm–3 solution of KOH was mixed rapidly in a glass beaker with
50.0 cm3 of a 0.500 mol dm–3 solution of HCl.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Calculate the enthalpy change of this reaction in kJ mol–1 . Assume that the specific heat
capacity of the solution is the same as that of water.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
12
(d) Identify the major source of error in the experimental procedure described above.
Explain how it could be minimized.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(e) The experiment was repeated but with an HCl concentration of 0.510 mol dm–3 instead
of 0.500 mol dm–3 . State and explain what the temperature change would be.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
40. The data below is from an experiment used to measure the enthalpy change for the combustion
of 1 mole of sucrose (common table sugar), C 12 H22O11 (s). The time-temperature data was taken
from a data-logging software programme.
(a) Calculate ΔT, for the water, surrounding the chamber in the calorimeter.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
13
(b) Determine the amount, in moles, of sucrose.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) (i) Calculate the enthalpy change for the combustion of 1 mole of sucrose.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Using Table 12 of the Data Booklet, calculate the percentage experimental error
based on the data used in this experiment.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
Use your answer in part (c)(i) and the following data to evaluate this hypothesis:
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
14
41. (a) Define the term average bond enthalpy.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) Use the information from Table 10 of the Data Booklet to calculate the enthalpy change
for the complete combustion of but-1-ene, according to the following equation.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
calculate the average bond enthalpy (in kJ mol–1 ) for the C––F bond.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(Total 4 marks)
15
43. Two reactions occurring in the manufacture of sulfuric acid are shown below:
(i) State the name of the term HӨ. State, with a reason, whether reaction I would be
accompanied by a decrease or increase in temperature.
(3)
(ii) At room temperature sulfur trioxide, SO 3 , is a solid. Deduce, with a reason, whether the
HӨ value would be more negative or less negative if SO 3 (s) instead of SO3 (g) were
formed in reaction II.
(2)
(ii) Explain why Br2 is not suitable as an example to illustrate the term average bond
enthalpy.
(1)
(iii) Using values from Table 10 of the Data Booklet, calculate the enthalpy change for the
following reaction:
(iv) Sketch an enthalpy level diagram for the reaction in part (iii).
(2)
(v) Without carrying out a calculation, suggest, with a reason, how the enthalpy change for
the following reaction compares with that of the reaction in part (iii):
16
45. But–1–ene gas, burns in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water vapour according to the
following equation.
(a) Use the data below to calculate the value of HӨ for the combustion of but-1-ene.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b) State and explain whether the reaction above is endothermic or exothermic.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
C + 2H2 + 1
2
O2 → CH3 OH H4
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
(Total 4 marks)
17
47. Methylamine can be manufactured by the following reaction.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) Use information from Table 10 of the Data Booklet to calculate the enthalpy change for
this reaction.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 6 marks)
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) Use the information from Table 10 in the Data Booklet to calculate the enthalpy change
for the complete combustion of but-1-ene according to the following equation
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
18
(c) Predict, giving a reason, how the enthalpy change for the complete combustion of
but-2-ene would compare with that of but-1-ene based on average bond enthalpies.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d) The enthalpy level diagram for a certain reaction is shown below.
HR
Enthalpy
enthalpy of
reactants
HP
enthalpy of
products
Time
State and explain the relative stabilities of the reactants and products.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
(ii) Deduce the relative stabilities and energies of the reactants and products.
(2)
(iii) Explain, by referring to the bonds in the molecules, why the reaction is exothermic.
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
50. (i) Define the term average bond enthalpy.
(2)
(ii) The equation for the reaction of ethyne and hydrogen is:
Use information from Table 10 of the Data Booklet to calculate the change in enthalpy
for the reaction.
(2)
(iii) State and explain the trend in the bond enthalpies of the C–Cl, C–Br and C–I bonds.
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
19
IB Chemistry SL
Topic 5 Answers
1. D
2. C
3. B
4. D
5. B
6. A
7. B
8. A
9. C
10. C
11. D
12. B
13. A
14. A
15. D
16. D
17. C
18. B
19. C
20. C
21. A
22. D
23. A
24. C
25. C
26. C
27. A
28. C
29. A
20
30. B
31. B
32. A
33. D
34. C
35. C
36. B
37. (a) activation energy = minimum energy required for a reaction to occur; 1
38. (a) energy for the conversion of a gaseous molecule into (gaseous) atoms;
(average values) obtained from a number of similar bonds/compounds/OWTTE;
CH4 (g) → C(g) + 4H(g); 3
State symbols needed.
(d)
Ea
energy reactants
products
reaction path
exothermic shown;
21
39. (a) exothermic because temperature rises/heat is released; 1
(b) to make any heat loss as small as possible/so that all the heat will be
given out very quickly; 1
Do not accept “to produce a faster reaction”.
(c) heat released = mass×specific heat capacity×temp increase/q = mc∆T =/
100×4.18×3.5;
= 1463 J/1.463 kJ; (allow 1.47 kJ if specific heat = 4.2)
amount of KOH/HCl used = 0.500×0.050 = 0.025 mol;
∆H = (1.463÷0.025) = –58.5 (kJ mol–1 ); (minus sign needed for mark) 4
Use ECF for values of q and amount used.
Award [4] for correct final answer.
Final answer of 58.5 or +58.5 scores [3].
Accept 2,3 or 4 significant figures.
(d) heat loss (to the surroundings);
insulate the reaction vessel/use a lid/draw a temperature versus time graph; 2
(e) 3.5°C/temperature change would be the same;
amount of base reacted would be the same/excess acid would not react/
KOH is the limiting reagent; 2
[10]
0.4385 g
(b) n = = 1.281×10–3 ; 1
−1
342.34 g mol
(d) enthalpy change of combustion of sucrose > TNT, and therefore not important;
rate of reaction for TNT is greater than that of sucrose, so this is valid;
amount of gas generated (in mol) for sucrose > than that of TNT
(according to the given equation), so this is not important; 3
[7]
41. (a) The amount of energy needed to break 1 mole of (covalent) bonds;
in the gaseous state;
average calculated from a range of compounds; 2
max
Award [1] each for any two points above.
22
Award [3] for the correct answer.
Allow full ECF.
Allow kJ but no other incorrect units.
Even if the first two marks are lost, the candidate can score [1]
for a clear correct subtraction for H.
[5]
= –428 kJ mol–1 ; 4
Accept + or – sign.
Lots of ways to do this! The correct answer is very different
from the value in the Data Booklet, so award [4] for final
answer with/without sign units not needed, but deduct [1] if
incorrect units. Accept answer in range of 427 to 428 without
penalty for sig figs.
If final answer is not correct use following;
Award [1] for evidence of cycle or enthalpy diagram or adding
of equations.
Award [1] for 2F2 (g) → 4F(g) 2×158 seen.
Award [1] for dividing 1711 or other value by 4.
[4]
43. (a) (i) standard enthalpy (change) of reaction;
(temperature) increase;
reaction is exothermic/sign of H is negative; 3
23
(iv)
CH4 + Br2
Enthalpy ;
CH3 Br + HBr
2
Award [1] for enthalpy label and two horizontal lines, [1] for
reactants higher than products.
ECF from sign in (iii), ignore any higher energy level involving
atoms.
47. (a) energy needed to break (1 mol of) a bond in a gaseous molecule;
averaged over similar compounds; 2
24
Accept answer based on breaking and making all bonds.
Award [4] for correct final answer.
Award max [3] if only one bond missed.
Answer of 20 or +20 kJ (mol−1 ) scores [3].
[6]
48. (a) amount of energy needed to break one mole of (covalent) bonds;
in the gaseous state;
average calculated from a range of compounds; 2
Award [1] each for any two points above.
(c) same/equal, because the same bonds are being broken and formed; 1
(ii) products more stable than reactants/reactants less stable than products;
products lower in energy/reactants higher in energy; 2
OR
50. (i) energy required to break (a mole of) bonds in the gaseous state
/energy given out when (a mole of) bonds are made in the
gaseous state;
average value from a number of similar compounds; 2
25
(ii) (HӨreaction = (∑BEbreak − BEmake))
= − 287(kJ/kJ mol−1 ); 2
Award [1 max] for 287 or + 287.
(iii) (BE): C−Cl > C−Br > C−I/C−X bond becomes weaker;
halogen size/radius increases/bonding electrons further away from
the nucleus/bonds become longer; 2
[6]
26
IB Chemistry HL
Topic5 Questions
1. Which combination of ionic charge and ionic radius give the largest lattice enthalpy for an ionic
compound?
2. The lattice enthalpy values for lithium fluoride and calcium fluoride are shown below.
Which of the following statements help(s) to explain why the value for lithium fluoride is less
than that for calcium fluoride?
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II
D. Neither I nor II
4. Which type of reaction is referred to in the definition of standard enthalpy change of formation?
1
5. What is the correct order of decreasing entropy for a pure substance?
B. H2 O(s) → H2 O(g)
9. The expression for the standard free energy change of a reaction is given by
What are the signs for HӨ and S Ө for a reaction that is spontaneous at all temperatures?
HӨ S Ө
A. + –
B. – +
C. + +
D. – –
2
10. Which are characteristics of ions in an ionic compound with a large lattice enthalpy value?
G H S
A. – – –
B. + + +
C. – + +
D. + – –
Which expression gives the correct value of the standard enthalpy change of combustion for
benzene (l), in kJ mol–1 ?
A. Mg(s) + 1
2 O2 (g) → MgO(s)
C. Mg2+(g) + 1
2 O2 (g) → MgO(s)
3
14. The HӨ and S Ө values for a reaction are both negative. What will happen to the spontaneity
of this reaction as the temperature is increased?
A. Ca(g) →Ca+(g) + e–
D. Ca+(g) + e– → Ca(g)
18. What are the signs of ∆Hο and ∆S ο for a reaction that is non-spontaneous at low temperature but
spontaneous at high temperature?
Hο Sο
A. – –
B. + –
C. – +
D. + +
4
19. The equation for the decomposition of calcium carbonate is given below.
At 500 K, ∆H for this reaction is +177 kJ mol–1 and ∆S is 161 J K–1 mol–1 .
(a) Explain why ∆H for the reaction above cannot be described as ∆Hfο .
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Calculate the value of ∆G at 500 K and determine, giving a reason, whether or not the
reaction will be spontaneous.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
20. The standard enthalpy change for the combustion of phenol, C 6 H5 OH(s), is –3050 kJ mol–1
at 298 K.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) The standard enthalpy changes of formation of carbon dioxide, CO 2 (g), and of water,
H2 O(l), are –394 kJ mol–1 and –286 kJ mol–1 respectively.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
5
(c) The standard entropy change of formation, ∆S ο , of phenol, C6 H5 OH(s) at
298 K is –385 J K–1 mol –1 . Calculate the standard free energy change of formation,
∆Gο , of phenol at 298 K.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(d) Determine whether the reaction is spontaneous at 298 K, and give a reason.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(e) Predict the effect, if any, of an increase in temperature on the spontaneity of this reaction.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
21. Explain in terms of Gο , why a reaction for which both Hο and S ο are positive is sometimes
spontaneous and sometimes not.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
(Total 4 marks)
6
22. Consider the following reaction.
(i) Using the average bond enthalpy values in Table 10 of the Data Booklet, calculate the
standard enthalpy change for this reaction.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(4)
(ii) The absolute entropy values, S, at 300 K for N2 (g), H3 (g) and NH2 (g) are 193, 131 and
192 JK–1 mol–1 respectively. Calculate S ο for the reaction and explain the sign of S ο .
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(3)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)
(iv) If the ammonia was produced as a liquid and not as a gas, state and explain the effect this
would have on the value of Hο for the reaction.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
7
23. Define the term standard enthalpy of formation, and write the equation for the standard enthalpy
of formation of ethanol.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
(Total 5 marks)
24. Throughout this question, use relevant information from the Data Booklet.
(a) Define the term standard enthalpy change of formation, and illustrate your answer with
an equation, including state symbols, for the formation of nitric acid.
(4)
Calculate the enthalpy change of this reaction, given the following additional values:
(c) Predict and explain whether the value of S Ө for the reaction in part (b) would be
negative, close to zero, or positive.
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
Calculate the standard entropy change of this reaction, given the following additional
information:
(b) Calculate the standard free energy change at 298 K, GӨ, for the reaction in part (a). Use
your answer and relevant information from part (d). If you did not obtain an answer to
part (a), use S Ө = –360 J K–1 (this is not the correct value).
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
26. (a) The lattice enthalpy of an ionic compound can be calculated using a Born-Haber cycle.
Using lithium fluoride as the example, construct a Born-Haber cycle, labelling the cycle
with the formulas and state symbols of the species present at each stage.
(6)
8
(b) Two values of the lattice enthalpies for each of the silver halides are quoted in the Data
Booklet. Discuss the bonding in silver fluoride and in silver iodide, with reference to
these values.
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
27. Hex-1-ene gas, C6 H12 , burns in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water vapour.
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Use the data below to calculate the values of HcӨ and S cӨ for the combustion of
hex-1-ene.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Value of S cӨ
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) Calculate the standard free energy change for the combustion of hex-1-ene.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(d) State and explain whether or not the combustion of hex-1-ene is spontaneous at 25C.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
9
28. Calculate the enthalpy change, H4 for the reaction
C + 2H2 + 1
2
O2 → CH3 OH H4
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
(Total 4 marks)
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) The values of standard enthalpy changes of formation for some compounds are shown in
the table.
Predict, with a reason, whether the value of HfӨ for H2 O(l) is less than, greater than, or
equal to, the value of HfӨ for H2 O(g).
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
10
(c) Use information from the table in (b) and from Table 11 of the Data Booklet to calculate
the enthalpy change for the reaction used to manufacture methylamine.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
30. (a) Define the term standard enthalpy change of formation, HfӨ.
(2)
(b) (i) Use the information in the following table to calculate the enthalpy change for the
complete combustion of but-1-ene according to the following equation.
(ii) Deduce, giving a reason, whether the reactants or the products are more stable.
(2)
(iii) Predict, giving a reason, how the enthalpy change for the complete combustion of
but-2-ene would compare with that of but-1-ene based on average bond enthalpies.
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
31. (i) Define the term standard enthalpy change of formation, HfӨ.
(2)
(ii) Construct a simple enthalpy cycle and calculate the value of HfӨ (C2 H5 OH(l)) given the
following data.
11
32. Consider the following reaction:
(ii) Using the average bond enthalpy values in Table 10 of the Data Booklet, calculate the
standard enthalpy change for this reaction.
(4)
(iii) The absolute entropy values, S, at 238 K for N2 (g), H2 (g) and NH3 (g) are 192, 131 and
193 J K–1 mol–1 respectively. Calculate ∆S ο for the reaction and explain the sign of ∆S ο .
(2)
(iv) Calculate ∆Gο for the reaction at 238 K. State and explain whether the reaction is
spontaneous.
(3)
(v) If ammonia was produced as a liquid and not as a gas, state and explain the effect this
would have on the value of ∆Hο for the reaction.
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
33. (i) Define the terms lattice enthalpy and electron affinity.
(2)
(ii) Use the data in the following table and from the data booklet to construct the Born-Haber
cycle for sodium chloride, NaCl, and determine the lattice enthalpy of NaCl(s).
1
Na(s) + Cl2 (g) → NaCl(g) ∆Hο = –411 kJ mol–1
2
12
IB Chemistry HL
Topic5 Answers
1. B
2. B
3. B
4. A
5. A
6. C
7. D
8. A
9. B
10. D
11. C
12. C
13. D
14. B
15. B
16. C
17. B
18. D
19. (a) (cannot be ο as) conditions are not standard/at 500 K/OWTTE;
(cannot be f as) not formation from elements/is decomposition/OWTTE; 2
13
Apply –1 (U) if appropriate.
Award [2 max] for ∆Hfο phenol = +172 kJ mol –1 .
[4]
22. (i) ∆H = (sum of energies of bonds broken) – (sum of energies of bonds formed);
Can be implied by working.
14
23. enthalpy change associated with the formation of one mole of a
compound/substance; from its elements;
in their standard states/under standard conditions;
Award [1] for formulas and coefficients, [1] for state symbols.
[5]
24. (a) the enthalpy/energy/heat change for the formation of one mole of a
compound/substance from its elements;
in their standard states/under standard conditions/at 298 K and 1 atm;
1
2
H 2 (g) + 12 N 2 (g) + 1 12 O 2 (g) → HNO 3 (l) ; 4
Award [1] for correctly balanced equation, [1] for all state
symbols correct.
Do not award equation mark if 2HNO3 formed.
(c) negative;
decrease in disorder/increase in order;
5 mol of gas → 3 mol of gas/reduction in number of gas moles; 3
Award [1] for answer of close to zero based on use of H 2 O(g).
[11]
= − 240 (J K−1 ); 3
Units not needed for mark, but penalize incorrect units.
Award [3] for correct final answer.
= −215 kJ; 3
Units needed for mark.
Apply ECF from − 360 kJ or incorrect answer from (a).
[6]
15
26. (a) 6
Li +(g) + e- +F(g)
Li +(g) + e- + 21 F2(g)
Li + (g) + F- (g)
Li(g) + 12 F2(g)
Li(s) + 12 F2(g)
LiF(s)
(b) bonding in AgF more ionic than in AgI/bonding in AgI more covalent than
in AgF;
Accept AgF is ionic and AgI is covalent.
= − 3900 kJ mol−1 . 2
Accept − 3800 to − 3900.
Accept 2, 3 or 4 sig. fig.
Allow ECF from (b).
Units needed for second mark.
16
(d) spontaneous and GӨ negative; 1
Allow ECF from (c).
[8]
1×H2 /− 394;
2×H3 /− 484;
29. (a) enthalpy/energy change for the formation of 1 mol of a compound from
its elements;
Do not accept heat needed to form 1 mol…
in their standard states/under standard conditions/at 298 K and 1 atm; 2
30. (a) the enthalpy change when one mole of compound is formed from its elements
in their (standard state);
at (standard conditions of) 298 K/25C and 101 325 Pa/1 atm; 2
HR = 1 kJ mol−1 ;
(iii) same/equal, because the same bonds are being broken and formed; 1
[8]
17
31. (i) change in energy for the formation of (1 mol) of a substance from its
elements; under standard conditions/1 atm pressure or 101 kPa and
298 K/25C; 2
(ii)
Hcomb
C 2 H 5 OH(l) + 3O 2 (g) 2CO 2 (g) + 3H 2O(l)
Hf (C 2 H 5OH(l)) H f (CO2 (g)) H f (H 2O(l))
18
(iii) (S ο [2×193] – [192 + 3×131]) = –199 (J K–1 mol–1 ); 2
Allow ECF.
four gaseous molecules generating two gaseous
molecules/fewer molecules of gas;
33. (i) lattice enthalpy for a particular ionic compound is defined as ΔH for the
process, MX(s) → M+(g) + X– (g);
Accept definition for exothermic process
electron affinity is the energy change that occurs when an electron is added
to a gaseous atom or ion; 2
(ii)
H f = –411 kJ mol –1
Na(g) Cl(g)
19
IB Chemistry – SL
Topic 6 Questions
A. I only
B. II only
C. Both I and II
D. Neither I nor II
2. Consider the reaction between solid CaCO 3 and aqueous HCl. The reaction will be speeded up
by an increase in which of the following conditions?
III. Temperature
A. I only
D. I, II and III
3. Excess magnesium was added to a beaker of aqueous hydrochloric acid on a balance. A graph
of the mass of the beaker and contents was plotted against time (line 1).
Mass
Time
1
What change in the experiment could give line 2?
A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
4. The rate of a reaction between two gases increases when the temperature is increased and a
catalyst is added. Which statements are both correct for the effect of these changes on the
reaction?
5. Which of the following is (are) altered when a liquid at its boiling point is converted to a gas at
the same temperature?
A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
D. I and II only
6. Based on the definition for rate of reaction, which units are used for a rate?
A. mol dm–3
B. mol time–1
C. dm time–1
2
7. Which of the quantities in the enthalpy level diagram below is (are) affected by the use of a
catalyst?
I II
Enthalpy
III
Time
A. I only
B. III only
C. I and II only
8. In the Haber process for the synthesis of ammonia, what effects does the catalyst have?
9. Which statement is correct for a collision between reactant particles leading to a reaction?
C. Colliding particles must have a kinetic energy higher than the activation energy.
10. Which change of condition will decrease the rate of the reaction between excess zinc granules
and dilute hydrochloric acid?
3
11. The table shows the concentrations of reactants and products during this reaction.
2A + B → C + 2D
[A] / mol dm–3 [B] / mol dm–3 [C] / mol dm–3 [D] / mol dm–3
at the start 6 3 0 0
after 1 min 4 2 1 2
The rate of reaction can be measured by reference to any reactant or product. Which rates are
correct for this reaction?
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
12. In general, the rate of a reaction can be increased by all of the following except
13. At 25C, 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid is added to 3.5 g of magnesium carbonate.
If the sample of magnesium carbonate is kept constant, which conditions will not increase the
initial rate of reaction?
4
14. At 25C, 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid is added to 3.5 g of magnesium carbonate.
If the sample of magnesium carbonate is kept constant, which conditions will not increase the
initial rate of reaction?
15. Which statement is correct with regard to the catalysed and uncatalysed pathways for a given
reaction?
A. The enthalpy change of the catalysed reaction is less than the enthalpy change for the
uncatalysed reaction.
B. The enthalpy change of the catalysed reaction is greater than the enthalpy change for the
uncatalysed reaction.
C. The enthalpy change of the catalysed reaction is equal to the enthalpy change for the
uncatalysed reaction.
D. The activation energy of the catalysed reaction is greater than the activation energy for
the uncatalysed reaction.
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
17. Excess magnesium, was added to a beaker of aqueous hydrochloric acid. A graph of the mass of
the beaker and contents was plotted against time (line 1).
Mass 1
Time
5
What change in the experiment could give line 2?
C. A lower temperature
18. Which quantities in the enthalpy level diagram are altered by the use of a catalyst?
I II
Enthalpy
III
Time
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
19. The graph below shows the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced against time when excess
calcium carbonate is added to x cm3 of 2.0 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid.
Volume of CO 2
Time
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(1)
(ii) State and explain the change in the rate of reaction with time. Outline how you would
determine the rate of the reaction at a particular time.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(4)
6
(iii) Sketch the above graph on an answer sheet. On the same graph, draw the curves you
would expect if:
II. double the volume (2x cm3 ) of 1.0 mol dm–3 HCl is used.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(5)
(Total 10 marks)
20. When excess lumps of magnesium carbonate are added to dilute hydrochloric acid the following
reaction takes place.
(a) Outline two ways in which the rate of this reaction could be studied. In each case sketch a
graph to show how the value of the chosen variable would change with time.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(4)
(b) State and explain three ways in which the rate of this reaction could be increased.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(6)
7
(c) State and explain whether the total volume of carbon dioxide gas produced would
increase, decrease or stay the same if
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
(Total 14 marks)
21. Carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere reacts slightly with rainwater as shown below.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)
(ii) Predict the effect, if any, of the presence of a catalyst on the acidity of rainwater. Give a
reason for your answer.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
(iii) Use Le Chatelier’s principle to predict the effect of the addition of a small quantity of an
alkali on the acidity of rainwater. Explain what effect, if any, this would have on the
equilibrium constant, Kc.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
8
22. Excess 0.100 mol dm–3 nitric acid is added to a certain mass of powdered calcium carbonate at
20C. The rate of reaction is monitored by measuring the change in mass over time due to the
loss of carbon dioxide.
Mass loss / g
Time / minutes
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Explain why the mass loss remains constant after a certain time.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Draw a line on the graph above, to show what the graph would look like if the same mass
of calcium carbonate in larger pieces were reacted with excess 0.100 mol dm–3 nitric acid.
(1)
(d) Explain in terms of the collision theory what would happen to the rate if the reaction was
conducted at 50C.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
9
(e) Determine the rate of formation of carbon dioxide when the nitric acid reacts at a rate of
2.0010–3 mol cm–3 s–1 .
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
23. (i) Draw a graph that shows the distribution of molecular energies in a sample of a gas at two
different temperatures, T1 and T2 , such that T2 is greater than T1 .
(2)
(iii) State and explain the effect of a catalyst on the rate of an endothermic reaction.
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
24. (i) Magnesium is added to a solution of hydrochloric acid. Sketch a graph of acid
concentration on the y-axis against time on the x-axis to illustrate the progress of the
reaction.
(1)
(ii) Describe how the slope of the line changes with time.
(1)
(iii) Use the collision theory to state and explain the effect of decreasing concentration on the
rate of the reaction.
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
25. The reaction between ammonium chloride and sodium nitrite in aqueous solution can be
represented by the following equation.
The graph below shows the volume of nitrogen gas produced at 30 second intervals from a
mixture of ammonium chloride and sodium nitrite in aqueous solution at 20°C.
140
120
100
80
Volume of N 2 / cm 3
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Time / s
10
(a) (i) State how the rate of formation of nitrogen changes with time. Explain your answer
in terms of collision theory.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) (i) State how the rate of formation of nitrogen would change if the temperature were
increased from 20°C to 40°C.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) State two reasons for the change described in (b)(i) and explain which of the two is
more important in causing the change.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(3)
(iii) The reaction between solid ammonium chloride and aqueous sodium nitrite can
be represented by the following equation.
State and explain how the rate of formation of nitrogen would change if the
same amount of ammonium chloride was used as large lumps instead of as a
fine powder.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
11
26. (a) Define the term average bond enthalpy, illustrating your answer with an equation for
methane, CH4 .
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b) The equation for the reaction between methane and chlorine is
Use the values from Table 10 of the Data Booklet to calculate the enthalpy change for
this reaction.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(c) Explain why no reaction takes place between methane and chlorine at room
temperature unless the reactants are sparked, exposed to UV light or heated.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
12
27. (a) Identify two features of colliding molecules that react together in the gas phase.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) For many reactions, the rate approximately doubles for a 10°C rise in temperature.
State two reasons for this increase and identify which of the two is the more important.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(i) Suggest two reasons why the reaction is slow at room temperature.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) A relatively small increase in temperature causes a relatively large increase in the
rate of this reaction. State two reasons for this.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) Suggest two ways of increasing the rate of reaction between C and D other than
increasing temperature.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
13
29. The reaction between two substances A and B
A+B →C+D
rate = k [B]
[A] [B]
time time
rate rate
[A] [B]
(Total 3 marks)
14
IB Chemistry – SL
Topic 6 Answers
1. C
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. B
6. D
7. C
8. C
9. C
10. D
11. A
12. B
13. A
14. A
15. C
16. B
17. B
18. A
(iii)
15
Volume of
CO2 produced
inal
orig
II
Time
(b) Method 1
use powdered MgCO3 /OWTTE;
particles collide more frequently/increased surface area/OWTTE;
Method 2
increase (reaction) temperature/heat/warm;
more of the collisions are successful/more particles with E > Ea/OWTTE;
Method 3
increase acid concentration;
more frequent (reactant) collisions;
Method 4
16
add catalyst;
lowers activation energy/Ea/OWTTE; 6 max
Award [2] each for any three methods
(ii) no effect;
catalyst will speed up both forward and reverse reactions (equally)/
increase the rate at which equilibrium is achieved; 2
(b) all the CaCO3 (s) has been consumed/no further CO 2 (g) is produced/reaction
is complete; 1
Do not accept reaction has stopped or all reactants used up.
(c) line on graph should be initially less steep/a smaller gradient and should
plateau at the same mass loss; 1
Mass loss / g
Time / minutes
17
(d) there are more particles with KE greater than or equal to Ea ;
collisions more frequent/more collisions per unit time/more
successful/forceful collisions per unit time;
the rate increases; 3
23. (i)
Number/Fraction of Molecules
T1
T2 > T 1
T2
Energy/speed
i.e.
[acid]
Time
No penalty if curve reaches x axis
Do not accept a straight line
18
(ii) slope decreases; 1
26. (a) energy for the conversion of a gaseous molecule into (gaseous) atoms;
(average values) obtained from a number of similar bonds/compounds/OWTTE;
CH4 (g) → C(g) + 4H(g); 3
State symbols needed.
(d)
Ea
energy reactants
products
reaction path
exothermic shown;
19
27. (a) molecules must have sufficient/minimum energy/energy ≥ activation energy;
appropriate collision geometry/correct orientation; 2
(b) increased frequency of collisions/collisions more likely;
Not just “more collisions”, there must be a reference to time.
increased proportion of molecules with sufficient energy to react/E ≥ Ea;
Not “activation energy is reduced”.
Proportion of molecules with E ≥ Ea is more important;
(dependent on correct second marking point); 3
28. (a) increase in product concentration per unit time/decrease in reactant concentration
per unit time; 1
Accept change instead of increase or decrease.
20
IB Chemistry – HL
Topic 6 Questions
1. The reaction between NO 2 and F2 gives the following rate data at a certain temperature.
What is the order of reaction with respect to NO 2 and F2 ?
III. Doubling the concentration of A would have the same effect on the rate of reaction
as doubling the concentration of B.
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
1
4. Values of a rate constant, k, and absolute temperature, T, can be used to determine the activation
energy of a reaction by a graphical method. Which graph produces a straight line?
A. k versus T
B. k versus 1
T
C. ln k versus T
D. ln k versus 1
T
Rate = k[P][Q]
A. 6 B. 9
C. 12 D. 18
7. A reaction occurs in four steps. The steps and their rates are shown in the table
Step Rate
1 0.01 mol dm–3 s–1
2 0.10 mol dm–3 s–1
3 0.01 mol dm–3 min–1
4 0.10 mol dm–3 min–1
A. Step 1 B. Step 2
C. Step 3 D. Step 4
2
8. The rate expression for a reaction is
9. What happens to the rate constant (k) and activation energy (Ea) of a reaction when the
temperature is increased?
XY2 + XY2 → X2 Y4
X2 Y4 → X2 + 2Y2
X2 + Y2 → 2XY
In the presence of S2 O3 2– (aq) and starch solution, the time taken for a blue colour to form was
observed at various reactant concentrations.
Experiment [I– ] / mol dm–3 [H2 O2 ] / mol dm–3 [H+] / mol dm–3 Time / s
1 0.10 0.12 0.01 25
2 0.05 0.12 0.01 50
3 0.10 0.06 0.01 100
I– H2 O2
A. 1 2
1 1
B. 2 4
C. 2 1
D. 2 4
3
12. Which statement is correct about the rate expression for a chemical reaction?
13. For the reaction 2NO2 (g) + F2 (g) → 2NO2 F(g) the accepted mechanism is
14. The activation energy, of a reaction can be obtained from the rate constant, k, and the absolute
temperature, T. Which graph of these quantities produces a straight line?
A. k against T
1
B. k against
T
C. ln k against T
1
D. ln k against
T
15. What is the order of reaction with respect to NO 2 (g) and F2 (g) given the following rate data at a
certain temperature?
[NO2 (g)] / mol dm–3 [F2 (g)] / mol dm–3 Rate / mol dm–3 min–1
0.1 0.2 0.1
0.2 0.2 0.4
0.1 0.4 0.2
4
16. Nitrogen(II) oxide reacts with hydrogen as shown by the following equation.
The table below shows how the rate of reaction varies as the reactant concentrations vary.
(a) Determine the order of reaction with respect to NO and with respect to H 2 .
Explain how you determined the order for NO.
NO ..............................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
H2 ................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Calculate the value for the rate constant, including its units.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
H2 + NO X fast step
X + NO → Y + H2 O slow step
Y + H2 → N2 + H2 O fast step
State and explain whether this mechanism agrees with the experimental rate expression
in (b).
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
5
(e) Explain why a single step mechanism is unlikely for a reaction of this kind.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(f) Deduce how the initial rate of formation of H 2 O(g) compares with that of N 2 (g) in
experiment 1. Explain your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 14 marks)
The following experimental data was obtained at 101.3 kPa and 298 K.
Experiment Initial [NO] / mol dm–3 Initial [O2 ] / mol dm–3 Initial rate / mol dm–3 s–1
1 3.50×10–2 1.75×10–2 3.75×10–3
2 3.50×10–2 3.50×10–2 7.50×10–3
3 7.00×10–2 7.00×10–2 6.00×10–2
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
6
(d) Calculate the value of the rate constant and state the units.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(e) Suggest a possible mechanism that is consistent with the rate expression. Indicate which
of the steps is the rate-determining step.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
2A → 2B + C
A graph showing the change in concentration of A against time as the reaction proceeds at a
particular temperature is shown below.
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
[A] /
0.05
mol dm–3
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Time / s
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
7
(b) Use the graph to measure values of half-life of reaction, starting from
(c) Deduce the order of the reaction with respect to A, giving a reason for your choice, and
write the rate expression for the reaction.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(3)
(d) For a different reaction, between compounds D and E, the rate expression is
Calculate the value of k, including units, for the reaction when the concentrations of both
D and E are 1.35×10–2 mol dm–3 and the reaction rate is 3.75×10–5 mol dm–3 min–1 .
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
19. In a particular experiment, various concentrations of HI(aq) are reacted with a constant
H2 O2 (aq) concentration according to the following equation:
16.0
14.0
12.0
[HI] / mol dm–3 10 –2
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Time / sec
8
(a) Use the graph to deduce the order of reaction with respect to HI. Give a reason for your
answer.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) The order with respect to H 2 O2 is the same as HI. Deduce the rate expression for this
reaction.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Determine the half-life of the reaction from the graph and calculate the value for the rate
constant.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
20. (a) The table below shows kinetic data for the following reaction
C+D →E+F
Initial rate
Experiment [C] / mol dm–3 [D] / mol dm–3
/ mol dm–3 min–1
(i) Deduce the order of reaction with respect to both C and D, giving a reason in each
case.
C ......................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
D ......................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(4)
9
(ii) Deduce the rate expression for this reaction.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Use data from Experiment 1 to calculate a value for the rate constant for this
reaction and deduce its units.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
(b) Define the term half-life and calculate the half-life for a first-order reaction with a rate
constant of 3.310–2 min–1 .
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
21. Nitrogen(II) oxide reacts with hydrogen according to the following equation:
The table shows how the rate of reaction varies as the concentrations of the reactants are
changed.
(a) Determine the order of reaction with respect to H 2 and with respect to NO.
H2 ................................................................................................................................
NO ..............................................................................................................................
(2)
10
(b) Write the rate expression for the reaction.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Calculate the value for the rate constant, and state its units using the data from
experiment 1.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
H2 + NO X fast step
X + NO → Y + H2O slow step
Y + H2 → N2 + H2O fast step
State and explain whether this mechanism agrees with the experimental rate expression in
(b).
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(e) Explain why a single step mechanism is unlikely for a reaction of this kind.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(f) Deduce and explain how the initial rate of formation of H 2 O compares with that of N 2 .
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
11
22. The data below refer to a reaction between X and Y.
Experiment X Y
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(1)
(ii) Deduce the order of reaction with respect to both X and Y. Explain your reasoning.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(4)
(iii) Write the rate expression for the reaction and calculate the rate constant, including its
units.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(4)
(iv) Calculate the initial rate of reaction when the initial concentrations of X and Y are 0.40
mol dm–3 and 0.60 mol dm–3 respectively.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
12
23. Oxygen and nitrogen monoxide react together to form nitrogen dioxide.
The graph below shows how the initial rate of reaction changed during an experiment in which
the initial [NO(g)] was kept constant whilst the initial [O 2 (g)] was varied.
Rate
[O 2 (g)]
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
(b) In a series of experiments, the initial [O 2 (g)] was kept constant while the initial [NO(g)]
was varied. The results showed that the reaction was second order with respect to NO.
Sketch a graph to show how the rate of reaction would change if the initial
[NO(g)] was increased.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)
(d) State and explain what would happen to the initial rate of reaction if the initial
concentration of NO was doubled and that of O 2 was halved.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(3)
13
(e) When the initial values are [O 2 (g)] = 1.0×10–2 mol dm–3 and [NO(g)] = 3.0×10–2 mol
dm–3 , the initial rate of reaction is 6.3×10–4 mol dm–3 s–1 . Write the rate expression for
this reaction and calculate the rate constant, stating its units.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(4)
(Total 12 marks)
24. The compound iodine chloride, ICl, reacts with hydrogen to form iodine and hydrogen chloride.
(ii) The kinetics of this reaction were studied at a certain temperature, when all the reactants
and products were in the gas phase. The table shows the initial rate of reaction for
different concentrations of reactants.
Initial rate /
Experiment [ICl] / mol dm–3 [H2 ] / mol dm–3
mol dm–3 s–1
1 0.100 0.0500 5.00×10–3
2 0.200 0.0500 1.00×10–2
3 0.200 0.0250 2.50×10–3
Deduce and explain the order of reaction with respect to ICl and to H2 .
(4)
(iv) Use information from Experiment 1 to determine the value, with units, of the rate
constant for the reaction.
(2)
(v) Determine the rate of reaction when the concentrations of reactants in Experiment 1 are
both doubled.
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
25. (a) The variation of the rate constant, k, for a reaction with temperature is shown by the
Arrhenius equation. Two versions of this equation are shown in Table 1 of the Data
Booklet.
(iii) Describe how, using a graphical method, values of A and Ea can be obtained for a
reaction.
(5)
14
(b) The equation for a reaction used in industry is
(i) Explain the difference between the terms homogeneous and heterogeneous when
applied to a catalyst.
(1)
(ii) Draw an enthalpy level diagram for this reaction, including labels for HӨ, Ea and
the activation energy when a catalyst is used, Ecat .
(4)
(Total 12 marks)
26. Nitrogen(II) oxide reacts with bromine according to the following equation.
The data below were obtained for the reaction between NO(g) and Br 2 (g) at a specified
temperature and pressure.
(a) Determine, giving a reason, the order of reaction with respect to NO and the order of
reaction with respect to Br2 .
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) Derive the rate expression for the reaction between NO and Br 2 .
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Calculate the rate constant for the rate expression using experiment 1 and state its units.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
15
(d) If the total volume of the reaction mixture was doubled at constant temperature, state the
effect, if any, on
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(e) Draw a labelled enthalpy level diagram for the reaction between NO(g) and Br 2 (g), with
and without the use of a catalyst.
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
27. (i) The reaction between propanone, CH 3 COCH3 and bromine, Br2 in the presence of acid,
H+, is found to be second order overall, but the rate is independent of the bromine
concentration. Write three possible rate expressions for the reaction.
(3)
(ii) The concentration of each of the three reactants was doubled in three separate
experiments. Choose one of the rate expressions in (i) and predict the effect on the rate of
the reaction of each of these changes.
(2)
16
(iii) The graph below shows how the concentration of propanone changes with time in a
reaction.
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
Concentration 1.0
/ mol dm–1 0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
Time / s
Use the graph to confirm that the reaction is first order with respect to propanone showing
your working.
(2)
Describe one observation that would allow you to follow the progress of the reaction.
State and explain the role of the acid in the reaction.
(4)
(Total 11 marks)
17
IB Chemistry – HL
Topic 6 Answers
1. C
2. D
3. D
4. D
5. B
6. B
7. C
8. C
9. A
10. C
11. A
12. D
13. B
14. D
15. C
16. (a) (order with respect to) NO = 2;
(order with respect to) H2 = 1;
rate increases×4 when [NO] doubles/OWTTE; 3
(c) (2.53×10–6 mol dm–3 s–1 = k (0.100 mol dm–3 )2 (0.100 mol dm–3 ))
k = 2.53×10–3 ; 1
(d) agrees/yes;
slow step depends on X and NO;
X depends on H2 and NO;
(so) NO is involved twice and H 2 once;
Overall equation matches the stoichiometric equation;
Award [1] each for any three of the four above.
OWTTE
ECF for “no”, depending on answer for (b).
18
Or agrees/yes;
and
X = constant;
H 2 NO
rate of slow step = k [X][NO]
= k [H2 ][NO]2 ; 4
3.75 10 −3
(d) k= = 1.75 10 2 ;
(3.50 10 − 2 ) 2 (1.75 10 − 2 )
(e) NO + NO N2 O2 ;
N2 O2 + O2 → 2NO2 ;
OR
NO + O2 NO3 ;
NO3 + NO → 2NO2 ;
(b) 1000 s;
1000 s; 2
Accept 900-1100 s.
19
(c) first order;
constant half-life;
rate = k[A]; 3
Allow ECF for rate expression from stated order.
rate 3.75 10 −5
(d) k= / ;
[D] 2 [E] (1.35 10 − 2 ) 3
= 15.2;
Accept answer in range 15.2 to 15.3.
(c) 47 sec;
Accept answer in range 45 to 49.
t 1 = 0.693 = 0.015 ; 2
k
2
Accept answer in range 0.014-0.015.
ECF from half-life.
[5]
20
21. (a) (order with respect to) H2 = 1;
(order with respect to) NO = 2; 2
(c) (2.53×10−6 mol dm–3 s–1 = k(0.100 mol dm−3 )(0.100 mol dm–3 )2 )
k = 2.53×10–3 ;
mol−2 dm6 s–1 ; 2
ECF from (b).
(d) agrees/yes;
OR
agrees/yes;
[X]
and = constant;
[H 2 ][ NO]
rate of slow step = k[X][NO];
but X depends on H2 and NO;
rate of slow step = k[H2 ][NO]2 ; 4
max
Award [1] each for any three of the four above.
ECF for “no”, depending on answer for (b).
21
(iv) rate = 0.64[0.40]2 [0.60];
= 0.061; 2
Final answer to 2 sig figs only.
Allow ECF from (iii).
[11]
(b)
rate
[NO(g)]
correct axes;
correct shape curve; 2
= 70;
mol–2 dm6 s–1 ; 4
Allow ECF.
State symbols not needed.
[12]
H2 order
2;
because halving [H2 ] quarters rate (when [ICl] constant);
or doubling [H2 ] quadruples rate (when [ICl] constant); 4
22
(iii) rate = k [ICl][H2 ]2 ; 1
ECF from (ii).
(ii) 4
Ea
Ecat
CH2CH 2 + Cl 2
H
CH 2ClCH 2Cl
OR
23
Ea
H
Ecat
CH2CH 2 + Cl2
H
CH 2ClCH2 Cl
24
(e)
Ea
E a (cat)
E a without catalyst
HR/E R
Enthalpy of E a with catalyst
reactants
HP/EP
Enthalpy of
products
Time
rate = k[H+]2 ; 3
(ii) [CH3 COCH3 ] doubles, rate doubles and [H+] doubles, rate doubles;
[Br2 ] double, no effect on rate;
OR
OR
25
[H+] doubles, rate quadruples;
[Br2 ] doubles/[CH3 COCH3 ] doubles, no effect on rate; 2
The answer given must correspond to the selected expression in (i).
26
IB Chemistry – SL
Topic 7 Questions
[ICl 3 ]
A. Kc =
[I 2 ][Cl 2 ]
2[ICl 3 ]
B. Kc =
3[I 2 ][Cl 2 ]
2[ICl 3 ]
C. Kc =
[I 2 ] + 3[Cl 2 ]
2[ICl 3 ] 2
D. Kc =
[I 2 ][Cl 2 ]3
According to the above information, what temperature and pressure conditions produce the
greatest amount of SO3 ?
Temperature Pressure
A. low low
B. low high
C. high high
D. high low
3. Which statement(s) is/are true for a mixture of ice and water at equilibrium?
III. The same position of equilibrium can be reached by cooling water and heating ice.
A. I only
C. II only
D. III only
1
4. What will happen to the position of equilibrium and the value of the equilibrium constant when
the temperature is increased in the following reaction?
C. The rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.
which of the following changes will increase the amount of ammonia at equilibrium?
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II only
7. In the Haber process for the synthesis of ammonia, what effects does the catalyst have?
2
8. What will happen if CO2 (g) is allowed to escape from the following reaction mixture at
equilibrium?
II. The rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal.
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
10. The manufacture of sulfur trioxide can be represented by the equation below.
What happens when a catalyst is added to an equilibrium mixture from this reaction?
A. The rate of the forward reaction increases and that of the reverse reaction decreases.
11. Which changes will shift the position of equilibrium to the right in the following reaction?
I. adding a catalyst
3
12. Which statement is always true for a chemical reaction that has reached equilibrium?
B. The rate of the forward reaction is greater than the rate of the reverse reaction.
13. The equation for a reversible reaction used in industry to convert methane to hydrogen is shown
below.
Which statement is always correct about this reaction when equilibrium has been reached?
B. The rate of the forward reaction is greater than the rate of the reverse reaction.
14. The equation for a reaction used in the manufacture of nitric acid is
15. Which changes cause an increase in the equilibrium yield of SO 3 (g) in this reaction?
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
4
16. Iron(III) ions react with thiocyanate ions as follows.
What are the units of the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction?
A. mol dm–3
B. mol2 dm–6
C. mol–1 dm3
D. mol–2 dm6
B. Increasing the volume of the container will increase the amount of SO 2 Cl2 (g).
18. Which of the following equilibria would not be affected by pressure changes at constant
temperature?
B. Increasing the volume of the container will increase the amount of SO 2 Cl2 (g).
5
20. What is the equilibrium constant expression, Kc, for the reaction below?
A. Kc =
NO 2
N 2 O 2
2NO 2
B. Kc =
3N 2 O 2
C. Kc =
NO 2 2
N 2 O 2 2
D. Kc =
NO 2 2
N 2 + O 2 2
21. Sulfur dioxide and oxygen react to form sulfur trioxide according to the equilibrium.
How is the amount of SO 2 and the value of the equilibrium constant for the reaction affected by
an increase in pressure?
A. The amount of SO3 and the value of the equilibrium constant both increase.
B. The amount of SO3 and the value of the equilibrium constant both decrease.
C. The amount of SO3 increases but the value of the equilibrium constant decreases.
D. The amount of SO3 increases but the value of the equilibrium constant does not change.
Which conditions will favour the production of the greatest amount of ammonia at equilibrium?
6
23. The sequence of diagrams represents the system as time passes for a gas phase reaction in which
reactant X is converted to product Y.
Time, t
X=
Y=
A. At t = 5 days the rate of the forward reaction is greater than the rate of the backward
reaction.
D. At t = 5 days the rate of the forward reaction is less than the rate of the backward
reaction.
24. What changes occur when the temperature is increased in the following reaction at equilibrium?
7
25. The table below gives information about the percentage yield of ammonia obtained in the Haber
process under different conditions.
Pressure/ Temperature/°C
atmosphere
200 300 400 500
10 50.7 14.7 3.9 1.2
100 81.7 52.5 25.2 10.6
200 89.1 66.7 38.8 18.3
300 89.9 71.1 47.1 24.4
400 94.6 79.7 55.4 31.9
600 95.4 84.2 65.2 42.3
(a) From the table, identify which combination of temperature and pressure gives the highest
yield of ammonia.
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(1)
(b) The equation for the main reaction in the Haber process is
Use this information to state and explain the effect on the yield of ammonia of increasing
……………………………………………………………..………………….
………………………………………………………………………………..
(2)
…………………………………………………………………………….….
………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………..
(2)
(c) In practice, typical conditions used in the Haber process are a temperature of 500 °C and
a pressure of 200 atmospheres. Explain why these conditions are used rather than those
that give the highest yield.
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(2)
(d) Write the equilibrium constant expression, Kc, for the production of ammonia.
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
8
26. Consider the following equilibrium reaction.
Using Le Chatelier’s Principle, state and explain what will happen to the position of
equilibrium if
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
27. Ammonia is produced by the Haber process according to the following reaction.
(a) State the equilibrium constant expression for the above reaction.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Predict, giving a reason, the effect on the position of equilibrium when the pressure in the
reaction vessel is increased.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) State and explain the effect on the value of Kc when the temperature is increased.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
9
28. (a) The following equilibrium is established at 1700°C.
If only carbon dioxide gas and hydrogen gas are present initially, sketch on a graph a
line representing rate against time for (i) the forward reaction and (ii) the reverse reaction
until shortly after equilibrium is established. Explain the shape of each line.
(7)
(b) Kc for the equilibrium reaction is determined at two different temperatures. At 850°C,
Kc = 1.1 whereas at 1700°C, Kc = 4.9.
29. The equation for one reversible reaction involving oxides of nitrogen is shown below:
Experimental data for this reaction can be represented on the following graph:
1.0
product
0.8
concentration 0.6
/ mol dm –3 reactant
0.4
0.2
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time / min
(i) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction. Explain the
significance of the horizontal parts of the lines on the graph. State what can be deduced
about the magnitude of Kc for the reaction, giving a reason.
(4)
(ii) Use Le Chatelier’s principle to predict and explain the effect of increasing the
temperature on the position of equilibrium.
(2)
(iii) Use Le Chatelier’s principle to predict and explain the effect of increasing the pressure on
the position of equilibrium.
(2)
(iv) State and explain the effects of a catalyst on the forward and reverse reactions, on the
position of equilibrium and on the value of Kc.
(6)
(Total 14 marks)
10
30. Consider the following reaction in the Contact process for the production of sulfuric acid for
parts (a) to (d) in this question.
2SO2 + O2 2SO3
(b) (i) State the catalyst used in this reaction of the Contact process.
(1)
(ii) State and explain the effect of the catalyst on the value of the equilibrium constant
and on the rate of the reaction.
(4)
(c) Use the collision theory to explain why increasing the temperature increases the rate of
the reaction between sulfur dioxide and oxygen.
(2)
(d) Using Le Chatelier’s principle state and explain the effect on the position of equilibrium
of
31. Consider the following reaction in the Contact process for the production of sulfuric acid for
parts (a) to (c) in this question.
2SO2 + O2 2SO3
(b) (i) State the catalyst used in this reaction of the Contact process.
(1)
(ii) State and explain the effect of the catalyst on the value of the equilibrium constant
and on the rate of the reaction.
(4)
(c) Using Le Chatelier’s principle explain the effect on the position of equilibrium of
11
32. Many reversible reactions in industry use a catalyst. State and explain the effect of a catalyst on
the position of equilibrium and on the value of Kc.
(Total 4 marks)
34. Consider the following reaction where colourless bromide ions react with colourless hydrogen
peroxide to form a red-brown bromine solution.
(a) Predict and explain the effect on the position of equilibrium when
(b) State and explain the effect on the value of the equilibrium constant when the
temperature of the reaction is increased.
(2)
(c) State and explain the colour change when hydrochloric acid is added to the reaction
solution at equilibrium.
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
35. The equation for the exothermic reaction in the Contact process is given below:
(ii) State and explain qualitatively the pressure and temperature conditions that will give the
highest yield of sulfur trioxide.
(4)
(iii) In practice, conditions used commercially in the Contact process are 450°C and 2
atmospheres of pressure. Explain why these conditions are used rather than those that
give the highest yield.
(3)
(iv) Name a catalyst used in the Contact process. State and explain its effect on the value of
the equilibrium constant.
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
12
36. In the gaseous state, methane and steam react to form hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
(i) Write an equation for the endothermic equilibrium reaction. Deduce the equilibrium
expression for the reaction and state its units.
(4)
(ii) Deduce and explain the conditions of temperature and pressure under which the forward
reaction is favoured.
(4)
(iii) Explain, at the molecular level, why the reaction is carried out at high pressure in
industry.
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
37. The diagrams below represent equilibrium mixtures for the reaction Y + X2 XY + X at
350 K and 550 K respectively. Deduce and explain whether the reaction is exothermic or
endothermic.
X = 350 K 550 K
Y =
(Total 2 marks)
38. The equation for the main reaction in the Haber process is:
(ii) State and explain the effect on the equilibrium yield of ammonia with increasing the
pressure and the temperature.
(4)
(iii) In practice, typical conditions used in the Haber process involve a temperature of 500°C
and a pressure of 200 atm. Explain why these conditions are used rather than those that
give the highest yield.
(2)
(iv) At a certain temperature and pressure, 1.1 dm3 of N2 (g) reacts with 3.3 dm3 of H2 (g).
Calculate the volume of NH 3 (g), that will be produced.
(1)
(vi) A chemist claims to have developed a new catalyst for the Haber process, which increases
the yield of ammonia. State the catalyst normally used for the Haber process, and
comment on the claim made by this chemist.
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
13
IB Chemistry – SL
Topic 7 Answers
1. D
2. B
3. B
4. D
5. D
6. A
7. C
8. B
9. A
10. B
11. C
12. C
13. D
14. B
15. D
16. C
17. A
18. B
19. A
20. C
21. D
22. C
23. C
24. D
25. (a) 200°C 600 atm. (both for [1], units not needed); 1
allow the “highest pressure and the lowest temperature”
14
(c) high pressure expensive/greater cost of operating at high pressure/reinforced
pipes etc. needed;
lower temperature – greater yield, but lowers rate; 2
Do not award a mark just for the word “compromise”.
[NH 3 ] 2
(d) Kc = (ignore units); 1
[N 2 ][H 2 ]3
[8]
26. (a) (position of) equilibrium shifts to the left/towards reactants; (forward)
reaction is exothermic/∆H is negative/the reverse reaction is
endothermic/OWTTE; 2
Do not accept “Le Chatelier’s Principle” without some
additional explanation.
[NH 3 ] 2
27. (a) (k c ) = ; 1
[H 2 ]3 [ N 2 ]
Do not allow round brackets unless K p is used.
(c) Kc decreases;
equilibrium position shifts to the left/reactants/forward reaction is exothermic
/reverse reaction is endothermic; 2
(d) catalyst increases the rate of the forward and backward reactions equally
/lowers the activation energy of both forward and backward reaction equally
/lowers Ea so rate of forward and backward reactions increase; 1
[6]
28. (a)
forward
Rate
reverse
Time
two curves – one labelled “forward” starting up high up y-axis and one labelled
“reverse” starting from zero;
15
curves merge and become horizontal;
No penalty for failing to label axes.
forward reaction:
highest concentration, thus rate high to begin with;
as reaction proceeds, concentrations decrease, so does rate;
reverse reaction:
zero rate initially/at t = 0 (since no products present);
rate increases as concentration of products increases;
equilibrium established when rate of forward reaction = rate of reverse reaction; 7
(b) (reaction is) endothermic;
Kc increases with (increasing) temperature;
forward reaction favoured/heat used up/OWTTE; 3
[10]
[NO 2 ] 2
29. (i) ( K c =) ;
[N 2 O 4 ]
16
(d) (i) shifts equilibrium position to the products/right;
to the side with fewer gas molecules or moles/lower volume of gas; 2
(iii) no effect;
forward and backward rates increased equally/by the same factor; 2
[14]
[H 2 ]3 [CO]
33. kc = ;
[CH 4 ][H 2 O]
[1]
(iii) no effect;
catalyst increases the rate of the forward and backward reactions
equally/lowers the activation energy of both forward and backward
reaction equally/lowers EA so rate of forward and backward reactions
increase equally; 2
17
(b) equilibrium constant decreases;
forward reaction is exothermic/produces heat/reverse reaction is endothermic
/absorbs heat; 2
(c) colour change from red-brown to darker red-brown of Br2 /red-brown colour
intensifies/OWTTE;
equilibrium position shifts to the right/products;
to consume H+; 3
[11]
[SO 3 ] 2
35. (i) KC = ; 1
[SO 2 ] 2 [O 2 ]
(ii) pressure
high pressure (will allow system to occupy smaller volume);
Temperature
low temperature;
(exothermic reaction) forward reaction favoured to replace some
of the heat removed/equilibrium moves to the right to produce heat
/OWTTE; 4
No mark for just saying “due to Le Chatelier's principle”
36. (i) CH4 (g) + 2H2 O(g) 4H2 (g) + CO2 (g);
States not required. Award [1] for balanced equation and [1]
for equilibrium sign.
[H 2 ] 4 [CO 2 ]
Kc = ;
[CH 4 ][H 2 O] 2
18
Vproduct > Vreactant/reaction proceeds to greater number of gaseous moles
/molecules/more moles of gases on right/OWTTE;
[NH 3 ] 2
38. (i) (Kc =) (ignore units); 1
[N 2 ][H 2 ]3
(vi) Fe/iron;
Allow magnetite/iron oxide.
19
IB Chemistry – HL
Topic 7 Questions
A. 5.0 B. 10 C. 15 D. 100
is 0.25 at 440°C. What would the value of the equilibrium constant be for the following reaction
at the same temperature?
A. 0.25 B. 0.50
C. 2.0 D. 4.0
Temperature / K Kc
500 7.76×10–3
700 1.23×10–1
900 6.01×10–1
B. H2 O(g) and CO(g) are more stable than H 2 (g) and CO2 (g).
1
4. The expression for the equilibrium constant for a reaction is
Kc =
BC
A 2
At a certain temperature the values of [A], [B] and [C] are all 0.2 mol dm–3 . What happens to
the value of Kc when all three values are doubled to 0.4 mol dm–3 ?
A. It is halved.
C. It doubles.
5. A 1.0 dm3 reaction vessel initially contains 6.0 mol of P and 6.0 mol of Q. At equilibrium 4.0
mol of R is present. What is the value of Kc for the following reaction?
A. 0.11 B. 0.25
C. 0.44 D. 4.00
A. 1.0×10–2
B. 10
C. 33
D. 1.0×102
7. A liquid and its vapour are at equilibrium inside a sealed container. Which change will alter the
equilibrium vapour pressure of the liquid in the container?
2
8. The equilibrium between nitrogen dioxide (dark brown) and dinitrogen tetroxide (colourless) is
represented by the following equation.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) State and explain the effect of an increase in temperature on the value of Kc.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) State and explain the visible change that takes place as a result of a decrease in pressure,
after equilibrium is re-established.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(d) Two moles of NO2 (g) and two moles of N2 O4 (g) were placed in an empty 1 dm3
container and allowed to come to equilibrium at 328 K. Predict, with reference to
the value of Kc, whether the equilibrium mixture would contain more or less than two
moles of NO2 (g).
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
3
(c) The equilibrium formed during this reaction was investigated in two experiments carried
out at different temperatures. The results are shown in the table below.
(i) For each experiment, deduce the concentrations of the other species present at
equilibrium. Calculate the values of Kc for the forward reaction for each
experiment.
(6)
(ii) Use the two calculated values of Kc to deduce which of the two experiments was
carried out at the higher temperature, and explain your choice. (If you were not
able to calculate the values of Kc in (c)(i), assume that the values are 0.1 for
experiment 1 and 0.2 for experiment 2, although these are not the correct values.)
(2)
(Total 15 marks)
(i) Under certain conditions of temperature and pressure, 2.0 mol of carbon monoxide and
3.2 mol of steam were left to reach equilibrium. At equilibrium, 1.6 mol of both hydrogen
and carbon dioxide were present.
Calculate the amounts of carbon monoxide and steam at equilibrium and the value of Kc.
(3)
(ii) Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, 2.0 mol of carbon monoxide and
2.0 mol of steam were left to reach equilibrium.
Calculate the amounts of each reactant and product at equilibrium.
(If you were unable to calculate a value for Kc in (i) use the value 9.0, although this is not
the correct value.)
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
4
IB Chemistry – HL
Topic 7 Answers
1. D
2. D
3. A
4. B
5. D
6. D
7. D
8. No ECF throughout this question.
[N 2 O 4 ]
(a) Kc = 1
[NO 2 ] 2
(b) Kc decreases;
forward reaction is exothermic/∆H is negative/equilibrium
moves to left/OWTTE; 2
[N 2 O 4 ]
given values make = 1
2
i.e. too much NO2 /OWTTE; 2
[NO 2 ] 2
[7]
9. (a) (i) no effect;
equal gas moles on each side; 2
(iii) no effect;
catalyst speeds up both forward and reverse reactions equally; 2
[H 2 ][I 2 ]
(b) Kc = ; 1
[HI] 2
Ignore state symbols.
5
(0.01) 2
Kc = = 6.25 10 − 2 ;
(0.04 ) 2
(0.02 ) 2
Kc = = 0.25; 6
(0.04 ) 2
ECF from above values.
6
IB Chemistry – SL
Topic 8 Questions
A. Ammonia
B. Hydrogen chloride
C. Potassium hydroxide
D. Sodium hydrogencarbonate
2. Which of the following is/are formed when a metal oxide reacts with a dilute acid?
I. A metal salt
II. Water
3. Four aqueous solutions, I, II, III and IV, are listed below.
A. I, II, III, IV
C. II, I, III, IV
4. Which substance can be dissolved in water to give a 0.1 mol dm–3 solution with a high pH and a
high electrical conductivity?
A. HCl
B. NaCl
C. NH3
D. NaOH
1
5. The pH of a solution is 2. If its pH is increased to 6, how many times greater is the [H +] of the
original solution?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 1000
D. 10 000
6. The pH of solution X is 1 and that of Y is 2. Which statement is correct about the hydrogen ion
concentrations in the two solutions?
7. Lime was added to a sample of soil and the pH changed from 4 to 6. What was the
corresponding change in the hydrogen ion concentration?
A. increased by a factor of 2
C. decreased by a factor of 2
8. When the following 1.0 mol dm–3 solutions are listed in increasing order of pH (lowest first),
what is the correct order?
2
10. Which methods can distinguish between solutions of a strong monoprotic acid and a weak
monoprotic acid of the same concentration?
I. Add magnesium to each solution and measure the rate of the formation of gas
bubbles.
II. Add aqueous sodium hydroxide to each solution and measure the temperature
change.
III. Use each solution in a circuit with a battery and lamp and see how bright the lamp
glows.
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
11. Which species are a conjugate pair according to the Brønsted-Lowry theory?
13. Lime is added to a lake to neutralize the effects of acid rain. The pH value of the lake water
rises from 4 to 7. What is the change in concentration of H + ions in the lake water?
A. An increase by a factor of 3
C. A decrease by a factor of 3
A. H2 O and O2–
3
15. Solutions of hydrochloric acid (HCl(aq)) and ethanoic acid (CH 3 COOH(aq)) of the same
concentration reacted completely with 5.0 g of calcium carbonate in separate containers. Which
statement is correct?
B. A smaller volume of CO2 (g) was produced with CH3 COOH(aq) than with HCl(aq).
C. A greater volume of CO2 (g) was produced with CH3 COOH(aq) than with HCl(aq).
D. The same volume of CO2 (g) was produced with both CH 3 COOH(aq) and HCl(aq).
16. Solutions of hydrochloric acid (HCl(aq)) and ethanoic acid (CH 3 COOH(aq)) of the same
concentration reacted completely with 5.0 g of calcium carbonate in separate containers. Which
statement is correct?
B. A smaller volume of CO2 (g) was produced with CH3 COOH(aq) than with HCl(aq).
C. A greater volume of CO2 (g) was produced with CH3 COOH(aq) than with HCl(aq).
D. The same volume of CO2 (g) was produced with both CH 3 COOH(aq) and HCl(aq).
I. HCl(aq)
18. The pH of a solution changes from pH = 1 to pH = 3. What happens to the [H +] during this pH
change?
A. H2 SO4 (aq)
B. SO4 2– (aq)
C. H2 O(l)
D. H3 O+(aq)
4
20. Which species can act as a Lewis acid?
A. BF3
B. OH–
C. H2 O
D. NH3
21. Which substance, when dissolved in water, to give a 0.1 mol dm–3 solution, has the highest pH?
A. HCl
B. NaCl
C. NH3
D. NaOH
22. Which methods will distinguish between equimolar solutions of a strong base and a strong acid?
I. Add magnesium to each solution and look for the formation of gas bubbles.
II. Add aqueous sodium hydroxide to each solution and measure the temperature
change.
III. Use each solution in a circuit with a battery and lamp and see how bright the lamp
glows.
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
23. (a) Aqueous XO4 3– ions form a precipitate with aqueous silver ions, Ag+. Write a balanced
equation for the reaction, including state symbols.
...........................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) When 41.18 cm3 of a solution of aqueous silver ions with a concentration of 0.2040 mol
dm–3 is added to a solution of XO4 3– ions, 1.172 g of the precipitate is formed.
(i) Calculate the amount (in moles) of Ag+ ions used in the reaction.
(1)
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
5
(iii) Calculate the molar mass of the precipitate.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)
(iv) Determine the relative atomic mass of X and identify the element.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
24. (a) (i) A solution of hydrochloric acid has a concentration of 0.10 mol dm–3 and a pH
value of 1. The solution is diluted by a factor of 100. Determine the concentration
of the acid and the pH value in the diluted solution.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Explain why 0.10 mol dm–3 ethanoic acid solution and the diluted solution in (a) (i)
have similar [H+] values.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(3)
(b) Suggest one method, other than measuring pH, which could be used to distinguish
between solutions of a strong acid and a weak acid of the same concentration. State the
expected results.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
6
25. Define the terms strong acid and weak acid. Using hydrochloric and ethanoic acid as examples,
write equations to show the dissociation of each acid in aqueous solution.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(Total 4 marks)
26. (i) Calcium carbonate is added to separate solutions of hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid
of the same concentration. State one similarity and one difference in the observations you
could make.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(2)
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(2)
(iii) Determine the volume of 1.50 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid that would react with exactly
1.25 g of calcium carbonate.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(3)
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
7
27. The pH values of solutions of three organic acids of the same concentration were measured.
acid X pH = 5
acid Y pH = 2
acid Z pH = 3
(ii) Deduce how the [H+] values compare in solutions of acids Y and Z.
(2)
(iii) Arrange the solutions of the three acids in decreasing order of electrical conductivity,
starting with the greatest conductivity, giving a reason for your choice.
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
28. The equilibrium reached when ethanoic acid is added to water can be represented by the
following equation:
Define the terms Brønsted-Lowry acid and Lewis base, and identify two examples of each of
these species in the equation.
(Total 4 marks)
29. Identify one example of a strong acid and one example of a weak acid. Outline three different
methods to distinguish between equimolar solutions of these acids in the laboratory. State how
the results would differ for each acid.
(Total 5 marks)
30. Vinegar has a pH of approximately 3 and some detergents have a pH of approximately 8. State
and explain which of these has the higher concentration of H + and by what factor.
(Total 1 mark)
31. Define the terms Brønsted-Lowry acid and Lewis acid. For each type of acid, identify one
example other than water and write an equation to illustrate the definition.
(Total 5 marks)
32. The pH values of three acidic solutions, X, Y and Z, are shown in the following table:
Solution Acid pH
X HCl(aq) 2
Y HCl(aq) 4
Z CH3 COOH(aq) 4
(i) Solutions X and Z have the same acid concentration. Explain, by reference to both acids,
why they have different pH values.
(2)
8
33. State and explain two methods, other than measuring pH, which could be used to distinguish
between 1.0 mol dm–3 solutions of nitric acid and ethanoic acid.
(Total 4 marks)
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) State, giving a reason in each case, two methods other than measuring pH, that could be
used to distinguish between 0.100 mol dm–3 propanoic acid and 0.100 mol dm–3 nitric
acid.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 3 marks)
35. State an equation for the reaction of propanoic acid with water. Identify one conjugate
Brønsted-Lowry pair.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... .........
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
(Total 2 marks)
9
IB Chemistry – SL
Topic 8 Answers
1. B
2. B
3. B
4. D
5. D
6. D
7. D
8. A
9. D
10. D
11. D
12. C
13. D
14. B
15. D
16. D
17. D
18. B
19. B
20. A
21. D
22. A
10
(iii) 0.002800 mol weighs 1.172 g
1.172 g
1 mol weighs = 418.6 g mol–1 2
0.002800 mol
418.6;
Accept answer in range 418 to 419.
No penalty for too many sig figs.
ECF from (b) (ii)
g mol–1
Do not accept g.
pH = 3; 2
OR
titration curves: namely strong acid and strong base will have an equivalence
point pH of 7 and a weak acid and strong base will have an equivalence point
pH of >7.
OR
temperature change: on neutralization for temperature change: namely,
neutralization (H+ + OH−) is exothermic, weak acid is partially dissociated
so some energy used up in dissociation of weak acid − net result, weak acid
would produce less energy/less temperature increase compared to
neutralization of strong acid.
[7]
11
26. (i) bubbling/effervescence/dissolving of CaCO 3 /gas given off
(do not accept CO2 produced);
more vigorous reaction with HCl/OWTTE; 2
(iv) 1:1 ratio of CaCO3 to CO2 /use 0.0125 moles CO2 (allow ECF);
(0.0125×22.4) = 0.28 dm3 /280 cm3 /2.8×10–4 m3 (allow ECF); 1
Accept calculation using pV=nRT.
[9]
27. (i) X; 1
Lewis base
electron pair donor/OWTTE;
H2 O and CH3 COO−; 4
[4]
Lewis acid
electron pair acceptor;
Brønsted-Lowry acid
Any suitable equation;
12
Lewis acid − BF3 /AlCl3 /transition metal ions that form complex ion
with ligands;
For example
BF3 + NH3 → BF3 NH3 /Cu2+ + 4NH3 → [Cu(NH3)4 ]2+/AlCl3 + Cl− → AlCl 4− ; 5
Or any suitable equation.
[5]
33. conductivity;
nitric acid will contain more ions and have a higher conductivity/ethanoic acid
will have fewer ions and have a lower conductivity;
(b) conductivity - propanoic acid will be lower because lower ion concentration
/less dissociated;
reaction with metal/metal carbonate/metal hydrogencarbonate - propanoic
acid will react slower/less vigorously because lower [H +]/less dissociated;
reaction with alkali - temperature change will be less for propanoic acid
because lower [H+]/less dissociated; 2
Award [1] mark each for two.
[3]
13
IB Chemistry – HL
Topic 8 Questions
1. The Ka value for an acid is 1.0×10–2 . What is the Kb value for its conjugate base?
A. 1.0×10–2
B. 1.0×10–6
C. 1.0×10–10
D. 1.0×10–12
2. Separate 20.0 cm3 solutions of a weak acid and a strong acid of the same concentration are
titrated with NaOH solution. Which will be the same for these two titrations?
I. Initial pH
A. I only
B. III only
C. I and II only
3. When the following 1.0 mol dm–3 aqueous solutions are arranged in order of increasing pH,
which is the correct order?
I. Ammonium chloride
A. I, II, III
B. II, I, III
C. III, I, II
D. III, II, I
1
4. An acid-base indicator, HIn, dissociates according to the following equation.
colour A colour B
II. In a neutral solution the concentrations of HIn(aq) and In– (aq) must be equal.
III. It is suitable for use in titrations involving weak acids and weak bases.
A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
5. What is the concentration of OH – ions (in mol dm–3 ) in an aqueous solution in which
[H+] = 2.0×10–3 mol dm–3 ? (Kw = 1.0×10–14 mol2 dm–6 )
A. 2.0×10–3
B. 4.0×10–6
C. 5.0×10–12
D. 2.0×10–17
A. pKa = –log Ka
−14
B. pKa = 1.0 10
Ka
C. pKa = log Ka
D. pKa = 1.0
Ka
2
7. Which curve is produced by the titration of a 0.1 mol dm–3 weak base with 0.1 mol dm–3 strong
acid?
A. 12 B. 12
8 8
pH pH
4 4
C. 12 D. 12
8 8
pH pH
4 4
8. The acid dissociation constant of a weak acid HA has a value of 1.0×10–5 mol dm–3 .
What is the pH of a 0.10 mol dm–3 aqueous solution of HA?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 5
D. 6
9. Which mixture would produce a buffer solution when dissolved in 1.0 dm3 of water?
10. Which compound, when dissolved in aqueous solution, has the highest pH?
A. NaCl
B. Na2 CO3
C. NH4 Cl
D. NH4 NO3
3
11. Which values are correct for a solution of NaOH of concentration 0.010 mol dm–3 at 298 K?
12. Which solution, of concentration 0.10 mol dm–3 , has the highest pH value?
A. HCl(aq)
B. MgCl2 (aq)
C. NaCl(aq)
D. AlCl3 (aq)
14. Which compound will dissolve in water to give a solution with a pH greater than 7?
A. sodium chloride
B. potassium carbonate
C. ammonium nitrate
D. lithium sulfate
15. An aqueous solution has a pH of 10. Which concentrations are correct for the ions below?
A. 104 10–10
B. 10–4 10–10
C. 10–10 10–4
D. 10–10 10–4
4
16. Which graph shows how the pH changes when a weak base is added to a strong acid?
pH pH
14 14
A B
7 7
0 0
volume of base volume of base
pH pH
14 14
C D
7 7
0 0
volume of base volume of base
17. When the following acids are listed in decreasing order of acid strength (strongest first), what is
the correct order?
Ka
benzoic 6.31×10–5
chloroethanoic 1.38×10–3
ethanoic 1.74×10–5
18. The strengths of organic acids can be compared using Ka and pKa values. Which acid is the
strongest?
A. Acid A pKa = 6
B. Acid B pKa = 3
C. Acid C Ka = 1×10–5
D. Acid D Ka = 1×10–4
5
19. Which is the correct statement about the pH and pOH values of an aqueous solution at 25°C?
A. pH + pOH =14.0
C. pH × pOH =14.0
20. Which salt, when dissolved in water to form a 1.0 mol dm–3 solution, produces the lowest pH
value?
A. Ammonium chloride
B. Ammonium ethanoate
C. Sodium ethanoate
D. Sodium chloride
A. Aluminium sulfate
B. Sodium nitrate
C. Potassium chloride
D. Sodium ethanoate
22. Which neutralization reaction could use phenolphthalein (pKa = 9.3) and not methyl orange (pKa
= 3.7) as an indicator?
At 25C water has a pH of 7. Which of the following occurs when water is heated to 30C?
6
24. Which mixture would produce a buffer solution when dissolved in 1.0 dm3 of water?
25. Ammonia (NH3 ) is a weak base in aqueous solution with an ionization constant Kb. What
expression is equal to the ionization constant for the following reaction?
Kw
A.
Ka
Ka
B.
Kw
Kw
C.
Kb
Kb
D.
Kw
W 4.87
X 4.82
Y 4.86
Z 4.85
What is the correct order when these acids are arranged in order of increasing acid strength?
A. X, Z, Y, W
B. X, Y, Z, W
C. W, Z, Y, X
D. W, Y, Z, X
27. 10 cm3 of 0.01 mol dm–3 nitric acid (HNO3 ) is diluted with 90 cm3 of water. What is the pH of
the resulting solution?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
7
28. A base of concentration 0.10 mol dm–3 is titrated with 25 cm3 of an acid of concentration 0.10
mol dm–3 . Which base-acid pair would have the highest pH at the equivalence point?
29. What is the value of [H+] in a buffer solution in which [CH 3 COOH] = 2.0 mol dm–3 and
[CH3 COO– ] 1.0 mol dm–3 ? For CH3 COOH, Ka = 1.8×10–5 mol dm–3 .
A. 6.0×10–3
B. 3.6×10–5
C. 1.8×10–5
D. 9.1×10–6
30. Which salt forms the most acidic solution when added to water?
A. NaCl
B. MgSO4
C. Al(NO3 )3
D. KHCO3
31. An acid-base indicator has a pKa value of 4.0. At what pH will this indicator change colour?
A. 2.0
B. 4.0
C. 8.0
D. 12.0
32. Which values are correct for a 0.010 mol dm–3 solution of NaOH(aq) at 298 K?
(Kw = 1.0×10–14 mol2 dm–6 at 298 K)
8
33. At 25°C, Ka for an acid is 1.0×10–2 . What is the value of Kb for its conjugate base?
A. 1.0×102
B. 1.0×10–2
C. 1.0×1012
D. 1.0×10–12
35. (a) (i) Calculate the Ka value of methanoic acid, HCOOH, using table 16 in the Data
Booklet.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Based on its Ka value, state and explain whether methanoic acid is a strong or weak
acid.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration and the pH of a 0.010 mol dm–3
methanoic acid solution. State one assumption made in arriving at your answer.
(4)
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
9
(b) Explain how you would prepare a buffer solution of pH 3.75 starting with methanoic
acid.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
36. The indicator bromophenol blue, HIn(aq), has a form that is yellow and an In– (aq) form that
is blue.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 4 marks)
(i) State the expression for the ionic product constant of water, Kw.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) The value of Kw is 2.410–14 mol2 dm–6 at 310 K. Calculate the [H +] at 310 K.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
10
(b) Lactic acid CH3 CH(OH)COOH is a weak monoprotic acid
(pKa = 3.85 and Ka = 1.4×10–4 mol dm–3 ).
(i) Write an equation for the reaction of lactic acid with water.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) State the ionization constant expression, Ka, for lactic acid.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iv) Determine the pH of a solution containing 0.10 mol dm–3 of lactic acid and 0.10
mol dm–3 of sodium lactate.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
38. (a) (i) Write the equation for the reaction of ammonia with water.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Using information from Table 16 in the Data Booklet, determine the pOH of a
0.20 mol dm–3 solution of ammonia.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
11
39. Benzoic acid, C6 H5 COOH, is a weak acid.
(a) Deduce the equation for the ionization of benzoic acid in water.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Use information from Table 16 in the Data Booklet to calculate a value for the
dissociation constant, Ka, for benzoic acid.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Derive the ionization constant expression for benzoic acid and use it to determine the pH
of a 0.20 mol dm–3 aqueous solution of benzoic acid.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
40. The hydrogen ion concentration in pure water varies with temperature. At a particular
temperature [H+] =1.7×10–7 mol dm–3 .
(a) State the expression for the ionic product constant of water, Kw, and calculate the value of
Kw at this temperature.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
12
(c) State and explain whether water at this temperature is acidic, neutral or alkaline.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
41. Predict whether each of the following solutions would be acidic, alkaline or neutral. In each
case explain your reasoning.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(Total 6 marks)
42. The following graph shows how the pH changes during the titration of 10 cm3 of a solution of a
weak acid (HA) with 0.10 mol dm–3 NaOH.
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
pH
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
–3
Volume of 0.10 mol dm NaOH / cm 3
13
(i) State the pH at the equivalence point and explain why the pH changes rapidly in this
region.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(2)
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(3)
(iii) Calculate the [H+] of the acid before any sodium hydroxide is added. Use this value to
determine the Ka value and the pKa value of the acid.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(5)
(Total 10 marks)
43. A buffer solution can be made by dissolving 0.25 g of sodium ethanoate in 200 cm3 of 0.10 mol
dm–3 ethanoic acid. Assume that the change in volume is negligible.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(2)
14
(ii) Calculate the concentration of the sodium ethanoate in mol dm–3 .
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(3)
(iii) Calculate the pH of the resulting buffer solution by using information from Table 16 of
the Data Booklet.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
44. An experiment was carried out to determine the concentration of an aqueous solution of
ammonia by titrating it with a solution of sulfuric acid of concentration 0.150 mol dm–3 . It was
found that 25.0 cm3 of the ammonia solution required 20.1 cm3 of the sulfuric acid solution for
neutralization.
(a) Write the equation for the reaction and calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3 , of the
ammonia solution.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(b) Several acid-base indicators are listed in Table 17 of the Data Booklet. State and explain
which one of the following indicators should be used for this experiment: bromocresol
green, phenol red or phenolphthalein.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
15
(c) Determine the pOH of a solution with an ammonia concentration of 0.121 mol dm–3 .
(pKb of ammonia is 4.75.)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 11 marks)
45. (i) State what is meant by the term buffer solution, and describe the composition of an acid
buffer solution in general terms.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii) Calculate the pH of a mixture of 50 cm3 of ammonia solution of concentration 0.10 mol
dm–3 and 50 cm3 of hydrochloric acid solution of concentration 0.050 mol dm–3 .
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 7 marks)
46. The pH of a solution is 4.8. Using information from Table 17 of the Data Booklet, deduce and
explain the colours of the indicators bromophenol blue and phenol red in this solution.
(Total 3 marks)
47. Calculate the pH of a buffer solution containing 0.0500 mol dm–3 of ethanoic acid
(Ka = 1.7410–5 ) and 0.100 mol–3 of sodium ethanoate.
(Total 3 marks)
16
49. (i) Define the term pH.
(1)
(ii) A 25.0 cm3 sample of 0.100 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid was placed in a conical flask,
and 0.100 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide is added until a total of 50.0 cm3 had been added.
Sketch a graph of pH against volume of NaOH(aq) added, clearly showing the volume of
NaOH(aq) needed for complete reaction and the pH values at the start, the equivalence
point and finish.
(4)
(iii) The experiment in (ii) was repeated, but with a 25.0 cm3 sample of 0.100 mol dm–3
ethanoic acid in the conical flask instead of the hydrochloric acid. Use information from
Table 16 of the Data Booklet to calculate the pH at the start of the experiment. State the
approximate pH value at the equivalence point.
(5)
(Total 10 marks)
(ii) Name a suitable indicator for the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide.
Use information from Table 17 in the Data Booklet to explain your choice.
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
51. (i) Identify two substances that can be added to water to form a basic buffer solution.
(1)
(ii) Describe what happens when a small amount of acid solution is added to the buffer
solution prepared in (i). Use an equation to support your explanation.
(2)
(Total 3 marks)
52. Predict and explain whether an aqueous solution of 0.10 mol dm–3 AlCl3 will be acidic, alkaline
or neutral.
(Total 2 marks)
53. A titration was carried out to determine the concentration of 25.0 cm3 of an aqueous solution of
nitric acid. The pH value of the liquid in the flask was measured as 0.100 mol dm–3 , aqueous
sodium hydroxide was added. The results are shown on the graph below.
14
12
10
pH 8
0 10 20 30 40
Volume of NaOH(aq) / cm 3
17
(i) Use the graph to determine the value of [H +] of the nitric acid solution.
(1)
(ii) Determine the pH value when the value of [H+] has decreased to 1×10–3 mol dm–3 .
(1)
(iii) Use the graph to determine the volume of 0.100 mol dm–3 aqueous sodium hydroxide
solution needed to exactly neutralize the nitric acid.
(1)
54. In aqueous solution at 298 K, ammonia is a weak base with a pKb value of 4.75 and a Kb value
of 1.7×10–5 mol dm–3 .
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
55. Nitric acid and ammonia may be used to make a buffer solution.
(ii) Describe how you could prepare a buffer solution using 0.100 mol dm–3 solutions of
nitric acid and ammonia.
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
18
56. With reference to Table 16 in the Data Booklet, determine the pH of a 0.100 mol dm–3 solution
of propanoic acid.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
(Total 3 marks)
57. 0.100 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid solution is added to 25.0 cm3 0.100 mol dm–3 ammonia
solution and the pH is recorded until a total of 35.0 cm3 hydrochloric acid has been added.
(i) Sketch a graph to show how the pH changes as hydrochloric acid is added to the
ammonia solution. Use a pH scale of 0–14, and an acid volume scale of 0–35 cm3 .
Explain the shape of the curve.
(6)
(ii) Use table 17 of the Data Booklet to suggest an indicator that could be used in the titration,
explaining your choice.
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
(ii) Suggest the identity of an acid and its amount that could be added to a solution containing
0.10 mol ammonia in order to prepare a buffer.
(2)
(iii) Explain how the solution you prepare in (ii) can act as a buffer solution when a strong
acid and a strong base are added to separate portions of it. Write an equation to illustrate
the buffer action in each case.
(4)
(iv) Write an equation for the reaction of ammonia with water, and write its Kb expression.
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
59. (a) Predict and explain, using equations where appropriate, whether the following solutions
are acidic, alkaline or neutral.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
19
(ii) 0.1 mol dm–3 NaNO3 (aq)
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Acidic gases can be released into the atmosphere that have an environmental impact when
they are deposited as acid rain. State two elements that form the acidic gases and describe
two impacts they have on the natural environment.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
60. An experiment was carried out to determine the concentration of aqueous ammonia by titrating
it with a 0.150 mol dm–3 sulfuric acid solution. It was found that 25.0 cm3 of the aqueous
ammonia required 20.1 cm3 of the sulfuric acid solution for neutralization.
(a) Write the equation for the reaction and calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3 , of the
aqueous ammonia.
(4)
(b) Several acid-base indicators are listed in Table 16 of the Data Booklet. Identify one
indicator that could be used for this experiment. Explain your answer.
(3)
(c) (i) Determine the pOH of 0.121 mol dm–3 aqueous ammonia (pKb = 4.75).
(4)
(ii) State what is meant by the term buffer solution, and describe the composition of an
acid buffer solution in general terms.
(3)
(iii) Calculate the pH of a mixture of 50.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 aqueous ammonia
and 50.0 cm3 of 0.0500 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid solution.
(4)
(Total 18 marks)
20
IB Chemistry – HL
Topic 8 Answers
1. D
2. B
3. A
4. D
5. C
6. A
7. C
8. B
9. B
10. B
11. B
12. C
13. D
14. B
15. C
16. C
17. A
18. B
19. A
20. A
21. A
22. C
23. A
24. B
25. C
26. D
27. C
28. A
29. B
21
30. C
31. B
32. A
33. D
34. D
[H + ][HCOO – ] 2
Ka = = x ;
[HCOOH] 0.010
(x2 = 1.78×10–6 )
x = 1.33×10–3 mol dm–3 = [H+] (no mark without units);
ECF from (a)(i).
No penalty for incorrect significant figures.
pH = 2.88/2.9 (ECF);
assume x << 0.010/25°C/negligible dissociation; 4
(ii) green/blue-yellow;
both HIn(aq) and In– (aq) are present; 2
[4]
22
Ignore state symbols even if incorrect.
The double arrow is necessary for the mark.
pH = 2.3; 2
Allow ECF pH based on wrong [H +] in the value, award [1].
Award [2] for correct pH.
(iv) pH = 3.85; 1
Accept answer in range 3.8 to 3.9.
[7]
+
[NH 4 ][OH − ]
(ii) Kb = ; 1
[NH 3 ]
23
Correct final answer scores [3].
[5]
= 2.89×10−14 / 2.9×10−14 ; 2
Units not needed.
(b) pH = 6.8; 1
Accept answer in range 6.7 to 6.8.
(c) neutral;
(ii) neutral;
NaNO3 / sodium nitrate is formed from strong base and strong
acid/ions do not hydrolyse; 2
(iii) alkaline;
As CO3 2– is weak base/combines with H +/equation showing
formation of OH– ; 2
Acidic, neutral, alkali mark in each case is independent of
reason.
[6]
24
If half equivalence method used:
Volume = 4.1 cm3
pKa = 4.75
Award [2] out of last [4].
[10]
[H + ][CH 3 COO – ]
(iii) Ka = (or with substituted values);
[CH 3 COOH]
May be assumed from later work.
–4.76
[H+] = 10 0.10 = (1.159×10–4 );
0.015
pH = 3.9(4); 3
Allow ECF throughout (ii) and (iii).
[8]
.
mol H2 SO4 = 0.0201×0.150;
2NH3 = H2 SO4 /mol NH3 = 6.03×10–3 ;
[NH3 ] = 0.241 (mol dm–3 ); 4
Apply –1(SF) if appropriate.
Award [3] for the correct final answer for the
concentration calculation.
[NH 4+ ][OH − ]
Kb = /[OH– ] = K b [ NH 3 ] ;
[NH 3 ]
pOH = 2.83; 4
Award [4] for the correct final answer.
Allow ECF, for example any correct conversion of [OH– ]
[11]
25
45. (i) a solution which resists change in pH/changes pH very slightly/
keeps pH constant/OWTTE;
when small amounts of acid or base are added;
weak acid and its salt/weak acid and its conjugate base; 3
pH ( = −log[H+]) = 5.06; 3
OR
[CH 3 COO − ]
pH = p k a + log ;
[CH 3 COOH]
0.10
pH = 4.76 + log ;
0.05
pH = 5.06;
Accept answer in range 5.0 to 5.1.
ECF from [H+].
Award [3] for correct final answer.
[3]
26
49. (i) pH = − log[H+]; 1
pH
13
25 Volume / cm3
4
Penalise [1] if profile incorrect.
[H + ] 2
Ka = [H+]2 ÷[CH3 COOH]/1.74×10−5 = ;
0.100
[H+] = 1.32×10−3 (mol dm−3 );
starting pH = 2.88;
Accept 3 sig. fig.
Award [4] for correct pH.
Allow ECF.
51. (i) specific examples of weak base and its salt/specific strong acid and
weak base; 1
e.g. NH3 and NH4 Cl.
27
52. acidic;
(ii) 3; 1
[NH 4+ ][OH − ]
(b) Kb = 1
[NH 3 ]
pH = 2.94; 3
Award [3] for correct answer.
[3]
28
57. (i)
13
pH
25 / cm 3 Hcl
58. (i) weak acid and salt of the weak acid/its conjugate base; 1
Amount < 0.10 mol for HCl/HNO 3 /< 0.05 mol for H2 SO4 ; 2
29
+
[NH 4 ][OH − ]
Kb = ; 2
[NH 3 ]
[9]
59. (a) (i) acidic and [Fe(H2 O)6 ]3+ is a weak acid
[Fe(H2 O)6 ]3+(aq) → [Fe(OH)(H2O)5]2+(aq) + H+(aq); 1
“FeCl3 is acidic” is not acceptable.
(ii) neutral and NaNO3 /sodium nitrate is formed from strong base
and strong acid/ions do not hydrolyze; 1
30
IB Chemistry – SL
Topic 9 Questions
2. What occurs during the operation of a voltaic cell based on the following reaction?
3. The oxidation number of chromium is the same in all the following compounds except
A. Cr(OH)3
B. Cr2 O3
C. Cr2 (SO4 )3
D. CrO3
(Total 1 mark)
4. Magnesium is a more reactive metal than copper. Which is the strongest oxidizing agent?
A. Mg
B. Mg2+
C. Cu
D. Cu2+
(Total 1 mark)
Page 1 of 19
5. Which processes occur during the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride?
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
I. Sn(s) + Fe 2+(aq)
A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
Page 2 of 19
8. What species are produced at the positive and negative electrodes during the electrolysis of
molten sodium chloride?
Negative electrode Positive electrode
Cl2 (g) Na+(l) A.
+ –
Na (l) Cl (l) B.
Cl2 (g) Na(l) C.
Na(l) Cl2 (g) D.
(Total 1 mark)
B. CrO4 2– → Cr2 O7 2–
C. SO4 2– → SO3 2–
D. NO2 – → NO3 –
(Total 1 mark)
11. What happens at the positive electrode in a voltaic cell and in an electrolytic cell?
Page 3 of 19
12. What are the oxidation numbers of the elements in sulfuric acid, H 2 SO4 ?
13. A voltaic cell is made from copper and zinc half-cells. The equation for the reaction occurring
in the cell is
D. Negative ions flow through the salt bridge from the zinc half-cell to the copper half-cell.
(Total 1 mark)
14. What happens when molten sodium chloride is electrolysed in an electrolytic cell?
C. Electrons flow through the liquid from the negative electrode to the positive electrode.
D. Oxidation occurs at the negative electrode and reduction at the positive electrode.
(Total 1 mark)
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
Page 4 of 19
16. Which equation represents a redox reaction?
17. The following information is given about reactions involving the metals X, Y and Z and
solutions of their sulfates.
When the metals are listed in decreasing order of reactivity (most reactive first), what is the
correct order?
A. Z Y X
B. XYZ
C. YXZ
D. Y Z X
(Total 1 mark)
18. What are the oxidation numbers of the elements in the compound phosphoric acid, H 3 PO4 ?
19. A voltaic cell is made from magnesium and iron half-cells. Magnesium is a more reactive metal
than iron. Which statement is correct when the cell produces electricity?
D. Negative ions flow through the salt bridge from the magnesium half-cell to the iron
half-cell.
(Total 1 mark)
Page 5 of 19
20. Which are examples of reduction?
I. Fe3+ becomes Fe 2+
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
Page 6 of 19
23. Consider the following spontaneous reactions.
Which is the correct combination of strongest oxidizing agent and strongest reducing agent?
Ag+(aq) Zn(s) D.
(Total 1 mark)
A. NO2 → N2 O4
B. NO3 – → NO2
C. N2 O5 → NO3 –
D. NH3 → N2
(Total 1 mark)
C. Oxidation takes place at the negative electrode in a voltaic cell and the positive electrode
in an electrolytic cell.
D. Oxidation takes place at the negative electrode in a voltaic cell and reduction takes place
at the positive electrode in an electrolytic cell.
(Total 1 mark)
26. The compound [Co(NH3 )5 Br]SO4 is isomeric with the compound [Co(NH 3 )5 SO4]Br. What is
the oxidation state of cobalt in these compounds?
Page 7 of 19
27. What happens to vanadium during the reaction VO 2+(aq) → VO3 – (aq)?
C. It loses electrons.
D. It undergoes reduction.
(Total 1 mark)
B. CH3 COCH3
D. CH3 COOCH3
(Total 1 mark)
A. Cu(s)
B. NO 3− (aq)
C. Cu2+(aq)
D. H+(aq)
(Total 1 mark)
Page 8 of 19
32. A particular voltaic cell is made from magnesium and iron half-cells. The overall equation for
the reaction occurring in the cell is
D. Negative ions flow through the salt bridge from the magnesium half-cell to the iron
half-cell.
(Total 1 mark)
33. What process occurs at the cathode in a voltaic cell and at the anode in an electrolytic cell?
Anode of Cathode of
Electrolytic cell voltaic cell
Reduction Oxidation A.
Oxidation Oxidation B.
Oxidation Reduction C.
Reduction Reduction D.
(Total 1 mark)
Page 9 of 19
35. Which processes occur during the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride?
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
36. Tin(II) ions can be oxidized to tin(IV) ions by acidified potassium permanganate(VII) solution
according to the following unbalanced equation.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 2 marks)
(i) Determine the oxidation numbers for Fe and Mn in the reactants and in the products.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)
Page 10 of 19
(iii) The compounds CH3 OH and CH2 O contain carbon atoms with different oxidation
numbers. Deduce the oxidation numbers and state the kind of chemical change needed to
make CH2 O from CH3 OH.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
38. A part of the reactivity series of metals, in order of decreasing reactivity, is shown below.
magnesium
zinc
iron
lead
copper
silver
If a piece of copper metal were placed in separate solutions of silver nitrate and zinc nitrate
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)
(ii) identify the type of chemical change taking place in the copper and write the
half-equation for this change.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
(iii) state, giving a reason, what visible change would take place in the solutions.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 11 of 19
39. (i) Solid sodium chloride does not conduct electricity but molten sodium chloride does.
Explain this difference, and outline what happens in an electrolytic cell during the
electrolysis of molten sodium chloride using carbon electrodes.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(4)
(ii) State the products formed and give equations showing the reactions at each electrode.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(4)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
40. Electrolysis can be used to obtain chlorine from molten sodium chloride. Write an equation for
the reaction occurring at each electrode and describe the two different ways in which electricity
is conducted when the cell is in operation.
(Total 4 marks)
41. Two reactions occurring in the manufacture of bromine from sea water are
(ii) State and explain whether SO2 is reduced or oxidized in reaction II by referring to the
oxidation numbers of sulfur in this reaction.
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 12 of 19
42. In terms of electron transfer define:
(i) oxidation
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 2 marks)
43. Deduce the change in oxidation number of chromium in the below reaction. State with a reason
whether the chromium has been oxidized or reduced.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
(Total 2 marks)
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Deduce the change in oxidation number of chromium in the reaction below. State
with a reason whether the chromium has been oxidized or reduced.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 3 marks)
Page 13 of 19
45. Iron in food, in the form of Fe 3+, reacts with ascorbic acid (vitamin C), C 6 H8 O6 , to form
dehydroascorbic acid, C6 H6 O6 .
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) In the other ionic half-equation Fe 3+ is converted to Fe 2+. Deduce the overall
equation for the reaction between C6 H8 O6 and Fe3+.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 2 marks)
46. (i) Draw a diagram of apparatus that could be used to electrolyse molten potassium bromide.
Label the diagram to show the polarity of each electrode and the product formed.
(3)
(ii) Describe the two different ways in which electricity is conducted in the apparatus.
(2)
(iii) Write an equation to show the formation of the product at each electrode.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
47. Iodide ions, I– (aq), react with iodate ions, IO 3 – (aq), in an acidic solution to form molecular
iodine and water.
(i) Determine the oxidation number of iodine in each iodine-containing species in the
reaction.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
oxidation ....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
reduction ....................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Page 14 of 19
IB Chemistry – SL
Topic 9 Answers
1. D
[1]
2. B
[1]
3. D
[1]
4. D
[1]
5. D
[1]
6. D
[1]
7. D
[1]
8. D
[1]
9. B
[1]
10. D
[1]
11. B
[1]
12. A
[1]
13. A
[1]
14. A
[1]
15. B
[1]
16. B
[1]
17. A
[1]
18. B
[1]
19. A
[1]
20. B
[1]
21. D
[1]
Page 15 of 19
22. C
[1]
23. B
[1]
24. D
[1]
25. C
[1]
26. A
[1]
27. A
[1]
28. B
[1]
29. D
[1]
30. A
[1]
31. A
[1]
32. A
[1]
33. C
[1]
34. B
[1]
35. D
[1]
(ii) oxidation;
Cu → Cu2+ + 2e; 2
(iii) (silver nitrate) solution turns blue/grey or black or silver solid forms;
copper ions form/Cu2+ ions form/silver deposited; 2
[5]
39. (i) sodium chloride crystals consist of ions in a rigid lattice/ions can not
move about;
when melted the ions are free to move or ions move when a voltage
is applied;
in electrolysis positive sodium ions or Na + ions move to the negative
electrode or cathode; and negative chloride ions or Cl– move to the
positive electrode or anode; 4
Na+ + e− → Na;
(ii) S in SO2
+4;
S in H2 SO4
Page 17 of 19
+6;
Award only [1] for 4 + and 6 + or 4 and 6.
(ii) (a species that) gains electrons (from another species)/causes electron loss; 1
[2]
43. changes by 3;
reduced because its oxidation number decreased / +6 → +3 / 6+ → 3+ / it has gained
electrons;
[2]
44. (i) (a species that) gains electrons (from another species)/causes electron loss; 1
(ii) changes by 3;
reduced because its oxidation number decreased / +6 → +3 / 6+ → 3+ /
it has gained electrons; 2
[3]
(iii) K+ + e− → K;
2Br− → Br2 + 2e−; 2
No need to indicate polarity of electrodes.
Accept e instead of e −.
[7]
47. (i) I− = −1 / 1−
IO3 − = +5 / 5+
I2 = 0 2
Award [2] for all three correct, [1] for any two correct,
Signs must be included
Do not accept Roman numerals
(ii) oxidation
Page 18 of 19
I− (to I2 ), increase in oxidation number/loss of electron(s);
reduction
Page 19 of 19
IB Chemistry HL
Topic9 Questions and Answers
1. Aqueous solutions of AgNO 3 , Cu(NO3 )2 and Cr(NO3 )3 are electrolyzed using the same quantity
of electricity. How do the number of moles of metal formed compare?
A. Ag = Cu = Cr
B. Ag > Cu > Cr
C. Ag < Cu < Cr
D. Cu > Ag > Cr
2. The standard electrode potentials for two half-cells involving iron are given below.
What is the equation and the cell potential for the spontaneous reaction that occurs when the two
half-cells are connected?
3. Metallic tin can be produced by the electrolysis of a molten salt containing Sn2+ ions. Which
change(s) would double the amount of tin produced?
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II only
D. I, II and III
1
4. Which of the following factors affect the amount of product formed during electrolysis?
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
5. The cyanide ion, CN– , can form two complex ions with iron ions. The formulas of these ions are
[Fe(CN)6 ]4– and [Fe(CN)6]3– . What is the oxidation number of iron in the two complex ions?
4– 3–
[Fe(CN)6 ] [Fe(CN)6 ]
A. –4 –3
B. +2 +3
C. +3 +2
D. –3 –4
2
7. Consider the standard electrode potentials of the following reactions.
What is the value of the cell potential (in V) for the following reaction?
A. –0.35
B. –1.15
C. +0.30
D. +0.35
8. Aqueous solutions containing different concentrations of NaCl were electrolysed using platinum
electrodes. What is the major product at the positive electrode in each case?
A. H2 Na
B. H2 H2
C. O2 Cl2
D. Cl2 O2
C. a temperature of 273 K
D. a magnesium electrode
10. Which pair of factors both affect the amount (in mol) of chlorine produced in the electrolysis of
aqueous sodium chloride?
3
11. From the given standard electrode potentials which statement is correct?
12. Which statement is correct about the electrolysis of copper(II) sulfate solution using graphite
electrodes?
13. A metallic object is electroplated with copper using a solution of copper(II) sulfate. Which
statement is correct?
14. Two half-equations and their standard electrode potentials are shown in the table.
Half-equation EӨ / V
Pb2+(aq) + 2e– Pb(s) –0.13
A. 0.67
B. 0.93
C. 1.47
D. 1.73
4
15. Two electrolytic cells are connected in series so that the same current flows through both cells
for the same length of time.
- + - +
SnSO4(aq) CuSO4 (aq)
The amount of tin deposited is 0.01 mol. How much copper is deposited?
A. 0.005 mol
B. 0.01 mol
C. 0.02 mol
D. 0.05 mol
16. Which are used for the electroplating of a metal spoon with copper?
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
What is the standard cell potential when the two half-cells are connected?
A. – 0.67 V
B. – 0.37 V
C. + 0.37 V
D. + 0.67 V
5
18. Consider the standard electrode potentials of the following reactions:
What is the value of the cell potential (in volts) for the spontaneous reaction?
A. +1.69
B. +1.39
C. +0.92
D. +0.62
19. In the electrolysis of acidified water, if 8.4 cm3 of hydrogen gas is evolved, what volume of
oxygen gas is evolved?
A. 4.2 cm3
B. 8.4 cm3
C. 12.6 cm3
D. 16.8 cm3
20. Which factors affect the amount of metal formed during electrolysis?
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
6
21. Which changes lead to the production of more moles of metal during the electrolysis of a
molten salt?
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
22. Which equation represents the reduction process occurring in the standard hydrogen electrode?
A. The more positive the value of Eο , the greater the driving force for reduction.
B. The more negative the value of Eο , the greater the driving force for reduction.
C. The more positive the value of Eο , the greater the rate of reaction.
D. The more negative the value of Eο , the greater the rate of reaction.
24.
Direction of electron flow
Salt bridge
Zn(s) Cu(s)
Zn 2+(aq)
Cu 2+ (aq)
7
(a) The apparatus shown above may be used to carry out a redox reaction.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
(1)
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
(1)
(iii) The above reactions are carried out under standard conditions.
State what the standard conditions are for the cell.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
(iv) Using the Data Booklet, calculate the cell potential for the above cell.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
(v) State and explain what happens to the concentration of the copper(II) ions when the
cell is producing an electric current.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
(vi) State two observations that could be made if the zinc rod were placed in a solution
of copper(II) ions.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
8
(b) The standard electrode potentials for three electrode systems are given below.
(i) Using the data above, deduce which species is the best reducing agent, giving a
reason in terms of electrons for your answer.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
(ii) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the overall reaction with the
greatest cell potential.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
(iii) State and explain the sign of Gο for the reaction in (b) (ii).
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
(c) (i) State the name of a solution that would produce only hydrogen and oxygen when
electrolyzed using platinum electrodes.
……………………………………………………………………………………
(1)
(ii) Draw a diagram of apparatus that would allow the gases produced in the reaction in
(c) (i) to be collected separately. Annotate your diagram to show the polarity of
each electrode and the names and relative volumes of each gas.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
(3)
(Total 20 marks)
9
25.
– +
A
X Y
CuSO 4 (aq)
Two copper strips X and Y are placed in an aqueous solution of copper(II) sulfate and
electrolyzed for a certain time. X was then dried and weighed.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(3)
(ii) State two ways in which the change in the mass of X could be increased.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
26. (a) Some standard electrode potentials are shown in Table 15 of the Data Booklet.
(i) State three conditions under which the hydrogen electrode is assigned a potential of
zero.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
(3)
(ii) Calculate the cell potential of a cell made by connecting standard copper and zinc
electrodes. State the direction of electron flow in the external circuit when the cell
produces current. Outline the changes occurring at the electrodes and in the
solutions during the process.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
(5)
10
(b) Using information from Table 15, determine whether or not there is a spontaneous
reaction between copper metal and a solution containing hydrogen ions.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
(c) Using information from Table 15, identify a substance that will oxidize bromide ions but
not chloride ions. Explain your choice, and write an equation for the redox reaction you
have chosen.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(5)
(Total 15 marks)
27. (a) In one experiment involving the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride, 0.1 mol of
chlorine was formed. Deduce, giving a reason, the amount of sodium formed at the same
time.
(2)
(b) In another experiment involving the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride, the time of
the electrolysis was halved and the current increased from 1 amp to 5 amp, compared to
the experiment in (a). Deduce the amount of chlorine formed, showing your working.
(2)
(c) If dilute aqueous sodium chloride is electrolyzed, a different product is obtained at each
electrode. Identify the product formed at each electrode and write an equation showing its
formation.
(4)
(Total 8 marks)
28. Define the term standard electrode potential of an element. Table 15 of the Data Booklet
contains EӨ values for two reactions involving O 2 (g). Identify the EӨ value of the reaction that
could be used to oxidize bromide ions and explain your reasoning. Construct a balanced
equation for the oxidation of bromide ions using this reaction and calculate the cell potential.
(Total 8 marks)
11
29. Use information from Table 15 of the Data Booklet, where relevant, in answering this part.
(i) The diagram shows the apparatus used in an experiment involving half-cells.
Voltmeter
Nickel Lead
The reading on the voltmeter is 0.10 V. State two standard conditions that apply for this
reading to be obtained.
(2)
(ii) The voltmeter is replaced by a 2 volt power supply, so that non-spontaneous reactions
occur. Deduce the half-equations for these reactions.
(2)
(iv) Explain why potassium dichromate(VI) does not react with concentrated hydrochloric
acid.
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
30. (a) When a concentrated aqueous solution of sodium chloride is electrolyzed using inert
electrodes, a different gas is produced at each electrode.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Explain why sodium is not formed during the electrolysis of aqueous NaCl
solution.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
12
(b) Deduce the products formed during the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of sodium
fluoride. Write an equation for the reaction at the positive electrode (the anode) and give
your reasoning.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 7 marks)
Half-equation Eο / V
Zn (aq) + 2e–
2+
Zn(s) –0.76
3+ –
Cr (aq) + 3e Cr(s) –0.74
2+ –
Fe (aq) + 2e Fe(s) –0.44
2+ –
Sn (aq) + 2e Sn(s) –0.14
2+ –
Cu (aq) + 2e Cu(s) +0.34
3+ –
Fe (aq) + e Fe2+(aq) +0.77
(a) These values were obtained using a standard hydrogen electrode. Describe the
materials and conditions used in the standard hydrogen electrode. (A suitably
labelled diagram is acceptable.)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(5)
13
(b) Define the term oxidizing agent in terms of electron transfer and identify the strongest
oxidizing agent in the list above.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
(c) A cell was set up using zinc in zinc sulfate solution and copper in copper(II) sulfate
solution, both solutions being under standard conditions.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
(1)
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
(d) Both zinc and tin are used to coat iron to prevent it from rusting. Once the surface is
scratched, oxygen and water containing dissolved ions come into contact with the iron
and the coating metal.
(i) State and explain whether zinc or tin would be more effective in preventing iron
from rusting under these conditions.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
(ii) Electroplating may be used to coat one metal with another metal. Identify the three
factors affecting the amount of metal discharged during electroplating.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
(3)
14
(iii) Explain why electrolysis of aqueous zinc sulfate is not used for coating with zinc
metal.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
Pt(s)
Cr(s)
Y
Fe 3+(aq), Fe 2+(aq) Cr 3+ (aq)
half-cell A half-cell B
(i) Identify the part of the cell labelled Y and outline its function.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
(ii) Write an equation for the initial reactions at each electrode and hence write an
equation for the cell reaction.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
(4)
15
……………………………………………………………………………………
(1)
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
(1)
(Total 25 marks)
voltmeter
V
salt bridge
Fe 2+(aq)
Ag +(aq)
(a) State an equation to represent the spontaneous reaction occurring in the cell.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Use Table 15 from the Data Booklet to calculate the standard cell potential for the
spontaneous reaction in (a).
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
16
(d) Draw arrows on the above diagram to indicate the direction of electron flow.
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
33. (a) Iodide ions, I– (aq), react with iodate ions, IO 3 – (aq), in an acidic solution to form
molecular iodine and water.
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
oxidation ..........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
reduction ..........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction of I– with IO3 – in an acidic solution.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) Use information from Table 15 of the Data Booklet to calculate the cell potential for the
following reaction and state whether or not the reaction is spontaneous.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
34. A table of standard electrode potentials can be found in Table 14 of the Data Booklet.
(a) Describe the materials and conditions used in the standard hydrogen electrode.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(5)
17
(b) Define the term oxidizing agent in terms of electron transfer and identify the strongest
oxidizing agent in Table 14 of the Data Booklet.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) A cell was set up using tin in tin(II) sulfate solution and copper in copper(II) sulfate
solution, with both solutions under standard conditions.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
18
1. B
[1]
2. D
[1]
3. C
[1]
4. D
[1]
5. B
[1]
6. A
[1]
7. D
[1]
8. C
[1]
9. A
[1]
10. C
[1]
11. C
[1]
12. D
[1]
13. D
[1]
14. B
[1]
15. B
[1]
16. A
[1]
17. C
[1]
18. D
[1]
19. A
[1]
19
20. D
[1]
21. C
[1]
22. C
[1]
23. A
[1]
24. (a) (i) ionic conductor/allows movement of ions between electrolytes
/completes circuit; 1
(v) decreases;
Cu2+ ions are converted to Cu metal/Cu deposited on electrode; 2
Allow ECF from (iv).
(ii)
20
hydrogen / H 2 oxygen / O 2
– +
(c) O2 /Cr2 O7 2– ;
Accept names.
Eο value for the reaction with Br– is positive/suitable calculation to show this;
Eο value for the reaction with Cl– is negative/Cl2 stronger oxidizing agent than
O2 /Cr2 O72– ; 5
4Br– + O2 + 4H+ → 2Br2 + 2H2 O/Cr2 O7 2– + 14H + 6Br– → 2Cr3+ + 7H2 O + 3Br2;
Award [1] for all formulas correct, [1] if coefficients correct.
[15]
21
27. (a) 0.2 mol;
the Na:Cl2 mol ratio is 2 : 1; 2
= 0.25 mol; 2
positive electrode
oxygen/O2 ;
2Br− + 1
2
O2 + 2H+ → Br2 + H2 O;
Award [1] for all formulas correct, [1] for correct balancing.
Award [1] for correct equation reversed.
(iii) 0.15 V;
10Cl− + 2Mn O 4− + 16H + → 5Cl2 + 2Mn2+ + 8H2 O; 3
Ignore state symbols.
Correct reactants and products = [1]
Correct balancing = [1]
22
30. (a) (i) oxidation half-reaction: 2Cl– → Cl2 + 2e– ;
reduction half-reaction: 2H2 O + 2e– → H2 + 2OH– /2H+ + 2e– → H2 2
Award [1] only if equations are interchanged.
States not required.
(ii) Na has high Eο red / Na+ not readily reduced (in comparison to H 2 O)/if
formed, Na would (immediately) react with water to form Na + 1
(b) H(g) and O2 (g)/accept names;
2H2 O → O2 + 4H+ + 4e– /4OH– → 2H2 O + O2 + 4e– ;
water is oxidized (instead of the halide);
since Eο OX for F– is very negative/Eο red for F2 is very high; 4
Accept answer based on oxidizing/reducing strengths.
[7}
31. (a)
Platinum (coated
with platinum black)
Pt electrode;
1 mol dm–3 [H+(aq)];
H2 gas;
at 1 atm/1.01×105 Pa;
298 K/25°C; 5
23
(ii) charge on the ion discharged;
size/magnitude of the current;
time/duration of the electrolysis; 3
(iv) (+)1.51; 1
Allow ECF from (ii).
[25]
voltmeter
V
salt bridge
Fe 2+(aq)
Ag +(aq)
24
[4]
(ii) oxidation
reduction
25
IB Chemistry – SL
Topic 10 Questions
O
A. CH 3 CH 2CH
O
B. CH 3 CCH 3
O
C. CH 3 CH 2COH
O
D. CH 3 COCH3
(Total 1 mark)
A. CHBrCHBr
B. CH2 CHBr
C. CH3 CH2 Br
D. CH2 BrCH2 Br
(Total 1 mark)
3. What is the final product formed when CH 3 CH2 OH is refluxed with acidified potassium
dichromate(VI)?
A. CH3 CHO
B. CH2 ==CH2
C. CH3 COOH
D. HCOOCH3
(Total 1 mark)
A. I only
B. I and II only
1
5. Which formulas represent butane or its isomer?
III. (CH3 )3 CH
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
A. 1,1-dimethylpropane
B. 2-methylbutane
C. isopentane
D. ethyldimethylmethane
(Total 1 mark)
B. (CH3 )4 C
2
9. What type of reaction does the equation below represent?
A. substitution
B. condensation
C. reduction
D. addition
(Total 1 mark)
A. 1-chloropropene
B. 1-chlorobutane
C. 1-bromopropane
D. 1,1-dichloropropane
(Total 1 mark)
12. How many structural isomers are possible with the molecular formula C 6 H14 ?
A. 4
B. 5
C. 6
D. 7
(Total 1 mark)
A. CH3 COCH3
3
14. Which type of compound can be made in one step from a secondary alcohol?
A. an aldehyde
B. an alkane
C. a carboxylic acid
D. a ketone
(Total 1 mark)
A. CH 3 CH CH 2 CH 3 B. CH3 CH CH 2 CH 2 OH
CH 2OH CH 3
C. CH 3 D. CH 3
CH 3 C CH 2 CH 3 CH3 CH CH CH3
OH OH
(Total 1 mark)
A. nucleophilic substitution
B. electrophilic substitution
C. electrophilic addition
D. nucleophilic addition
(Total 1 mark)
17. Which substance is not readily oxidized by acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution?
A. propan-1-ol
B. propan-2-ol
C. propanal
D. propanone
(Total 1 mark)
4
18. What is the correct name of this compound?
CH3
CH3 CH CH2 CH 2
CH 3
A. 1,3-dimethylbutane
B. 2,4-dimethylbutane
C. 2-methylbutane
D. 2-methylpentane
(Total 1 mark)
19. Propane, C3 H8 , undergoes incomplete combustion in a limited amount of air. Which products
are most likely to be formed during this reaction?
20. What is/are the product(s) of the reaction between ethene and hydrogen bromide?
A. CH3 CH2 Br
C. CH2 BrCH2 Br
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
5
22. Which of the following products could be formed from the oxidation of ethanol?
I. ethanal
III. ethane
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
23. What is the reaction type when (CH 3 )3 CBr reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide to form
(CH3 )3 COH and NaBr?
A. Addition
B. Elimination
C. SN1
D. SN2
(Total 1 mark)
A. •CH3
+
B. CH3
–
C. CH3
D. :CH3
(Total 1 mark)
C. (CH3 )2 CHCH2CH2 Br
6
26. Which species reacts most readily with propane?
A. Br2
B. Br•
C. Br–
D. Br+
(Total 1 mark)
27. An organic compound X reacts with excess acidified potassium dichromate(VI) to form
compound Y, which reacts with sodium carbonate to produce CO 2 (g).
C. CH3 CH(OH)CH3
D. (CH3 )3 COH
(Total 1 mark)
28. Which statement about successive members of all homologous series is correct?
7
Which statement is correct?
D. The boiling point of this compound would be higher than that of pentane.
(Total 1 mark)
A. 2-bromobutane
B. 2,3-dibromobutane
C. 1-bromobutane
D. 1,2-dibromobutane
(Total 1 mark)
31. Which products can be potentially obtained from crude oil and are economically important?
I. Plastics
II. Margarine
III. Motor fuel
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
32. Propane, C3 H8 , undergoes incomplete combustion in a limited amount of air. Which products
are most likely to be formed during this reaction?
8
33. Two reactions of an alkene, B, are shown below.
H2 CH 3 CH 3
C 4 H 10 C 4 H 9 Br
A Ni
C C C
H H
B
(i) State the name of A and write an equation for its complete combustion. Explain why the
incomplete combustion of A is dangerous.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(5)
(ii) Outline a test to distinguish between A and B, stating the result in each case.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(3)
(iii) Write an equation for the conversion of B to C. State the type of reaction taking place and
draw the structure of C.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
9
34. For the two compounds HCOOCH 2 CH3 and HCOOCHCH2:
I II
(i) State and explain which of the two compounds can react readily with bromine.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(2)
(ii) Compound II can form polymers. State the type of polymerization compound II
undergoes, and draw the structure of the repeating unit of the polymer.
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
35. The compound C2 H4 can be used as a starting material for the preparation of many substances.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
(b) In the scheme below, state the type of reaction and identify the reagent needed for each
reaction.
A B
C2 H4 → CH3 CH2 OH → CH3COOH
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(4)
(c) C2 H4 can be converted into one of the compounds below in a single step reaction.
C2 H3 Cl C2 H4 Cl2
Draw the structural formula for each of these compounds and identify the compound
which can be formed directly from C2 H4 .
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(3)
10
(d) One of the two compounds in (c) has an isomer. Draw the structural formula of the
isomer and explain why it can not be formed directly from C 2 H4 .
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
(e) C2 H4 can also react to form a polymer. Name this type of polymer and draw the
structural formula of a section of this polymer consisting of three repeating units.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
(f) Polymers can also be formed in a different type of reaction. Identify this type of reaction
and name two different types of such polymers.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(3)
(Total 16 marks)
36. The plastic PVC, poly(chloroethene), is made from the monomer chloroethene, C 2 H3 Cl, by a
polymerization reaction.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)
11
(ii) State the type of polymerization reaction that occurs to make poly(chloroethene) and
identify the structural feature needed in the monomer.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)
(iv) Explain why monomers are often gases or volatile liquids, whereas polymers are solids.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
(Total 2 marks)
38. The molecular formula C4 H9 Br represents four structural isomers, all of which can undergo
nucleophilic substitution reactions with aqueous sodium hydroxide. An equation to represent all
these reactions is
C4 H9 Br + NaOH → C4 H9 OH + NaBr
(b) The main mechanism for a tertiary halogenoalkane is SN1. Give the equations for this
substitution reaction of the tertiary isomer of C4 H9 Br. Show the structures of the organic
reactant and product and use curly arrows to show the movement of electron pairs.
(4)
12
(c) The main mechanism for a primary halogenoalkane is SN2. Give the mechanistic equation
for this substitution reaction of the straight-chain primary isomer of C4 H9 Br, showing the
structures of the organic reactant and product, and using curly arrows to show the
movement of electron pairs.
(4)
(d) Give a structural formula for the secondary isomer and for the other primary isomer. State
the name of each isomer.
(4)
(Total 14 marks)
39. Write equations to show the mechanisms of the following reactions. In each case, show the
structure of the intermediate and organic product, and use curly arrows to show the movement
of electron pairs.
(3)
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
40. Some alcohols are oxidized by heating with acidified potassium dichromate(VI). If oxidation
does occur, identify the possible oxidation products formed by each of the alcohols below.
Indicate if no oxidation occurs.
Butan-1-ol
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Butan-2-ol
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
2-methylpropan-2-ol
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
(Total 4 marks)
13
41. Chlorine and ethane react together to form chloroethane.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Write equations to represent initiation, propagation and termination steps in the reaction.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 5 marks)
42. CH3 COCH3 is the first member of the ketone homologous series. Draw the full structural
formula of the next member of this homologous series and predict how its melting point
compares with that of CH3 COCH3 .
(Total 2 marks)
43. (i) Write an equation for the reaction between but-2-ene and bromine, showing the structure
of the organic product.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
14
44. CH3 COCH3 can be prepared in the laboratory from an alcohol. State the name of this alcohol,
the type of reaction occurring and the reagents and conditions needed for the reaction.
(Total 5 marks)
45. 2-bromobutane can be converted into butan-2-ol by a nucleophilic substitution reaction. This
reaction occurs by two different mechanisms.
(i) Give the structure of the transition state formed in the S N2 mechanism.
(2)
46. Ethene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon used as a starting material for many organic chemicals.
(a) Draw the structural formula of ethene and state the meaning of the term unsaturated
hydrocarbon.
(2)
(b) State an equation for the conversion of ethene to ethanol and identify the type of reaction.
(2)
(c) Describe the complete oxidation of ethanol and name the product. Include the conditions,
reagents required and any colour changes.
(4)
(d) State an equation for the reaction between ethanol and the product of complete oxidation
in (c). Include any other reagent required for this reaction. Name the organic product and
state one possible use of this product.
(4)
(Total 12 marks)
47. Ethene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon used as a starting material for many organic chemicals.
(b) State an equation for the conversion of ethene to ethanol and identify the type of reaction.
(2)
(c) Describe the complete oxidation of ethanol. Include the conditions, reagents required and
any colour changes. Name the organic product X.
(4)
(d) State an equation for the reaction between ethanol and compound X. Include any other
reagent required. Name the organic compound Z and state one use of this product.
(4)
(Total 11 marks)
15
48. The equation for a reaction of ethane is
The mechanism of this reaction involves initiation, propagation and termination steps. Describe
this reaction, including equations for each step and the role of ultraviolet light.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
(Total 5 marks)
(1)
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Identify the organic product formed by the oxidation of this alcohol using acidified
potassium dichromate(VI) solution.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
16
50. Secondary halogenoalkanes can undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions by both S N1 and
SN2 mechanisms. The mechanism showing the formation of the transition state in the reaction
between 2-bromobutane and potassium hydroxide can be represented as follows.
CH 2 CH 3
H CH 2 CH 3
H C Br HO C Br
CH3 :OH – CH
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) State and explain how the following changes would alter the rate of the reaction by this
mechanism.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
17
51. The following is a computer-generated representation of the molecule, methyl
2-hydroxy benzoate, better known as oil of wintergreen.
(i) Deduce the empirical formula of methyl 2-hydroxy benzoate and draw the full structural
formula, including any multiple bonds that may be present.
The computer-generated representation shown does not distinguish between single and
multiple bonds.
(2)
(ii) In this representation, two of the carbon-oxygen bond lengths shown are 0.1424 nm and
0.1373 nm. Explain why these are different and predict the carbon-oxygen bond length in
carbon dioxide.
(2)
52. (i) State and explain the trend in the boiling points of the first six alkanes involving
straight-chains.
(2)
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction between methane and chlorine to form chloromethane.
Explain this reaction in terms of a free-radical mechanism.
(5)
(Total 7 marks)
53. (i) Identify the formulas of the organic products, A–E, formed in the reactions, I–IV:
+ +
I. CH3 (CH2 )8 OH + K2 Cr2O7 ⎯⎯→
⎯ A ⎯⎯→
H
⎯ B
H
18
IV. H2 C=CH2 + Br2 ⎯⎯→ E
(5)
(ii) H2 C=CH2 can react to form a polymer. Name this type of polymer and draw the
structural formula of a section of this polymer consisting of three repeating units.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
54. Ethene, propene and but-2-ene are members of the alkene homologous series.
(b) State and explain which compound has the highest boiling point.
(3)
(c) Draw the structural formula and give the name of an alkene containing five carbon atoms.
(2)
(d) Write an equation for the reaction between but-2-ene and hydrogen bromide, showing the
structure of the organic product. State the type of reaction occurring.
(3)
State the type of reaction occurring in steps 2 and 3 and the reagents needed. Describe
how the conditions of the reaction can be altered to obtain the maximum amount of
propanal, and in a separate experiment, to obtain the maximum amount of propanoic acid.
(5)
(f) Identify the strongest type of intermolecular force present in each of the compounds
propan-1-ol, propanal and propanoic acid. List these compounds in decreasing order of
boiling point.
(4)
(Total 20 marks)
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) Describe a chemical test to distinguish between alkanes and alkenes, giving the result in
each case.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
19
56. The following transition state is formed during the reaction of a halogenoalkane with aqueous
sodium hydroxide:
H 3C CH3
HO C Br
(a) Deduce the structure of the halogenoalkane. Classify it as primary, secondary or tertiary,
giving a reason for your choice.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) The mechanism of this reaction is described as SN2. Explain what is meant by the
symbols in SN2. Predict a rate expression for this reaction.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(c) The same halogenoalkane reacts with sodium hydroxide by an SN1 mechanism. Deduce
the structure of the intermediate formed in this reaction.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
57. (a) List two characteristics of a homologous series.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
20
(b) Ethanol and ethanoic acid can be distinguished by their melting points. State and explain
which of the two compounds will have a higher melting point.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) Draw the three isomers containing the alcohol functional group of formula C 4 H9 OH.
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
21
IB Chemistry – SL
Topic 10 Answers
1. A
[1]
2. D
[1]
3. C
[1]
4. C
[1]
5. D
[1]
6. B
[1]
7. B
[1]
8. B
[1]
9. D
[1]
10. B
[1]
11. C
[1]
12. B
[1]
13. D
[1]
14. D
[1]
15. C
[1]
16. A
[1]
17. D
[1]
18. D
[1]
19. A
[1]
20. A
[1]
21. C
[1]
22
22. A
[1]
23. C
[1]
24. A
[1]
25. D
[1]
26. B
[1]
27. B
[1]
28. B
[1]
29. C
[1]
30. A
[1]
31. B
[1]
32. A
[1]
or
C;
which causes respiratory problems; 5
A – no effect;
B – would decolorise Br2 (do not accept discolour); 3
addition;
[11]
23
34. (i) II reacts with Br2
II is an alkene/has unsaturated R group/C C present, I contains
only saturated R groups; 2
( CH CH 2 ) ( CH CH 2 )
O O
C CHO
O
H
accept 2
[4]
35. (a) ethene; 2
H H
C C / CH2 CH2
H H
(b) A addition/hydration;
H2 O/water/steam;
B oxidation;
acidified K2 Cr2 O7
Accept acidified KMnO4 . 4
(c)
H H
C C / CH2 CHCl
H Cl
Cl H
H C C Cl / CH 2 ClCH 2 Cl ;
H H
(d)
H Cl
H C C Cl / CH3 CHCl 2;
H H
24
(e) addition polymer; 2
H H H H H H
C C C C C C / ( CH2 CH 2 )3 ;
H H H H H H allow ( CH2 ) 3
H Cl
(iii) H H
C C ; 1
H Cl
25
(d) secondary
CH3 CHBrCH2CH3;
2-bromobutane;
other primary
(CH3 )2 CHCH2Br;
1-bromo-2-methylpropane; 4
[14]
Cl
CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ;
–
HO
curly arrow must start from O or negative charge
Cl
HO CH 2 CH2 CH 2 CH 3 ;
CH 3 CH 3
CH3 C Cl CH 3 C + Cl - ;
CH 3 CH 3
CH 3 CH 3
CH 3 C + OH - CH 3 C OH ;
CH 3 CH 3
carbocation + OH -
[5]
26
40. butan-1-ol: butanal;
butanoic acid;
butan-2-ol: butanone;
2 methylpropan-2-ol: no oxidation;
Also accept correct structures. Where both name and structure
given structure must be correct and name largely correct.
[4]
Cl2 → 2Cl•; 1
propagation reactions:
termination reactions:
42.
H H H
H C C C C H;
H H O H
higher;
[2]
CH3 CHBrCHBrCH3 ; 2
Accept more detailed formula.
(ii) addition; 1
[3]
44. propan-2-ol;
Accept 2-propanol.
oxidation/redox;
(potassium/sodium) dichromate(VI)/potassium manganate(VII);
27
Accept just dichromate, permanganate, KMnO4 , Mn O4− , K2 Cr2 O7 , Cr2 O72− .
(sulfuric) acid;
heat under reflux;
[5]
45. (i)
CH 2 CH3
HO C Br
H CH3
46. (a)
H H
C C ;
H H
(b) C2 H4 + H2 O → C2 H5 OH;
addition/hydration reaction; 2
EITHER
OR
potassium permanganate/manganate(VII)/KMnO 4 /MnO4 – and
acidified/H +;
purple to colourless;
Penalize wrong oxidation state, but not missing oxidation state.
ethanoic acid; 4
28
(d) CH3 COOH + C2 H5 OH → CH3 COOCH2CH3 + H2 O;
Accept CH3 COOC2H5
sulfuric acid/H2 SO4 /(ortho)phosphoric acid/H3 PO4 ;
ethyl ethanoate;
solvent/flavouring/perfumes/plasticizers;. 4
[12]
47. (a) a hydrocarbon that contains at least one C=C (or CC)/carbon-carbon
double bond (or triple bond)/carbon to carbon multiple bond; 1
Do not accept just “double bond”.
(b) C2 H4 + H2 O → C2 H5 OH;
addition/hydration reaction; 2
EITHER
OR
ethanoic acid; 4
29
49. (i)
CH 3 C CH3 / CH 3 CH(OH)CH 3 ;
OH
1
Allow bond to HO rather than OH or halfway between the two
(ii) secondary; 1
H H
H 2
Allow double bonds on arene in alternate positions, or allow
delocalized representation (of pi electrons).
(ii) the bond at 0.1373 nm is a double bond and the bond at 0.1424 nm is a
single bond;
in CO2 (g) both bonds are double bonds and would have a value
around 0.137 nm; 2
(iii) Ester;
Arene/benzene ring;
Alcohol; 2
Award 2 for any three correct, award [1] for any two correct.
Do not accept alkane as a type of functional group in this
molecule.
[6]
30
Initiation step:
Cl2 ⎯hv ⎯/ UV
⎯light
⎯
⎯→ 2Cl•;
Do not award mark if hv/uv light is not given.
Penalize once only.
Propagation step:
CH4 + Cl• → CH3 • + HCl;
CH3 • + Cl2 → CH3 Cl + Cl•;
Termination step:
Cl• + Cl• → Cl2 or Cl• + CH3 • → CH3 Cl or CH3 • + CH3 • → CH3 CH3 ; 5
Allow fish-hook half-arrow representations i.e. use of .
Penalize use of full curly arrows once only.
Penalize missing dots on radicals once only.
[7]
(ii) addition;
[7]
(b) but-2-ene;
Accept 2-butene.
pent-1-ene/pent-2-ene; 2
Name must match formula.
Accept 1-pentene/2-pentene.
31
addition; 3
(e) oxidation/redox;
(potassium) dichromate(VI)/ Cr2 O 72− ;
(sulfuric) acid;
distilling off propanal as it is formed;
heating under reflux (to obtain propanoic acid); 5
or
32
57. (a) one general formula/same general formula;
differ by CH2 ;
similar chemical properties;
gradual change in physical properties; 1
Award [1] for any two of the above characteristics.
(c)
2
Allow condensed structural formulas such as
CH3 CH2 CH2CH2OH.
Award [2] for all three correct isomers, [1] for any two correct
isomers.
[5]
33
IB Chemistry – HL
Topic 10 Questions
1. Which statement about the reactions of halogenoalkanes with aqueous sodium hydroxide is
correct?
D. The rate of an SN1 reaction depends on the concentration of aqueous sodium hydroxide.
(Total 1 mark)
A. H2 NCH2 COOH
B. CH2 ClCH2 Cl
C. CH3 CHBrI
D. HCOOCH3
(Total 1 mark)
A. (CH3 )3 CCl
C. (CH3 )3 CBr
A. CH3 CHBrCH3
B. CH2 ClCH(OH)CH2 Cl
C. CH3 CHBrCOOH
1
5. Which pair of compounds can be used to prepare CH 3 COOCH3 ?
A. Amide
B. Ester
C. Amine
D. Carboxyl
(Total 1 mark)
A. 1 B. 2
C. 3 D. 4
(Total 1 mark)
2
9. Which amino acid can exist as optical isomers?
A.
B.
C.
D.
(Total 1 mark)
3
11. What is the correct IUPAC name for the following compound?
CH 3 CHCH 2 CH 2 CN
CH 3
A. 4-methylbutanenitrile
B. 4-methylpentanenitrile
C. 2-methylbutanenitrile
D. 2-methylpentanenitrile
(Total 1 mark)
12. What is the organic product of the reaction between ethanol and ethanoic acid in the presence of
sulfuric acid?
A. CH3 CHO
B. CH3 COOCH3
D. CH3 COOCH2CH3
(Total 1 mark)
A. H2 NCH2 COOH
B. H3 CCONH2
C. H3 CCHBrI
D. HCOOCH3
(Total 1 mark)
14. One of the alcohols containing four carbon atoms exists as optical isomers.
Give the structural formula and name of this alcohol and explain why it exists as optical
isomers. Outline how these two isomers could be distinguished.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
(Total 4 marks)
4
15. Many organic compounds can exist as isomers. Draw and name an isomer of ethanoic acid,
CH3 COOH.
(Total 2 marks)
16. Explain why butan-2-ol, CH3 CH(OH)CH2 CH3, exists as enantiomers, and describe how pure
samples of the enantiomers can be distinguished experimentally.
(Total 3 marks)
17. Polyesters are formed in a condensation reaction. The structure of the repeat unit of a polyester
is
C C H C O CH CH O
O O
(i) Draw the structures of the two monomers that react to form this polyester.
(2)
(ii) Identify the essential feature of the monomers in (i) that enable them to form a
condensation polymer.
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
(iii) State the meaning of the term optical isomers. Draw the alcohol with the molecular
formula C4 H10 O which exhibits optical isomerism and identify the chiral carbon atom.
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
(iii) State the meaning of the term optical isomers. Draw the alcohol with the molecular
formula C4 H10 O which exhibits optical isomerism and identify the chiral carbon atom.
(3)
(iv) Other than the optical isomers in (iii), draw the other three alcohol isomers of molecular
formula C4 H10 O and identify the isomer that does not undergo oxidation.
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
5
20. (i) Draw the structural formula of the ester propyl ethanoate.
(1)
(ii) Deduce the name and draw the structural formula of the alcohol and carboxylic acid that
react to form this ester.
Structural formula:
Structural formula:
(4)
(Total 5 marks)
21. The compound, 2-bromobutane, CH3 CHBrCH2CH3, can react with sodium hydroxide to form
compounds F, G and H.
(ii) Outline the use of a polarimeter in distinguishing between the optical isomers.
(2)
6
(iii) Draw diagrams to show the shapes of the two geometrical isomers of H.
(2)
(iv) Draw the mechanism, using curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs, to
show the formation of G.
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
22. A compound, J, has the molecular formula C2 H4 O2 and is obtained from a reaction between
methanoic acid and methanol. Write an equation for this reaction and state the name of
compound J.
(Total 3 marks)
23. (a) Compounds of formula C4 H7 Cl exhibits both geometrical and optical isomerism.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(2)
(iii) Draw the structural formula of C4 H7 Cl that shows only optical isomerism. Show
the chiral carbon atom with “ * ”.
(2)
7
(b) Explain why 1,2-dichlorocyclopropane has cis and trans isomers. Draw the structural
formulas of the two isomers.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
24. (a) There are geometrical isomers of the cyclic compound C4 H6 Cl2 . Draw the structural
formula of two isomers and explain why these two isomers exist.
cis-isomer trans-isomer
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b) (i) Draw the structural formulas of two isomers of but-2-ene-1,4-dioic acid.
(2)
(ii) State and explain which isomer will have a lower melting point.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) Describe how the two isomers can be distinguished by a chemical test.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
8
(c) Consider the following compounds:
1-chloropentane, 2-chloropentane, 3-chloropentane
(i) Identify the compound which exhibits optical isomerism and draw the structures of
the two isomers.
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 13 marks)
25. Compounds with the molecular formula C3 H4 Cl2 exist as several structural isomers, some of
which are cyclic. Some of these structural isomers exist as geometric isomers.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Draw the structure of a non-cyclic structural isomer that does not exist as geometric
isomers, and explain why geometrical isomerism is not possible in this compound.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) 1,3-Dichloropropene exists as geometric isomers. Draw and label the structures of its cis
and trans isomers.
(2)
9
(d) Draw structures to show the two geometric isomers of 1,2-dichlorocyclopropane.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
26. This question is about structural isomers and stereoisomers with the molecular formula
C4 H6 Cl2 .
(4)
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Outline how the two optical isomers of 1,3-dichlorobut-1-ene can be distinguished from
each other and from a racemic mixture.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
10
(d) 1,3-dichlorocyclobutane exists as geometrical isomers. Draw the 3-dimensional structures
of these isomers.
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
27. The molecular formula, C3 H4 Cl2 represents several isomeric compounds. Some isomers are
cyclic and some are unsaturated.
(a) Draw the structures of two cyclic compounds that are structural isomers and state the
names of both isomers.
(2)
(b) Two of the non-cyclic compounds have geometrical isomers. Draw the structures of these
compounds and their geometrical isomers.
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
11
IB Chemistry – HL
Topic 10 Answers
1. C
2. C
3. C
4. C
5. B
6. B
7. A
8. D
9. B
10. D
11. B
12. D
13. C
14. CH3 CH(OH)CH2 CH3 ;
Accept more detailed formula.
butan-2-ol;
Accept 2-butanol.
ECF for correct name of another C 4 alcohol.
16. (the molecule contains a) chiral/asymmetric carbon atom/carbon atom with four
different groups;
polarized light passed through;
(plane of polarization) rotated in opposite/different directions;
[3]
12
18. (i) same molecular formula but different structural formula/
arrangement of atom within a molecule/OWTTE; 1
(ii) 2
H
O
CH 3 COCH 3 H C C H ;
C
H
H H
H H H
CH 3CH 2CHO H C C C ;
H H O
Accept unsaturated alcohol and cyclic alcohol as alternative
answers. If more than two correct isomers given − no penalty −
but a third incorrect structure cancels a correct one. i.e. two
correct, one incorrect equals [1].
(iii) isomers that can rotate plane polarized light in opposite directions;
Do not accept bend, reflect plane-polarized light.
H C H
H H H H H H
* C
H C C C* H H C C C H
H H O H H OH H
OH
Penalize missing bonds/hydrogens.
13
(ii)
H
O
CH 3 COCH 3 H C C H;
C
H
H H
H H H
CH 3 CH 2CHO H C C C ;
H H O
(iii) isomers that can rotate plane polarized light in opposite directions;
Accept two molecules/compounds, which are mirror images of
each other.
Do not accept bend, reflect plane-polarized light.
H C H
H H H H H H
H C C C* H H C C C* C H
H H O H H OH H
OH
14
(iv)
H H H H H CH 3 H
H C C C C OH H C C C OH
H H H H H H H
H C H
H H
H C C C H ;
H OH H
H C H
H H
2-methylpropan -2-ol /
H C C C H ;
H OH H
2
Penalize [1] mark for the omission of H in (i) to (iv).
[8]
20. (i)
CH 3 C
O CH 2CH 2 CH 3 / CH 3COOCH 2CH 2CH 3 ;
(ii) propan-1-ol/1-propanol;
CH3 CH2 CH2OH;
Accept full structural formula showing all bonds and atoms but
no mark if H atoms missing
15
21. (i)
OH OH
C C
H H
CH3 CH2 CH 2 CH 3
CH3 CH3
2
Award [2] for both tetrahedral structures, or [1] if tetrahedral
structure is not clear.
(iii)
CH 3 CH 3
C C ;
H H
CH 3 H
C C ;
H CH 3 2
methyl methanoate; 3
[3]
16
23. (a) (i) no rotation possible due to double bond/ bond; 1
Accept restricted or hindered rotation.
(ii) 2
H H
C ;
C
CH 3 CH 2Cl
Cis
CH 3 H
C C ;
CH 2Cl
H
trans
OR
H
H
C C ;
Cl CH2CH 3
Cis
H
Cl
;
C C
H CH 2CH 3
trans
OR
CH3 CH 3
C C
Cis H Cl
H CH 3
C C
trans CH 3 Cl
17
(iii)
H H
C H
C
;
H *C CH 3
Cl
2
Award [1] for the structure and [1] for showing * on the correct
carbon atom.
(b) restricted rotation because C⎯C bond is now part of a cyclic system; 3
CH 2
Cl H
C C ;
H Cl
trans
CH 2
H H
C C ;
Cl Cl
Cis
[8]
24. (a) restricted rotation because C−C bond is now part of a cyclic system; 3
H H H H
H H ; H Cl ;
H H H H
Cl Cl Cl H
18
(b) (i) 2
C3H7 C3H7
C ; C ;
H C1 C1 H
CH3 CH3
3
Award [1] for each correct 3D structure.
If correct structures, but not 3D, award [1] only.
(ii) rotation of the plane polarized light in opposite directions; 1
[13]
Cl H H Cl
C C C C ;
Cl CH 3 H CH 2Cl
19
(c)
H H
C C cis;
Cl CH 2Cl
H CH 2 Cl
C C trans;
Cl H
(d)
Cl Cl
C C
H ;
H C H
Cl H
C C
H ;
H C Cl
2
Award [0] if structure of another isomer drawn.
[7]
20
26. (a)
Cl H Cl CHClCH3
C C C C
H CHClCH 3 H H
CH 3 CH 3
C C
H H CHCHCl
ClHCHC
Cl Cl
(d)
H H H Cl
H H H H
H Cl H H
Cl H Cl H
21
27. (a)
Cl Cl
Cl Cl Cl Cl
Cl Cl Cl Cl
(b)
Cl CH 3 Cl Cl
and
H Cl H CH 3
Cl CH 2 Cl Cl H
and
H H H CH 2 Cl 2
[4]
22